representation of an event
TRANSCRIPT
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MS1 Representation
of an Event
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So what do we mean by a
media event?
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Philippines hit by Typhoon Haiyan
8th November 2013 Duchess of Cambridge
gives birth to Prince George
22nd July 2013
Miley Cyrus 'twerks' with
Robin Thicke at awards
26th August 2013
Andy Murray
wins at
Wimbledon
7th July 2013
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Demonstrators gather during a rally in
Ukraine
1st December 2013 Nelson Mandela‟s funeral
15th December 2013
Phone-hacking trial begins
28th October 2013 Bowie wins Best Male at Brit Awards
19th February 2014
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An event is something that has taken place (or is going to
take place) that is of interest to the audience.
They can be local, national or global.
But how can you predict an event?
Journalists use “diary events” which are part of the
calendar – e.g. World Cup in Brazil (June 2014), centenary
of World War I (August 2014), Airbourne (August 2014),
Glastonbury Festival (June 2014).
Can you think of any others?
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What do you need to prepare for the MS1 exam?
You will need to explore the representation of TWO events.
You need to examine TWO examples of DIFFERENT media texts
for BOTH events.
This will help you to show how well you understand how events
are represented “in the media today” (so these events must be
very recent – let’s say since you started this course).
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Media event
What you need to consider and discuss:
1. Ideology of the
text it appears in.
2. The
representation
through primary
and secondary
codes.
3. Mediation
process.
4. The main focus.
5. The role of opinion
leaders in influencing
the audience.
6. The audience who
will consume the text.
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1. Discuss the IDEOLOGY of the media
text in which the event appears.
1. What is the media text‟s opinion about this event?
2. How do you know what the media text thinks about this event?
3. Give evidence of OPINION within this media text.
4.Give evidence of ANY BIAS within this media text.
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2. Discuss HOW the event has been represented using PRIMARY and
SECONDARY codes. PRIMARY (everyday)
CODES
Lexis (language used)
Clothing (if relevant to
event)
Colours
Non-verbal communication
(NVC)
SECONDARY (media-specific)
CODES
Layout (in print)
Lighting
Camera angles + movement
Editing techniques
Framing + shot sizes
Sound + music
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2. Discuss HOW the event has been
represented using PRIMARY codes?
The Guardian.com MTV Miley
Cyrus Criticism Video
Discuss HOW the event has
been represented using
SECONDARY codes?
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3 (A). Discuss the process of MEDIATION in this
media text representation.
A) SELECTION
• What has been SELECTED to be INCLUDED in the representation of this event?
• What IMPACT can this selection have upon the audience? How might the audience feel about the event based upon what is shown?
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• What has been SELECTED to be INCLUDED in the representation of this event?
• What IMPACT can this selection have upon the audience?
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3 (B) Discuss the process of MEDIATION in this
media text representation.
B) REJECTION is equally as important.
More will have been LEFT OUT of this media text than has been
selected.
• What has been left out of the representation of an event?
• WHY?
• How might the audience feel about an event as a result of what
is left out of the media text?
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How much did audiences see of council houses being flooded?
And the disabled person’s views on the floods?
Did ethnic minorities have much of a voice in coverage of this event?
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If an event is included in a media text, a decision will have
been made over what to leave out.
The way any event is represented CANNOT be objective.
There are always several angles or positions to a news
story or news event. The point of view will have been
selected and others rejected.
The process of allowing some events to be reported and
not others is called GATEKEEPING.
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“Isn’t it amazing that the amount of news that happens in the
world everyday always just exactly fits the
newspaper?” Guardian Unlimited advert, 2001
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3 (C). Discuss the process of MEDIATION in this
media text representation.
C) CONSTRUCTION
What goes into the final media text has been constructed in a way that real life is not. So - we do not see multiple camera angles and shot sizes when witnessing an event.
Sochi 2014: Awesome jumps at the Winter
Olympics
How might the audience feel after
watching this?
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…To be absolutely clear…
1) Media texts are not a ‘window on the world’. Events are not represented in a neutral way. 2) Instead, the media constructs a version of those events. These constructions often work for a dominant ideology – such as government or business.
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4a. The MAIN FOCUS of the representation
The way in which a media text is MEDIATED makes the audience focus on a particular aspect of it.
This focus makes the audience draw conclusions about it.
What is the main focus of this front page?
Consider the photograph
and headline of the lead story.
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4b. The MAIN FOCUS of the representation
What is the main focus of the following representations of events?
Where
is your
eye
drawn?
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What appears in a media text will have been discussed
and decided at a planning meeting.
In a newsroom this is called AGENDA SETTING.
The media can also guide the way that audiences
understand particular events.
This is called FRAMING.
The media therefore have the power - not just to inform
and entertain - but also to direct the audience‟s
feelings and engage their fears.
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5. The role of opinion leaders
who have the power to influence the audience
to think a certain way
about the event
WHO might be opinion leaders? Politicians An ‘expert’ such as a business leader, a spokesperson for a
charity, researchers Heads of public sector organisations, such as the NHS, the
police, headteachers The clergy Members of the Royal Family The press
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5. More on the role of opinion leaders
1
•If the opinion leader is trusted by the audience…
2
•The audience will accept the opinion leader‟s view of the event….
3
•Then the audience won‟t try to find out any other information about the event…
4
•So the audience is stuck with one interpretation of the event…
5
•Which may confirm what they already thought about it!
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6. And not forgetting…
The audience who will consume the text
Fairclough (1995) studied the language of the news press
to show how the audience are positioned .
E.g. the terms “we”, “us” and “them” is frequently used to
describe who?
The impact of this lexis is that “we” are “here” and other
places are “foreign”. Why might that be a problem?
Why is someone who takes action to overthrow a
government called a „terrorist‟ in „The Arab State‟ while in
the West they are called „freedom fighters‟?
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The Audience: You‟ve Been Framed
The audience can also be represented within media texts
as „the public reaction.‟
How?
Voxpops, polls, tweets, texts and email responses, letters
page.
Why might this occur? What impact could it have on the
audience?
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You are now going to apply your
understanding.
Case Study 1: TWO representations of the
funeral of Nelson Mandela.