report ntpc shiv141118121
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
1/46
ABSTRACT
to meet the power demands of the country, it is required
to set up new project, time to time so that demand and
generation gap may be narrowed but most important is
to full utilization of eisting capacity !this may be
possible only by increasing the reliability, a"ailability,
maintainability of power generation units and by
operating the units at its full capacity!
This "ocational training report is concerned with the
o"erall operation of the plant, water treatment in the
plant and thermodynamic cycles used in #T$C, Auraiya
gas power station!
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
2/46
A%#&'()*+))#T
A summer project is a golden opportunity for learning and self development . Iconsider myself very lucky and honored to have a opportunity provided by
NTPC.
I wish to epress my indebted gratitude and special thanks to ! MR. M.K.
Sharma sir" MANAGER (HR-EDC) NTPC, auraiya! who in spite of being
etraordinarily busy with his duties" took time to manage the whole summer
training in proper way and allowing me to carry out my industrial training work at their esteemed organi#ation.
A humble $Thank you% &ir.
It is my glowing feeling to place on record my best regards" deepest sense of
gratitude to all the engineers 'associated in NTPC( for their judicious and
precious lectures and guidance about the operation of power plant. which were
etremely valuable for my study both theoretically and practically.
I epress my deepest thanks to R! S!%! -erma sir for their guidance and
support. )e supported to us by showing different method of information
collection about the company. )e helped all time when we needed and he gave
right direction toward completion of project.
At the last but not least my humble thanks to all who helped me in complearing
my summer training project.
(Shivendra kumar)
Place:- NTPC dibiyapur auraiya
Date:- 080!"0#$
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
3/46
-:C%NTENTS:-
.#TR&*/CT. T& #T$C
T&TA( .#STA(()* CA$AC.T0 &1 #T$C
.#TR&*/CT. &1 #T$C,A/RA.0A +AS
$&')R STAT.
C&B.#)* C0C() A#* C&B.#)* C0C()
$(A#T
A.R C&$R)SS&R A#* C&B/ST.C2AB)R
1/()S
T/RB.#)S A#* +AS T/RB.#) (A0&/T &1
#T$C, A/RA.0A
B&.()RS A#* 'AST) 2)AT R)C&-)R0
B&.()RS
B&.()R )C&.S)R A#* 'AST) 2)AT
R)C&-)R0
'AT)R TR)AT)#T $(A#T,ST&RA+) A#*
R)S&RC)S
ST)A T/RB.#)
-&(TA+) +)#)RAT&R
$ASS&/T &R )3TRACT.& T/RB.#)
C.RC/(AT.#+ 'AT)R $/$ A#* *)A)RAT&R
C&&(.#+ S0ST)
CTR&() S0ST) &1 T2) $(A#T
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
4/46
)()CTR.CA( A#* S'.TC20AR* *)$ART)#T
*)111)R)#T T0$) &1 )4/.$)#T /S)* .#
S/B STAT.SCC(/S.
R)11)R)#C)
&NTR%D'CT&%N:-
1igure 56 image from main plant #T$C auraiya
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
5/46
NTPC Limited (formerly known as National Thermal Power
Corporation Limited) is a Central Public Sector Undertaking
(CPSU) under the inistry of Power! "o#ernment of $ndia% $t is
the largest power company in $ndia with an electric power
generating capacity of &'!* +% ,lthough the company has
appro-% *. of the total national capacity it contributes to o#er
/. of total power generation due to its focus on operating its
power plants at higher e0ciency le#els (appro-% *'. against
the national P*+ rate of /*.)
$t was founded by Ger*me*t + &*ia in 1/2! which held /2. of
its e3uity shares on ' arch 4' (after di#estment of its
stake in 44&! 44 and 4')%
$n ay 44! NTPC was conferred Maharat*a status by the Union
"o#ernment of $ndia% $t is listed in re/ Ga "000 for 4& at
&&th rank in the world%
NTPC &N &ND&AN P%1ER SECT%R:-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_load_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharatnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharatnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_load_factor
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
6/46
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
7/46
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
8/46
Presently" NTPC generates power from Coal and ,as. -ith an installed capacity
of 23,#"8 M1" NTPC is the lairgest power generating major in the country. It
has also diversified into hydro power" coal mining" power euipment
manufacturing" oil / gas eploration" power trading / distribution. -ith anincreasing presence in the power value chain" NTPC is well on its way to
becoming an 0Integrated Power 1ajor.2
.#STA(()* CA$AC.T0 56
Present installed capacity of NTPC is 34"567 1- 'including 8"9:3 1- through ; coal based and one gas based( and : renewable
energy projects.
N?. ?+ P*ANT& CAPACIT@ '1-(
NTPC ?wned
Coal 5: 44"58
,as=*iuid +uel : 3"33Benewable energy projects : 98
Total 45 4:"583
?wned y ;"5
Total 4:"39 8"973 98 34"567
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
9/46
PR%7ECT PR%&E:-
C%A 9ASED P%1ER STAT&%NS:-
-ith 5: coal based power stations" NTPC is the largest thermal power generating
company in the country. The company has a coal based installed capacity of 44"58 1-.
C?A* A&DF'?wned by NTPC( &TATDC?11I&&I?NDF
CAPACIT@'1-(
5. &ingrauli Gttar Pradesh 6"
6. Horba Chhattisgarh 6">
4. Bamagundam Telangana 6">
3. +arakka -est engal 6"5
8. >
Total 44"58
Ca 9a/e 7i*t e*ture/:
http://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=296&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=297&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=298&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=299&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=300&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=301&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=302&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=303&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=304&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=305&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=306&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=307&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=308&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=375&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=402&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=&Itemid=&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=&Itemid=&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=296&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=297&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=298&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=299&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=300&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=301&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=302&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=303&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=304&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=305&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=306&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=307&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=308&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=375&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=402&Itemid=83&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=&Itemid=&lang=enhttp://www.ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=&Itemid=&lang=en
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
10/46
C?A* A&DF '?wned by
;
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
11/46
$ndia5s current capacity of 9::,;:
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
12/46
1igure 56 image from main plant #T$C auraiya
NTPC Auraiya is located at Fibiyapur in Auraiya district in the Indian state
of Gttar Pradesh. The power plant is one of the gas based power plantsof NTPC. The plant has 3 gas turbine',T( and 6 steam turbine '&T(with 3 waste
heat recovery boiler'-)B(.The gas for the power plant is sourced
from ,AI* ); Pipeline E &outh asin ,as field. &ource of water for the power
plant is Auraiya E Dtawah Canal. Plant is basically devided in to two module and
each module has 6,Tand 5&T and 6-)B and their capacities are as follows
M%D'E #:-
,as turbine capacity 6J555.59 1-
&team turbine capacity 59.4 1-
Total module5 capacity 445.>7 1-
M%D'E ":-
&ame as module 5
Total module6 capacity 4445.>7 1-
T%TA PANT CAPAC&T;:
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
13/46
CA$AC.T0 56
&tag
e
Gnit
Number
Installed Capacity
'1-(
Fate of
Commissioning
,T = &
T
5st 5 555.59 5979 1arch ,T
5st 6 555.59 5979 ;uly ,T
5st 4 555.59 5979 August ,T
5st 3 555.59 5979 &eptember ,T
5st 8 59.4 5979 Fecember &T
5st > 59.4 599 ;une &T
Total &i >>4.4>
THE 9AS&C D&AGRAM % ARRANGEMENT %
'N&TS &N A'RA&;A GAS P%1ER PANT:-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Turbine
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
14/46
STAT&%N CAPAC&T;
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
15/46
1igure 56combined cycle diagram
C&B.#)* C0C() $(A#TS56
The Combined Cycle $ower $lant or combined cycle gas
turbine, a gas turbine generator generates electricity
and waste heat is used to maEe steam to generate
additional electricity "ia a steam turbine! The gas
turbine is one of the most eFcient one for the
con"ersion of gas fuels to mechanical power or
electricity! The use of distillate liquid fuels, usually
diesel, is also common as alternate fuels!
ore recently, as simple cycle eFciencies ha"e
impro"ed and as natural gas prices ha"e fallen, gas
turbines ha"e been more widely adopted for base load
power generation, especially in combined cycle mode,
where waste heat is reco"ered in waste heat boilers,and the steam used to produce additional electricity!
This system is Enown as a Combined Cycle! The basic
principle of the Combined Cycle is simple5 burning gas in
a gas turbine G+TH produces not only power I which can
be con"erted to electric power by a coupled generator I
but also fairly hot ehaust gases!
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/download-center/books-and-guides/power-substationshttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/energy-efficency-in-hospitals-steam-part-4http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/download-center/books-and-guides/power-substationshttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/energy-efficency-in-hospitals-steam-part-4
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
16/46
1igure 6 Combined cycle power plant scheme
Bouting these gases through a waterEcooled heat echanger produces steam"
which can be turned into electric power with a coupled steam turbine and
generator.
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
17/46
C%M9&NED C;CE %PERAT&%N AT NTPC
A'RA&;A:-
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
18/46
"as Turbine
"as Turbine Unit6
Steam Turbine Unit6
8P
LP
8 P S T 9 , ( 1 : S C !
& 1 2 ; C )
LP ST9, (2 :SC!
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
19/46
A&R C%MPRESS%R :-
in thermal power plant. Compressed air plays the vital role in every gas turbine
plant. ,as turbine is used in power plant to drive the generator" by which we can
produce electricity with other arrangements. Gsually rotary air compressor is
used with a gas turbine. 1ostly centrifugal compressors or
aial compressors are used.
There are 3 compressor in the plant.3 used in ,T and is used in emergency ,T.
These are 59 stages series compressor.
Cm5re//r 5re//r rati i/ :-
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
20/46
1igure56 combustion chamber of gas turbine
The combustion process increases the internal energy of a gas" which translates
into an increase in temperature" pressure" or volume This increase in pressure or
volume can be used to do work
'ES:-
1ainly two fuel are used in this gas power plant which are listed below
Natura 4a/
Ne5tha
Natural gas is supplied by GA&, iiya5ur and taken directly from the
pipeline which goes from ha#ira to jagdishpur.
The other fuel is supplied by I?C "Hanpur and 1athura
1igure56.&C( AT2/RA1igure56+A.( $ATA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
21/46
ST%RAGE CAPAC&T; %R NEPTHA:-
There are two tanks for storarig neptha fuel each having a capacity of 58H*.
There are three transfer pumps for loading fuel from tankers .the two pumps
works and third is auiliary. There twelve unloading pipes "thus twelve truck is
unloading at a time.
&+ turi*e i/ ru**i*4 at +u a the* it 6*/ume/ "0 K *e5tha +ue i* *e
hur
GAS T'R9&NE:-
A gas turbine" also called a combustion turbine" is a type of internal combustion
engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a
downstream turbine" and a combustion chamber inEbetween.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_chamber
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
22/46
1igure 56gas turbine
The basic operation of the gas turbine is similar to that of the steam power
plant ecept that air is used instead of water. +resh atmospheric air flows
through a compressor that brings it to higher pressure. Dnergy is then added by
spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so the combustion generates a highE
temperature flow. This highEtemperature highEpressure gas enters a turbine"where it epands down to the ehaust pressure" producing a shaft work output in
the process. The turbine shaft work is used to drive the compressor and other
devices such as an electric generator that may be coupled to the shaft. The
energy that is not used for shaft work comes out in the ehaust gases" so these
have either a high temperature or a high velocity. The purpose of the gas turbine
determines the design so that the most desirable energy form is maimi#ed. ,as
turbines are used to power aircraft" trains" ships" electrical generators" or
even tanks.
GAS T'R9&NE A;%'T % NTPC ,A'RA&;A:-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
23/46
,as turbine engines derive their power from burning fuel in a combustion
chamber and using the fast flowing combustion gases to drive a turbine in much
the same way as the high pressure steam drives a steam turbine.
?ne major difference however is that the gas turbine has a second turbine acting
as an air compressor mounted on the same shaft. The air turbine 'compressor(
draws in air" compresses it and feeds it at high pressure into the combustion
chamber increasing the intensity of the burning flame.
It is a positive feedback mechanism. As the gas turbine speeds up" it also causes
the compressor to speed up forcing more air through the combustion chamber
which in turn increases the burn rate of the fuel sending more high pressure hot
gases into the gas turbine increasing its speed even more.
Gncontrolled runaway is prevented by controls on the fuel supply line which
limit the amount of fuel fed to the turbine thus limiting its speed.
The thermodynamic process used by the 4a/ turi*e is known as the 9rayt*
6y6e. Analogous to the Carnot cycle in which the efficiency is maimised by
increasing the temperature difference of the working fluid between the input and
output of the machine" the rayton cycle efficiency is maimised by increasing
the pressure difference across the machine. The gas turbine is comprised of
http://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#braytonhttp://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#braytonhttp://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#carnothttp://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#braytonhttp://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#braytonhttp://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#carnot
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
24/46
three main components a compressor" a combustor" and a turbine. The working
fluid" air" is compressed in the compressor 'adiabatic compression E no heat gain
or loss(" then mied with fuel and burned by the combustor under constant
pressure conditions in the combustion chamber 'constant pressure heat
addition(. The resulting hot gas epands through the turbine to perform work
'adiabatic epansion(. 1uch of the power produced in the turbine is used to run
the compressor and the rest is available to run auiliary euipment and do
useful work. The system is an open system because the air is not reused so that
the fourth step in the cycle" cooling the working fluid" is omitted.
1igure 56gas turbine
,as turbines have a very high power to weight ratio and are lighter and smaller
than internal combustion engines of the same power. Though they are
mechanically simpler than reciprocating engines" their characteristics of highspeed and high temperature operation reuire high precision components and
eotic materials making them more epensive to manufacture.
)()CTR.CA( $&')R +)#)RAT.8
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
25/46
In electricity generating applications the turbine is used to drive a synchronous
generator which provides the electrical power output but because the turbine
normally operates at very high rotational speeds of 56" r.p.m or more it must
be connected to the generator through a high ratio reduction gear since the
generators run at speeds of 5" or 5"6 r.p.m. depending on the AC
freuency of the electricity grid.
T/RB.#) C.+/RAT.S56
,as turbine power generators are used in two basic configurations
&imple &ystems consisting of the gas turbine driving an electrical power
generator.
Combined Cycle &ystems which are designed for maimum efficiency in which
the hot ehaust gases from the gas turbine are used to raise steam to power a
steam turbine with both turbines being connected to electricity generators.
Turbine Performance
Turbine Power ?utput
To minimise the si#e and weight of the turbine for a given output power" theoutput per pound of airflow should be maimised. This is obtained by
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
26/46
maimising the air flow through the turbine which in turn depends on
maimising the pressure ratio between the air inlet and ehaust outlet. The main
factor governing this is the pressure ratio across the compressor which can be as
high as 35 in modern gas turbines. In simple cycle applications" pressure ratio
increases translate into efficiency gains at a given firing temperature" but there
is a limit since increasing the pressure ratio means that more energy will be
consumed by the compressor.
S 0ST) )11.C.)#C0 56
Thermal efficiency is important because it directly affects the fuel consumption
and operating costs.
S.$() C 0C() T/RB.#)S56
A gas turbine consumes considerable amounts of power just to drive its
compressor. As with all cyclic heat engines" a higher maimum working
temperature in the machine means greater efficiency 'CarnotLs *aw(" but in a
turbine it also means that more energy is lost as waste heat through the hot
ehaust gases whose temperatures are typically well over 5"MC .
Conseuently simple cycle turbine efficiencies are uite low. +or heavy plant"
design efficiencies range between 4K and 3K. 'The efficiencies of aero
engines are in the range 47K and 36K while low power microturbines
'5k-( achieve only 57K to 66K(. Although increasing the firing
temperature increases the output power at a given pressure ratio" there is also a
sacrifice of efficiency due to the increase in losses due to the cooling air reuired to maintain the turbine components at reasonable working
temperatures.
C&B.#)* C 0C() T/RB.#)S56
http://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#carnothttp://www.mpoweruk.com/history.htm#carnot
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
27/46
It is however possible to recover energy from the waste heat of simple cycle
systems by using the ehaust gases in a hybrid system to raise steam to drive a
steam turbine electricity generating set . In such cases the ehaust temperature
may be reduced to as low as 53MC enabling efficiencies of up to >K to be
achieved in combined cycle systems.
In combinedEcycle applications" pressure ratio increases have a less pronounced
effect on the efficiency since most of the improvement comes from increases in
the Carnot thermal efficiency resulting from increases in the firing temperature.
Thus simple cycle efficiency is achieved with high pressure ratios. Combined
cycle efficiency is obtained with more modest pressure ratios and greater firing
temperatures.
A$$(.CAT.S56
,as turbines can be used for large scale power generation. Damples are
applications delivering > 1- or more from a 3 1- gas turbine coupled to
a 6 1- steam turbine in a coEgenerating installation. &uch installations are
not normally used for base load electricity generation" but for bringing power to
remote sites such as oil and gas fields. They do however find use in the major
electricity grids in peak shaving applications to provide emergency peak power.
*ow power gas turbine generating sets with capacities up to 8 1- can be
accommodated in transportation containers to provide mobile emergency
electricity supplies which can delivered by truck to the point of need.
9%&ER :-
http://www.mpoweruk.com/electricity_demand.htm#shavinghttp://www.mpoweruk.com/electricity_demand.htm#shaving
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
28/46
A boiler or steam generator is a de"ice used to
create steam by applying heat energy to water!
Although the deJnitions are somewhat Keible, it can be
said that older steam generators were commonly
termed boilers and worEed at low to medium pressure
G=I:;LI9,!D9M E$aH but, at pressures
abo"e this, it is more usual to speaE of a steam
generator!
#T$C auraiya gas power plant has D waste haet
reco"ery boiler ! all the D boiler are non Jred and water
tube boiler
1ASTE HEAT REC%ER; 9%&ERS (1HR9):-
a WHRB consist of a super heater ,a boiler ,an cconomizer and a stem drum .
waste heat recovery boiler may be horizontal or vertical shell boiler or water
tube boiler. they could be desined to suit indivisual application ranging through
gases from furnaces ,incinerators, gas turbine and die sel exhaust. the prim
requirment is that waste gasse must contain sufficient usable heat to produce
steam or hot water at the condition required.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
29/46
8P e#aporator
LP e#aporator
8P economiser
8P economiser
8P superheater>
LP superheater
LP economiser
condensate preheater
from 8P feed pumps
from LP feed pumps
LP steam to LP turbine
8P steam to 8P turbine
?lue gasgas turbineafter
8P boiler
LP boiler
drum
drum
Temp%242@C
Aue gas toatmosphere Temp%4@C
8P and LPcirculatingpumps Temp%&*2@C
Temp%2@C
8P drum pressure
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
30/46
,97,TB7
CL,7$?LBCCUL,TB7
=%% PL,NT
SB?T9N$N"
PL,NT
?B7 CBBL$N"
?B7 =7$N:$N"
> ST9,
1igure 56 Jgure shows the source and path followed by
water
The impurities in water input to this plant generally consist calcium and
magnesium salts imparting hardness to the water . these salts have to be
removed from the water. If hardness present in make up water to the boiler" the
salt only from form deposits on the tube surface but also lead to overheating in
tose localities resulting in tube failures. Therefore these have to be compleatly
removed for use as boiler make up." this is done using F1water treatment plant
which gives us purest form of water.
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
31/46
1igure 56water treatment plant
This is generally consist of CATI?N"ANI?N and mied bed echangers . the
final water from this process consist generally of hydrogen ion and hydroide
ions which is the chemical composition of pure water . the F1 water being very
pure is highly corrosive " once it absorbs oygen from the atmosphere because
of its very high affinity for oygen absorption. The capacity of F1 plant is
dictated by the type and uantity of salt in the raw water input.The storage tank for F1 water is made from material not affected by corrosive
water such as P
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
32/46
1igure 56steam turbine
The first device that may be classified as a reaction steam turbine was little
more than a toy" the classic Aerolipile" described in the 5st century
by ,reek mathematician )ero of Aleandria in Boman Dgypt. In 5885" Tai alE
Fin in ?ttoman Dgypt described a steam turbine with the practical application
of rotating a spit. &team turbines were also described by the Italian ,iovanni
ranca '5>69( and ;ohn -ilkins in Dngland '5>37(.The devices described by
Tai alEFin and -ilkins are today known as steam jacks.
The modern steam turbine was invented in 5773 by &ir Charles Parsons" whose
first model was connected to a dynamo that generated :.8 k- '5 hp( of
electricity. The invention of ParsonsL steam turbine made cheap and plentiful
electricity possible and revolutioni#ed marine transport and naval warfare.
recently steam turbine have gained use in power plants and there are a large
number of neuclear plants that generate output in ecess of 5 megawatts by
powering massive steam turbine with high temperature steam generated by a
neuclear reactor .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolipilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma'rufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma'rufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spit_(cooking_aide)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Brancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Brancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_jackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolipilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma'rufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma'rufhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spit_(cooking_aide)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Brancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Brancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_jackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
33/46
in order to increase the efficiency of stem turbine " takasago machinery
works"mistubisi heavy industries limeted using 4F design technology to shape
rotor blades " developing and manufacturing larger rotor blades and designingmethods to prevent the loss of steam throughouts .
PASS %'T E>TRACT&%N T'R9&NE:-
the steam turbine used in NTPC " AGBAI@A are pass out or etraction turbines
. in these types of turbine steam is ehausted at defferent stages and used in
heating the steam water for the boiler processing work .
the high pressure steam from boiler enters )P stage of turbine where it epandsand the pressure is reduced to such a value that is reuired for processing work
. a part of this low pressure steam leaving the high pressure stage is supplied to
the processing work while the remaining steam epand further in the *.P. stage.
The ehaust steam from the processing plant the low pressure turbine steam is
condensed in the condenser and pumped back to boiler.
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
34/46
+)#)RAT&R 2.+26-&(TA+) S0ST)56
The generator #oltage for modern utility6connected generators
ranges from k in smaller units to k in larger units% The
generator high6#oltage leads are normally large aluminium
channels because of their high current as compared to the
cables used in smaller machines% They are enclosed in well6
grounded aluminium bus ducts and are supported on suitable
insulators% The generator high6#oltage leads are connected to
step6up transformers for connecting to a high6#oltage electrical
substation (usually in the range of 2 k to /
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
35/46
1igure 56 generator
C)RC/(AT.#+ 'AT)R $/$56
These pumps are used to pump water to the deaerator from where the water
goes to boiler feed Pump.
*)A)R)AT&R56
The deaerator are used to deaereator the water before feeding it in to +P. This
is done because )B is a water tube boiler and tubes containing water have
very small diameter . there are some gasses like C?6 if present in water theycan create rusting or can choke the tube . so these gasses are removed in the
deareator . there are total 3 deaereator in the NTPC " auraiya each for every
-)B.
'&R%.#+ &1 '2RB56
The feed water enters in to steam drum through boiler economi#er from where it
goes in to boiler and converted in to steam. This steam further goes to super
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
36/46
heater and at the output superheated stem at the temperature of 84C is ganed .
this superheated steam is used to drive steam turbine to generated electricity as
in the cycle.
C&&(.#+ S0ST)56
1hy i/ Ci*4 Ne6e//ary?
power plants boils water to create steam" which then spins turbines to generate
electricity. The heat used to boil water can come from burning of a fuel" from
nuclear reactions" or directly from the sun or geothermal heat sources
underground. ?nce steam has passed through a turbine" it must be cooled back
into water before it can be reused to produce more electricity. Colder water
cools the steam more effectively and allows more efficient electricity
generation .
T 0$)S &1 C&&(.#+56
Dven though all thermoelectric plants use water to generate steam for electricitygeneration" not all plant cooling systems use water. There are three main
methods of cooling
?nceEthrough systems take water from nearby sources 'e.g." rivers" lakes"
auifers" or the ocean(" circulate it through pipes to absorb heat from the steam
in systems called condensers" and discharge the now warmer water to the local
source. ?nceEthrough systems were initially the most popular because of their
simplicity" low cost" and the possibility of siting power plants in places with
abundant supplies of cooling water. This type of system is currently widespreadin the eastern G.&.
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
37/46
1igure56wet cooling system
')T6R)C.RC/(AT.#+ &R C(&S)*6(&&$56
Power plants built after the 59>s shifted toward cooling systems that reusewater" known as recirculating systems. systems reuse cooling water in a second
cycle rather than immediately discharging it back to the original water source.
At a recirculating system" water is kept in closedEloop piping so it can be used
repeatedly. Becirculating systems can consist of a cooling tower or a cooling
pond with both using ambient air to draw energy out of the cooling water that
was used to condense the steam. 1ost commonly" wetErecirculating systems use
cooling towers to epose water to ambient air. &ome of the water evaporatesO
the rest is then sent back to the condenser in the power plant. ecause wetErecirculating systems only withdraw water to replace any water that is lost
through evaporation in the cooling tower" these systems have much lower water
withdrawals than onceEthrough systems" but tend to have appreciably higher
water consumption.
CTR&() S0ST) &1 T2) $(A#T56
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
38/46
There are three of controlling system available in the plant and they are as
follows E
(&CA( CTR&()56
In this control commands are given to the machine from the place where
machine is located . this system is rarely used .
S'.TC20AR* CTR&( 56
In it all controlling commands are given from switch gear room.
R)&T) S0ST)56
This system is freuently used . in it all controlling are given from central
computerised controle room "there are two set of controlling devices . if one set
is shut down for maintenance then commands are given by second set.
)()CTR.CA( A#* S'.TC20AR*
*)$ART)#T56
Dlectrical energy management system ensures at upply of energy to every
consumer at all times at rated voltage. +reuency and secified waveform at
lowest cost at minimum envoironmental degradation . the switch gear" protection and network automation are integral part of modern energy
management system and national economy . the modern 4Eph "8)"AC
interconnected system has several conventional and non conventional power
plants " ,< transmission network "substations "1< and *< distribution system
and connected electrical load. the energy form is supplied to various consumers
located in vast geographical area instantly" automatically and safely with
reuired uality at all times. the service continuity and high uality of power
supply have become very important .
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
39/46
1igure 56switchyard
for fulfilment the foresaid purpose a state of the art scientifically and
technologically advanced substations is reuired .substations is the load control
center of the thermal plant where power at the rated voltage "freuency and
waveform is eported " imported as per reuirement
the substation at NTPC "auraiya has two switch yard one of 66H< and other is
33H< . there are two bus bars and one transfer bus for supplying electricity .after step up "the 66H< output from the generator transfer is fed to either of
two bus bars through relays and circuit breakers and these are connected two
various feeders through various euipments.
There are 5 lines going out of NTPC" auraiya for supplying electricity. Their
descriptions are as follows E
6 lines of 66H< to Agra.6 lines of 33H< to Agra .
6 lines of 66H< to 1aingaon " 1.P.
6 lines of 66H< to ,AI* " Fibiyapur.
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
40/46
*)11)R)#T T0$) &1 )4/.$)#TS
/S)* .# S/B6STAT.S56
B/S BARS56
1igurer56 bus bars
-hen a number of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically" busEbars are used as the common electrical component.
usEbars are copper or aluminium bars 'generally of rectangular Esection( and
operate at constant voltage. The incoming and outgoing lines in a subEstation are
connected to the busEbars. The most commonly used busEbar arrangements in
subEstations are
Si*4e u/-ar arra*4eme*t
Si*4e u/-ar /y/tem @ith /e6ti*ai/ati*
Due u/-ar arra*4eme*t
.#S/(AT&R56
The insulators serve two purposes. They support the conductors 'or busEbars(
and confine the current to the conductors. The most commonly used material for
the manufacture of insulators is porcelain. There are several types of insulators'e.g. pin type" suspension type" post insulator etc.( and their use in the subE
http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/single-bus-bar-system/http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/single-bus-bar-system-with-sectionalisation/http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/duplicate-bus-bar-system/http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/single-bus-bar-system/http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/single-bus-bar-system-with-sectionalisation/http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/11/08/duplicate-bus-bar-system/
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
41/46
station will depend upon the service reuirement. +or eample" post insulator is
used for busEbars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body" cast iron cap
and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that busEbars can
be directly bolted to the cap.
&/ati*4 /@it6he/:-
1igure 56 &/atr/ i* ty5i6a /u /tati*
In subEstations" it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general
maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator.
An isolator is essentially a knife switch and is designed to open a circuit under
no load. In other words" isolator switches are operated only when the lines in
which they are connected carry no current.
The entire subEstation has been divided into < sections. Dach section can be
disconnected with the help of isolators for repair and maintenance.
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
42/46
C.RC/.T BR)A%)R56
Hi4h ta4e 6ir6uit reaer
A circuit breaker is an euipment which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as fault conditions. It is so designed that it can be operated
manually 'or by remote control( under normal conditions and automatically
under fault conditions. +or the latter operation" a relay circuit is used with a
circuit breaker. ,enerally" bulk oil circuit breakers are used for voltages upto
>>k< while for high 'Q>> k
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
43/46
(.+2T#.#+ ARR)ST)RS56
A lightning arrester is a device usedon electrical power systems
and telecommunications systems to protect
the insulation and conductors of the system
from the damaging effects of lightning. The
typical lightning arrester has a highE
voltage terminal and a ground terminal. -hen
a lightning surge 'or switching surge" which is
very similar( travels along the power line to the arrester" the current from thesurge is diverted through the arrestor" in most cases to earth.
$&')R TRA#S1&R)R56
A power transformer is used in a subEstation to stepEup or stepEdown the
voltage. Dcept at the power station" all the subseuent subEstations use stepE
down transformers to gradually reduce the voltage of electric supply and finally
deliver it at utilisation voltage. The modern practice is to use 4Ephase
transformers in subEstations O although 4 single phase bank of transformers can
also be used. The use of 4Ephase transformer 'instead of 4 single phase bank of
transformers( permits two advantages. +irstly" only one 4Ephase loadEtap
changing mechanism can be used. &econdly" its installation is much simpler
than the three single phase transformers. +or ratings upto 5 1
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
44/46
1igure 56 transformers
This difficulty is overcome by installing instrument transformers on the power
lines. The function of these instrument transformers is to transfer voltages or currents in the power lines to values which are convenient for the operation of
measuring instruments and relays. There are two types of instrument
transformers vi#.
Current transformer 'C.T.(
Potential transformer 'P.T.(
C/RR)#T TRA#S1&R)R GC!T!H56
A current transformer is essentially a stepEup transformer which steps down the
current to a known ratio. The primary of this transformer consists of one or
more turns of thick wire connected in series with the line. The secondary
consists of a large number of turns of fine wire and provides for the measuring
instruments and relays a current which is a constant fraction of the current in the
line. &uppose a current transformer rated at 5=8 A is connected in the line to
measure current. If the current in the line is 5 A" then current in the secondary
will be 8A. &imilarly" if current in the line is 8A" then secondary of C.T. will
have a current of 6R8 A. Thus the C.T. under consideration will step down the
line current by a factor of 6.
-&(TA+) TRA#S1&R)R56
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
45/46
It is essentially a step down transformer and steps down the voltage to a known
ratio. The primary of this transformer consists of a large number of turns of fine
wire connected across the line. The secondary winding consists of a few turns
and provides for measuring instruments and relays a voltage which is a known
fraction of the line voltage. &uppose a potential transformer rated at >>k>k
-
8/17/2019 Report ntpc Shiv141118121
46/46
i4ure:-Prte6tie reay
CC(/S.8
This is the vocational training report deals with over all operation of NTPC
plant in auraiya . also the report has a view of some paert used in plants.
The depleating resources of oil "gas and coal 'the conventional fuels( along with
atmosphere pollution problems have drawn the attentions of the scientists and
engineers all over the world to find out other sources for the generation of electric power. There sources of energy are going to attain the nerve centre of
the future power plants. Though atomic and nuclear power plants have been
developed on conventional lines" but lot of work yet to be done. Dfforts are
being made to atomic and nuclear energy directly into electric power with the
help of magneto hydrodynamic generator and other euipments.
REERENCES:-
#T$C, Auraiya
.#T)R#)T