reported speech and introductory verbs
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Reported speechIntroductory verbs
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Reported speech
• ‘Reported speech’i ehk Kaudset kõnet kasutatakse kellegi poolt öeldu, mõeldu, kirjutatu või küsitu edasiandmiseks, ilma selle isiku sõnu täpselt kordamata.
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Reported speech
• Kaudse kõne sissejuhatamiseks kasutatakse mitmeid ütlemist, arvamist, mõtlemist, küsimist või tõotamist väljendavaid verbe.
Tähtsaimad neist on: say, tell, think, ask, want to know, dream, promise, add.
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DIRECT SPEECH(otsene kõne) (saatelause) He
says, “I`m not a bully.”
Tom says, “The weatehr
has been awful.”
REPORTED SPEECH(kaudne kõne) He says (that) he is
not a bully.
Tom says (that) the weather has been awful.
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Otsese kõne muutmisel kaudseks toimuvadmõningad muudatused, näiteks muutuvadvastavalt lause mõttele asesõnad ja mõneljuhul ka verbi pöördevormid.
NB! Pange tähele, et sageli jäetakse that
ära, eriti say ja tell järel.
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VÄITLAUSED (jaatavad laused)
Kui saatelause verb on minevikus (said,
asked),siis toimub kaudkõneskõrvallauses rida
muutusi: 1. Muudame
asesõna(asesõnu) - ( ka siis, Kui
saatelause on olevikus)
2. muudame aega – toimub nn. aegade nihe
present simple write(s) -past simple wrote
present continuous am/is/are writing - past continuous was/ were writing
present perfect have/has written - past perfect had written past simple wrote - past perfect had written
future simple will write - future in the past would write
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3. kui saatelause verb on minevikus, asendatakse kaudses kõnes mõned “lähedust” väljendavad sõnad “kaugust” väljendavate sõnadega:
• that – this now – then• these – those today – that day• here – there tomorrow -. the
next day• ago - before yesterday - the
day before• last night – the previous night soon - later• next week/year – the following week/year
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4. me muudame oleviku modaalverbe • can - could• will - would• may - might• shall - should• must - had to / must5. me ei muuda minevikus olevaid
modaalverbe • ought to / might / could/ would
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KÜSILAUSED * kaudsetes üldküsimustes on - siduvaks sõnaks if või
whether (kas)- sõnajärjestus on otsene, s.o. alus + öeldis + ...- abiverbid jäävad ära- saatelause say või said asendatakse küsimust
väljendava verbiga ask/asked, wonder/wondered, want to know/wanted to know
Kaudse küsimuse sõnade järjekord on sama, mis jutustaval lausel ehk alus on enne abitegusõna ja tegusõna!!!
Üks tüüpilisemaid vigu suulise eksami rollimängus.
* kaudsetes eriküsimustes on – siduvaks sõnaks küsisõna /what, where, when, who, how, why ...)
- sõnajärjestus on otsene s.o. alus + öeldis +.....
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KÄSUD JA PALVED * sõltuvalt sellest, mida tahetakse
väljendada, kasutatakse verbe tell, order, ask, invite, recommend jne., millele järgneb sihitis (kellele) + to-infinitiiv
The teacher said, “ Open the door.”The teacher told us to open the door.* eitava käsu, palve jne. puhul on to-
infinitiivi ees not: She said, “Don`t be late.”She told me not to be late.
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TERVITUSED, ÕNNITLUSED, SOOVID, TÄNU
DIRECT SPEECH
Hello, Tom.Hello, Tim.He said, “Congratulations.”
REPORTED SPEECH
Tom and Tim greeted each other.
He congratulated me.
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Introductory verbs
• +to –infagreeclaimdemand offerpromiserefusethreaten
• Example:verb – offerdirect speech – “Would you like me to help you?”reported speech – “He offered to help me.”
Grammarway p.109 vaata tabelit!
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Introductory verbs
• +sb +to –infadviseallowask, begcommandforbidinviteorderremind
• Example:verb – forbiddirect speech – “You mustn’t stay out late!”reported speech – “He forbade me to stay out late.”
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Introductory verbs
• + -ing formaccuse sb ofadmit (to)apologise forboast about/ofcomplain to sb ofdenyinsist onsuggest
• Example:verb – suggestdirect speech –“Let’s go out to dinner.”reported speech – “He suggested going out to dinner.”
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Introductory verbs
• explain to sb + how
Example:direch speech – “That’s how it works!”reported speech – “He explained to us how it worked.”
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Introductory verbs
• +that –clauseexplaininform sbexclaim/remark
• Example:verb – exclaim/remarkdirect speech –“What a glorious day!”reported speech – “He exclaimed/remarked that it was a glorious day.”
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The verbs marked with asterisk can also be followed
by a that – clause in reported speech.
• He claimed that he had won a price.
• He promised that he would call.
• He admitted that he was wrong.
• He boasted that he was very rich.
• He denied that he had taked the money.
• He insisted that I (should) work on Saturday.
• He suggested that we (should) take out a loan.