RESEARCHRESEARCH

A systematic quest for undiscovered truthA systematic quest for undiscovered truth A way of thinkingA way of thinking Is a manner of regarding accumulated facts by Is a manner of regarding accumulated facts by

the researchers mind in term of what those the researchers mind in term of what those data mean and what those facts saydata mean and what those facts say

A manner in which men and women solve the A manner in which men and women solve the knotty problems in the attempt to push back knotty problems in the attempt to push back the frontiers of ignorance.the frontiers of ignorance.

RESEARCHRESEARCH

Is the systematic collection, analysis and Is the systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain interpretation of data to answer a certain question or solve a problem.question or solve a problem.

A systematic process aimed at obtaining A systematic process aimed at obtaining new knowledge through verifiable new knowledge through verifiable examination of data and empirical testing examination of data and empirical testing of hypothesis.of hypothesis.

BASIC RESEARCHBASIC RESEARCH

Is necessary to improve the existing Is necessary to improve the existing knowledge and generate new knowledge and generate new technologies to deal with major technologies to deal with major unresolved health problems.unresolved health problems.

APPLIED RESEARCHAPPLIED RESEARCH

It is necessary to identify priority It is necessary to identify priority problems and to design and evaluate problems and to design and evaluate policies and programs that will deliver the policies and programs that will deliver the greatest health benefit, making optimal greatest health benefit, making optimal use of available resources.use of available resources.

Operations researchOperations research

Gathering information or knowledge for Gathering information or knowledge for improving the health of the community or improving the health of the community or for improving the service delivery for improving the service delivery network.network.

Exploratory researchExploratory research

It is a small scale study of relatively short It is a small scale study of relatively short duration, which is carried out when little duration, which is carried out when little is known about a situation or a problem.is known about a situation or a problem.

This is undertaken to formulate a more This is undertaken to formulate a more precise research problem or to develop a precise research problem or to develop a hypothesishypothesis

Descriptive studyDescriptive study

Involve the systematic collection and presentation of Involve the systematic collection and presentation of data to give a clear picture of a particular situation.data to give a clear picture of a particular situation. Small and large scaleSmall and large scale Describes the characteristics of limited no. of cases.Describes the characteristics of limited no. of cases. Provide useful insight into a problem.Provide useful insight into a problem.

CROSS SECTIONAL study – quantifying the CROSS SECTIONAL study – quantifying the distribution of certain variables in a study population.distribution of certain variables in a study population. Behaviour of the people – KAP studiesBehaviour of the people – KAP studies

ANALYTICAL REAEARCHANALYTICAL REAEARCH Quantitative research methodsQuantitative research methods Qualitative research methodsQualitative research methods

Intervention studiesIntervention studies

The researcher manipulates a situation The researcher manipulates a situation and measures the effects of a and measures the effects of a manipulation.manipulation.

Usually two groups are compared, Usually two groups are compared, one in which intervention takes placeone in which intervention takes place Another group that remains untouchedAnother group that remains untouched

Blind studiesBlind studies

Quasi experimental studyQuasi experimental study

In which one characteristic of a true In which one characteristic of a true experiment is missing, either experiment is missing, either randomization or the use of a separate randomization or the use of a separate control group.control group.

Aims of researchAims of research

To achieve health for allTo achieve health for all Necessary changes require detailed and Necessary changes require detailed and

accurate information regardingaccurate information regarding NeedsNeeds PossibilitiesPossibilities Consequences of any recommended actionConsequences of any recommended action Decision on healthDecision on health

Aims of researchAims of research

To assess magnitude of the problemsTo assess magnitude of the problems To guide planning of national, regional and local health To guide planning of national, regional and local health

programsprograms To evaluate health activitiesTo evaluate health activities To study community perceptions and attitudes related To study community perceptions and attitudes related

to health and diseaseto health and disease To evaluate degree of utilization of health care services To evaluate degree of utilization of health care services

and facilitiesand facilities To provide data for planning, evaluation and health To provide data for planning, evaluation and health

educational activitieseducational activities To suggest and test hypothesis on health related To suggest and test hypothesis on health related

health events and disease conditionshealth events and disease conditions

Research Research

Why is research being undertaken?Why is research being undertaken? Where will it be carried out?Where will it be carried out? Who all will be covered by the research?Who all will be covered by the research? When will be carried out?When will be carried out? What variables to be addressed in the research?What variables to be addressed in the research? Inclusion and exclusion of variablesInclusion and exclusion of variables Instruments used, standardization Instruments used, standardization Schedule of survey activitiesSchedule of survey activities Training of researchersTraining of researchers Cross checks or supervisionCross checks or supervision Analysis of dataAnalysis of data

Research topicResearch topic

InterestingInteresting Relevance Relevance Avoidance of duplicationAvoidance of duplication FeasibilityFeasibility Political acceptabilityPolitical acceptability Applicability Applicability Cost effectivenessCost effectiveness Ethical considerationEthical consideration

ObjectiveObjective

An objective is an intent, communicated by a An objective is an intent, communicated by a statementstatement describing the plan of the describing the plan of the researcher in clear measurable terms.researcher in clear measurable terms.

This is done so the researcher has an clear This is done so the researcher has an clear idea / understanding of exactly which idea / understanding of exactly which variablesvariables to investigate and what type of data to investigate and what type of data is dealing with.is dealing with.

An objective can clearly indicate the study An objective can clearly indicate the study designdesign and and statisticsstatistics involved. involved.

Objective Objective

Help you to Help you to Focus the studyFocus the study Avoid collection of data that is not necessary for Avoid collection of data that is not necessary for

understanding and solving problem you have understanding and solving problem you have identifiedidentified

Organize study in clearly defined partsOrganize study in clearly defined parts Get a clear understanding what type of data is Get a clear understanding what type of data is

involvedinvolved Get an idea of an appropriate design of studyGet an idea of an appropriate design of study

Population Population

A set of all individuals or objects having A set of all individuals or objects having some common observable some common observable characteristics.characteristics.

Population Population Universe Universe

Sample:Sample:

A subset or part of the population is a sample A subset or part of the population is a sample from that population.from that population.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES:: Reduce cost of studyReduce cost of study Study can be done in less time.Study can be done in less time. Greater accuracyGreater accuracy Drawing sample can increase scope of studyDrawing sample can increase scope of study Destructive tests can be applied to a smaller Destructive tests can be applied to a smaller

population.population.

Sampling unitsSampling units

These are the break down of the These are the break down of the population into smaller parts which are population into smaller parts which are distinct, un-ambiguous and non distinct, un-ambiguous and non overlapping so that each element of the overlapping so that each element of the population belongs to one and only one population belongs to one and only one sampling unit.sampling unit.

Listing of all sampling units e.g. Listing of all sampling units e.g. individuals, schools, households is called individuals, schools, households is called sampling frame.sampling frame.

Sample Sample

A representative sample is the one with A representative sample is the one with which we can draw valid inference which we can draw valid inference regarding the population parameters.regarding the population parameters.

Sample helps to estimate:Sample helps to estimate: Mean of some measurementMean of some measurement Proportion of population with some Proportion of population with some

characteristic.characteristic.

Sampling Sampling

Probability sampling:Probability sampling: Simple random samplingSimple random sampling Systematic random samplingSystematic random sampling Cluster samplingCluster sampling Stratified samplingStratified sampling

Non probability samplingNon probability sampling Convenience samplingConvenience sampling Purposive samplingPurposive sampling Quota samplingQuota sampling Snow ball samplingSnow ball sampling

Sample size estimationSample size estimation

Type of studyType of study Type of statistical analysis required Type of statistical analysis required

Comparison of means Comparison of means Comparison of proportionsComparison of proportions

Sample size must be enough large to Sample size must be enough large to yield significant resultsyield significant results

Research Research

1.Selection of researchable topic1.Selection of researchable topic 2.Formulation of research problem2.Formulation of research problem

Statement of the problemStatement of the problem Relevance of the problemRelevance of the problem Field of applicationField of application

3.Search for related work3.Search for related work 4.Statement of the objective4.Statement of the objective 5.Selection of variables5.Selection of variables

ResearchResearch

Selection of variablesSelection of variables Independent variablesIndependent variables inputs, antecedentinputs, antecedent Dependent variablesDependent variables outcome, effectoutcome, effect Confounding variableConfounding variable Back ground variablesBack ground variables

6.Formulation of a research hypothesis6.Formulation of a research hypothesis

conticonti

7. Research methodology7. Research methodology Research strategyResearch strategy Research settingResearch setting Sampling considerationsSampling considerations

Sampling methodSampling method Sampling sizeSampling size Minimizing sampling errorsMinimizing sampling errors

Study instrumentsStudy instruments Description of data collectionDescription of data collection

Pre-testingPre-testing Pilot study Pilot study

Description of plans for data analysis and interpretation of Description of plans for data analysis and interpretation of resultsresults

Ethical considerationsEthical considerations