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ResJudicataisaphrasewhichhasbeenevolvedfromaLatinmaxim,whichstandforthethinghasbeenjudged,meaningtherebythattheissuebeforethecourthasalreadybeendecidedbyanothercourt,betweenthesameparties.Therefore,thecourtwilldismissthecasebeforeitasbeinguseless.ResJudicataasaconceptisapplicablebothincaseofCivilaswellasCriminallegalsystem.

Thetermisalsousedtomeanastobarrelitigationofsuchcasesbetweenthesameparties,whichisdifferentbetweenthetwolegalsystems.Onceafinaljudgmenthasbeenannouncedinalawsuit,thesubsequentjudgeswhoareconfrontedwithasuitthatisidenticaltoorsubstantiallythesameastheearlierone,theywouldapplytheResJudicatadoctrinetopreservetheeffectofthefirstjudgment.Thisistopreventinjusticetothepartiesofacasesupposedlyfinished,butperhapsmostlytoavoidunnecessarywasteofresourcesandtimeoftheJudicialSystem.

And,therefore,thesamecasecannotbetakenupagaineitherinthesameorinthedifferentCourtofIndia.Thisisjusttopreventthemfrommultiplyingjudgments,soaprevailingplaintiffmaynotrecoverdamagesfromthedefendanttwiceforthesameinjury.

FormakingResJudicatabinding,severalfactorsmustbemetupwith:identityinthethingatsuitidentityofthecauseatsuitidentityofthepartiestotheactionidentityinthedesignationofthepartiesinvolvedwhetherthejudgmentwasfinalwhetherthepartiesweregivenfullandfairopportunitytobeheardontheissue.

Regardingdesignationofthepartiesinvolved,apersonmaybeinvolvedinanactionwhilefillingagivenofficeandmaysubsequentlyinitiatethesameactioninadifferingcapacity.InthatcaseResJudicatawouldnotbeavailableasadefenseunlessthedefendantcouldshowthatthedifferingdesignationswerenotlegitimateandsufficient.

Therefore,ResJudicatainanutshellisajudicialconceptwhereintheCourtsdonotallowapetitiontobefiledinthesameortotheotherCourtforthedoctrineofResJudicatawouldapplyandthepartywouldnotbeallowedtofilethepetitionortocontinuethepetitionasthecasemaybe.ThesphereofResJudicataisevergrowing.AlthoughtheCivilProceduredoesnotapplytotheproceedingsotherthansuits.WhereasinAdministrativeLaw,theconceptofResJudicatadealsonlyinaspectsrelatedtotheWritProceedings.

BriefHistoryandOriginofResJudicata"Resjudicataproveritateaccipitur"isthefulllatinmaximwhichhas,overtheyears,shrunktomere"ResJudicata".TheconceptofResJudicatafindsitsevolvementfromtheEnglishCommonLawsystem,beingderivedfromtheoverridingconceptofjudicialeconomy,consistency,andfinality.Fromthecommonlaw,itgotincludedintheCodeofCivilProcedureandwhichwaslaterasawholewasadoptedbytheIndianlegalsystem.

FromtheCivilProcedureCode,theAdministrativeLawwitnessesitsapplicability.Then,slowlybutsteadilytheotheractsandstatutesalsostartedtoadmittheconceptofResJudicatawithinitsambit.

ResJudicataasaconceptunderCivilProcedureCode1908.ThedoctrineofResJudicatainnationsthathaveacivillawlegalsystemismuchnarrowerinscopethanincommonlawnations.Accordingtothedictionarymeaning,'ResJudicata'meansacaseorsuitinvolvingaparticularissuebetweentwoormorepartiesalreadydecidedbyacourt.Thereafter,ifeitherofthepartiesapproachesthesamecourtfortheadjudicationofthesameissue,thesuitwillbestruckbythelawof'resjudicata'.

Section11ofCodeofCivilProceduredealswiththisconcept.ItembodiesthedoctrineofResJudicataortheruleofconclusivenessofajudgement,astothepointsdecidedeitheroffact,oroflaw,oroffactandlaw,ineverysubsequentsuitbetweenthesameparties.Itenactsthatonceamatterisfinallydecidedbyacompetentcourtnopartycanbepermittedtoreopenitinasubsequentlitigation.Intheabsenceofsucharuletherewillbenoendtolitigationandthepartieswouldbeputtoconstanttrouble,harassmentandexpenses.

ThedoctrineofResJudicataisbasedonthreeRomanmaxims:aNemodebetlisvaxariproeademcausawhichmeansthatnomanshouldbevexedannoyedtwiceforthesamecausebInterestrepublicaeutsitfinislitiummeaningtherebythatitisintheinterestofthestatethatthereshouldbeanendtoalitigationandcRejudicataproveritateoccipiturwhichbearsthemeaningasajudicialdecisionmustbeacceptedascorrect.

TheprerequisiteswhicharenecessaryforResJudicataare:1Theremustbeafinaljudgment2Thejudgmentmustbeonthemerits3Theclaimsmustbethesameinthefirstandsecondsuits4Thepartiesinthesecondactionmustbethesameasthoseinthefirst,orhavebeenrepresentedbyapartytotheprioraction.

TheprovisionsofSection11arenotatallexhaustiveeventhoughithasverywideandenlargedamplitude.

ThesectiondoesnotaffectthejurisdictionoftheCourtbutoperatesasapartothetrialofthesuitorissue,ifthematterinthesuitwasdirectlyandsubstantiallyinissueandfinallydecidedintheprevioussuitbetweenthesamepartieslitigatingunderthesametitleinaCourt,thentheyarenotcompetenti.e.theybecomebarredtotrythesubsequentsuitinwhichsuchissuehasbeenraised.

Thus,thisdoctrineofResJudicataisafundamentalconceptbasedonpublicpolicyandprivateinterest.Itisconceivedinthelargerpublicinterest,whichrequiresthateverylitigationmustcometoanend.Ittherefore,appliestocivilsuits,executionproceedings,arbitrationproceedings,taxationmatters,writpetitions,administrativeorders,interimorders,criminalproceedings,etc.

Anordinarylitigationbeingapartyorclaimingunderapartyofaformersuitcannotavoidtheapplicabilityofsection11ofC.P.C.asitismandatoryexceptonthegroundoffraudorcollusionasthecasemaybe.TheonusofproofliesonthepartyrelyingonthetheoryofResJudicata.Theprovisionsofsection11ofC.P.C.arenotdirectorybutmandatory.Thejudgmentinaformersuitcanbeavoidedonlybytakingrecoursetosection44oftheIndianEvidenceActonthegroundoffraudorcollusion.

HonbleMr.JusticeDasGuptainSatyadhanGhosalv.DeorajanDebsaidthattheprincipleofResJudicataisbasedontheneedofgivingfinalitytothejudicialdecisions.

AsmallintroductionofAdministrativeLaw.Administrativelawisanoftenmisunderstoodsubject.Asthenamesuggests,AdministrativeLawdealswiththestructure,powersandfunctionsoftheorgansofadministration,thelimitsontheirpowers,themethodsandtheproceduresfollowedbytheminexercisingtheirpowersandfunctions,themethodbywhichtheirpowersarecontrolled.

Administrativelaw,alsoknownasregulatorylaw,iscreatedandenforcedbysometypeofadministrativegovernmentbodyfromwhomthelawderivesitspowertosetandenforceregulationsdependsonwhethertheagencyisexecutive.Itappliestoallpublicofficialsandpublicagencies.

AnAdministrativeGovernmentbodymayactthroughrulemaking,adjudication,orbyenforcingaspecificregulatoryagenda.Administrativelawistechnicallyconsideredabranchofpubliclaw.Administrativelawisthatbodyoflawwhichappliesforhearingsbeforequasijudicialbodies,boards,commissionsoradministrativetribunalssupplementtherulesofnaturaljusticewiththeirowndetailedrulesofprocedure.

Asdistinguishedfromlegislativeandjudicialauthority,administrativeauthorityentailsthepowertoissuerulesandregulationsbasedonstatutes,grantlicensesandpermitstofacilitatetheconductofgovernmentbusiness,initiateinvestigationsofandprovideremediesforcomplaintsorproblems,andissueordersdirectingpartiestoconformtogoverningstatutesorrules.

Thetwobasicprinciplesofadministrativelawareaudialterampartemnopersonshallbecondemned,punishedorhaveanypropertyrightdeprived,unheardandnemojudexinpartesuanopersoncanjudgeacaseinwhichheorsheispartyorinwhichhe/shehasaninterest

Themainreasonforthedevelopmentofadministrativelawhasbeentheexpansionoftheadministrativeapparatus,functionsandpowersofthegovernment.ThiswasprimarilyduetotheeffectofLaissezFaireerawhichwasprevalentinthe9thCentury.Whenextensivepowersareconferredontheadministration,itbecomesnecessarytoevolveasuitablecontrolmechanismoverthepowersupholdedbytheadministration.

Theexpansionintheadministrativepowerscreatesthespectacleofmisuseandabuseofpower.Therefore,fortheregulationandcontroloftheadministrativepowers,AdministrativeLawbegantogrow

Itisimportanttoconsidertwovitalfactorsindealingwithadministrativeagencies:1therulesandregulationsareoftenspecialforeachagencyandarenotusuallyfoundinthestatutesbutinthoseregulations2amemberofthepublicmust"exhausthis/heradministrativeremedies"takeeverystep,includingappealswiththeagencyanditssystembeforehe/shecanchallengetheadministrativerulingwithalawsuitincourt.

Anadministrativelawjudgeisagovernmentofficialwithquasijudicialpowers,includingtheauthoritytoconducthearings,makesfindingsoffact,andrecommendsresolutionofdisputesconcerningtheagencysactions

OverviewofResJudicataasaconceptunderAdministrativeLawBasically,theDoctrineofResJudicataisapplicabletotheCodeofCivilProcedure.But,attimes,inmanyotherstatutesthereisauseofthedoctrine.AsweknowthattheworkortheroleplayedbytheAdministrativeLawisthatofawatchdog.TheAdministrativeLawseesthatthereisnouseofpowerwhichhasamaliciousintention.TheAdministrativeLawistheretoseethatthereisanimprovementinthesocietywithoutanyhurdlesandtheadministrationperformsitsdutyinanhonestmanner.

InAdministrativeLaw,theuseofthisdoctrineisthat,itadministersastohowwelltheJudiciarydoesitswork,howefficientlytheJudiciarydisposesoffthecaseandthedoctrinemakesitselfapplicablewherethereismorethanonepetitionfiledinthesameorintheothercourtofIndia.

Thepartiescanfileanothersuitinanothercourt,justtoharassandmalignthereputationoftheoppositepartyorcandosoforreceivingcompensationtwicefromthedifferentcourts.Therefore,justtopreventsuchoverloadsandextracasesinthecourtskitty,ResJudicataholdsabigresponsibilityandimportance.

AcomparisonofResJudicataasaconceptinbetweenAdministrativeLawandtheotherlaws.InAdministrativeLaw,thedoctrineworksasaworkingprincipleandhasbeenadoptedortakenfromCodeofCivilProcedure.InC.P.C.,aswehavediscussedabove,Section11hasabigroletobeplayedinthecivilcourtsofIndia.EveninInternationalLawwhichisapplicableinTheInternationalCourtofJustice,theretooSection381cisdedicatedtowardsthedoctrineofResJudicata.

TheSectionreadsasfollows:1.TheCourt,whosefunctionistodecideinaccordancewithinternationallawsuchdisputesasaresubmittedtoit,shallapply:a.internationalconventions,whethergeneralorparticular,establishingrulesexpresslyrecognizedbythecontestingstatesb.internationalcustom,asevidenceofageneralpracticeacceptedaslawc.thegeneralprinciplesoflawrecognizedbycivilizednationsd.subjecttotheprovisionsofArticle59,judicialdecisionsandtheteachingsofthemosthighlyqualifiedpublicistsofthevariousnations,assubsidiarymeansforthedeterminationofrulesoflaw.

TheprinciplesofResJudicataevenapplytotheConstitutionmatters.TheruleofResJudicataisbasicallyaruleofprivatelawbuthasbeentransposedintotheareaofwritproceedingsaswell.Thus,thepersonisdebarredfromtakingoneproceedingafteranotherandurgingnewgroundseverytime,inrespectofoneandthesamegroundeverytimecausingharassmenttotheoppositeparty.Therefore,asubsequentwritpetitioncannotbemovedagainstthejudgementofapetitioninaparticularHighCourt.ThejudgementcanbeofanynatureandofanyHighCourt,butthatordercannotbeinanysensebechallenged.

TheCriminalLawandtobemorespecific,EvidenceLawalsotalksaboutthedoctrineofResJudicatabutinthesamecontextasthathasbeenusedinC.P.C.Therefore,apartfromtheAdministrativeLawandC.P.C.,therearesomefewotherlawswhichtalkabouttheroleofResJudicatainthestatute.

TheNatureofResJudicata.TheDoctrineofResJudicatastrivestostrikeabalancebetweenthetwolargelyseparatedpoles.Onepitassuresanefficientjudicialsystemthatrendersfinaljudgmentswithcertaintyandpreventstheinequityofadefendanthavingtodefendthesameclaimorissueoflawrepeatedly.Ontheotherhand,itprotectstheplaintiff'sinterestinhavingissuesandclaimsfullyandfairlylitigated.AUSSupremeCourtJusticeexplainedtheneedforthislegalpreceptasfollows:Federalcourtshavetraditionallyadheredtotherelateddoctrinesofresjudicataclaimpreclusionandcollateralestoppelissuepreclusion.UnderResJudicata,afinaljudgmentonthemeritsofanactionprecludestheparties...fromrelitigatingissuesthatwereorcouldhavebeenraisedinthataction.Undercollateralestoppel,onceacourthasdecidedanissueoffactorlawnecessarytoitsjudgment,thatdecisionmayprecluderelitigationoftheissueinasuitonadifferentcauseofactioninvolvingapartytothefirstcause.Asthiscourtandothercourtshaveoftenrecognized,resjudicataandcollateralestoppelrelievepartiesofthecostsandvexationofmultiplelawsuits,conservejudicialresources,andbypreventinginconsistentdecisions,encouragerelianceonajudication

ThebasicpointinvolvedintheNatureofthedoctrineofResJudicataisthatthedoctrinetriestobringinnaturalandfairjusticetothepartiesandthattoobybarringtheotherpartytofileamultiplenumberofsuitseitherforjusticeorforharassingtheotherparty.

Resjudicataincludestworelatedconcepts:claimpreclusion,andissuepreclusionalsocalledcollateralestoppel,thoughsometimesResJudicataisusedmorenarrowlytomeanonlyclaimpreclusion.Claimpreclusionfocusesonbarringasuitfrombeingbroughtagainonalegalcauseofactionthathasalreadybeenfinallydecidedbetweentheparties.Issuepreclusionbarstherelitigationoffactualissuesthathavealreadybeennecessarilydeterminedbyajudgeorjuryaspartofanearlierclaim.

Itisoftendifficulttodeterminewhich,ifeither,oftheseapplytolaterlawsuitsthatareseeminglyrelated,becausemanycausesofactioncanapplytothesamefactualsituationandviceversa.

Therefore,thenatureofthedoctrineofResJudicataistoenabletheCourtsdeliverthejusticeandthentodismissorfreezetheotheractivesuitswhichareoftheverysamenaturealthoughisatdifferentstage.SucharoleenablestheCourttodismissthematterfromitsjurisdictionandalsothejurisdictionoftheotherCourtswhichareatthesamelevel.

AlsothatResJudicatadoesnotrestricttheappealsprocess,whichisconsideredalinearextensionofthesamelawsuitasittravelsupandbackdowntheappellatecourtladder.Appealsareconsideredtheappropriatemannerbywhichittochallengeajudgmentratherthantryingtostartanewtrial,andoncetheappealsprocessisexhaustedorwaived,ResJudicatawillapplyeventoajudgmentthatiscontrarytolaw.

ScopeofResJudicata.TheScopeofResJudicatahasverywellbeendecidedinthecaseofGulamAbbasv.StateofU.P.wherethecodeembodiestherulesofconclusivenessasevidenceorbarsasapleaofanissuetriedinanearliersuitfoundedonaplaintinwhichthematterisdirectlyandsubstantiallyanissuebecomesfinal.Section11doescreateanyrightorinterestoverthepropertybutmerelyoperatesasabartotrytheissueonceagain.TheCourtisassumedandappliedtoallthejudicialbodiesworkinginIndia.

Thescopeofanearlierjudgmentisprobablythemostdifficultquestionthatjudgesmustresolveinapplyingresjudicata.Sometimesmerelypartofasubsequentlawsuitwillbeaffected,suchasasingleclaimbeingstruckfromacomplaint,orasinglefactualissuebeingremovedfromreconsiderationinthenewtrial.TheprincipleofResJudicatahasbeenheldtobeofwiderapplicationonthebasisofthewiderprincipleofthefinalityofdecisionbyCourtsoflawandadecisionunderSection12oftheU.P.AgriculturistsReliefActof1934washeldtooperateasResJudicataSection11CPCwhichembodiestheprincipleofResJudicatahasbeenheldtobenotexhaustiveandeventhoughamattermaynotbedirectlycoveredbytheprovisionsofthatsectionthemattermaystillbeResJudicataongeneralprinciples.

ThescopeoftheprincipleofResJudicataisnotconfinedtowhatiscontainedinSection11butisofmoregeneralapplication.ResJudicatacouldbeasmuchapplicabletodifferentstagesofthesamesuitastofindingsonissuesindifferentsuits.

InthecaseofSatyadhyanGhosalv.Smt.DeorajinDebi,wheretheprincipleofResJudicataisinvokedinthecaseofthedifferentstagesofproceedingsinthesamesuitthenatureoftheproceedings,thescopeoftheenquirywhichtheadjectivallawprovidesforthedecisionbeingreachedaswellasthespecificprovisionmadeonmatterstouchingsuchdecisionsaresomeofthefactorstobeconsideredbeforetheprincipleisheldtobeapplicable.OrderIXRule7doesnotputanendtothelitigationnordoesitinvolvethedeterminationofanyissuesincontroversyinthesuit.AdecisionordirectioninaninterlocutoryproceedingofthetypeprovidedforbyOrderIXRule7isnotofthekindwhichcanoperateasResJudicatasoastobarthehearingonthe,meritsofanapplicationunderOrderIXRule13

ExceptionstoResJudicata.However,therearelimitedexceptionstoResJudicatathatallowapartytoattackthevalidityoftheoriginaljudgment,evenoutsideofappeals.Theseexceptionsusuallycalledcollateralattacksaretypicallybasedonproceduralorjurisdictionalissues,basednotonthewisdomoftheearliercourtsdecisionbutitsauthorityorcompetencetoissueit.Acollateralattackismorelikelytobeavailableandtosucceedinjudicialsystemswithmultiplejurisdictions,suchasunderfederalgovernments,orwhenadomesticcourtisaskedtoenforceorrecognisethejudgmentofaforeigncourt.

Inaddition,incasesinvolvingdueprocess,casesthatappeartobeResJudicatamayberelitigated.Aninstancewouldbetheestablishmentofarighttocounsel.Peoplewhohavehadtheirlibertytakenawaythatis,imprisonedmaybeallowedtoberetriedwithacounselorasamatteroffairness.

JudicialPronouncementsinrelationtoResJudicata.InthecaseofJallurVenkataSeshayyavs.ThadvicondaKoteswaraRao,asuitwasfiledintheCourtforthepurposeofdeclaringcertaintemplespublictemplesandforsettingasidealienationofendowedpropertybythemanagerthereof.AsimilarsuitwasdismissedbytheCourttwoyearsagoandtheplaintiffsherecontendedthatitwasthegrossnegligenceonthepartoftheplaintiffsoftheprevioussuitandhencethedoctrineofResJudicatashouldnotbeapplied.But,thePrivyCouncilsaidthatfindingofagrossnegligencebythetrialcourtwasfarfromafindingofintentionalsuppressionofthedocuments,whichwouldamount,towantofbonafideorcollusiononthepartoftheplaintiffsinpriorsuit.Therebeingnoevidenceinthesuitestablishingeitherwantofbonafideofcollusiononthepartofplaintiffsasresjudicata.

InthecaseofBeliramandBrothersvs.ChaudariMohammedAfzalitwasheldthatwhereaminorssuitwasnotbroughtbytheguardianoftheminorsbonafidebutwasbroughtincollusionwiththedefendantsandthesuitwasafictitioussuit,adecreeobtainedthereinisoneobtainedbyfraudandcollusionwithinthemeaningoftheIndianEvidenceAct,1872,s.44anddoesnotoperateResJudicata.TheprincipleofResJudicatainCodeofCivilProcedure,1908,s.11ismodifiedbytheIndianEvidenceAct,1872,s.44andtheprincipleswillnotapplyifanyofthethreegroundsmentionedins.44exists.GeneralprinciplesmaynotbeappliedinawaymakingCodeofCivilProcedure,1908,s.11nugatory.

InthecaseofRuralLitigationAndEntitlementKendravs.StateofUttarPradesh,itwasheldthatthewritpetitionsfiledintheSupremeCourtarenotinterpartydisputesandhavebeenraisedbywayofpublicinterestlitigationandthecontroversybeforethecourtisastowhetherforsocialsafetyandforcreatingahazardlessenvironmentforthepeopletolivein,miningintheareamustbepermittedorstopped.Evenifitissaidthattherewasafinalorder,inadisputeofthistypeitwouldbedifficulttoentertainthepleaofResJudicata.TheCourtwasoftheviewthatleavingthequestionopenforexaminationinfuturewouldleadtounnecessarymultiplicityofproceedingsandwouldbeagainsttheinterestsofthesociety.Itismeteandproperasalsointheinterestofthepartiesthattheentirequestionistakenintoaccountatthisstage.Undoubtedly,theEnvironmentProtectionAct,1986hascomeintoforcewitheffectfrom19November1986.Underthisenactment,powerbecamevestedintheCentralGovernmenttotakemeasurestoprotectandimprovetheenvironment.Thesewritpetitionswerefiledasearlyas1983morethanthreeyearsbeforetheenactmentcameintoforce.TheprincipleofResJudicatadoesnotapplystrictlytopublicinterestlitigations.Theprocedurallawsarenotfullyapplicabletopublicinterestlitigationcases.Wherethepriorpublicinterestrelatestoillegalmining,subsequentpublicinterestlitigationtoprotectenvironmentisnotbarred.

InForwardConstructionCo.v.PrabhatMandal,theSupremeCourtwasdirectlycalledupontodecidethequestion.Theapexcourtheldthattheprinciplewouldapplytopublicinterestlitigationprovideditwasabonafidelitigation.

InanothercaseofRamdasNayakv.UnionofIndia,thecourtobserved:Itisarepetitivelitigationontheverysameissuecomingupbeforethecourtsagainandagaininthegrabofpublicinterestlitigation.Itishightimetoputanendtothesame.ThesewerefewcasesinwhichtheCourtpronounceditsjudgementeitherinfavouroragainstthedoctrineofResJudicata

ConclusionTheDoctrineofResJudicatacanbeunderstoodassomethingwhichrestrainstheeitherpartytomovetheclockbackduringthependencyoftheproceedings.TheextendofResJudicataisveryverywideanditincludesa

lotofthingswhichevenincludesPublicInterestLitigations.ThisdoctrineisapplicableevenoutsidetheCodeofCivilProcedureandcoversalotofareaswhicharerelatedtothesocietyandpeople.ThescopeandtheextendhaswidenedwiththepassageoftimeandtheSupremeCourthaselongatedtheareaswithitsjudgments.

Criticisms.ResJudicatadoesnotrestricttheappealsprocess,whichisconsideredalinearextensionofthesamelawsuitasthesuittravelsupandbackdowntheappellatecourtladder.Appealsareconsideredtheappropriatemannerbywhichtochallengeajudgmentratherthantryingtostartanewtrial.Oncetheappealsprocessisexhaustedorwaived,ResJudicatawillapplyeventoajudgmentthatiscontrarytolaw.

TherearelimitedexceptionstoResJudicatathatallowapartytoattackthevalidityoftheoriginaljudgment,evenoutsideofappeals.Theseexceptionsusuallycalledcollateralattacksaretypicallybasedonproceduralorjurisdictionalissues,basednotonthewisdomoftheearliercourt'sdecisionbutitsauthorityoronthecompetenceoftheearliercourttoissuethatdecision.Acollateralattackismorelikelytobeavailableandtosucceedinjudicialsystemswithmultiplejurisdictions,suchasunderfederalgovernments,orwhenadomesticcourtisaskedtoenforceorrecognizethejudgmentofaforeigncourt.

Inaddition,inmattersinvolvingdueprocess,casesthatappeartobeResJudicatamayberelitigated.Anexamplewouldbetheestablishmentofarighttocounsel.Peoplewhohavehadlibertytakenawayi.e.,imprisonedmaybeallowedtoberetriedwithacounselorasamatteroffairness.

FailuretoapplyWhenasubsequentcourtfailstoapplyResJudicataandrendersacontradictoryverdictonthesameclaimorissue,ifathirdcourtisfacedwiththesamecase,itwilllikelyapplya"lastintime"rule,givingeffectonlytothelaterjudgment,eventhoughtheresultcameoutdifferentlythesecondtime.Thissituationisnotunheardof,asitistypicallytheresponsibilityofthepartiestothesuittobringtheearliercasetothejudge'sattention,andthejudgemustdecidehowbroadlytoapplyit,orwhethertorecognizeitinthefirstplace.

ReferencesBooks:1TakwaniC.K.,CivilProcedureCode,Edition5.Reprint2007,EasternBookPublication,Lucknow.2Dr.MyneniS.R.,TheLawofEvidence.Edition1.AsialawHouse,Hyderabad.3HalsburyLawsofIndia,Vol.1:AdministrativeLaw.4HalsburyLawsofIndia,Vol.:CodeofCivilProcedure

WebReferences:1http://vlex.in/vid/arjunsinghvsmohindrakumarors296949512http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/rju.htm3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_judicata4http://www.icjcij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=2&p3=0#CHAPTER_II5http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1102910#6http://www.utcle.org/eLibrary/preview.php?asset_file_id=123597http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Res_judicata#encyclopedia8http://www.wisegeek.com/whatisresjudicata.htm

Theauthorcanbereachedat:shashwat.nirma@legalserviceindia.com

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