reptile medicine and surgery || hematologic and blood chemistry values in reptiles

88HEMATOLOGIC ANDBLOOD CHEMISTRY VALUES IN REPTILESGERALDINE DIETHELM and

GEOFF STEIN

1103

Boa Constrictor Rainbow Boa Emerald Tree Boa Measurements (Boa Constrictor)3,26,ISIS (Epicrates cenchiria)ISIS (Corallus caninus)ISIS

HematologyPCV (%) 24-40 28 (11-40) 23 (6-57)RBC (106/mL) 1.0-2.5 0.34-1.74 0.05-5.05Hgb (g/dL) 3.3-15.3 6.5-13.1 9.6 (6.1-18.7)MCV (fL) 159-625 174-534 –MCH (pg) 85-208 83-160 113-149MCHC (g/dL) 21-42 21-40 30-60WBC (103/mL) 4-10 9.2 (1.5-35) 5 (0.5-5)Heterophils (%) 20-65b – –Lymphocytes (%) 10-60 – –Azurophils (%) 1.5(0-5.8) – –Monocytes (%) 0-3 – –Eosinophils (%) 0-3 – –Basophils (%) 0-20 – –ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 421 (242-652) 85 (14-593) 109 (14-323)ALT (IU/L) 6 (0-20) 11 (1-31) 5 (1-11)AST (IU/L) 5-35 41 (8-136) 34 (5-115)Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 0.4 (0-0.8) 0.2 (0.1-0.3)BUN (mg/dL) <1-10 1-3 0-4Calcium (mg/dL) 10-22 13.7 (11.3-18.9) 12.8 (8.9-17.4)Chloride (mEq/L) 16.8 (14.1-23.7) 119 (94-141) 130 (106-150)Cholesterol (mg/dL) 118 (107-124) 225 (140-394) 289 (101-539)Creatine kinase (IU/L) 87 (53-138) – –Creatinine (mg/dL) <0.1-0.3 0.4 (0.1-0.7) 0-1.1Glucose (mg/dL) 10-60 28 (2-67) 28 (10-56)LDH (IU/L) 30-300 309 (102-661) 495 (76-1680)Magnesium (mEq/L) – – –Phosphorus (mg/dL) 3.6 (2.6-4.9) 5.2 (3.4-7.7) 4.5 (1.8-11.2)Potassium (mEq/L) 3.0-5.7 3.6 (1.2-5.7) 4.9 (1.8-8.7)Protein, total (g/dL) 4.6-8.0 6.5 (3.7-8.4) 42.3-8.3Albumin (g/dL) 3.1 (1.9-5.3) 2.9 (1.8-4.8) 2.7 (1.2-4)Globulin (g/dL) 4 (2.2-6.9) 3.9 (2.8-5.8) 2.8 (1-3.8)A:G (ratio) – –Sodium (mEq/L) 130-152 157 (137-170) 148-175Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – –Uric acid (mg/dL) 1.2-5.8 6 (1.3-27.5) 5.6 (1.2-19.8)

Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values of Reptiles

Continued

W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM 103

1104 Section VIII SPECIAL TOPICS

Diamond-backed Water Snake Ball Python Pythons

Measurements (Nerodia sp.)21 (Python regius)16,ISIS (Python spp.)a,26

HematologyPCV (%) – 18 (16-21) 25-40RBC (106/mL) – 0.8 (0.3-1.3) 1.0-2.5Hgb (g/dL) – 6.7 (5.5-7.9) –MCV (fL) – 211-540 –MCH (pg) – 82-139 –MCHC (g/dL) – 25-40 –WBC (103/mL) – 12.2 (7.9-16.4) 6-12Heterophils (%) – 62 (56-67) 20-80b

Lymphocytes (%) – 14 (7-21) 10-60Azurophils (%) – 17 (12-22) -Monocytes (%) – 1 (0-1) 0-3Eosinophils (%) – – 0-3Basophils (%) – 1 (0-2) 0-10ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 69 (27-157) 106 (96-116) –ALT (IU/L) – 14 (12-16) –AST (IU/L) – 33 (15-51) 5-30Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.6 (0.3-1.0) 0.3 (0-2.1) –BUN (mg/dL) 1 (0-3) 0-3 <1-10Calcium (mg/dL) 7 (6-8) 14 (13-14) 10-22Chloride (mEq/L) 127 (117-131) 120 (109-130) –Cholesterol (mg/dL) – 124 (23-302) –Creatine kinase (IU/L) 262 (92-572) – –Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.7 (0.3-1.8) 0-0.5 <0.1-0.3Glucose (mg/dL) 33 (4-97) 29 (28-30) 10-60LDH (IU/L) 191 (69-538) 209 (77-782) 40-300Magnesium (mEq/L) 1.2 (0.9-1.5) – –Phosphorus (mg/dL) 31.4 (0.7-2.5) 3 (2.7-3.4) –Potassium (mEq/L) 4.6 (2.8-6.4) – 3.0-5.7Protein, total (g/dL) 5.8 (4.3-7.6) 5.2 (5.0-5.6) 5-8Albumin (g/dL) – 2.2 (1-3.7) –Globulin (g/dL) – 4.6 (2.1-9) –A:G (ratio) – – –Sodium (mEq/L) 166 (154-175) 138-173 130-152Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – –Uric acid (mg/dL) – 3.6 (3.2-4.1) 1.2-5.6

Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values of Reptiles—cont’d

W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1104

1105Hematologic and Blood Chemistry Values in Reptiles

Jungle Carpet Green Tree Python Reticulated Python (Morelia (Morelia [Chondropython] Python (Python

Measurements spilota cheynei)2,ISIS viridis)ISIS reticulatus)ISIS

HematologyHCT (%) 30 (23-37) 8-38 25 (17-45)RBC (106/mL) 0.89 (0.54-1.3) 0.4-1.3 0.41-1.33Hgb (g/dL) 8.6 (4-15.5) 4-8.3 10 (5.2-30)MCV (fL) 282 (178-414) 207-250 331 (176-428)MCH (pg) 113.5 (66.7-159) 100 78-86MCHC (g/dL) 40 (23.5-53.2) 33.2-40 29-45WBC (103/mL) 8.5 (5.7-11.3) 3.5-22.1 8 (1.8-17.7)WBC (Natt Herrick) 7.3 (4.5-10.2) – –Heterophils (%) 53 (38-68) – –Lymphocytes (%) 43 (35-51) – –Monocytes (%) 0 (0-1) – –Azurophils (%) 2 (0-5) – –Eosinophils (%) 0 (0-1) – –Basophils (%) 1 (0-3) – –ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 36 (13-60) 4.6-6 84 (4-183)ALT (IU/L) 19 (6-38) 43 (8-132) 27 (5-96)AST (IU/L) 25 (2-120) 29 (8-79) 24 (2-105)Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.5 0.2 0.3 (0.1-0.6)BUN (mg/dL) 2 (1-3) 2 (0-2) 3 (0-6)Calcium (mg/dL) 25.6 (12.4-100) 14 (10.3-18.5) 18.8 (8.6-48)Chloride (mEq/L) 112 (102-123) 128 (119-138) 122 (107-141)Cholesterol (mg/dL) 333 (199-594) 204 (116-360) 263 (81-371)Creatine kinase (IU/L) 479 (27-1537) 524 (198-992) 1086Creatinine (mg/dL) 1.1 (0.3-3.7) 0.2 (0-0.5) 0.3 (0.1-0.5)Glucose (mg/dL) 31 (16-71) 67 (5-223) 36 (12-81)LDH (IU/L) 306 (48-547) 206 –Magnesium (mEq/L) – – –Phosphorus (mg/dL) 8.7 (2.1-37) 6.7 (2.8-26.3) 7.2 (2.5-15.4)Potassium (mEq/L) 5.4 (3.7-9) 5.3 (2.8-6.4) 5.5 (3.4-10.2)Protein, total (g/dL) 8.3 (4.7-14) 5.7 (3.9-6.9) 7.5 (5.5-10.1)Albumin (g/dL) 3 (1.9-6.2) 2 (1.4-2.8) 2.9 (1.3-7.2)Globulin (g/dL) 5.5 (2.7-8) 4.4 (3.2-5.4) 4.7 (2.6-8.3)A:G (ratio) – – –Sodium (mEq/L) 149 (135-158) 160 (157-163) 160 (142-176)Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – –Uric acid (mg/dL) 7 (1.9-25.4) 5.8 (1-20.4) 8.6 (3-34.2)


Continued

W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1105


Gopher Snake Yellow Rat Snake (Pituophis Red Rat Snake (Elaphe obsoleta

Measurements melanoleucus)9,19,ISIS (Elaphe guttata)ISIS quadrivitatta)24

HematologyPCV (%) 25 (15-38) 31 (21-52) 25 (9-46)RBC (106/mL) 1.09 1.16 (0.62-1.86) 0.21-1.56Hgb (g/dL) 10 (6.9-12.7) 11.5 (9.7-13.5) 9 (2.8-15.2)MCV (fL) 189-568 291 (170-403) 384 (179-961)MCH (pg) 123-160 127 (110-143) 137 (90-217)MCHC (g/dL) 27-37 32-40 34 (26-54)WBC (103/mL) 6.2 (1.7-20) 9.2 (1.02-31.4) 9 (0.4-32)Heterophils (%) – – –Lymphocytes (%) – – –Monocytes (%) – – –Azurophils (%) – – –Eosinophils (%) – – –Basophils (%) – – –ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 60 (9-133) 64 (18-297) 92 (55-130)ALT (IU/L) 22 (11-65) 34 (2-64) 18 (7-29)AST (IU/L) 53 (16-127) 42 (9-224) 59 (15-103)Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.2 (0.1-0.4) 0.6 (0.1-1) 0.3 (0.1-0.8)BUN (mg/dL) 2 (1-5) 2 (0-6) 4 (0-20)Calcium (mg/dL) 14.4 (13.0-15.7) 15.8 (12-19.6) 17.7 (11.3-73.2)Chloride (mEq/L) 137 (109-148) 122 (108-137) 119 (68-140)Cholesterol (mg/dL) 327 (138-702) 314-572 371 (101-745)Creatine kinase (IU/L) 78-1918 433 (77-2460) 716 (200-1231)Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.3 (0.1-0.6) 0.6 (0.2-2) 0.5 (0.3-1.3)Glucose (mg/dL) 88 (24-129) 54 (31-88) 62 (26-117)LDH (IU/L) 97 (6-313) 173 (48-444) 203 (86-320)Magnesium (mEq/L) – – 2.5Phosphorus (mg/dL) 4.1 (2.5-5.7) 3.8 (1.9-6) 4.4 (1.7-14.7)Potassium (mEq/L) 6.6 (3.6-10.0) 6.8 (1.9-13.2) 5 (1.6-8.5)Protein, total (g/dL) 4.3 (2.8-7.3) 6.6 (4.6-8.4) 6.6 (3.3-10.6)Albumin (g/dL) 1.9 (1.6-2.1) 2.6 (1.8-3.4) 2.4 (1.6-4.4)Globulin (g/dL) 3.2 (1.9-5.4) 4.4 (3.3-5.7) 4.3 (2.6-8.3)A:G (ratio) – – -Sodium (mEq/L) 171 (161-180) 164 (147-183) 162 (151-177)Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – -Uric acid (mg/dL) 6.7 (2-17.6) 7 (1.3-19.9) 6.6 (1.6-32.1)


W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1106


Common Kingsnake Milksnake Indigo Snake (Lampropeltis (Lampropeltis (Drymarchon

Measurements getulus)ISIS triangulum)ISIS corais)8

HematologyPCV (%) 30 (12-45) 27 (8-48) –RBC (106/mL) 2.65 (0.35-14) 0.9 (0.5-2) –Hgb (g/dL) – 10 (6.9-11.9) –MCV (fL) 318 (28-500) 369 (135-615) –MCH (pg) – 119 (89-164) –MCHC (g/dL) – 34 (29-45) –WBC (103/mL) 12 (1-42) 10 (1.2-39) –Heterophils (%) – – –Lymphocytes (%) – – –Monocytes (%) – – –Azurophils (%) – – –Eosinophils (%) – – –Basophils (%) – – –ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 90 (17-478) 105 (70-168) 123 (80-161)ALT (IU/L) 23 (8-40) 7 (0-17) –AST (IU/L) 40 (0-124) 29 (0-102) 46 (6-163)Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0-0.1 0.5 (0.1-0.9) –BUN (mg/dL) 2 (0-4) 4 (2-14) –Calcium (mg/dL) 20 (6.8-60) 15 (12-18) 159 (30-337)Chloride (mEq/L) 114 (88-136) 125 (109-137) 119 (100-129)Cholesterol (mg/dL) 294 (55-1083) 390 (154-822) –Creatine kinase (IU/L) 514 (82-1634) 202 (92-332) 644 (68-1923)Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.4 (0-1.6) 0.5 (0.2-1.1) –Glucose (mg/dL) 42 (7-90) 56 (15-124) 46 (28-89)LDH (IU/L) 179 (24-488) 816 (18-2807) 313 (13-1055)Magnesium (mEq/L) – – –Phosphorus (mg/dL) 6.2 (0.7-24.6) 7.3 ( 2.9-25) 35 (8-69)Potassium (mEq/L) 4.9 (2.1-9.2) 5.3 (2.2-9.7) 8.1 (4.3-14.3)Protein, total (g/dL) 7.1 (3.6-12) 6.6 (3.8-11.6) 8.9 (5.9-12.3)Albumin (g/dL) 2.3 (1.1-6.8) 2.2 (1.2-3) 2.5 (1.7-4.6)Globulin (g/dL) 4.6 (1.8-7.9) – –A:G (ratio) – – –Sodium (mEq/L) 161 (132-184) 166 (157-178) 157 (143-170)Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – –Uric acid (mg/dL) 7.1 (1.9-28) 7.4 (2.1-35.6) 8.6 (2.2-17.2)


Continued

W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1107


Egyptian Spiny-tailed Blue Tongued Tokay Gecko Lizard (Uromastyx Skink (Tiliqua

Measurements (Gekko gecko)ISIS aegyptius)ISIS scincoides)ISIS

HematologyPCV (%) 30 (25-34) 27 (18-40) 10 (6-13)RBC (106/mL) 0.67 (0.63-0.74) 0.73 (0.46-0.99) 1.05 (0.73-1.36)Hgb (g/dL) – 5.8 (3.6-8.2) 10.4 (6-13)MCV (fL) 467 (432-492) 308 (242-391) 299 (266-354)MCH (pg) – 87 (78-95) 98 (44-173)MCHC (g/dL) – 28 (20-36) 33 (16-57)WBC (103/mL) 10 (4-20) 11 (4-32) 7 (2-20)Heterophils (%) – – –Lymphocytes (%) – – –Monocytes (%) – – –Azurophils (%) – – –Eosinophils (%) – – –Basophils (%) – – –ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 54 98 (53-164) 82 (39-162)ALT (IU/L) 5 3 13 (2-34)AST (IU/L) 61 (9-146) 37 (14-81) 45 (7-106)Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.5 0.3 (0.1-0.7) –BUN (mg/dL) – 3 (1-4) 1 (0-2)Calcium (mg/dL) 17-18 11.3 (8.6-14.1) 13.2 (8.2-20.6)Chloride (mEq/L) 119 126 (111-135) 113 (111-115)Cholesterol (mg/dL) – 317 (306-328) 192 (72-429)Creatine kinase (IU/L) 117 2003 (556-3454) 2099 (73-5832)Creatinine (mg/dL) – 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 0.3 (0.1-0.6)Glucose (mg/dL) 141 (105-173) 184 (102-248) 130 (63-176)LDH (IU/L) 189 639 (197-1235) 735 (364-1106)Magnesium (mEq/L) – – –Phosphorus (mg/dL) 5.6 (2.8-7.7) 4.5 (1.3-10) 5.3 (2.8-7.7)Potassium (mEq/L) – 3.7 (3-4.6) 5.6 (4.3-8.6)Protein, total (g/dL) – 5.2 (3.1-8) 6 (4.4-7.6)Albumin (g/dL) 2.7 1.6 (0.9-2.4) 2 (1.2-2.9)Globulin (g/dL) – 2.6 (2.2-4.6) 3.8 (3.2-5.2)A:G (ratio) – – –Sodium (mEq/L) 158 173 148 (142-158)Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – –Uric acid (mg/dL) 5.9 (1.4-12.2) 3.8 (2.6-5.6) 3.3 (0.7-8.5)


W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1108


Iguanid Lizard Green Iguana Bearded Dragon (Dipsosaurus (Iguana

Measurements (Pogona vitticeps)4 dorsalis)17 iguana)7,10,12,13,ISIS

HematologyPCV (%) 24 (17-28) – 25-38RBC (106/mL) 1.1 (0.8-1.8) – 1-1.9Hgb (g/dL) – – 6-10MCV (fL) – – 165-305MCH (pg) – – 48-78MCHC (g/dL) – – 20-38WBC (103/mL) 9.4 (5.9-14.3) – 3-10Heterophils (%) – – 0.35-5.2c

Lymphocytes (%) 64 (54-76) – 0.5-5.5c

Monocytes (%) – – 0-0.1c

Azurophils (%) 3 (0-8) – 0-1.7c

Eosinophils (%) – – 0-0.3c

Basophils (%) – – 0-0.5c

ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 151 (15-447) 14 (4-30) 50-290ALT (IU/L) 11 (4-20) 13 (3-38) 5-68d

AST (IU/L) 27 (0-92) 179 (34-400) 5-52d

Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.5 (0-3.7) 0.2 (0.1-0.5) 0.3 (0-4.9)BUN (mg/dL) 3 (3-4) 2 (1-5) 2 (0-11)Calcium (mg/dL) 10 (8-13) 11 (8-30) 8.8-14.0Chloride (mEq/L) 126 (107-163) 120 (12-155) 117-122Cholesterol (mg/dL) 425 (160-900) 243 (100-399) 107-333Creatine kinase(IU/L) 1211 (59-7000) 4500 (700-14,240) 272 (73-666)Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.2 (0-0.6) 0.5 (0.2-1.8) 0.5 (0.1-1.3)d

Glucose (mg/dL) 232 (211-261) 355 (255-575) 169-288LDH (IU/L) 296 (35-628) 789 (145-2915) 443 (36-3861)Magnesium (mEq/L) – – 3.2 (2.4-4)d

Phosphorus (mg/dL) 5.6 (2.7-15.1) 5.5 (2.8-10.0) 4-6 18

Potassium (mEq/L) 3.8 (1.3-6.3) 2.6 (0.4-7.0) 1.3-3.0d

Protein, total (g/dL) 2.2 (2.0-2.7) 3.8 (2.4-5.4) 5.0-7.8Albumin (g/dL) 2.6 (1,3-4.6) 2.3 (1.6-3.0) 2.1-2.8d

Globulin (g/dL) 2.3 (1-4.4) 1.5 (0.8-2.4) 2.5-4.3A:G (ratio) – 1.7 (1.0-2.3) –Sodium (mEq/L) 156 (137-186) 164 (137-245) 158-183d

Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – 3.81 (2.97-4.65)Triglycerides (mg/dL) 310 (93-459) – 53-691Uric acid (mg/dL) 4.5 (2.9-10.0) 5.6 (2.4-13.3) 1.2-2.4d


Continued

W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1109


Measurements(all iguanas kept in Green Iguana, Green Iguana, Green Iguana, Green Iguana,natural environment, male Female gravid female juvenile outdoors)12 (Iguana iguana)12 (Iguana Iguana)12 (Iguana iguana)12 (Iguana iguana)12

HematologyPCV (%) 34 (29.2-38.5) – 38 (33-44) 38 (30-47)RBC (106/mL) 1.3 (1.0-1.7) – 1.4 (1.2-1.8) 1.4 (1.3-1.6)Hgb (g/dL) 8.6 (6.7-10.2) – 10.6 (9.1-12.2) 9.6 (9.2-10.1)MCV (fL) 266 (228-303) – 270 (235-331) –MCHC (g/dL) 25.1 (22.7-28) – 27.9 (24.9-31) –Fibrinogen 100 (100-200) – 100 (100-300) 100 (100-300)WBC (103/mL) 15.1 (11.1-24.6) – 14.8 (8.2-25.2) 16.3 (8.0-22.0)Heterophils (103/mL) 3.6 (1.0-5.4) – 3.2 (0.6-6.4) 2.2 (1.0-3.8)Lymphocytes (103/mL) 9.7 (5.0-16.5) – 9.9 (5.2-14.4) 12.9 (6.2-17.2)Monocytes (103/mL) 1.3 (0.2-2.7) – 1.2 (0.4-2.3) 0.4 (0.3-0.6)Azurophils (103/mL) – – – –Eosinophils (103/mL) 0.1 (0.0-0.3) – 0.1 (0.0-0.2) 0.3 (0.0-0.4)Basophils (103/mL) 0.4 (0.1-1.0) – 0.5 (0.2-2.1) 0.5 (0.1-0.7)ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 39 (14-65) 37.5 (34-41) 59 (22-90) –ALT (IU/L) 32 (4-76) 7.6 (5.3-10) 45 (5-96) –AST (IU/L) 33 (19-65) 21 (12-29) 40 (7-102) 41 (13-72)Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.8 (0.1-1.4) 0.9 (0.2-2.1) 1.5 (0.3-3.1) –BUN (mg/dL) – – – –Calcium (mg/dL) 11.3 (8.6-14.1) 32.5 (22.5-47.5) 12.5 (10.8-14.0) 14.3 (12.1-23.2)Ionized Calcium6 0.37 (0.34-0.4)6 0.37 (0.34-0.4)6 0.37 (0.34-0.4)6 0.37 (0.34-0.4)6

Chloride (mEq/L) 119 (115-124) 121.3 (117-124) 121 (113-129) –Cholesterol (mg/dL) 161 (82-214) 339 (253-453) 255 (204-347) –CO2 (mEq/L) 19.9 (15.2-24.7) 19.3 (15.1-21.7) 19.1 (16-23.2) –Anion gap (mEq/L) 21.8 (12.1-29.5) 25.8 (19.7-36.8) 29 (18.8-41) –Glucose (mg/dL) 166 (70-244) 140 (126-153) 170 (105-258) 273 (131-335)LDH (IU/L) – – – –Magnesium (mEq/L) – – – –Phosphorus (mg/dL) 5.3 (3.2-7.6) 12 (8.4-17.5) 6.3 (2.8-9.3) 7.7 (4.3-9.0)Potassium (mEq/L) 4 (2.8-6.1) 3.9 (3.2-5.0) 3.6 (2.0-5.8) –Protein, total (g/dL) 5.4 (4.4-6.5) 7.5 (7.0-8.2) 6.1 (4.9-7.6) 5 (4.2-6.1)Albumin (g/dL) 2 (1.3-3.0) 2 (1.5-2.5) 2.4 (1.5-3.0) 2.3 (92.0-2.8)Globulin (g/dL) 3.5 (2.5-4.4) 5.5 (4.9-6.7) 3.8 (2.8-5.2) 2.7 (2.2-3.0)A:G (ratio) 0.6 (0.4-0.9) 0.4 (0.2-0.5) 0.7 (0.3-1.0) 0.8 (0.7-0.9)Sodium (mEq/L) 157 (152-162) 162.5 (161-164) 163 (156-172) –Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – – –Uric acid (mg/dL) 2.7 (1.5-5.8) 3.3 (2.2-4.9) 3.6 (0.9-6.7) 3.3 (0.7-5.7)


W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1110


Green Crested Prehensile-tailed Tegu Lizard Basilisk (Basiliscus

Measurements Skink (Corucia sp.)30 (Tupinambus teguixin)ISIS plumifrons)ISIS

HematologyPCV (%) 35 (24-60) 37 (23-55) 34 (27-41)RBC (106/mL) 1.5 (0.8-1.4) 0.8 (0.4-1.1) –Hgb (g/dL) 9.6 (7.4-11.6) 9.1 (8.8-9.3) 8.9 (8.6-9.1)MCV (fL) 263 (152-600) 425 (299-677) –MCH (pg) 69 (42-111) 185 (130-239) –MCHC (g/dL) 28 (17-56) 39 26 (22-29)WBC (103/mL) 12.4 (3.9-22.4)e 17.4 (3.9-47.1) 12 (3.3-31)Heterophils (%) 37 (16-58) – –Lymphocytes (%) 22 (2-40) – –Monocytes (%) 0.6 (0-6) – –Azurophils (%) – – –Eosinophils (%) 4 (0-18) – –Basophils (%) 15 (4-26) – –ChemistriesAP (IU/L) – 160 (38-358) 137 (77-230)ALT (IU/L) – 33 (11-65) 13 (5-21)AST (IU/L) 19 (<4-76) 18 (5-52) 60 (14-136)Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) – 0.3 (0.1-0.5) 0.6 (0.5-0.8)BUN (mg/dL) – 1 (0-1) 5 (1-20)Calcium (mg/dL) 13 (11-21) 12.2 (11.1-14.1) 10 (7-13)Chloride (mEq/L) 124 (123-129) 121 (113-138) 127 (125-129)Cholesterol (mg/dL) 144 (11-252) 206 (137-290) 845 (550-1237)Creatine kinase (IU/L) 210 (27-940) 641 (50-1904) 5355 (2691-9436)Creatinine (mg/dL) – 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 0.4 (0.2-0.8)Glucose (mg/dL) 100 (70-122) 128 (98-205) 283 (60-280)LDH (IU/L) – 540 (33-1234) –Magnesium (mEq/L) – – –Phosphorus (mg/dL) 3.7 (2.8-6.7) 5.6 (3.5-11.4) 0.5 (6.2-11.6)Potassium (mEq/L) 3.6 (1.4-5.0) 3.4 (0.7-3.6) 3 (2.4-3.5)Protein, total (g/dL) 6.5 (5-8) 6.6 (3.5-8.5) 5.7 (4.0-8.3)Albumin (g/dL) – 3.6 (2.2-4.6) 3.1 (2.6-3.5)Globulin (g/dL) – 2.9 (0.7-4.5) 2.9 (2.1-4.9)A:G (ratio) – – –Sodium (mEq/L) 158 (145-167) 159 (156-166) 1663 (145-172)Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – –Uric acid (mg/dL) 1.6 (<0.3-3.1) 3.2 (0.5-6.2) 10.9 (1-96.6)


Continued

W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1111


Savannah Monitor American Alligator (Varanus Nile Monitor (Alligator

Measurements exanthematicus)ISIS (Varanus niloticus)ISIS mississippiensis)5,10,15

HematologyPCV (%) 32 (21-51) 33 (21-40) 25 (12-40)RBC (106/mL) 1.22 (0.63-1.58) 0.6 0.6 (0.23-1.29)Hgb (g/dL) 10.4 (6.2-13.2) – 7.8 (3.7-11.6)MCV (fL) 291 (229-392) 667 445 (230-1174)MCH (pg) 94 (89-99) – 139 (58-370)MCHC (g/dL) 32 (26-39) - 32 (18-65)WBC (103/mL) 4.8 (1.2-11.3) 8.2 (2.6-24) 0 (1.8-29)Heterophils (%) – – –Lymphocytes (%) – – –Monocytes (%) – – –Azurophils (%) – – –Eosinophils (%) – – –Basophils (%) – – –ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 77 (5-675) 79 (24-141) 39 (0-109)ALT (IU/L) 58 (5-374) 75 (3-255) 39 (0-154)AST (IU/L) 30 (1-170) 24 (8-50) 289 (0-700)Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.2 (0-0.6) – 0.3 (0-5.1)BUN (mg/dL) 2 (0-6) 2 (1-4) 2 (0-13)Calcium (mg/dL) 14 (11-18) 12.8 (10.7-14.8) 11 (0-15.6)Chloride (mEq/L) 115 (105-129) 111 (103-117) 110 (0-130)Cholesterol (mg/dL) 117 (46-231) 57 (45-65) 94 (0-245)Creatine kinase (IU/L) 1540 (150-9080) 1324 (436-2001) 2022 (0-8620)Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.4 (0-0.8) 0.3 (0.1-0.6) 0.4 (0-1.3)Glucose (mg/dL) 109 (40-159) 137 (93-206) 91 (0-198)LDH (IU/L) 596 (29-3699) 375 (127-584) 485 (0-2000)Magnesium (mEq/L) 3.1 2.9 0Phosphorus (mg/dL) 4.9 (1.6-14.3) 6.5 (4.5-10) 4.4 (0-9.4)Potassium (mEq/L) 4.6 (2.7-10.8) 4.9 (2.9-7) 3.8 (0-6)Protein, total (g/dL) 6.9 (4.2-10.5) 6.4 (4.3-7.8) 5.3 (2.5-9.4)Albumin (g/dL) 2.1 (1.2-3.5) 2.1 (1.6-2.9) 1.6 (0.8-2.3)Globulin (g/dL) 4.9 (3.4-6.6) 5 (2.7-6) 3.5 (1.6-6)A:G (ratio) – – –Sodium (mEq/L) 155 (146-166) 164 (157-176) 146 (0-165)Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – –Uric acid (mg/dL) 7 (1.2-18) 8.6 (2.4-19.5) 1.6 (0-5.7)


W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1112


Dwarf Caiman Common Box (Paleosuchus Turtle (Terrapene Ornate Box Turtle

Measurements palpebrosus)ISIS carolina)10,22,28,ISIS (Terrapene ornata)ISIS

HematologyPCV (%) 22 (16-29) 22 (7-35) 25 (17-37)RBC (106/mL) 0.64 (0.43-0.89) 0.5 (0.09-1) 0.6 (0.5-0.8)Hgb (g/dL) 7.3 (5.3-8.8) 5.1 7.2 (6-9)MCV (fL) 382 (180-540) 420 (229-1000) 408 (350-463)MCH (pg) 119 (98-140) 102 122 (108-136)MCHC (g/dL) 31 (23-38) 28 (26-29) 33 (31-33)WBC (103/mL) 5.7 (2.5-10.6) 7 (1.7-16) 8.9 (2-24)Heterophils (%) – 11 –Lymphocytes (%) – 56 –Monocytes (%) – 9.4 –Azurophils (%) – – –Eosinophils (%) – – –Basophils (%) – 8 –ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 13 (6-29) 62 (29-102) 664 (300-1267)ALT (IU/L) 52 (24-93) 7 (2-14) 30 (9-47)AST (IU/L) 111 (42-221) 124 (2-620) 156 (33-517)Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.3 (0-1) 0.5 (0.1-1) 0.1BUN (mg/dL) 2 (1-4) 49 (20-102) 38 (4-64)Calcium (mg/dL) 11.3 (0.7-14.4) 13.6 (6.5-26.4) 10.4 (8-13.6)Chloride (mEq/L) 119 (99-137) 106 (101-112) 105 (96-112)Cholesterol (mg/dL) 127 (66-344) 240 (65-496) 167 (107-276)Creatine kinase (IU/L) 2350 (37-9890) 463 (37-898) 1550 (88-4155)Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.2 (0-0.5) 0.4 1.2 (0.2-2.4)Glucose (mg/dL) 77 (29-187) 84 (33-153) 67 (8-110)LDH (IU/L) 1986 (80-6615) 206 (111-313) 664 (300-1267)Magnesium (mEq/L) – 3.5 –Phosphorus (mg/dL) 5.3 (2.6-13.6) 4 (1.6-8.2) 3.8 (2.9-4.8)Potassium (mEq/L) 4.6 (3.3-7.9) 5.6 (3-9.7) 6.6 (4-8.8)Protein, total (g/dL) 5.5 (3.6-7.4) 5.6 (2.7-7.5) 4.4 (2.7-6)Albumin (g/dL) 1.6 (0.9-2.7) 2.2 (1.2-3.2) 2.1 (1.6-2.4)Globulin (g/dL) 4.1 (3-5.4) 3.4 (2.5-4.7) 2.5 (1.2-3.6)A:G (ratio) – – –Sodium (mEq/L) 150 (140-162) 144 (138-149) 147 (132-183)Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – –Uric acid (mg/dL) 2.2 (0.7-4.5) 1.6 (0.5-3.1) 2 (0.6-5.6)


Continued

W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM 13


Red-footed Tortoise Star Tortoise Radiated Tortoise (Geochelone (Geochelone

Measurements (T. radiata)20,ISIS carbonaria)ISIS elegans)ISIS

HematologyPCV (%) 22 (9-40) 27 (15-47) 22 (12-34)RBC (106/mL) 0.5 (0.2-0.7) 2 (0.5-6.3) 0.5 (0.3-0.7)Hgb (g/dL) 6.1 (4-8) 7-7.9 7.6 (6-8.5)MCV (fL) 481 (319-700) 347 (71-468) 409 (354-475)MCH (pg) 125 (82-174) 136 (123-149) 135 (122-163)MCHC (g/dL) 28 (24-33) 31 (29-32) 31 (26-35)WBC (103/mL) 4.3 (0.7-18) 7.8 (1.1-15) 12 (0.8-61)Heterophils (%) 2 (0.7-3.4)e – –Lymphocytes (%) 1.6 (0.4-3.4)e – –Monocytes (%) 0.15 (0.03-0.47)e – –Azurophils (%) 0.18 (0.03-0.53)e – –Eosinophils (%) 0.34 (0.10-0.94)e – –Basophils (%) – – –ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 200 (83-392) 73 (23-162) 173 (38-379)ALT (IU/L) 9 (0-48) 9 (2-18) 13 (0-30)AST (IU/L) 139 (25-383) 214 (87-616) 96 (12-296)Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.2 (0-1.8) 0.1 0.2 (0-0.4)BUN (mg/dL) 16 (2-90) 12 (1-22) 4 (0-11)Calcium (mg/dL) 10.5 (6.1-18) 12.6 (9.1-15.8) 11.6 (5.4-22)Chloride (mEq/L) 99 (70-114) 98 (89-105) 105 (90-118)Cholesterol (mg/dL) 105 (60-154) 144 (47-284) 127 (77-252)Creatine kinase (IU/L) 723 (170-1892) 754 (56-1798) 1099 (144-8518)Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.3 (0.1-1.6) 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 0.3 (0.2-0.5)Glucose (mg/dL) 60 (46-93) 01 (17-171) 115 (39-212)LDH (IU/L) 691 (222-2227) 428 (118-880) 667 (402-1512)Magnesium (mEq/L) – – –Phosphorus (mg/dL) 4.4 (2.1-8.4) 3.6 (1.8-5.8) 3.8 (2.2-5.7)Potassium (mEq/L) 5.5 (3.9-8.2) 5.3 (4.2-6.8) 5.2 (3.9-6.1)Protein, total (g/dL) 4.0 (3.2-5.0) 4.5 (2.9-7.2) 4.6 (3-6)Albumin (g/dL) 1.1 (0.8-1.3) 1.7 (1-2.8) 1.5 (0.2-3.1)Globulin (g/dL) 2.3 (1.3-3.7) 3 (1.7-5.3) 3.1 (2.3-4.2)A:G (ratio) 0.38 – –Sodium (mEq/L) 127 (121-147) 128 (116-133) 131 (122-150)Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – –Uric acid (mg/dL) 0.8 (0-1.8 ) 0.8 (0.2-1.3) 3 (1-8.1)


W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1114


Desert Tortoise Gopher Tortoise Mediterranean (Gopherus (Gopherus Tortoises

Measurements agassizii)11,25,ISIS polyphemus)29 (Testudo spp.)10,14,15

HematologyPCV (%) 23-37 23 (15-30) 28-34RBC (106/mL) 1.2-3.0 0.54 (0.24-0.91) 0.7-1.0Hgb (g/dL) 6.9-7.7 6.4 (4.2-8.6) 9.1-11.3MCV (fL) 377-607f – 384-944f

MCH (pg) 113-126f – 125-314f

MCHC (g/dL) 19-34f – 27-40f

WBC (103/mL) 6.6-8.9 15.7 (10-22) –Heterophils (%) 35-60g 30 (10-57) –Lymphocytes (%) 25-50g 57 (32-79) –Monocytes (%) 0-4g 7 (3-13) –Eosinophils (%) 0-4g – –Basophils (%) 2-15g 6 (2-11) –ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 32 (29-35) 39 (11-71) –ALT (IU/L) 6.1 (3.8-8.3) 15 (2-57) –AST (IU/L) 59 (47-70) 136 (57-392) –Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.1 0-0.2) 0.02 (0-0.1) –BUN (mg/dL) 46 (30-62) 30 (1-130) –Calcium (mg/dL) 10 (9.6-10.3) 12 (10-14) 2.3-4.0Chloride (mEq/L) 110 (109-112) 102 (35-128) 95-100Cholesterol (mg/dL) 74 (60-89) 76 (19-150) –Creatine kinase (IU/L) 2079 (52-6945) 160 (32-628) –Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.13 (0.12-0.14) 0.3 (0.1-0.4) –Glucose (mg/dL) 75 (69-82) 75 (55-128) 78LDH (IU/L) 25-250 273 (18-909) –Magnesium (mEq/L) 2.1 (1.8-2.4) 4.1 (3.3-4.8) –Phosphorus (mg/dL) 4.2 (1.2-13.5) 2.1 (1.0-3.1) –Potassium (mEq/L) 4.7 (2.2-6.6) 5 (2.9-7.0) 4.4-7.8Protein, total (g/dL) 3.7 (1.2-7.7) 3.1 (1.3-4.6) 6.6Albumin (g/dL) 1.1 (0.4-3) 1.5 (0.5-2.6) –Globulin (g/dL) 2.2 (1.2-4.7) – –A:G (ratio) – – –Sodium (mEq/L) 130-157 138 (127-148) 127Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – –Uric acid (mg/dL) 2.2-9.2 3.5 (0.9-8.5) –


Continued

W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1115


African Spurred Tortoise (Geochelone Leopard Tortoise Aldabra Tortoise

Measurements sulcata)ISIS (Geochelone pardalis)ISIS (Geochelone sp.)27,ISIS

HematologyPCV (%) 28 (13-48) 22.5 (7-60) 17 (11-27)RBC (106/mL) 0.9 (0.4-1.3) 5.1 (0.4-27) 0.4 (0.25-0.65)Hgb (g/dL) 10.9 (6.4-17) 10.4 (4.3-28) 5.4 (3.2-8.0)MCV (fL) 384 (201-575) 364 (179-542) 452 (375-537)MCH (pg) 133 (91-165) 83 146 (118-185)MCHC (g/dL) 36 (27-62) 33 (25-46) 33 (28-40)WBC (103/mL) 7.2 (0.6-27) 8.8 (1.3-23) 3.4 (1.0-8.3)Heterophils (%) – – 71 (32-79)Lymphocytes (%) – – 22 (2-40)Monocytes (%) – – 2 (0-8)Eosinophils (%) – – 0.5 (0-7)Basophils (%) – – 2 (0-4)ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 38 (12-63) 148 (54-272) 111 (29-182)ALT (IU/L) 9 (0-47) 3 (1-8) 7 (0-26)AST (IU/L) 114 (34-401) 79 (35-344) 57 (5-138)Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.4 (0-2.6) 0.2 (0.1-0.2) 0.2 (0-0.3)BUN (mg/dL) 2 (0-6) 24 (1-100) 33 (21-57)Calcium (mg/dL) 11.8 (6.6-19.2) 13.6 (9.1-22.1) 12 (6-20)Chloride (mEq/L) 108 (93-121) 106 (75-137) 93 (87-107)Cholesterol (mg/dL) 147 (58-394) 117 (36-237) 275 (52-631)Creatine kinase (IU/L) 1228 (103-6205) 413 (32-3397) 303 (12-4210)Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.3 (0.1-0.5) 0.4 0.3-0.6) 0.1 (0.1-0.2)Glucose (mg/dL) 139 (54-277) 85 (15-207) 50 (22-113)LDH (IU/L) 1114 (258-1980) 324 (78-546) 532 (127-2484)Magnesium (mEq/L) – – 5.1 (4.8-5.5)Phosphorus (mg/dL) 3.9 (1.5-7.8) 3.4 (1.7-6.6) 4.3 (1.6-12.1)Potassium (mEq/L) 5.5 (3.6-10.2) 6 (4.9-7.5) 4.7 (3.2-6.1)Protein, total (g/dL) 4 (2.3-7) 3.2 (1.6-6.4) 4.1 (0.6-6.2)Albumin (g/dL) 1.6 (1.3-2) 1.6 (0.5-2.6) 1.5 (0.3-2.6)Globulin (g/dL) 2.1 (1.4-2.9) 2.2 (1.1-4.1) 2.6 (0.3-3.6)A:G (ratio) – – –Sodium (mEq/L) 139 (121-155) 135 (125-154) 133 (129-136)Thyroxine (mg/dL) – – –Uric acid (mg/dL) 5.1 (2.1-10.5) 3.1 (0.5-15.3) 1.6 (0-4.9)


W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1116


Red-eared Slider Painted Turtle (Trachemys (Chrysemys

Measurements scripta)5,10,15,ISIS picta)ISIS

HematologyPCV (%) 29 (16-47) 22 (2-40)RBC (106/mL) 0.8 (0.3-2.2) 0.6 (0.4-0.7)Hgb (g/dL) 8.0 5.6MCV (fL) 179-1000f 271 (183-365)MCH (pg) 95-308f –MCHC (g/dL) 31f 28WBC (103/mL) 13 (3.5-25.5) 5.5 (0.4-13)Heterophils (%) – –Lymphocytes (%) – –Monocytes (%) – –Eosinophils (%) – –Basophils (%) – –ChemistriesAP (IU/L) 212 (81-677) 208ALT (IU/L) 16 (1-66) –AST (IU/L) 230 (0-522) 137 (62-280)Bilirubin, total (mg/dL) 0.3 (0.1-1) 0.1BUN (mg/dL) 23 (4-54) 20Calcium (mg/dL) 12.8 (8.3-18) 11.4 (5.5-19)Chloride (mEq/L) 102 (97-107) 95 (88-99)Cholesterol (mg/dL) 167 (106-227) –Creatine kinase (IU/L) 1952 (108-4856) 168 (35-355)Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.3 (0.2-0.5) 1Glucose (mg/dL) 67 (20-138) 98 (68-175)LDH (IU/L) 1702 (371-5763) 724 (412-1035)Magnesium (mEq/L) 2.2 –Phosphorus (mg/dL) 4.8 (2.7-7.7) 4.8 (1.7-17)Potassium (mEq/L) 4.9 (3.5-9.1) 2.9 (2.6-3.2)Protein, total (g/dL) 4.5 (2.8-6.6) 3.2 (1.9-6.5)Albumin (g/dL) 1.8 (0.8-2.5) 1.2Globulin (g/dL) 2.6 (1.2-3.7) 1.2A:G (ratio) – –Sodium (mEq/L) 137 (124-144) 131 (126-137)Thyroxine (mg/dL) – –Uric acid (mg/dL) 1.2 (0.3-3.2) 1 (0.2-2.2)

aIncludes Burmese (Python molurus), Ball (P. regius), and Reticulated (P. reticulatis) Pythons.bHeterophils and neutrophils.cAbsolute values (103/µL).dElevated in gravid females; vitamin D3 higher in female Green Iguanas (Iguana iguana).23

eIncludes 22% (8% to 42%) azurophils.fCalculated from data.gGreatly differing percentages have also been reported: heterophils, 33% ± 15%; lymphocytes, 23% ± 7%; monocytes, 11% ± 7%; azurophilic monocytes, 2% ± 2%;eosinophils, 1% ± 0.5%; and basophils, 30% ± 11%.1

PCV, Packed cell volume; RBC, red blood cell; Hgb, hemoglobin; MCV, mean cell volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; WBC, white blood cell; AP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood ureanitrogen; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; A:G, albumin:globulin.


W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1117

REFERENCES

1. Alleman AR, Jacobson ER, Raskin RE: Morphologic andcytochemical characteristics of blood cells from the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii), Proc Assoc Amph Rept Vet 51-55,1996.

2. Centini R, Klaphake E: Hematologic values and cytology ina population of captive jungle carpet pythons, Morelia spilotacheqnei, Proc Assoc Rept Amph Vet 107-111, 2002.

3. Chiodini RJ, Sundberg JP: Blood chemical values of the common boa constrictor (Constrictor constrictor), Am J Vet Res43:1701-1702, 1982.

4. Cranfield M, Graczyk T, Lodwick L: Adenovirus in thebearded dragon, Pogona vitticeps, Proc Assoc Amph Rept Vet131-132, 1996.

5. Crawshaw GJ: Comparison of plasma biochemical values inblood and blood-lymph mixtures from red-eared sliders,Trachemys scripta elegans, Bull Assoc Rept Amph Vet 6:7-9, 1996.

6. Dennis PM, Bennet Ra, Harr KE, et al: Plasma concentrationof ionized calcium in healthy iguanas, J Am Vet Med Assoc219:326-328, 2001.

7. Divers SJ, Redmayne G, Aves EK: Haematological andbiochemical values of 10 green iguanas (Iguana iguana), VetRec 138:203-205, 1996.

8. Drew ML: Hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in indigosnakes (Drymarchon corais) and serum biochemical referencevalues, J Zoo Wildl Med 25:48-52, 1994.

9. Fleming GJ: Capture and chemical immobilization of theNile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in South Africa, ProcAssoc Amph Rept Vet 63-66, 1996.

10. Frye FL: Reptile clinician’s handbook, Malabar, Fla, 1994,Krieger Publishing.

11. Gottdenker NL, Jacobson ER: Effect of venipuncture sites on hematologic and clinical biochemical values in deserttortoises (Gopherus agassizii), Am J Vet Res 56:19-21, 1995.

12. Harr KE, Alleman AR, Dennis PM, et al: Morphologic andcytochemical characteristics of blood cells and hematologicand plasma biochemical reference ranges in green iguanas, J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:915-921, 2001.

13. Hernandez-Divers SJ, MacDonald J: Diagnosis and surgicaltreatment of thyroid adenoma-induced hyperthyroidism in agreen iguana (Iguana iguana), J Zoo Wildl Med 32:465-475, 2001.

14. Jackson OF: Chelonians. In Beynon PH, Cooper JE, editors:Manual of exotic pets, Gloucestershire, Great Britain, 1991,British Small Animal Veterinary Association.

15. Jacobson ER: Evaluation of the reptile patient. In Jacobson ER,Kollias GV Jr, editors: Exotic animals, New York, 1988,Churchill Livingstone.

16. Johnson JH, Benson PA: Laboratory reference values for agroup of captive ball pythons (Python regius), Am J Vet Res57:1304-1307, 1996.

17. Kopplin RP, Tarr RS, Iverson CNM: Serum profile of the iguanid lizard (Dipsosaurus dorsalis), J Zoo Anim Med14:30-32, 1983.

18. Mader DR: Personal communication, 2003.19. Mader DR, Horvath CC, Paul-Murphy J: The hematocrit and

serum profile of the gopher snake (Pituophis melanoleucascatenifer), J Zoo Anim Med 16:139-140, 1985.

20. Marks SK, Citino SB: Hematology and serum chemistry of the radiated tortoise (Testudo radiata), J Zoo Wildl Med21:342-344, 1990.

21. McDaniel RC, Grunow WA, Daly JJ, et al: Serum chemistryof the diamond-backed water snake (Nerodia rhombiferarhombifera) in Arkansas, J Wildl Dis 20:44-46, 1984.

22. Mitruka BM, Rawnsley HM: Clinical, biochemical, and hematological reference values in normal experimental animalsand normal humans, ed 2, New York, 1981, Masson.

23. Nevarez J, Mitchell M, LeBlanc C, Graham P: Determinationof plasma biochemistries, ionized calcium, vitamin D3, andhematocrit values in captive green iguanas (Iguana iguana)from El Salvador, Proc Assoc Rept Amph Vet 87-91, 2002.

24. Ramsey EC, Dotson TK: Tissue and serum enzyme activitiesin the yellow rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata), Am J VetRes 56:423-428, 1995.

25. Rosskopf WJ Jr: Normal hemogram and blood chemistryvalues for California desert tortoises, Vet Med Small AnimClin 85-87, 1982.

26. Rosskopf WJ Jr, Woerpel RW, Yanoff SR: Normal hemogramand blood chemistry values for boa constrictors andpythons, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 822-823, 1982.

27. Samour JH, Hawkey CM, Pugsley S, et al: Clinical andpathological findings related to malnutrition and husbandryin captive giant tortoises (Geochelone species), Vet Rec299-302, 1986.

28. Stein G: Hematologic and blood chemistry values in reptiles.In Mader DR, editor: Reptile medicine and surgery,Philadelphia, 1996, WB Saunders.

29. Taylor RW Jr, Jacobson ER: Hematology and serumchemistry of the gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus, CompBiochem Physiol 72A:425-428, 1982.

30. Wright KM, Skeba S: Hematology and plasma chemistries ofcaptive prehensile-tailed skinks (Corucia zebrata), J Zoo WildlMed 23:429-432, 1992.

WEBSITE LISTINGS

ISIS International Species Information System: file://D:/USAPages/74051018.html


W9327-88 11/3/05 11:02 AM Page 1118

reptile medicine and surgery || hematologic and blood chemistry values in reptiles

Documents