report of wlc

8/7/2019 report of wlc

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A

Project Report On

WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER

By :

Arati P. Chavan

Mrudula B. Chougule

Trupti V. Desai

T.E.(ELECTRONICS)

Under the Guidance of

Miss.Chaitali Prabhu

Department Of Electronics

College Of Engineering, Kolhapur


2/27

KOLHAPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

KOLHAPUR.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, project report entitled

Water Level Controller

has been successfully completed under the guidance of

Miss. Chaitali Prabhu.

Electronics Engineering Department.

Students name:

Arati Chavan.(09)

Mrudula Chougule.(11)

Trupti Desai.(12)

Miss. Chaitali Prabhu

Guide Mr.A.R.Nigavekar.

. H.O.D.(ELECTRONICS)


3/27

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thankful to God for the blessing he has showed on me for the successof this project. This project entitled WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER

was a formidable task, but for active guidance and help of my Lecturers who

helped me to complete it.

I would like to put on record deep gratitude towards my Lecturers for

their valuable guidance and encouragement, which has played an important

role in the preparation of this project.

I am thankful to the H.O.D. Prof. Nigavekar, my guide

Miss. Chaitali Prabhu for providing all facilities and to other professors of

the Electronic Department for their valuable suggestions and co-operation

during the completion of this project.I would also like to thank my friends for their constant

Encouragement and timely help for this report.

Date:

Place: Kolhapur


4/27

CONTENTS

SR.NO

POINTS PAGE NO.

1. Introduction .

2. Traditional water level controller.

3. Synopsis.

4. Block diagram.

5. Methodology.

6. Circuit diagram.

7. Working.

8. Methodology used for Testing.

9. Test report.

10. Code sheet.

11. Problems.

12. Conclusions.

13. Reference.

Introduction


5/27

For the residents who live in high buildings, low water pressure is a very

common problem, especially when many people use the water at the same

time. Therefore, many people install a water tower on the roof of the

building. The water is stored at a water tank at the basement first. Then it is

pumped into the water tower on the roof using a pumping motor. In this

manner, the low water-pressure problem can be improved and the water can

be used in a more efficient way.


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Traditional Water Level Controller

Traditional water level controller uses floating balls as the sensors for level

detection, which is depicted in Figure 1. As shown in the figure, the

controller has two floating balls (will be called ball A and ball B hereafter)placed at two levels (will be called level H and level L hereafter). According

to the positions of the two balls, the switch of the pumping motor is set to be

on or off.

Using floating balls as the sensors for water level control has the advantages

of simple structure and low cost. However, as mentioned above, since the

contact switch of the pumping motor is usually placed at the top of water

tower, the humidity may corrode the contact point of the switch. This will

cause the switch to mal-function. Meanwhile, since there are no means to

detect the water level of the basement water tank, it is possible that the

pumping water will be burned if there is water level in the basement watertank is too low.


7/27

Synopsis

Water level controller

Project Statement :To design an automatic system which will display the water level of a

tank and control the ON/OFF function of motor.

Why particular topic is chosen?

To solve the problem related to water management in household

systems.

Objective and scope of project:

The proposed system will be able to do the following:

1. Indicate the water level of a tank.

2. The system automatically on/off motor to control waterlevel of the tank as required.

3. LED will be on when motor is on .

Methodology:

The present concept implements controlling of pump which pumps water

from the sump (underground tank) to the overhead tank, using 89C2051

microcontroller.

The control panel, i.e. the main control unit of the system which

consists of the primary control pump indicator and level indicators.

The heart of the system is microcontroller(89C2051) and the program

in it. The system will read, indicate and control water level on the tank.


8/27

HARDWARE TOOLS USED:

1. RELAY: Relay is used to control the on/off function ofmotor.

2. DISPLAY DEVICES: This device indicates the waterlevel in tank and gives the signal. These are as follows:a. 7-segment display

b. LED

3. TANK: There are two tanks were used in this system.These are as follows:a. Top tank: Two levels can be detected (low and high level).

b. Underground tank: Two levels can be detected(low and high

level).

4.LEVEL DETECTORS: To detect levels of the tank

sensors can be used.


9/27

5.CONTROLLER: The main part of the system is

89C2051 microcontroller chip.

Software to be used:

Assembly language programming tool for programming

microcontroller.

Contribution of the project:

This project will be useful to solve the problems related to

water management in residencies, hotels, hospitals etc.

Project by:

1. Arati Chavan (09)


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2. Mrudula Chougule (11)

3.Trupti Desai (12)

Project Guide:

Miss. Chaitali Prabhu.

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Block diagram

UPPER

TANK

UNDERG

ROUND

TANK

MOTO

R

TANK LEVELDETECTOR

(USING ADC

MCP 3202 )

CONTROLLERCIRCUIT

USING (CHIP

89C2051 )

DISPLAY

DEVICES


12/27

ADC(mcp 3202)

The MCP3202 12-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) combines highperformance and low power consumption in a small package, making it ideal

for embedded control applications. The MCP3202 features a successive

approximation register (SAR) architecture and an industry-standard SPI

serial interface, allowing 12-bit ADC capability to be added to any

PICmicro microcontroller. The MCP3202 features 100k samples/second, 2

input channels, low power consumption (5nA typical standby, 550 A max.

active), and is available in 8-pin PDIP, SOIC and TSSOP packages.

Applications for the MCP3202 include data acquisition, instrumentation and

measurement, multi-channel data loggers, industrial PCs, motor control,

robotics, industrial automation, smart sensors, portable instrumentation and

home medical appliances.

The ADC operates in two modes as shown in table:


13/27

The timing diagram of ADC :

Specifications

Parameter Name Mcp 3202

Max Sample Rate (ksamples/sec) 100

Max. INL (LSB) 1

Max. Supply Current (A) 550

Input Type Single-ended


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# of Input Channels 2

Resolution (bits) 12

Interface SPI

Temp Range (C) -40 to +85C

Input Voltage Range (V) 2.7 to 5.5

Controller chip(89C2051):

The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable

read-only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using

Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is

compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. Bycombining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the

Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a

highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control

applications. The AT89C2051 provides the following standard

features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-

bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full

duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator

and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static

logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two softwareselectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while

allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to

continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents

but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the

next hardware reset.

Storage Temperature ..................................... -65C to +150C

Voltage on Any Pin

with Respect to Ground .....................................-1.0V to +7.0VMaximum Operating Voltage ............................................ 6.6V

DC Output Current...................................................... 25.0 mA

TA = -40C to 85C, VCC = 2.7V to 6.0V (unless otherwise noted


15/27

Specifications

symbol parameter condition min max Units

Vil Input low voltage -0.5 0.2Vcc-0.1 V

Vih Input high voltage (except XTAL1,RST) 0.2Vcc+0.9 Vcc+0.5 V

Vih1 Input high voltage (Xtal1,RST) 0.7Vcc Vcc+0.5 V

Vol Output low

voltage (ports 1,3)

Iol=20mA,Vcc=5V

Iol=10mA,Vcc=2.7V

0.5 V

Voh Output high

voltage (ports 1,3)

Ioh=-80 uA,

Vcc=5V(+0r-)10%

2.4 V

Ioh=-30uA 0.75Vcc V

Ioh=-12uA 0.9Vcc V

Iil Logical 0 input

current (ports 1,3)

Vin=0.45V -50 uA

Itl Logical 1 to 0

transition current

(ports 1,3)

Vin=2V, Vcc=5V(+or

-)10%

-750 uA

Il1 Input leakage

current (port

p1.0,p1.1)

0


16/27

current mode,12Mhz,Vcc=6V/

3V

Idle mode,12Mhz,Vcc=6V/3V

p1.0 &p1.1=0V or

Vcc

5/1 mA

Power down mode Vcc=6V,p1.0&p1.1=0V or Vcc

100 uA

Vcc=3V,p1.0&p1.1=0

V or Vcc

20 uA


17/27

Decoder ic 7447:

1. BI must be high when output functions 0 through 15 are desired. RBI

must be high if blanking of a decimal zero is notdesired.

2. If BI is low, all 7 segments are off, regardless of any other inputs (such as

A, B, C, or D).3. The RBO is typically high. If A, B, C, D, and RBI are all low, and the

lamp test (LT) is high, then all 7 segments

are off. In this situation, the RBO goes low.

4. If BI is high, and LT is low, all 7 segments are on. This function can be

used to see if all the LED segments are

working.

5. Note that the BI and RBO share pin #4. It is both an input and an output.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Supply Voltage 7V

Input Voltage 5.5V

Operating Free Air

Temperature0oC to +70oC

Storage Temperature Range-65oC to

+150oC


18/27

Specifications

Symbol Parameter Min

Vcc Supply Voltage 4.75

Vih HIGH Level Input Voltage 2

Ta Free Air Operating Temperature 0

7-SEGMENT DISPLAY

7 Segment displays are are basically7 LED's

Basically there are two types of 7-Seg displays:


19/27

1. Common cathode display: All cathode terminals are shorted and

grounded.

2. Common anode display: All anode terminals are shorted and connected to

vcc.

Here we will be only discussing the Common Anode type. In common

Anode in order to turn ON a segment the corresponding pin must be set to 0.

And to turn it OFF it is set to 1.

RELAY

Sugar cube relay

Relays are devices which allow low power circuits to switch a

relatively high Current/Voltage ON/OFF. For a relay to operate a suitable

pull-in & holding current should be passed through its coil. Generally

relay coils are designed to operate from a particular voltage often its 5V or

12V.

An NPN transistor BEL187 is being used to control the relay. The

transistor is driven into saturation (turned ON) when a LOGIC 1 is written

on the PORT PIN thus turning ON the relay. The relay is turned OFF by

writing LOGIC 0 on the port pin.

A diode (1N4007/1N4148) is connected across the relay coil, this is

done so as to protect the transistor from damage due to the BACKEMF

generated in the relay's inductive coil when the transistor is turned

OFF.When the transistor is switched OFF the energy stored in the inductor

is dissipated through the diode & the internal resistance of the relay coil.


20/27

As you can see we have used a pull up resistor at the base of the

transistor. AT8951/52/55 has an internal pull up resistor of 10k so when the

pin is pulled high the current flows through this resistor so the maximum

output current is 5v/10K = 0.5ma, the DC current gain ofBEL187 is 100 so

the maximum collector current we can get is 0.5ma x 100 = 50ma, but most

of the relays require more than 70ma-130ma current depending on the relay

that we have used, 0.5ma of base current is not suitable enough for turning

ON the relay, so we have used an external pull up resistor. When the

controller pin is high current flows through the controller pin i.e.

5v/10k=0.5ma as well as through the pull up resistor. We have used 4.7k

pull up resistor so 5v/4.7k=1.1ma so maximum base current can be 0.5ma +

1.1ma=1.6ma i.e. collector current =1.6ma x 100 = 160ma which is enough

to turn ON most of the relays.


21/27

Circuit diagram:

C 2R 1 6

U 2

A T 8 9 C 2 0 5 1

1

1

0

1 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 9

2 0

236789

1 1

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R S T / V P P

G

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P 1 . 0 / A I N 0P 1 . 1 / A I N 1

P 1 . 2P 1 . 3P 1 . 4P 1 . 5P 1 . 6P 1 . 7

V C C

P 3 . 0 / R X DP 3 . 1 / T X DP 3 . 2 / I N T OP 3 . 3 / I N T 1P 3 . 4 / T 0P 3 . 5 / T 1P 3 . 7

X

T

A

L

1

X

T

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2

R 2 0

R 5

R 1 5

R 1 7

U 1

12

3

4

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1248B I / R B OR B IL T

ABCDEFG

V

C

C

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+ 5 V

R 2

+ 5 V

Q 1

R 1 8

R 1 2

R 7

+ 5 V

R 1 1

+ 5 V

+ 6 V

J 3

C O N 3

123

U 3

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1

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ABCDEFG

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1234 5

678 + 5 V

D 1

Y 1

+ 6 V

D 2

C 1

R 1 4

R 1 9

R 3

1

3

2

R 1 3

C 3

R 6

R 8

K 1

35

412

+ 5 V

+ 5 V

J 2

C O N 3

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R 1

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R 1 0R 9

1

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2


22/27

Working:

The model will work in following different steps:

1. Sensors will sense the level of tank (low or high). Instead of sensorspotentiometers are used to give the levels of tank . Two separate pots

are used for two tanks(upper tank and lower tank). By varying the pot

the voltage at input of adc can be varied in the range (0-5)v.

2. To convert this analog input into digital format which is used for

displaying purpose, 12 bit ADC MCP 3202 is used.

This adc can operate in two modes as mentioned above. In this

model adc is configured in single ended mode i.e,ch0 and ch1 can be

used separately for reading level of tanks.

It requires clock(>10khz), Di and CS signal to produce proper

output. This signals are provided through controller by programmingit(i.e, sending required sequence of 0s and 1s).Di bit is programmed

in two modes for CH0 and CH1.The output of adc are 12bits for Ch0

and Ch1,which are given to controller .

3. Controller is the heart of the whole system. It provides control signals

to each block , as per the requirement. For this purpose

microcontroller chip 89C2051 is used which is programmed in

assembly language . It will read adc output and convert it into proper

format which can be used for display.

Port 3 is used for reading and Port 1 is used for displaying. P1.0to P1.3 are used for CH0 and P1.4 to P1.7 are used for CH1.

P3.7 pin is used to provide input to relay ,which controls the

functioning of pump. Instead of pump one LED is used.

LED on -> Motor on

LED off -> Motor off

4. 7447 decoder IC driver is used to drive 7-segment display .Input to

decoder IC is 4bit and output is 7 bit ,which is given to 7-segment

display(common anode display).

5.Seven segment display is used to display the levels of both tanks.


23/27

Methodology of testing

ADC mcp 3202:

By applying sine wave at the channels and square wave of 100kHz at

clock pin of ADC, we have observed a square wave at Do pin.

Microcontroller 89C2051:

By applying supply voltage we have checked VCC and GND pins.

By writting small test codes we have checked port pins.

7-segment decoder and display:

By applying combinations of 0s and 1s at the input of decoder, we

have observed numbers on display.

Testing of code: We have first tested code for reading one channel of

ADC with the help of asm and adsim.

Finally we have tested whole code for reading both channels and

controlling ON/OFF function of motor.


24/27

Problems faced during project

The input pins of decoder 7447 (A1 and A3) are interchanged in

hardware, we have corrected it through program.

The P3.7 port pin is not working properly, so instead of it we have

used P3.0 port pin for controlling function of motor.


25/27

Test report

Sr. No. Input Voltage Level of tank in %

1 0

2 10

3 20

4 30

5 40

6 50

7 60

8 70

9 80

10 90


26/27

ConclusionThus we can indicate and control the water level of tank in household

systems and save the water.

Variety of sensors can be used to detect the water level.


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References

Websites:

http://www.atmel.com

www.microchip.com/cn

interface.ti.com

microcontroller.ti.com
http://www.atmel.com/http://www.microchip.com/cnhttp://www.atmel.com/http://www.microchip.com/cn

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