report of - national oceanic and atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of dr. hjort,...

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Report of /.. PIb;CW StuQ.y 0 r (iurillg loll" Acto..u&lUic Y&6.r 1928-192$1 .t H-..rTuru Univenli ty. by Edward W.. Baile,.

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Page 1: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

------~---------.------~{~-------------------------------------------------------------------

Report of

/.. PIb;CW StuQ.y 0 r l~cker&l

(iurillg loll" Acto..u&lUic Y&6.r 1928-192$1

.t H-..rTuru Univenli ty.

by Edward W.. Baile,. •

Page 2: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

The diaentangling of the components making up the North Atlantic

aackarel stock wu conceiTed to be IUlde l&Iore intelligent by a study of

the populations c:ol4prisingthe stock. Gov0ring. as it d.oes, a stretch

of CQas·t from Virginia to N$wfoundlamd, the f'iahiry might well b& d.raw-

ing on several aHferent popab.tions trom as many rOl.Ogh geogr6.f!hic sactions.

Populat.iOI18 euggested races, and evidence was found til give weight to. the -r

premise. The most southerly end of t.he fishery is occupied by the rlwr

presumably at the time when maGKerel first sbowou the surface in the

appear iIl. water maah colo.ar than t.his J l).liS, liS the li&rming .proceeda north

and east along tha coast J 'ehe ri~hel'Y follows i't. The r~ mtokEle catches

continuously from around 380 N along the COfjjrt to the weet aide of

Nantucket Shoals. Rere the continuit.yoret\ks for in tlda region the

slml1ow. turbulent wa.t(tr 1I16;kes fi£lhing unpleasant etnd coatly. Seine.

tear unci urG difticult to h&ndla, thera are DWlieroua shoal., t..nd the

locdity is not nt (,11 inviting. NettElls do not fish there tCJl t.he

smue reasons. Consaq uently thia is a barr an spot u far as the riaherf

is coneerlls<i. A few Cf4.tcheB are m.ade here, however, when scarcity in

are fish h~.re during the spuming season is nvt kU01;11 butror purposes

hour.$. Eow<i/.v\lJr, Nl;.ntuckat Shoals w{lre CDllSid€lrs(.l a divi~ between two

POIlu.l~tion8 in t.his l,reliluinary work.

Page 3: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

Fro.- the eutan1 edge of tbe Shoals, fiBhing is practically con­

tinuous northward to Monhegan. where a long gap begins in .bieh the

amount of mackerel taken isquite uniaportant. The gap cont.inues to

t.he ... tarn end ot t}le Nova ScO"tifU. peninsula, ... here pound net.s take

tail' numbers of mackerel during the apring~ On the AtlantiQ coast of

Nova Scot.ia. uUlckerel are 80 ahunuent that it. l~as been the custom of

the seining 1'1.">et to go there in Jun·e for their fish .hen catches are

becoming smaller cum more infrecuant off flew :England. This fishery

last. only a hw wseks tor very shortly the SChools htl,va left the regia ••

POWld netil take catches tllrougi.out the sv.mmer around Cape Breton IslfUld

and in the southern side at t.he Gulf of St. lawrence. V:hather Cape Breton

Island. sepudee two population. of mackerel is not knOWJl, but studies

or ch£raci.aristica _de on risl! from the Gulf 0 r st . Lciwrellce should

clear the point.

The mackerel u.ed in the studJ' of' n;cifl~ chflracteriatic8 during

1928 were derived IroQ the commercial c~tchJ their majority being taken

trom purse seine hauls. The tot.al of 440 indi'Viciual fish examineci i&

made or 379 adults and 6l!'spik .... or mackerel in juvenile stages. A.

the season progresued, the seining fleet chlillgoQ their fishing locf>.l.ities

to ,proe ure &d.iUlXilIuuI catch liS is the cU8tom in tbia!tish&ry, and as a. result ~

the HIilples have Nett divided in accordaJ1ee .itll the locality ot their

capture. Two' of these, the Gulf' or Maine which include. waters frOfIl

NantUcket Shoal., east ana nortlL 'to the Bay of Fundy. end tbe Cu.pe Shore,

by which term the East cout of' Nova Scotia is des1gaated, are r~ther .eU

•• para:ted trom eaclfther and fr01ll the others by bettoJn contours. The Block

Page 4: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

,>

-3-

!alana and Southern divisions wert) 1It1.d. not been.uae or a distinct

aatunl divide but larg,dy oaCfiUS6 or 6. seeming ciiHeronce 1r. the

~recedinE years· cf4tches from thes6 locf Ii t :j(;s.

Ca.

37 38

39

40

The eompo6i~_.iOl) of tlle m",:ceriBl studian than was a6 follows;

!:gcditl Adults Ju.ven11es

South 84 S8

Slock Ieland"'}!fl..ntu.cket 124 23

Gulf' of M'Ed.ne 126

Cape Shor6 45

The size distribution ia shown in r;of ble I.

South

2 4 1 9

16 20

Table I.

Block Islfmd-Nhntucket

1

2 12 23 30 19

Gulf of Maino Cape Shore S:pring fa.U

1 6 a

14 23 18

Page 5: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

Table I.

CIa. South Bloek Island-Nantucket Gu.lt 0 r kine Gape ShQre spring- Fall

3'1 1

38 2 1

" 2 6

39 , 12 a 9 23 14

40 16 30 2S

20 19 18 2

41 8 21 20 5 2

8 S 15 5 8

42 " 7 a fr 1

2 3- 5 U 1

4:3 2 4- i " 1 ~ .2

44 1 1 3 a ~.' (~I

1 3 1

4S 1

1 1

46 1·

47 1 2 4

48 1

49

so 124 126 45 25

Page 6: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

It. is imm.ediately oby10u. that both 8_ples of mackerel !rom.

the Cape Shore or Nova Scotiflll cOB.at are larger f.'cJld olCier th6.n the

American sempl... The results o.f the Canadiu Fl.sherie. EJtpedition

in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute

abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia. Uar.u1ew1g.

who analy •• d the catches ot fish eggs taken, had the opinion that t.he

chance. o( eggs sPawned on this caut ever developing into young fiah

•• re "fery _6.11. Casting around. for the 1)lau&1ble epa.nag ground.

ftZld nursery, which .tooks this area" it is llt.<tUre.l to look with tavor

on tha Gqlf' o! st. Lawrence liB the nearest GlAd must l1kely t.o pl"oduce

the fiah caught not liD tar .. way orf Novs Scotia.

If W. 8uppo.e this to be the ,cUe, conditions favorable and I

unfavorable tor the production of mackerel haTe not bean alike over ~.

,period wring whicb the mackerel here unuer consiaeratiol1 were produced..

It may be that the Cape SilOre 88lllples are two few to bear Iluch weight,

and that they Nay have been t&ken when only larle tiah .ere available.

But it would 8eem that in aeventy iJ~di vidual. one or two represenbti ves

of the ellJallar sue would appear, it that £mall.~aile were actu(.1.l1y in I

the stock. But none whatever approaches the lower liJdt ot the f're-

queRe! distribution tor American fiBh. In tact the lower limit ot Cape

Shore distribution reach .. only to the !lj.od.6 of the Jijae.rican ruge.

The chief spawning areas haviDg been established ae the Gulf

of st. lawrence, the bight east of the J.rse~ coa.st and south ot Long

!aland, nnci Mua.chua.ttl Bay 1 it is not unlikely to suppose that it

racial d.ifference. do exist, they will moat logic~J.lly be found by

Page 7: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

-5-

oOlllparing !ish froa the hypothet.ical .tock froll the Gulf or st.

le.wrence end. from lIaasacbu.etta Bay)" and southward. This has been

the •• thod of procedure. and the most out.tanding (liftereneea it any

.ere to be expee.ted be1.wfiU Cape Shore mackerel uei AIlerican lIIackerel.

Tathbr than within the American stock itself.

The fish w.re in all cues e:mllin.ed in a fre.h condition and all

OOWlts and. measurement,,-ere luade by the writer. AI!. due eare was taken

when me(tSUT8Dl&nts .ere aade l they were not recheeked. but the rin' and

gil~ raker counts were made twice.

Th. total length frequencies pressnteQ the illitial CtUle tor ad­

jUStlll611t, .s widely 8.parflteci eiz8 limits occurred in the collective

8amples. Th. frequencies below illustrate the sise classes that were

established on their basil.

Page 8: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

~--------------------------------------------------~l

It wUl oe .een that from all localities, theTa is a representation

of samples u'ithin the lind to 40 .. 5 cm. - 43.0 em. and it ft. this ranp ,

which determined the three claa~e8 into which the fish were relegated:

1. Fish 18&8 than 40.5 em. in length

2. Fiah 40.5 G. and gnater. out not more thsJl 43.0 ca.

3. fi_h greatlftr than 43.0 em. in length

j'or purpOliu of obtaining h.blly smooth curves. l_gthe were used

to the nearest half' centimeter, 'but as fish .. ere mea~ur.o. to the ne&rest

MillilAet.er J the elUB 1Wtswere JUlc ... arily refined. rurther, and in

the lIIuuYlJis tha,Y .ere: lees than 40.3 em., 40.S - 43.2 em. 1 greliter thaa

43.2 elill.

Characters e;x.uined are liated as follo1fs:

1. Total length

2.. Lengtb or hea.d (tip of snout ico moet posteri()T edgs of operculu •• )

3. In.ertion of first d.onal fin (Fin held vertical)

4. " .. eeeond II If .. .. .. " " anal IJ .. "

fin Counts:

6. Number of' hard spin •• in first doraalfin (All eounteu as hard)

7. NUlIiber of ha.rd. spine. and sort n,Y8 in •• cond dorsal fin. III were c-oWlted togethor, then first was deaignated I..

one hard apine,.

8. Number or. t.rd .pine.. and Boft raYII in anal fin. All fire aO\Ulte.4 togeth(;r, then t"ir::-1t was deaignat.d. u one hard apine 't,ogather with deta.cheu apine immedb.taly behind aJlU8 ..

9. NUlilber of dor8al and vanirnl rilllet&. Wh.a the first rWet was attached to the ~re antsrior fin firmly enough to abow

a cOJUleeting: fold or Skin. and to be aOTed when the tia w~drawn fonrard, it was. coneidered and oounted as the lut

ra:t of the respeotiye anterior fin.

Page 9: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

..

Gill Raker Count.:

10. The number or rakel"B Oil first doreal anel ventral gill arch of bo~h aide. were countea. Nothing was counted as a gill raker unless it w&s positively a hard .tructure or showed the fine hair like etrl:'linera a5 on lc .. rger rakers.

11. The ht'light of the n,;ker artie ulat ing with the joint betwe.n the dorsal and ventral arche~ was measured.

12. Sex and goner~l conaition of gonads noted..

:tn ell cU.ss, whera l)f'acticable, the fish he lteuured lying on its

right side; unu 1.l&a8Ureruellilt of the left aida were taken.. All body

14fiilasuremant. and rin count e VierG xnada on fresh sped.ems. All gill

rakar count. were made after 't,;he gills had bean prollorved in tormalin.

Page 10: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

,

-8-

'The fiah ueed WitT_ obtained froll the following loctilities:

Ta.ble II.

Sample Loc:all ty Takea NumbeT

Uethod. uaed NUlIoer ~ndition in taking

61.e

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 6. 6b ,. 'I. S. 9.

10. lL 13. 12. 14~ 15. '16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

South Jereey Coast South Jersey Coaet South Jersey Cout orr Sand) Hook Off Sandy Hook orr Saruly Hook Of f Sandy nook otr ~an"j hook orr Senay Book orr SnndJ' Hook Near Nantucket Lehp. ~ar Nantucket ub.p. orr Block II;. Helifax1N.S. Lshp. Halifax U. S. lAhp Near Kantucket U!hp. orr NGntucket Lsbp. orr Bloc k Island orr ~ZMtuek:st lAJhp. or.r Chatham or r Chatham South Channel orr Chatham orr Chath&la Hubb&rds COTe. lI.S.

MIiL~ 2, 1928 tlay :3, 1928 MB.1' 'f. 1~ ~b

Gill llilt

Gi11-net Gill net Purse seine Pune seine

May 10,1926 Pune eeine lJay 10.1928 Purse seine lIay 10, 1~.2.S P\ire~ .ein~ Uay 14.1928 Pur~e seina Uay I"/ .. lS28 Purse 8eine May 31.1928 Purse seine June 4. 1928 Puree seine June 4, 1928 Punt} se1ne Juno 6. 1928 Pursesein. June St 1926 Puna seine JUlu~ 8, L28 Purse .eine June ll. 1928 Pu·Tee &eine June 12 J 1928 Puna .eine June 14, 1928 Puree seine July 31. 1928 Pu.nse .eine Augus.t :2. 1928 Pu.ne aej,ne .Auguot 2 J 1928 Pllra8 aeine AuguBt 5, 1928 Purse seine August 5. 1928 Puree seine Octo. 1, 1928 Gill net

5 4,

6: 20 36

2

" 3 2

oW 20 IS 25 25 20 15 25 25 20 35 20 15 30 26 25

Good GeOQ" Good Good. Good Fair Fair Fa.ir Poor Good. Good Good Good Good Good Good Fair Poor Poor Good Good

. C'7i)od Good Good Good

In a rigid lIil& for ai~e c,omparieol1, only rial! betw.en COllmlOn

lIediua Vedi_ M.diu. llecU"UJI Spike Mediua llediwa Yediwa Spike liediu Uedium Madi_ llecUua " ,.' Lar,e Large Medium Ue4iwa Spike MecU.WI Wedi_ llediua Mod.iua Media Kodia Lar,o

limits should be ~OIlIttareciJ until it can be 6:10wn the:t the aile of the fish

has no bearing on the v,,,,lu6 Hnd m.agnitude or the characters.

The sbe8 of the sUI,les froa any section wen not large 1 so it

was .eel'! to' be Very iaportant t.o mske ... few SUWiTisiou &8 possible

in order to keep the compa.rable number. &Z large as could be judiciously

done. (Comparison of the oharnc1;6re in t.he two Be~.8 wu _de, • .no. as 1'W

difference co·uld be llot$O" the sf'.mplas ware Hot eeparded on thI;t basi •• )

,

Page 11: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

".4;

-9-

If it could be allown that fieil of cl.iUererrc aitea within e. locality

it. would be possible to maas all u.Llplee trom tl1{;.t locality and cOIEFare

t.bem as a whole .ith thli fish from any othor localUy simile.rly pT8sentecl.

thus gtdning tAG benefit of uvirJ.g the entire 8EJ1pl&~

86.rly ill. lifa W1U l1.f·e le~st likel: to ehE;..l1ge witli increuwg age. These

are the vLdo Wi fin counts" the vertebret count I the Unlet ()oun ts and.

Ceolllll.on integr~ me&n by 1. Tho average count of s!lines in the first dOTe.l i

fin of ill adult ri5~\rr;.ried from 10.6'1 to 11.21. Only the aV8tf .. geeount

on apikus devihted .ore than C. 50 froll 11.0D.

The average co'mt of rayo in tho second dorsal rin of all Ush.

both young and adult., centered about 11. s,nd 'only once was the nearest

integer, 10, t.he item em,~d.ng this ns ~2 h.igh as 10.4'1, however.

T~G 6.vtln.gy count 0 r rays in the unal Un of young Mil f).dult

fish c4U1tere(\ about 11 and in no c~.se Wli.S ani otikr whole number the

nearest integer.

Gill raker counts were 811ghtl~' irdicv:tive or a distinct rae.

existing on the Cape:> Sr.ore. The average total numLer orgill rnkere for

South. Block Isiand a.nd Gulf or lfE.ine J Wfl.S 1l0al'$r the integer 51 1;1'\&11 any

other. with the, exeelttil)u of -t..ha South I elass l which was. 50.38. pbcing

Page 12: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

-10-

it nQRr6i:r 50 than !il. Both SU$ classes in the Cape Shore 8-amtil ••

Th~ numbor of' dorsal and. Yi>ntrEi.l riulets titr>8 u, hopeful leau.

and. is &. cutd'acter which should b$ DlOrG car6full~ lim te, and counted..

The p~rcent. of t.he total number 0 r fist. [ro!ol e~cll sector ha.ving 8ix

flnbt.. follows. Six was -.. hs nsxt high 111.WlOer aft.er r iV6, which most

Ush had ..

Dorsal ~ !~umi;iar .2L fi8h

South l.l9 0.00 84

Bloclt I. 1.61 0.8l 124

G'llf ?! UuinE; O. 'I 'I 1.55 129

C~;.e Shore ~.31 2 t";.) ... 4. 45

Vertebra coant$,;er& not nw.de because of lack 0 r tim~ liWd

tacillti0e for rrtakiJtc theu. On uaDlPle 22, Cape Shore fieh in the fall,

them as evidence Guppor-tiug -~11e rf.>.ci~ hypothesis. Th~ ono GtUn,l>le of

Cape Sho~:8e we.ckerel t~ka;:~ in i.h~ rill \V$.r.: liOt. COl18illt&nt • .i~h '~hu apring

of regular Gulf' or St. I.e~renco fich th<_t h.,v" fltraYGd in from the nonhoui.

l

Page 13: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

! I

-11 ...

and. or Gulf 0: t:ail;.e fish coming from the sout.b Hn<J. .... t. If so, the

charactdl"" Ql~ t.his w.xvu.~ e shou.ld ;;;i;s,nd in u middle position between any

ObSiU"Y8a dirterencos 0 r l.Lei;c i501",.-I.; ad oOILponents.. But this Goes not occur.

Their place i8 erratic and r find aliVlt cf'1unce to ruJUl hn interpret~t1OA

or it. The 881ll$ is true of the ()thor sectors to a les5 degree. The

probable e[Tuft; ar_ found to b<: contintiulli QVGrl~PliJ:Lg and. to be indicll.t!ft

of an iHs(tpara.'Dle popul"tion. The. problem 0 r clearing up the racial statue

of t~H;1 North ilJlL6ricW,l mackerel CI:.Il he \,Lont; "byi.exrurinilie_,ffiore fish f\lld 1n

tbis llao. ticul~ study. 7Jhen the writer hes. tacoma lIlora (amiliar 'dth

an&lyaing lds data.

Page 14: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

p> r

i -

~~~~~-~.-----------~ --

Report of

A Racial Study of Mackerel

during the Academic Year 1928-1929

at Harvard University.

by Edward W. Bailey.

Page 15: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

------,.-------------- ----- ----

-1-

The disentangling of the components making up the North fl.tlantic

mackerel stoc k was concei vaG to be made more intelligent by ft study of

the populations comprising the stock. Covering, 8.S it does, a stretch

of coast from Virginia to Newfoundland, the fishery might well be draw-

ing on several different populations from as many rough geographic sections.

Populations suggested races, and evidence was found to give weight to the

premise. The most southerly end of the fishery is occupied by the fltkt

presumably at the time when mackerel first show on the surface in the

spring. The surface teml)erature is then about 8-100 C. The fish do not

appear in water much colrier than this, and as the warming proceeds north

and east alone; the coast, the fishery follows it. The flat illtckes catches

continuously from around 380 N along the coast to the west side of

Nantucket Shoals. Here the continuity breaks for in this region the

shallow, turbulent water makes fishing unpleasant and costly. Seines 0' .......... f",--" <~ ~~-"r. [--:~<"~t; ,-/

teB,r.l'.and are difficult to handle, tli:sFs-&f'eCnwnerous ~hoals; and the ~~-'-'--- - ~ ... " .. '. "

locality is not at 8,11 inviting. Netters do not fish there for ~. ~",.·.~ .. Xl)..,'\._

-&t!!fI'fe reasons. Consequently this is a barren spot as far as the fishery

is concerned. A few catches are made here, however, when scarcity in

other places tiersuades the fishermen to try the Shoals. \'lhether there

are fish here during the spawning season is not known but for purposes

of establishing it as a hatch8ry for mackerel it is inconsequential, as

whatever eggs were spawned would be swept away by the tiues in a few

hours. However, Nantuck at Shoals were considered ft. di vice between two

populdions in this preliminary work.

Page 16: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

-2-

From the eastern edge of the Shoals, fishing is practically con-

tinuous northward to Monhega.n, where a long gap begins in which the

runount of mackerel taken iS1:iUi te unimportant. The gap continues to

the western enQ of the Nova Scoti811 peninsula, where pound nets take

fa.ir numbers of mackerel during the spring. On the Atlantic coast of

Nova Scotia, mackerel are so abundant that it has been the custom of

the seining fleet to go there in June for their fish when catches are

becoming smaller and more infre'iuent off New England. This'fishery

lasts only a few weeks for very shortly the schools have left the region.

Pound nets take catches throughout the summer around Cape Breton Island

and in the southern side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. VJhether Gape Breton

Island sepa,rates two populations of mackerel is not known, but studies

of characteristics made on fish from the Gulf of st. Lawrence should

cl ear the point.

The mackerel used in the study of racial chcracteristics during

1928 were derived from the comrnerciHl catch, their majority being taken

from purse seine hauls. The total of 440 individual fish examined is

made of 379 adults and 61 "spikes" or mackerel in juvenile stages. As

the season progressed, the seining fleet changed their fishing loc8J.itiy s

to proc ure a-maximum catch E:.S is the custom in thisjrishery, and as a result,

the samples have been divided in accordance with the locality of their j.- :-~

capture. Two of these ~ the Gulf of Maine which includes waters from

Nantucket Shoals, east and north to the Bay of Fundy, and the Gape Shore,

by which term the East coast of Nova Scotia is designa.ted, are ra.ther well

separated from eac10ther and from the others by bottom contours. The Block

Page 17: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

-3-

Island and Southern divisions were made not because of a distinct

natural divide but largely because of a seeming difference in the

preceding years t catches from these loc8.lities.

The composition of the material studied then was as follows:

Locality Adults Juveniles

South 84 38

Block Island-Nantucket 124 23

Gulf 0 f Maine 126

Cape Shore 45 ~ll-

The size distribution is shown in Table I. A

Table 1. ~----'-'I --~---r--------'~--~-------'-

Cm. South Block Island-Nantucket

A 37 1 , i

38

i -;

! ,

44~--~'-- -1

1 1 1

47 2 2

48

49 1

50

84 124 126 45 25.

Page 18: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

(

/

I

-4-

It is imrllediately obvious that both samples e-f ttlEeek~l from ,,-.~~ ~cJ~LA..J--C·

"1 tl the Cape Shore or Nova Scotian C08st are .. ,larger 2nd olCier than tho-:...t-r,

American samples. The results of the Canadian Fisheries Expedition

in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, showed an almost absolute

absence of mackerel eggs on the east coast of Nova Scotia. Dannewig,

who analyzed the catches of fish eggs taken, had the opinion that the

chances of eggs spawned on this coast ever developing into young fish

were very smE.ll. Casting around for the plausible spawning gr-ound

and nursery .. which stocks this area, it is mdural to look with favor

on the Gulf 0 f st. Lawrence as the nearest and most likely to produce

the fish caught not so far away off Nova Scotia.

If we suppose this to be the case, conditions favorable and ,:,..... 011. 'V\..o..v'I.N_4"'--'-~

unfavorable for the production of mackerel have not been alikef\.over the

period during which the mackerel here uno.er consio.er&tion were proQuced.

//~t may be that the Cape Shore samples are 1ao fevJ to bear much weight, ,/'

and that they luay have been t&ken when only large fish were available.

But it would seem t.hat in seventy ir,dividuals one or two representatives

of the smaller size would appear, if that smaller!size were actually in

the stock. But none whatever approaches the lower limit of the fre-

quency distribution for American fish. In fact the lower limit of CEi_pe

Shore distribution reaches only to the mode of the AmericEill range.

The chief spawning areas having been established as the Gulf

of st. Lawrence, the bight east of the Jersey coast and south of Long

Island, <ind Massachusetts Bay, it is not unlikely to suppose that if

Page 19: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

-----..--~~----------~--~---- -~-- ~-----

-5-

comparing fish from the hypothetical stock from the Gulf of st.

Lawrencel'fnd from Massachusetts Bay, and south.vard. Tids has been

the method of procedure, and the most outstanding liifferences if any

were to be expected between Cfl_pe Shore mackerel anu American mackerel,

rather than within the American stock itself.

The fish were in all cases examined in a fresh condition and all

counts and measurements~ere made by the writer. As c.ue cl:re was taken

when measurements were made, they were not rechecked, but the fin and

gill raker counts were made twice.

The total length frequencies presenteci the initiol case for ad-A-o..-~ L'"V\,,/l,,-t~~ (/a,-\-~

justment, as w-i,-~ 68pl rei eM size limits occurred in the cQJ.l"stive

established on their basis.

Page 20: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

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Page 21: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

-6-

It will be seen that from all localities, there is a representation

of sruaples within the limits 40.5 cm. - 43.0 cm. and it was this range

which determined the three classes into vvhich the fish were relegated:

1. Fish less than 40.5 cm. in length

2. Fish 40.5 cm. 2nd greater, but not more than 43.0 cm.

3. Fish greater than 43.0 cm. in length

Characters examined are listed as follows:

Body Measurements:

1. Total length

2. Length of head (tip of snout to most posterior edge of operculum.)

3. Insertion of first dorsal fin (Fin held vertical)

4. " " second " 01 " II "

5. " .,

~mal " 11 " " '1

Fin Counts:

6. Number. of hard spines in first dorsa*in (All counted as hard)

7. NWilber of hard spines and soft rays in second dorsal fin. (All were coun~eci together, then .first was designated 8.S ) \.. one hard SIune.

8. Number of hard spines and soft rays in anfll fin. (All were counted together, then first was designsted as one hard , spine together -v'!ith detached sf,ine immeciiE<iely b8hind anus oJ

9. Number of dorsal and ventn.l finlets. Y[henthe first finlet was attached to the more antE:rior fin firmly enough to show

a cpnnecting fold of skin, ~md to be moved when the fin whsJirawn forvvard, it was considered and counted as the last

ray of the respective anterior fin.

Page 22: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

/'

-7-

Gill Raker Counts:

10.

11.

orLr, ~t 12.

The number of r~kers on first dorsal and ventral Sill arch of both sides were counted. No~hing was counted as... a gill raker unless it was pos Hively a herd structure

CJ...;ItirN. showed the fine hair like strhiners as on lExger r8kers.

The height of the rE.ker articuh,ting with the joint between the dorsa.l and ventrEl arches wes measured.

Sex and general condition of gonads noted.

In all cases where practicable, the fish was lileEcsure~ lyi~g on its

right side, ,mci measurement:; of the left side were tHken. All body

measurementK and fin counts were made on fresh speciments. All gill

raker counts were made Efter the gills had been preserved in formalin.

Page 23: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

Sample Nu,'TIber

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 6a 6b 6c 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 13. 12. 14. 15.

--""'1.6. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

-8-

The fish used "vere obtained from the following locFli ties:

Table II.

LOCfclity Taken De,te Uethod used Number Condition Size in taking

South Jersey Coast (Ull net 5 Good JI,Iedium South Jersey Coast May 2, 1928 Gill net 4 Good- Medi1:l.m South Jersey Coast May 3, 1928 Gill net 6 Good Medium Of f Sa.ndy Hook May '{ , l';1;itl Pur·se se.Lne 20 Good IJeuium Off Sf-mdy Hook Purse seine 36 Good Spike 0"

Off Sandy Hook May 10,1928 Purse seine 2 F8.ir I!Iediurn Off Sa.ndy Hook May 10,1928 Purse seine 4 Fair Medium Ofr Shndy Hook May 10,1928 Purse seine 3 Fair Med.ium Off Sandy Fook tray 14,1928 Purse seine 2 Poor Spike Off SLndy Hook 1,1E,y 1'7, lS28 Purse seine 40 Good Medium Near Nantucket LstJp. May 31,1928 Purse seine 20 Good lIedium NeB.r IIElnt uck et Lshp. June 4, 1928 Purse seine 19 Good t:edium Off Block Is. June 4, 1928 Purse seine 25 Good Medium " ,.' Halife,x, N. S. Lshp. June 6, 1928 Purse seine 25 Good Large HalifE.x N.S. Lshp June 8, In8 Purse seine 20 Good Large Neo.r Nantucket Lshp. June 8 , 1':~·28 Purse seine 15 Good Medium Orf NELntuck et Lshp. June 11, 1928 Pur5e s6ine 25 Fair Medium Ofr Block Island June 12, 1928 Purse seine 25 Poor Si-Jike Orf Nantuck et Lshp. June 14, 1928 Purse seine 20 Poor 1lea.ium Orf Chatham July 31, 1928 Purse seine 35 Good Medium Of f. Chatham Au(;ust r. 1928 Purse seine 20 Good Medium tG,

South Channel August 2, 1928 Purse seine 15 Good Medium Ofr Chatham August 5 1928 Purse seine 30 Good "'11" J. , Meal.Um Off Chatham August 5, 1928 Purse seine 26 Good ]j:edium Hubbards Cove, t-,T.S. Octo. 1, B28 Gill net 25 Good LE.rge

In a rigid size for size comparison, only fish between common

limits should be com}'ared, until it can be shown thr:t the size of the fish

has no bearing on the volue and magnitude of the clmracters.

The sizes of the samples from any section were not large, so it

was seen to be very important to make as rew subdivisions as possible

in order to keep the comparable numbers as large as could be judiciously

done. \Comparis on of the characters in the two sexes was made, and 8.S no

difference could be noted, the samples were not separ&ted on that basis.]

,/

Page 24: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

. , -9-

If it could be shovm that fisL of different sizes within a locality

did not exhibit different values and magnitudes of the characters, then

it would be possible to mass all samples from tllfd locality and compare

them as a. whole with the fish from any other lOCEtlity similarly presented,

thus gt~inine; the benefit of using the entire sample.

The most reliable charac.ters to study are those which are formed

early in life SDd are least likely to change with increasing age. These

are the various fin counts, the vertebra count, the finlet counts and

the gill raker counts. In these counts v6ry small differences were always ~'I,.~i\...~ I

present but only in very f bW cases were the differellces .iliil It'tPg6 ere tv

fin of all adult fish~hried

. The average counts?f.:-ays in t~e an§l.l fin of y?ung. and aSiult ~ ~ ~Cl-'\l't.",X ... ~, 'J c.Ll.t 4· (lK4 ~. q.",,~~ f;<.V.I4<"A~' L j-v;;~x ~.

fish G8}1;tspea-B.flslsl-t II !ii~{,j, i~ ~9 Q6teG W&& ~y otlwr wln_ fHmteei -efte '\.

Gill raker counts were slightly indicative of a Eii Ii' J J:t race ,

existing on the Gape Shore. Thlrt .. ~~e~~gff~.t~41~~~~~~~"~~,~Of gill rEC~

South~,Block Islahd and Gulfbf Maine ,'was '.nearer .. }he i;ItErgeJ,:~~ than any -"--, ",,- " -- -~-'''' •. "~.~ .• """,,, -='~'-"",,"J

other, with ~;~-excepti~~"'~f"-Ufe"South i"c'la~8, which was·-;-().3S, pl::~'i'flg

~~~~ ~ ~ .~ ~ o,;.~ ~~ ~ ~U <k .. J ~~ ... , ~ .A-~!;c.d~~~~~~~ ~~~ "v, ~ , :-Uv... ~ h-"" ~"" ......J ~~ ~~,~ ~ OJ\.L ~J..~~kacs--~) ~~

Page 25: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

t~~f~~ ~ 1/. b</- t.O g' J 6,8, i ,oq

1/.10 :. .Ot,

/ o. ~& -::.6 9

/0/10'" 1.: ,O~

II. II t ,07

10,93 t.oto

/I. /2 :!:, / 0

1/.;2-0 f.,o?

/ o· ~ 7 :. IJ

Page 26: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

~~_2~_.~~~/ Q,rlv"Ltl AN tv ~tvV

\l

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403-t.f..32~

lo.eo ±.o<j

I 0 • :s&~ :!: ,() ~

/0.90 :,03

/ 0.'-/ 71:. .11

I I, 00 t . II

Page 27: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

• I

lo,~a ~()'f

IO.t? :.O? /I. au ! .03

/{J,13 t ,03

10. Cj(,

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Page 28: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

.P i .. ~~(~

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-m. iDi + .1..r1 s/·()Z + ., L/-q I I il I ~ ,171 4 . 17/ i,..rO,O\.(. -t J""D, 3 ~ ! ,

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'iq . .[It t .2,1J- .rO,D'" ± .279

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Page 29: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

------~- -------- - ----- -- --

The number of dorsal and ventral finlets was a hopeful lead,

and is a character which should be more carefully limited and counted.

The IJercent of the total number of fish from each sector having six

[,':""" ~}"\"'"~"M'{ finlets follows. Six was the next high~umoer? after five, which most

~-.. -~ "r",_,

fish had.

Dorsal Anal Number .21. fish

South 1.19 0.00 84

Block I. 1.61 0.81 124

Gulf of Maine 0.77 1.55 129

Cape Shore 13.31 2.22 45

Vertebra counts were not made because of lack of time and

facilities for making them. On sample 22, Gape Shore fish in the fall,

the count was made and from 25 fish, one only was found to have 29

vertebrae, the rest having 3~/l More counts on Gulf of Maine and Block ~,~

Islarld fish will be Dlade~ring the coming summer to COllil,are with these. (CO"'~_~,_,,, .. __ '"'C_~""'~~ .. ~" .. ~~-.. '-'~:;;; ......... '_~"~_~" .. ~ __ ~~

~ hypural ..... not"included in tWa czdaL.

Examination of proportional length measurements did not presen,t , ~ ,<

them as evidence supporting the racial hypothesis .ILJhe one sam~~';f~r~}'" Cape Shore ;7lackerel taken in the fall was not consistent with the Springtt':J,.,iu­

samples in the anE,lysis of any character. It might be supposed that the

fall body of fish of which this presumably is a representative, is a mixture

of regular Gulf of st. Lawrence fish that have strayed in from the northeast,

Page 30: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

~~

~J-",-- . -< 4-O.<.J~~ '10.~· 4-'Jo ~ > 'f-l 0 ~t..r • '~-~ ~~ ----~" .• -

~it 00. ~a -:'./1 .Fo.n !. .J 1. i

~~.l, ..ro· ~ ± .10 ~ of I i ~O • ..rr7 - ,1/

l I

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Page 31: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

-11-

and of Gulf of Maine fish coming from the south and we06t. If so, the

characters of this mixtule should stand in a middle position between any

observed differences of their isolated components. But this does not occur.

Their place is erratic and I find slight chance to make an interpreta"tion

of it. The same is true of the other sectors to a less degree. The

probable errolS are found to be continaully overl&plJing and to be indicative

~.

! of an inseparable popUlation. The problem of clearing up the racial status i

! of the North American mackerel can be oonc by excunining"more fish and in I

I this particular study, when the writer has become more familiar with ,

~analYXing his data.

~1 \\ '<i~;. AOro

Page 32: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

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Page 33: Report of - National Oceanic and Atmospheric …...in 1914-15 under the direction of Dr. Hjort, &hQ.ed an almoet absolute abeence of aackerel eggs on the east coast or Novu Scotia

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