report template new draft - cabi.org · detailed progress report 5 . experimental procedures ... m...

41
June, 2009 Mango Midges Survey of midges and their natural enemies associated with mango and develop non pesticides measures for their control in Pakistan KNOWLEDGE FOR LIFE CABI Ref.: AR/CABI-PK/VM10018/2002 CABI South Asia Opposite 1-A, Satellite Town, Data Gunj Bakhsh Road Rawalpindi Tele: 051-9290132, 9290332: Fax: 051-9290131 E-mail: [email protected]

Upload: others

Post on 14-Mar-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

June, 2009

Mango Midges

Survey of midges and their natural enemies associated with

mango and develop non pesticides measures for their control

in Pakistan

KNOWLEDGE FOR LIFE

CABI Ref.: AR/CABI-PK/VM10018/2002 CABI South Asia Opposite 1-A, Satellite Town, Data Gunj Bakhsh Road Rawalpindi Tele: 051-9290132, 9290332: Fax: 051-9290131 E-mail: [email protected]

Page 2: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

1

Survey of midges and their natural enemies associated with mango and develop non pesticides measures for their control in

Pakistan

CONTENTS Page Title 3 Progress Summary 4 Detailed Progress Report 5 Experimental Procedures 6 Results 12 Conclusions 37 Future plan of work 38 Publications 38 Graduate students/degree 38 List of scientists involved in this project 39 National/International linkages developed Endorsement 39

Page 3: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

2

Riaz Mahmood Principal Investigator CABI South Asia Opposite 1-A Data Ganj Baksh Road Satellite Town Rawalpindi Pakistan Tel: +92 (0) 51 9290 132 Email: [email protected]

Page 4: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

3

ALPPROFORMA-II-B PAKISTAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL AGRICULTURAL LINKAGES PROGRAMME

Proposal identification No

Annual Progress Report

Reporting period From To Day Month Year Day Month Year 01 07 08 30 06 09

1. Project Title: Survey of midges and their natural enemies associated with mango and develop non pesticides measures for their control in Pakistan

2. Name of Principal Investigator: Riaz Mahmood Institution/Organization CABI SA , Pakistan Postal address CABI South Asia Pakistan

Data Gunj Bakhsh Road, Opposite 1-A . Satellite Town, P. O. Box 8, Rawalpindi

Tel: 92-051-9290332 Fax: 92-051-9290131 Email: [email protected] 3. Overseas Cooperating Scientist/Organization: Name Dr. Alan Kirk Qualification Ph. D. Institution USDA/ARS Postal address Campus international de baillarguet 34988 Monteferrier sur Lez Cede France Tel: 33499623001 Fax: 3499623049 4. Project Duration (Months) 36 Month 5. Project Status: On going _________ Completed:___________ 6. Total Costs: (Rs million) 4.715 Releases____________ Expenditure__________ 7. Expenditure During Reporting Period: Report attached

Page 5: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

4

8. Objectives:

1. Identification of midges and their natural enemies associated with mango in Pakistan.

2. Study biology and ecology of important midges pests and their natural enemies.

3. Assessment of yield losses incurred by midges to mango. 4. Testing of biocontrol agents and biopesticides to develop short term and

long term strategies for management of midges and develop capabilities in farmer communities.

9. Progress Summary: Midges have become a serious threat to mango production in Pakistan. They are known to attack various parts of mango plant including bark, shoots, leaves, florescence buds, axis of inflorescence panicles, flower and newly formed fruit. The heavily infested leaves fall. Midges attack on leaves is also considered to make way to entry of anthracnose inoculum Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penzig) Penzig and Saccardo. Shoots heavily infested with midges bear less inflorescences resulting in low yields of mango fruit. Midges also do direct damage to fruit. During the present studies last year it was found that more than 35% newly set fruit were lost by feeding of larvae of midges Midges were recorded in most mango growing areas of Pakistan and were comparatively abundant at Rahim Yar Khan, Multan and Bahawalpur. At present farmers are relying on pesticides sprays for their control and no alternate measures have so far been proposed to them. Present investigations aim at collecting basic information on their biology, phenology, population trends and natural enemies of midges and study the impact of a combination of control measures which enhance the natural control of the pest leaving behind little need of pesticides spraying for their control. During the present report period survey of mango midges and their natural enemies was extended besides Rahim Yar Khan and Multan to Bhawalpur and Lahore. Studies were continued on distribution, biology, phenology, population trends and assessment of losses incurred by midges. Experiments were started on mass rearing, monitoring and management of midges. Effect of neem on control of midges and role of attraction of mango leaves extracts to midges was studied in collaboration with NARC. Eight species of midges and six of parasitoids associated with them were recorded on mango in two years survey. Three of the midges and four of parasitoids have been identified at species level. The rests have been sent to Natural History Museum, U K, for identification or are in process to be sent to NHM.

Page 6: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

5

Rearing techniques of mango midges are being developed. As they are host specific, therefore, their cultures have to be maintained on mango seedlings. At this time at Rahim Yar Khan their cultures are being maintained on more than 2000 mango seedlings for conservation of parasitoids and study their impact in controlling midges on mango. Studies in collaboration with NARC on attraction mango extracts for midges and impact of neem sprays on midges mortality are in progress. Progress of the work for July 2007-June 08 was reviewed by PARC on 27th January 2009 at Islamabad and was held satisfactory by the PARC Review Committee. Annual planning meeting of the coordinating units of the project was held on 23-24th February 09 at Rahim Yar Khan to review the project progress and finalize the work plan for each unit for the year 2008-09. 10. Detailed Progress Report: 10.1 Statement of Problem Not much is known on biology and ecology of midges associated with mango. In Pakistan, first time under this project, survey for midges and associated natural enemies was started from July 2007 at Rahim Yar Khan by CABI in Punjab and at Tando Jam by SARI in Sindh. This survey has now been extended to Multan, Bahawalpur and Lahore in Punjab. Midges were recorded in almost all mango growing areas of Pakistan and were common in southern Punjab. At present farmers are relying on pesticides sprays for their control and no alternate control measures have been proposed to them. Present investigations aim at collecting basic information on their biology, phenology, population trends and natural enemies and study the impact of a combination of control measures which enhance the natural control of the pest leaving behind little need of pesticides spraying for their control. Mango orchards were selected for regular observations on population development of midges and parasitoids their distribution on trees and losses in mango yield due to midges infestation. Different methods were tried for rearing of midges during the present report period. For controlling midges on mango insecticides cover sprays on trees have been used in India (Srivastava & Tandon,1983). Cultural practices like cleaning, manuring and irrigating the soil under the trees have also been reported useful in combination with use of pesticides on trees for controlling midges (Grover, 1986a, b). Light traps have also been used in controlling ceccidomyiids (Kashyap, 1986). During the present report period experiments on cultural control and conservation biological control were initiated at Rahim Yar Khan for management of mango midges. Different tools for monitoring of midges were also tested. The results of these studies are reported here.

Page 7: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

6

10.2 Experimental procedures: 10.2 .1 Study orchards During the report period, plant protection and agronomic practices in the study orchard at Rahim Yar Khan, were recorded. This orchard is situated at Tranda Sway Khan, a small town in district Rahim Yar Khan. It consisted of about 302 mango trees of different varieties including Chounsa (222), Sindhri (20), Fajri (15), Dosehri(21), Anwar Ratol(4), Late Chounsa(1), Sarooli (6), Surrakh Sarooli (4), Tota Pari(2), Langra (2), Lahotia(2) and Desi (3). Most of the trees were about 31-41 years old while a few of 6-16 years. Throughout the study period, it was given 17 irrigations, 2 ploughings, 2 hoeing, 2 times manuring, 1 pruning was done in September 08 and no crop was sown in the orchard. Bifenthrin@200ml/400Lwater was applied in March 09. Mango orchards surveyed having young and old trees at different localities in Punjab were the ones situated at Tranda Sway Khan at Rahim Yar Khan; Regional Research Institute at Bahawalpur; orchard near Bahaudin Zakaria University at Bosan Road Multan and Thokar Niaz Beg at Lahore. 10.2 .2 Population development of midges and their natural enemies The studies on population trends of the midges initiated last year were continued. 10. 2. 2. 1 Midges on leaves To study the population development of midges which breed on mango leaves only, 50 leaves 10 each from five twigs from top end of the branch at about 1.5 m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They were kept in jars with the lower end of the shoots dipped in water as described in last year report. They were kept in the laboratory for 10-15 days. The reared larvae and adults of midges from them were counted. 10. 2. 2. 2 Midges on inflorescences Ten inflorescences were collected from mango trees at about 2 m height from ground at fortnightly intervals. They were also kept in jars with their lower ends dipped in water for 10-15 days. The reared larvae and adults of midges from them were counted. 10. 2. 3 Vertical distribution of midges on a tree To study vertical distribution of midges and associated parasitoids on mango trees funnel rings of 1 meter diameter, with plastic jars fixed below, as shown in the picture below (Fig. 1) were suspended on each side of the four quadrants east, west, north and south of the tree (variety Chounsa) at the heights of 1.5, 3 and 6 meters from ground. It was replicated thrice. Every week jars were examined and the number of larvae of the midges trapped in these funnel rings were counted.

Page 8: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

7

10.2 .4 Assessment of loss of fruit due to midges The experiment on study of assessment of losses incurred by midges was repeated. At Rahim Yar Khan, 48 inflorescences on three trees (16 on each) of variety Kala Chounsa were tagged. Number of fruits set, presence /absence of midges attack, number fruits matured at harvest and the weight of fruits formed per tagged inflorescence were recorded. Overall yield of the marked trees was also recorded and compared with the results of the previous year. This year this orchard was sprayed in March while last year it was sprayed in January. . Fig. 1. Funnel rings tied on tree at different heights 10.2 .5 Biology of midges and their natural enemies Studying biology of midges is difficult because of their very small size and peculiar behavior. Some species complete their egg –adult development in plant tissues while the larvae other species leave plant tissue, after completing their development, fall on ground for pupation. Different steps are being taken to get exact to development period know their longevity and fecundity. 10.2. 5.1 Midges who pupate in soil To study the biology of the midges and their parasitoids who pupate in soil, the newly formed leaves and inflorescences attacked by midges were collected and brought to the laboratory. Flowers were removed from the axillaries of inflorescence and placed on moist tissue paper. Axillaries were placed in jars with their lower end dipped in water (Fig. 2). All the galls formed by the different midges were also placed separately in jars to avoid the mixing of different midges species and their parasitoids. Larvae were collected from these parts and shifted to small jars containing moist soil. Time for pupation and adult emergence was recorded.

Page 9: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

8

Fig. 2. A. Collection of midges B .Transfer of larvae to soil larvae from inflorescence media in jars for pupation 10. 2. 5. 2 Midges who pupate within the galls on leaves It was difficult to keep the mango seedlings live in laboratory conditions. The leaves shed from the plant within a week, therefore, to study the biology of midges who pupate within the galls on leaves, the mango seedlings with fresh and tender leaves were placed in jars/cages in the laboratory together with field collected infested leaves for 7 days so that the adults emerging from them may attack the newly formed tender leaves. The leaves having signs of midges oviposition were tagged and the seedlings were shifted to field cages as shown in the (Fig.ure 3). The tagged leaves were examined daily for development (egg to adult ) period. 10.2 .6 Monitoring of midges Midges are hard to monitor because mature larvae and pupae are hidden in soil; adults are small and short lived, eggs are difficult to be detected even under microscope, and feeding larvae are hidden in plant tissue, therefore to monitor them on catch of adults different traps are being tried.

Page 10: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

9

Fig. 3. Potted mango seedlings for oviposition by midges and field cages for further development of the midges 10.2 .6.1 Light trap A kerosene oil lamp was put in a transparent plastic jar and tied on a tree in three replicates. A layer of transparent grease was pasted on small plastic sheets (20x20 cm) and was attached to sides of plastic jars (Fig. 4). It was illuminated from 7pm to 7am over a night at fortnightly intervals. Plastic sheet was removed a day after from the trap and brought to the laboratory for counting of the trapped midges. Numbers of the adult midges were counted on each sheet. Other insects such as mosquitoes, flies, wasps and other small insects were not considered. One jar having no lamp light was also tied on a tree as control. Fig. 4 Yellow sticky bands Light trap

Page 11: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

10

10.2 .6. 2 Yellow sticky bands A yellow colored card measuring 20x20cm covered over by a transparent polyethylene sheet was hanged on a tree in plant canopy in three replicates for a week. Thin transparent grease was pasted on the sheet (Fig. 4). A colorless paper of the same size having paste of grease was tied on the tree in mango canopy as control. This observation was taken at fortnightly intervals. Counting of trapped midges as described above. 10.2 .6. 3 Mango leaves extracts Bands of mango extracts as attractants were tested in collaboration with NARC at Rahim Yar Khan. Chips of tissue paper of 2x2x0.5 cm were dipped in water extracts of leaves of different mango varieties namely Chounsa, Fajri, Tota Pari, Dosehri, Anwar Ratol and Sindhari). These were covered with blotting paper and stapled at centre of 20x20 cm plastic sheets. A thin layer of transparent grease was made on same face (Fig. 5). Three concentrations 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% of water extracts of mango leaves tested. These were tied on tree for a fortnight from January to June this year. Each treatment was replicated thrice. The chips were moistened by the solution after every two days. Also a control was kept on which water was applied on the chips only. 10.2 .7 Mass rearing of midges Experiments on mass rearing of midges were initiated at Rahim Yar Khan on the basis of knowledge on biology, population trends and behavior of midges. A tunnel of 3x2x2 m was made in the orchard. It was covered over by the cloth as shown in the Fig.ure 6. Half of the surface area of the tunnel was filled with moist soil where larvae collected from the soil under tree canopy were released into moist soil. For midges whose larvae do not come out from the galls and fall on ground, the shoots carrying infested leaves were placed in small jars filled water Fig. 5 Sheet with mango extracts Transparent sheet as control

Page 12: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

11

and transferred to tunnel. Moreover, infested wastes and fallen leaves were also placed in the tunnel. More than 500 mango seedlings were placed in the tunnel for continuous supply of tender leaves. 10.2 . 8 Management of mango midges 10.2. 8. 1 Impact of racking of soil on population of midges Larvae of four species of midges recorded from mango go into soil for pupation; therefore, studies were initiated at Rahim Yar Khan on effect of racking of soil under tree canopy on population development of midges and their parasitoid. Six trees were marked. Hoeing of the soil under the canopy of three trees was done with spade from November 08 to April 09 at fortnightly intervals (Fig. 7). Twelve newly formed flushes of leaves (4 from each tree) were tagged on each tree in March 09. Numbers of healthy and midges infested leaves were counted at fortnightly intervals.

Fig. 6 -A Exterior view of a tunnel Fig. 6-B Interior view of tunnel 10.2. 8. 2 Conservation biological control About 2000 mango seedlings were infested with Procontarinia sp and Procontarinia mangiferae . The infestation of these species on mango seedlings in the orchard are being maintained for the propagation of parasitoids on these midges for natural dispersion of parasitoids to target pests in the orchard. This activity is further to be enhanced. These are kept safe from pesticides drift. Midges infestation on these is being manually maintained by transferring plant refuses ( pruned twigs carrying midges infestation are kept in touch with newly formed leaves of the seedlings). 10.2. 8. 3 Impact of neem on midges larvae entering soil for pupation This collaborative study with NARC, was started at Rahim Yar Khan in March 09. Four concentrations (4, 2, 1 & 0.5%) of neem extracts were prepared. A jar measuring 9x8.5 cm was filled with sterilized fine sieved soil up to 0.5 cm height. Solution of each concentration was applied to the soil in three replicates. Jars

Page 13: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

12

were covered with muslin cloth. Ten midges larvae of a species obtained from inflorescence were released into the jar. Numbers of larvae which went into soil for pupation and adults emerged from them were counted. A control was kept where only water was applied to moisten the soil. Water was daily sprayed on soil in jars to the maintain soil moist. Fig. 7. View of the spade and its use for racking of soil under trees 10. 3 Results : 10. 3. 1 Midges on leaves 1) Procontarinia mangiferae (Felt)

It was recorded from all the areas surveyed in Punjab. It forms solitary and grouped galls on the upper and under surfaces of the leaves. Solitary galls are mono chambered and grouped galls are poly chambered (Fig. 8). Numbers of the gall in each group varied from 2 to 15. Single gall is more or less semi circular with diameter of 2-4 mm and thickness between 0.5 -2 mm. At the beginning of gall development, a spot appears on the leaf followed by circular swelling on upper and under surfaces of the leaf. At the final stage, centre of the gall becomes depressed inwards. Light green larvae form exit hole and slowly come out from galls. They drop from the tree on ground, jump here and there in search of suitable site for pupation. Abdomen of pupae and adults is light green (Fig. 9) Phenology This is probably univoltine. In two year study at Rahim Yar Khan, larvae were found emerging from the galls from the middle of January to the end of March. This was not reared from April to December.

Page 14: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

13

Fig. 8. P. mangiferae galls (single and multi chambered ) and larva of Population trends Observations on population development of midges were continued at Rahim Yar Khan. Larvae were reared from middle of January to end of March. They were maximum in February as reported last year. Fig. 9. P. mangiferae pupae P. mangiferae adult Vertical Distribution Observations on vertical distribution of the midges on trees were continued. No deviation the findings of last year were found. They were mostly restricted to 3 m height above from ground on the tree.

Page 15: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

14

Mass Rearing Since it is univoltine and breeds for a limited period its mass production attempts on mango seedlings in field tunnel were started at Rahim Yar Khan, from February 09. P. mangiferae infested 22 ( Fig. 10) out of 500 seedlings kept in the tunnel (Table 1). The infested leaves had about 2706 galls of P. mangiferae. Table 1. Cumulative build up of population of three species of mango midges on 500 seedlings kept in tunnel

Months Procontarinia mangiferae Procontarinia sp Unidentified sp 2

Infested seedlings (#)

Infested leaves (#)

Average no. of galls / leaf

S. D. Infested seedlings (#)

Infested leaves (#)

Average no. of galls / leaf

S. D. Infested seedlings (#)

Infested leaves (#)

Average no. of galls / leaf

S. D.

Aug. 08 - - - - 83 315 17.7 16 2 10 39.7 55.8

Sep. - - - - 205 802 17.1 14.3 6 24 46.9 55.9

Oct. - - - - 229 988 15.5 13.9 6 24 46.9 55.9

Nov. - - - - 229 988 15.5 13.9 6 24 46.9 55.9

Dec. - - - - 229 988 15.5 13.9 6 24 46.9 55.9

Jan. 09 - - - - 229 988 15.5 13.9 6 24 46.9 55.9

Feb. - - - - 229 988 15.5 13.9 6 24 46.9 55.9

Mar. 20 47 52.3 39.9 265 1159 15.3 13.7 11 52 40 42.1

Apr. 22 65 41.6 38.5 280 1208 15.6 13.8 13 63 38.8 39.5

May. 0 65 41.6 38.5 280 1208 15.6 13.8 13 63 38.8 39.5

Jun. 0 65 41.6 38.5 280 1208 15.6 13.8 13 63 38.8 39.5

- = P. mangiferae not breeding

Page 16: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

15

Fig. 10 Mango seedlings carrying P. mangiferae on mango in tunnel 2. ) Procontarinia sp It was recorded from all the areas surveyed in Punjab. Unlike P. mangiferae its development from egg to adult is completed within the galls on leaves. On completion of the development the adults come out from the galls. Like P. mangiferae, it also forms solitary or grouped galls on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves (Figs. 11&12). Thickness of solitary galls ranges between 3 – 3.25 mm and diameter 4- 4.4mm. At the beginning of gall development it is light green and gradually become hard and concaved. The abdomen of male is brown and of female is light green (Fig. 13). Fig. 11. Single and grouped galls of Procontarinia sp on lower (left) and upper (right) sides of mango leaf In case of sever attack of this species, leaf becomes curled and dried.

Page 17: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

16

Phenology This species seems multivoltine. Its all stages egg, larva, pupa and adult were recorded from March to October. No developmental stage was detected from November onward to February and probably, during this period it was breeding on plant other than mango or it underwent hibernation as adults. Fig. 12. Internal view of galls of Procontarinia sp Population trends Observations on population trends were started from April 08 at Rahim Yar Khan. In 2008 it was most abundant in April and afterwards though its breeding continued its population remained low and again started increase in July reached its peak (Fig. 14), in second week of September and reduced to zero in last week of October 08. No adult was reared from November 08 to middle Fig. 13. Adults of Procontarinia sp reared from leaves

Female Male

Page 18: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

17

of March 09 when population again appeared. Maximum numbers were recorded in March 09 which reduced in April 09. No adult was reared after April 09. In 2009 it could not build up its high population probably because of high build up of of the two parasitioids Closterocerus pulcherrimus and an unidentified sp as described below (Fig. 14 ) because of conservation biological control activities being carried out in the orchard by the project. Fig. 14. Population trends of Procontarinia sp at Rahim Yar Khan Biology Based on 25 galls under observation since oviposition by midges on leaves in July 08 at Rahim Yar Khan it completed development from egg to adult in 40 to 45 days. Experiments are progress to study the numbers and duration of generations in a year. Mass rearing The culture of this species was maintained on young seedlings in the field tunnel. More than 280 infested seedlings carrying about 18,876 galls of the midge on leaves are available. Since it is multivoltine it can be produced in large numbers with further improvement of the technique (Table 1). 3) Unidentified midge species 1 It breeds on leaves only. It forms biconvex galls which appear on both faces of the leaves. Like Procontarinia sp, most of the galls formed by this species become dark brown at final stage of its development (Fig. 15 & 16). After completing development on leaves the light golden larvae fall on ground for

Population trends of of Procontarinia sp and parasitoids C. pulcherrimu s and unidentified sp 1 at Rahim Yar Khan

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Ap08,

2

May08

,2

Jun0

8,2

Jul 0

8,2

Aug08

.2

Sep08

,2

Oct08,2

Nov08

,2

Dec08

,2

Jan0

9,2

Feb09

,2

Mar09,2

Apr09,2

May09

,2

Jun0

9,2

Months and dates

Num

bers

of a

dults

rear

ed fr

om 5

0 le

aves

Procontarinia sp

C. pulcherrimus

Unident sp 1

Page 19: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

18

pupation in soil. Upper portion of the pupae is black while lower part is light golden. Head and thorax of the adult is brown and abdomen light golden( Fig. 17). Fig. 15. Galls and larva of unidentified sp 1 Phenology Its phenology was almost the same as reported in the last year report. Larvae started emerging from galls from in the first week of February 09 to second week of April 09. They were not reared after April 09 onwards. Population development Population trends were almost same as reported in last year. Biology The observations on development from egg onward on seedlings kept in field cages are in progress. Forty individuals have been tagged to follow the development of the midge.

Page 20: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

19

Fig. 16. Interior view of galls of unidentified sp 1 Fig. 17. Pupae and adult of unidentified sp 1 4) Unidentified midge species 2 It was recorded from all the areas surveyed in Punjab. This was recorded this year during the present survey on newly formed leaves in March and April. It seems univoltine. Larvae and pupae of this species were recorded within the plant tissue in the galls. Its development is being followed. It forms galls on both

Page 21: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

20

sides of the leaves (Fig. 18). A small projection appears on infested site which develop in to a circular ball like gall on. Galls are formed on infested side. Intially they are green but changed into light yellow. Pupae are red in color(Fig. 19).

Fig.18. Galls of unidentified sp 2 Fig. 19 Larva and pupa of unidentified sp 2 5) Unidentified species 3 . It forms flat and blister like solitary galls on both sides of the leaves. At final stage a thin and brown spot appears on the galls which become exit hole for the emergence of adults (Fig. 20 ). The development egg to adult is completed within the plant tissue in galls.

Page 22: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

21

Fig. 20. Galls formed by unidentified species 3 Phenology and population trends Its phenology is not clear. Adults started coming out from galls from the third week of March 09 to the middle of May 09. It was not reared from second fortnight of May onwards during the report period. Maximum numbers of adults were reared in second fortnight of March, decreased in April and none was reared in May (Fig. 21).

Population trends of unidentified midge species 3 on mango at Rahim Yar Khan

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Jan0

9,2

Feb09,1

Feb09,2

Mar09,1

Mar09,2

Apr09,1

Apr09,2

May09

,1

May09

,2

Jun0

9,1

Months and fortnights

Num

bers

of l

arva

e re

ared

from

50

leav

es

Fig. 21. Population trends of unidentified sp 3 at Rahim Yar Khan

Page 23: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

22

Mass rearing Attempts for mass rearing in field tunnel are turning out to be successful. At present 13 seedlings out of 500 seedlings are attacked by this species. They carry about 2,445 galls of this species. 6) Unidentified midge species 4 It was recorded from Lahore first time in the present survey in February 09 It forms solitary galls on upper and lower sides of the leave (Fig. 22). Its phenology is not clear and its development in galls on tagged leaves is being followed n trends, biology and gall development of this species. Fig. 22. Galls formed by unidentified sp 4 at Lahore 10. 3. 2 Midges on inflorescences Following midges were reared from inflorescence 7) Dasineura amaramanjarae (Grover) It was recorded from all the areas surveyed in Punjab. Its egg- larvae development is completed in the inflorescences. After completion of development larvae fall on ground for pupation in soil. Young larvae are shining white and become red with maturation. As they fall from plant they jump here and there and finally enter soil for pupation. Pupae and adults are pinkish red. Males are smaller in size than females (Figs. 23 & 24)

Page 24: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

23

Fig. 23. Infested flowers and larvae of Dasineura amaramanjarae Phenology Observations on its phenology continued. Its adults oviposited on mango flowers by the end of January. Its larvae fed on flowers and started falling on ground in February. Larvae entered soil for pupation and adults emerged from them. Larvae were found till April No stage was detected on mango after April throughout the year. No adults were caught after April in yellow sticky bands put in mango orchard. Flowers of other plants in the area are being examined to detect if it continued breeding on other host plants. Fig. 24. Pupa and adults of Dasineura amaramanjarae Population trends It started building up its population from the beginning of February and the numbers of larvae reared from inflorescences were maximum in second week of March. Its numbers decreased in April and was not reared after middle of Aril 09 (Fig. 25).

Page 25: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

24

Population trends of Desineura amaramanjarae on mango at Rahim yar Khan

050

100150200250300350400

Jul 0

8,1

Jul 0

8,2

Aug08

.1

Aug08

.2

Sep08

,1

Sep08

,2

Oct08,1

Oct08,2

Nov08

,1

Nov08

,2

Dec08

,1

Dec08

,2

Jan0

9,1

Jan0

9,2

Feb09

,1

Feb09

,2

Mar09,1

Mar09,2

Apr09,1

Apr09,2

May09

,1

May09

,2

Jun0

9,1

Months and fortnights

Num

bers

of l

avra

e re

ared

fr

om 1

0 in

flore

scen

ces

Fig. 25. Population trends of Dasineura amramanjarae at Rahim Yar Khan Vertical distribution of Dasineura amaramanjarae This species was distributed all over the plant, however, it was comparatively more abundant at 1.5m height followed by 3m and 6m height above from the ground (Table 2). It s larvae were caught from February to March and no larvae were caught from second fortnight of April and afterwards. Table 2 . Total catch of larvae of Dasineura amaramanjarae in 12 funnels tied on mango trees at different heights on trees Month and fortnight 1.5m 3m 6m

Jan, 2 0 0 0 Feb,1 86 23 4 Feb, 2 114 123 58 Mar,1 437 406 287 Mar, 2 145 127 134 Apr,1 113 98 98

Apr,2-Dec 0 0 0

8) Unidentified midge species 5 (? Erosomyia indica) It was recorded from all the areas surveyed in Punjab. The larvae of this species after completing development in plant issue fall on ground for pupation in the soil. Damage of this species can be identified through black spots with circular exit hole (Fig. 26). Larvae form tunnel inside the inflorescence axillaries.

Page 26: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

25

Fig. 26. Attack of unidentified sp 5 (exit hole and gallery) on mango axillary Infested axillaries are bent at right angle and dried (Fig. 27). They also form black spots and exit holes on small fruits which ultimately dies up (Fig. 28). Larvae are yellow while pupae and adults are light golden (Fig. 29) Fig. 27. Axillaries bent at right angle due to attack of unidentified sp 5 Phenology Its phenology is not clear. Its adults oviposited on mango flowers by the end of January. Its only larvae were reared from February to April. Larvae started falling on ground in February and this continued till April. They entered soil for pupation and adults emerged from them. No stage was detected on mango after April throughout the year and it probably was breeding on other host plants.

Page 27: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

26

Fig. 28. Attack of unidentified sp 5 on newly formed small fruits Population trends Numbers of larvae started increasing from February and reached its peak in second week of March 09. They were not recorded after second week of April 09 (Fig. 30). Fig. 29. Larvae, pupae and adult of unidentified sp 5

Page 28: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

27

Population trends of unidentified midge species 5 on mango at Rahim Yar Khan

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan0

9,2

Feb09,1

Feb09,2

Mar09,1

Mar09,2

Apr09,1

Apr09,2

May09

,1

May09

,2

Jun0

9,1

Months and dates

Num

bers

of t

he la

rvae

rear

ed

from

10

inflo

resc

ence

s

Fig. 30. Population trends of unidentified midges species 5 at Rahim Yar Khan 10. 3. 3 Parasitoids i) Synopeas mangiferae It was recorded from all the areas surveyed in Punjab It was reared from the galls of Pcontarinia mangiferae (Fig. 31).

Fig. 31.Synopeas mangiferae

Page 29: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

28

Phenology Its phenology is well synchronized with its host P. mangiferae. Its full grown started emerging from the galls from the middle of January and continued through March. They remained in host galls on leaves from April to December. Population trends Population trends of this parasitoid were studied on trees where hoeing was done from November to April and compared with the population trends on the same trees last year. Though the population trends of both the years were almost the same its population levels were comparatively lower than that observed in 2008. (Fig. 32). This indicates that hoeing had some detrimental effect on population of the parasitoid larvae which fall on ground for pupation. Hoeing of the soil may have some positive effect on loss of midges larvae and pupae in soil but at the same time also caused loss of parasitoids.

Population trends of S. mangiferae in 2008 and 2009 at Rahim Yar Khan

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Jul,1

Jul,2

Aug,1

Aug,2

Sep,1

Sep,2

Oct,1

Oct,2

Nov,1

Nov,2

Dec,1

Dec,2

Jan,1

Jan,2

Feb,1

Feb,2

Mar,1Mar,

2Apr,

1Apr,

2May

,1May

,2Ju

n,1Ju

n,2

Months

Num

bers

of l

arva

e re

ared

from

50

leav

es 20082009

Fig. 32. Population trends of Synopeas mangiferae in 2008 and 2009 at Rahim Yar Khan ii) Closterocerus pulcherrimus (Kerrich) It was recorded from all the areas surveyed in Punjab. It was reared from the galls of Procontarinia sp. Unlike S. mangiferae it completes its development within host gall. After completing development adults come out from the galls pupates in the galls. Phenology Its phenology is not clear. In two year study at Rahim Yar Khan, this parasitoid species remained inactive from July 08 to second week of March 09. Its adults were reared from the host galls from middle of March 09 to second week of April 09. No adult was reared from third week of April during the report period.

Page 30: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

29

Population trends The two year study indicates that it had a supplementary role in regulating Procontariania sp population on mango. Since the activity on conservation biological control started in the orchard it has built up its good population together with the most dominant unidentified species as described below. Its maximum population was maximum in second week March 09 which reduced to in second week of April 09. No adult was reared from third week of April 09 (Fig. 14). iii) Unidentified species A It was recorded from all the areas surveyed in Punjab. It was also reared from the galls of Procontarinia sp. it completes its development within host gall. After completing development adults come out from the galls (Fig. 14). Phenology & population trends Its phenology is not clear. The two year study indicates that its population fluctuated along with the host. In the year 2008 it did not build up its high population but since the time of activity of conservation of the parasitoids was started in the orchard it has build up high population. It has become a dominant parasitoid and kept the host Procontarinia sp under control throughout the report period. It was maximum in April and did not the host population increase to the level as was recorded in the last year (Fig. 14). iv) Unidentified species B This parasitoid species were recorded first time on midges species 5 in inflorescence axillaries and small mustard sized fruit at Rahim Yar than. They pupate in the soil (Fig. 33).

Fig. 33. unidentified parasitoid species B

Page 31: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

30

Population trends of unidentified parasitoid species 3 at Rahim Yar Khan

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Jan0

9,2

Feb09

,1

Feb09

,2

Mar09,1

Mar09,2

Apr09,1

Apr09,2

May09

,1

May09

,2

Jun0

9,1

Months and fortnights

Num

bers

of t

he la

rvae

rear

ed

from

10

inflo

resc

ence

Fig. 34. Population trends of unidentified parasitoid species 3

Phenology and population trends Its phenology is not clear. Its association with unidentified midge species 5 that after completing a generation on this it shifted along with the host to other host plant where probably its host is breeding. At Rahim Yar Khan, its larvae were reared from the first week of February to the second week of April. It was not reared from May 09 onwards the end of report period. Population of this parasitoid began to increase from February and reached at peak last week of March. It was not reared in the second week of April 09 (Fig. 34). 10. 3. 4 Assessment of losses incurred by midges At Rahim Yar Khan, midges have become a serious pest and farmers are making sprays against this pest. Studies on loss in yield due to damage by midges were continued. In the orchard where these studies were being made was sprayed in March instead of January as was done in the last year. The change in timing of spray of insecticide seemed to better in control of midges. The tagged inflorescences had comparatively more number of fruits reaching maturity compared with the last year. The weight of the fruits tagged inflorescences and over all yield this year was higher than in the last year. It seems that midges attacking leaves, flowers, axillaries of inflorescence had their direct and indirect role in fruit production (Table 3). Timing of the spray seemed important. The spray done last year in January was probably not targeted as at that time the midges activity was low whereas spray in march was as at that n midges

Page 32: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

31

populations were high. Further more the natural control of the midges was also seemed disturbed less as the parasitoids were mostly at that time protected in plant tissue inside galls or in the soil.

Table . 3 Numbers of mango fruits of Kala Chounsa produced at harvest on 48 inflorescences in orchard sprayed with insecticide in March in 2009 compared withresults when sprayed in January in 2008

Item Orchard sprayed in March 09

Orchard sprayed in January 08

No of inflorescences tagged in April 48 48 Number of fruit set on tagged inflorescences at start 575 657 Inflorescence with symptoms of midges attack 21 6

No of inflorescences persisted on trees till harvest in June 33 14

No of fruits matured on tagged inflorescences at harvest 37 18

Overall mango yield of the 3 marked trees 600kg 440 kg

10. 3. 5 Monitoring of mango midges 10. 3. 5. 1 Light trap Population of midges caught remained zero from first week of November to end of December 08. Adults of midges were caught first time in first fortnight of January 09 and continued to be caught through the first fortnight of May 09. No adult midge was caught in June 09. Maximum adults were recorded in the last week of February 09. Light does seem to play some role in attraction of midges as the numbers caught were higher than the numbers caught in control (Table 4). The catch of midges also gives the idea of the presence/absence of midges and their abundance. 10. 3. 5. 2 Yellow sticky bands Adults caught on yellow sticky band and control treatment was approximately same. Midges were caught in these traps from January to the first fortnight of May. Maximum numbers were recorded in February 09 (Table 4). Yellow color of the sticky bands does not seem to play any role in attraction of midges.

Page 33: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

32

Table 4. Numbers of midges caught in light traps and yellow sticky bands and in the control at Rahim Yar Khan

Month and fortnight

Light trap (Mean # of 3

replicates

Control YSB(Mean # of 3 replicates

Control

Nov-Dec 08 0 0 0 0 Jan 09,1 82.6 91 292.3 192

Jan,2 251.3 162 324.6 230 Feb,1 720.3 598 482.3 672 Feb, 2 1199.6 536 859.3 681 Mar,1 614.3 523 649.6 429 Mar,2 547.3 517 497.3 472 Apr,1 552.6 241 324.3 233 Apr,2 202.0 79 262.6 118 May,1 106.6 39 98.3 67 May,2 0 0 0 0

10. 3. 5. 3 Mango leaf extracts There was no striking difference on catch of midges in control with that caught on cards carrying mango leaf extracts of different varieties. However, in case of Fajri the catches were maximum at 5% followed by 2.5% concentration and higher compared with control whereas it was lower at 1.25% concentration than in control (Table 5-A). In case of Sindhri the catches were higher at all concentration of the mango leaves extract ofthis variety than in the control (5-B). In case of Anwer Ratol (Table 5-C) cathes were higher at 5% only and lower at 2.55 and 1.25% than in control (Table 5-C). Interestingly the catches in control were higher compared with the cards carrying extracts of Tota Pari (Table 5-B) and Chounsa (Table 5-A). In case of Dosehri the catches were almost the same compared with control (Table 5-C). 10. 3. 6 Management of mango midges For controlling midges on mango insecticides cover sprays on trees have been used in India ( Srivastava & Tandon,1983). Cultural practices like cleaning, manuring and irrigating the soil under the trees have been reported useful in combination with use of pesticides on trees for controlling midges (Grover, 1986a, b). Light traps (Kashyap, 1986) and repellents and attractants have also been used in controlling Ceccidomyiids.

Page 34: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

33

Table 5-A Mean numbers of midges caught in traps with various concentrations of mango leaf extracts in three replicates and in control

Month and

fortnight

Chounsa Fajri 5% 2.5% 1.25% Control 5% 2.5% 1.25% Control

Mar,1 615.3 312.6 507 476 756.6 624.3 507.3 424 Mar,2 533.6 429 351.6 448 462.6 468.3 312 355 Apr,1 410 507.3 624.6 630 546.3 663 507.3 396 Apr,2 41.3 156 117.3 154 210 0 39.6 232 May,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 May,2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jun,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1600.2 1404.9 1600.5 1708 1975.5 1755.6 1366.2 1448

Table 5- B. Mean numbers of midges caught in traps with various concentrations of mango leaf extracts in three replicates and in control

Month and

fortnight

Tota Pari Sindhri 5% 2.5% 1.25% Control 5% 2.5% 1.25% Control

Mar,1 369.3 546.6 624.3 418 369 585.3 351 390 Mar,2 287.6 312.3 507 469 574.6 663.3 546.6 455 Apr,1 574.3 507 585.3 532 697 429.6 585.3 351 Apr,2 41.2 39.6 0 76 41.3 39 117.6 39 May,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 May,2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jun,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1272.4 1405.5 1716.6 1495 1681.9 1717.2 1600.5 1313

Table 5. C Mean numbers of midges caught in traps with various concentrations of mango leaf extracts in three replicates and in control

Month and

fortnight

Dosehri Anwar ratol 5% 2.5% 1.25% Control 5% 2.5% 1.25% Control

Mar,1 462.3 663.6 328.3 393 688 246.6 451.3 476 Mar,2 378.3 351 574.6 418 473.6 533 246.3 448 Apr,1 336 312.6 492.3 469 602.3 615.6 533.6 630 Apr,2 0 156.6 123 165 344 41.3 82 154 May,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 May,2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jun,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1176.6 1483.8 1518.2 1445 2107.9 1436.5 1313.2 1708

Page 35: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

34

. 10. 3. 6. 1 Soil racking The observations on the effect of soil racking on population development of midges are in progress. This study is targeted at those species that pupate in soil. The populations of midges are being followed on trees where hoeing was done and trees where no hoeing was done. Initial observations do not indicate any significant impact on population of midges on trees under both the conditions. However, population of Procontarinia mangiferae on the leaves flushes formed in March 09 was comparatively lesser on trees under whom the racking of soil was done. It is yet too early to reach any conclusion of impact of hoeing on populations of midges complex at this stage. 10. 3. 6. 2 Conservation biological control More than 2000 mango seedlings during the report period were got infested naturally by Procontarinia sp, and Procontarinia mangiferae and unidentified species 1. These serve as natural enemies’ reservoir. The infestations of these species on mango seedlings in the orchard are being maintained for the natural build up of population of parasitoids on these midges and their natural dispersion to target pests in the orchard. This has started showing its effect in control of midges on leaves and is some how to be replicated for midges control on inflorescences as well by combined application of biological and cultural control measures. Procontarinia sp which was abundant last year its infestation was drastically reduced because of increase in parasitism of Closterocerus pulcherimus and an unidentified parasitoid. The maximum parasitism of these parasitoids was 20% last year, this increased to more than 80% keeping the pest under control this year (see Figure 14 ). This activity is further to be enhanced. 10. 3. 6. 3 Neem extracts Studies on effect of neem on development of midges larvae for pupation and to adult stage were started in collaboration with NARC at Rahim Yar Khan. Initially the effect of neem extracts on pupation and adult emergence was tested in the laboratory. The results of the experiments conducted in laboratory on two species of midges namely Dasineura amaramanjarae, and unidentified sp 5 that attack inflorescence are described here. In case of D. amaramanjarae about 70% mortality occurred with dosages 1-4% of neem and little lesser than 70% at 0.5% concentration whereas in control mortality ranged between 30-46.7% (6-A).The larvae of the unidentified sp 5 suffered higher mortality than D. mangiferae (Table 6-B).

Page 36: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

35

Table. 6 A. Percentage of Dasineura amaramanjarae larvae which pupated and completed development out of 10 larvae exposed to different neem concentrations and in control in 3 replicates

Neem concentrations Larvae exposed to neem Larvae completed development to adult

stage in control

4% 30 70 2% 26.6 66.6 1% 33.3 53.3

0.50% 36.6 66.6 Table. 6 B. Percentage of unidentified sp 5 larvae which pupated and completed development out of 10 larvae exposed to different neem concentrations and in control in 3 replicates

Neem Concentrations Larvae exposed to neem and completed

development to adult stage

Larvae completed development to adult

stage in control

4% 20 50 2% 26.6 56.6 1% 36.6 70

0.50% 43.3 80 10. 3. 7 Planning meeting Two day meeting of the coordinating units of the project were held at Rahim Yar Khan on 23-24th February .09. The three project units comprising Agriculture Research Institute Tando Jam, NARC, Islamabad and CABI South Asia participated in the meeting. Each unit presented the results of the ongoing studies of the project at their respective centers. Each presentation was followed by detail discussion and suggestions for improvement (Fig. 35). In the light of discussions and observations the work plan for the year 2008-2009 was finalized. The participants also visited the CABI South Asia laboratory and orchards where they were briefed on the ongoing studies and were told about the sampling methods and rearing techniques of midges and their parasitoids.

Page 37: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

36

Fig. 35. Planning meeting at Rahim Yar Khan Fig. 36. Presentation of project activities to visitors

Page 38: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

37

10. 3. 8. Visitors Officials from Agriculture Training Institute Rahim Yar Khan visited mango midges laboratory at Rahim Yar Khan. They were briefed about objectives, research results, benefits and on going activities of this PARC funded project operating in Punjab and Sindh for mango improvement (Fig. 36). Following were the officials. Government of Punjab

1. Imtiaz Ahmad, Deputy Director training, Agriculture Training Institute Rahim Yar Khan

2. Arshad Mahmood, senior Instructor, Agriculture Training Institute Rahim Yar Khan

3. Field Assistants (19) from District Rahim Yar Khan Project Coordinating units scientists

1. Dr. Ghulam Jilani, Senior Director, IPEP, NARC, Islamabad 2. Junaid Ur Rehman, Research Fellow, NARC, Islamabad 3. Dr. Abdul Satar Buriro, Director, SARI, Tandojam 4. Muhammad Qasim Mamen, ARO, SARI, Tandojam

10. 3. 9 Conclusions: Midges have become a serious threat to mango production in Pakistan. They do direct damage to flowers and fruit. In two years survey it was found that more than 35% newly set fruit were lost by feeding of larvae of midges. Farmers have to reschedule their pesticides spraying in the orchards and do not have alternates to address them. Present investigations indicate that midges have good natural enemy complexes and the need is to encourage them through application of techniques of conservation biological control for managing midges without use of pesticides. Conservation of the natural enemies in the study orchard has started showing its effect in control of midges on leaves and is some how to be replicated for midges control on inflorescences as well. Procontarinia sp which was abundant last year its infestation was drastically reduced because of increase in parasitism of Closterocerus pulcherrimus and an unidentified parasitoid The maximum parasitism of this parasitoid was 20% last year and this increased to more than 80% this year keeping the pest under control (see Figure 14 ). Though there is need to improve mass rearing techniques of mango midges the present efforts have enabled to raise more than 2000 mango seedlings for conservation of parasitoids in an orchard of 13 acre area. This needs improvement to maximize natural control of midges. Initial observations do not indicate any significant impact on population of midges on trees under both the conditions if hoeing is done under trees or not done. However, populations of midges on these trees are being followed to reach definite conclusion.

Page 39: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

38

Of different types of traps tested for monitoring of mango midges the light traps were found comparatively attractive to them. These, not only for monitoring, can be used for controlling midges as well. Eight species of midges and six of parasitoids associated with them were recorded on mango in two years survey. Three of the midges and four of parasitoids have been identified at species level. The rests have been sent to Natural History Museum, U K, for identification or are in process to be sent to NHM. Other specialist taxonomists on midges have been contacted to whom the specimens are being sent. References Grover, P. (1986a). Integrated control of midge pests. Cecidologia Internationale, 7: 1-28. Grover, P. (1986b). Population fluctuation of Erosomyia indica and Dasineura amaramanjarae and co-related extent of damage. Cecidologia Internationale, 7: 43- 57. Kashyap, V. (1986). Collection of gall midges at light.. Cecidologia Internationale, 7: 59-80 (RAE 76: 3672). Srivastava, R.P. & Tandon, P. L. (1983). Field evaluation of some insecticides for the control of mango blossom midge Erosomyia indica. Pesticides 17: 21, Central Mango Research Station, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Lucknow 226006- Utter Pradesh India. 10. 3. 10 Future Plan of Work: Following activities will be undertaken next year: 1. Planning meeting, review of work done by different units. 2. Continuation of studies on distribution of midges on mango tree by physical

sampling at different heights from the ground. 3. Continuation of studies on conservation biological control of mango midges 4. Improvement of mass rearing techniques of midges and their parasitoids. 5. Experiments on impact of combined application of control measures on

midges populations. 6. Meetings, seminar and training of farmers on midges management. 10.3.11 Publications: Nil 10.3.12 Graduate Students/Degrees: Hafiz Mahmood ur Rehman has been registered as Ph. D. Scholar at Bahauddin Zakaryia University, Multan.

Page 40: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

39

10.3.13 List of Scientists involved in this project: 1. Hafiz Mahmood ur Rehman, Project officer 10.3.14 National/ International Linkages Developed: Following persons were contacted during the report period seeking help for identification of midges. i) Dr. Peter Kolesik Senior Research Scientist, Bionomics Limited 31 Dalgleish Street Thebarton SA 5031 Phone: +61 8 8354 6135, Fax: +61 8 8354 6160 Email: [email protected] Website: www.bionomics.com.au ii) Dr. Nami Uechi ` Researcher Citrus Greening Disease Research Team National Institute of Fruit Tree Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tel: 81 29 838 6544, Fax: 81 29 838 6541 E-mail: [email protected] ii) Dr. K M Harris 81 Linden Way, Ripley, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6LP, UK. 11. ENDORSEMENT: Principal Investigator Head of Department /Institute/ Organization Name: Riaz Mahmood Name: Dr. M. Ashraf Poswal (Seal and Signature) (Seal and Signature) Date: ________________ Date: ____________________

Page 41: Report template new draft - CABI.org · Detailed Progress Report 5 . Experimental Procedures ... m height at random were collected from marked trees at fortnightly intervals. They

contact CABI

europe

CABI Head Office

Nosworthy Way, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8DE, UK

T: +44 (0) 1491 832111, E: [email protected] CABI Europe - UK

Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TY, UK

T: +44 (0) 1491 829080 CABI Europe - Switzerland

Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800 Del mont, Switzerland

T: +41 (0) 32 4214870 asia

CABI South Asia

Opposite 1-A, Data Gunj Baksh Road, Satellite Town, PO Box 8, Rawalpindi-Pakistan

T: +92 (0) 51 9290132 CABI Southeast and East Asia

PO Box 210, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

T: +60 (0) 3 89432921 CABI South Asia - India

2nd Floor, CG Block, NASC Complex, DP Shastri Marg, Opp. Todapur Village, PUSA,

New Delhi - 110012, India

T: +91 (0) 11 25841906 CABI Southeast and East Asia - China

C/o CAAS-CABI Project Office

C/o Internal Post Box 56, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,

12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, China

T: +86 (0) 10 62112118 africa

CABI Africa

ICRAF Complex, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, PO Box 633-00621, Nairobi, Kenya

T: +254 (0) 20 7224450/62 americas

CABI Caribbean & Latin America

Gordon Street, Curepe, Trinidad and Tobago

T: +1 868 6457628 CABI North America

875 Massachusetts Avenue, 7th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

T: +1 617 3954051