renewing moral theology by daniel a. westberg - excerpt

892019 Renewing Moral Theology By Daniel A Westberg - EXCERPT

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copy983090983088983089983093 by Daniel A Westberg

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inormation about local and regional activities visit intervarsityorg

Scripture quotations unless otherwise noted are rom the New Revised Standard Version o the Bible copyright

983089983097983096983097 by the Division o Christian Education o the National Council o the Churches o Christ in the USA Used by

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ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983090983092983094983088-983089 (print)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record or this book is available rom the Library o Congress

P 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983092 983091983091 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093

Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions



C983151983150983156983141983150983156983155

Preace 1048633

P983137983154983156 O983150983141

1048625 Moral heology radition and Prospects 1048625983093

1048626 Purpose Reason and Action 9830911048624983091 he Process o Practical Reasoning 1048628983093

1048628 How to Evaluate Good and Bad Actions 9830931048632

983093 Actions Dispositions and Character 9830951048625

983094 he Reality o Sin 10486321048632

983095 Conversion to Christ 10486251048624983094

1048632 Godrsquos Will and Godrsquos Law 104862510486261048624

P983137983154983156 T983159983151

1048633 Virtues Moral Dispositions or Acting Well 104862510486281048625

10486251048624 Wisdom in Action 10486259830931048633

10486251048625 Justice 1048625983095983094

10486251048626 Fortitude 10486251048633983093

1048625983091 Sel-Control 104862610486241048633

10486251048628 Faith 104862610486261048625

1048625983093 Love 1048626983091983093

1048625983094 Hope 10486269830931048633

Name Index 1048626983095983091

Subject Index 1048626983095983093

Scripture Index 10486269830951048633




P983154983141983142983137983139983141

W983144983141983150 I 983138983141983143983137983150 983156983141983137983139983144983145983150983143 Anglican moral theology to seminary

students about fifeen years ago I realized that we had ew i any

current textbooks to choose rom Anglican theologians have o course pro-

duced important and sometimes brilliant work on ethical topics in recent years

but the systematic approach to moral theology represented by Kenneth Kirk

R C Mortimer and Lindsay Dewar was swept away a couple o generations

ago by the shifing and seductive winds o the 9830899830971048630983088s Tough I see the publi-

cation o Joseph Fletcherrsquos Situation Ethics in 98308998309710486301048630 as a kind o boundary marker

or the end o that phase o Anglican ethical thought the older style o moral

theology certainly would have come to an end rom the social theological and

philosophical pressures o the time without any direct influence rom Fletcher

Renewing Moral Teology is my attempt to breathe new lie into this An-

glican tradition with the immediate aim o providing a systematic presen-

tation o Christian ethics that builds on the Tomistic oundation shared

with Catholic moral theology Tis oundation is not as clear as it used to be

however since afer the Second Vatican Council the deficiencies o the

standard understanding o Aquinas were exposed resulting in a widespread

revisionism conservative reactions and a spectrum o positions a condition

long amiliar to Protestants Tomas Aquinas still retains or Catholics a

certain preeminence which can ofen be more o a stumbling block than a

help because strange new ways o approaching ethics ofen are presented as

interpretations o Aquinas resulting in a sometimes bewildering array omoral theologies all claiming to be ldquoTomisticrdquo983089

1For a fine guide to the interpretations and misinterpretations of Aquinas on a variety of topics

see Fergus Kerr Afer Aquinas Versions o Tomism (Oxford Blackwell 983090983088983088983090)




983089983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

Te wider and more important purpose o this book is to provide or the

general Christian public a blending o the strengths o the Catholic tradition

with evangelical emphases and convictions Catholics and Protestants haverealized that they have much to profit rom each otherrsquos strengths and this

book has been written to urther the possibility o mutual enrichment in the

area o ethics Tis blending has been a eature o the best Anglican tradition

o moral theology long beore the rather recent rise o seminaries and the

need o theological colleges or textbooks We find in Richard Hooker and

Jeremy aylor or example the helpul combination and harmonizing o

Catholic moral philosophy o the Tomistic tradition with Reormed theo-logical principles and Christ-centered spirituality a tradition in which this

book aims to ollow

One purpose o this project is to provide or contemporary Christians

renewed confidence in the area o moral convictions Te trustworthiness

o Scripture especially or evangelicals has been and still should provide a

strong oundation but the incorporation o the approach o Tomas

Aquinas which is a Christian modification o Aristotle should provideurther confidence in a philosophical and psychological soundness that

academic ethicists are continuing to appreciate when cleansed o Neo-

Scholastic accretions the theology o Aquinas provides integrity and con-

sistency that like the music o J S Bach or the architecture o Chartres

Cathedral can stand as a perennial monument in Christian culture

Some readers may wonder at the lack o emphasis on natural law in a

work meant to represent Tomistic ethics I understand that in a post-

modern relativistic society in which moral standards are considered to be

opinions and matters o taste the notion o objective moral norms has

strong appeal to traditionalists and conservatives as the needed corrective

to subjective individualism However there are dangers associated with a

natural law approach that I would avoid among which are or example the

ease with which cultural norms are assumed to be equivalent to eternally

valid moral principles and the appeal to ldquocommon senserdquo or natural law in

justiying social policies that sometimes conflict with ethics o the gospel

such as the ocus on retributive views o punishment

Another reason or resisting natural law comes rom my study o its po-

sition and role in the ethical section o the Summa Teologiae (hereafer




Preace 983089983089

abbreviated S in citations) Natural law is dealt with in one question only

(S I-II q 983097983092) It is brilliant and important but it is ar removed rom the

section on ethical reasoning where Aquinas demonstrates how intellect willand emotion combine to choose our actions a description that has little or

nothing to do with natural law or law in general or that matter Tis leads

to a more general theme in this book which is the relation o law to moral

reasoning Until recently the only alternative to an ethic based on conse-

quences (such as utilitarianism) was an ethic based on obedience to the

commands o God or obedience to the dictates o the reasoned conscience

Many interpretations o the ethics o Aquinas were orced into this templateso that the dominant themes became the roles o conscience and obedient

will Te very different model o practical reasoning actually developed by

Aquinas (and ollowed by Richard Hooker or example) needs to be high-

lighted as this book does while explaining the proper role o law in the

Christian lie (see especially chapter eight)

Since this book was written as a seminary text I want to acknowledge the

help o students at Nashotah House who in successive years o gradualproduction and trial o the text in the classroom have given helpul sugges-

tions or improvements among whom are Jake Dell and Kreigh Knerr John

renum has my thanks or some o the more tedious tasks such as checking

reerences and producing a portion o the index Te book has also been

used recently in the ethics course o the distance-learning program at

Nashotah House under the teaching o Kent Anderson who has given me

helpul advice and encouragement

Some o my present and ormer colleagues at Nashotah House have seen

various sections and given useul eedback including om Holtzen

Garwood Anderson Steve Schlossberg and Jack Gabig Proessors at other

seminaries and institutions also have read some o the chapters such as

William Witt at rinity School or Ministry Jeff Greenman o Regent College

and Kent Dunnington o Greenville college Irsquom also grateul to Paul Rea-

soner and a group o students at Bethel University who engaged with some

o this material as well as to Victor Austin and other members o the An-

glican interest group at the Society o Christian Ethics who have made

helpul suggestions

I want to thank my editor at InterVarsity Press Daniel Reid or taking




983089983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

an interest in this project I I look at the work as a kind o challenging

voyage by sailboat Dan has encouraged me to grip the boatrsquos tiller firmly to

ignore the tantalizing vagaries o resh breezes and unexplored coves andguide the craf tacking and even reversing course as needed to reach the

sae haven o satisactory completion

Finally my wie Lisa is my closest partner in the larger navigation

through the uncertainties o lie Trough calm passages and threatening

squalls she has patiently provided encouragement and practical support I

am happy that together we can share liersquos challenges mysteries and oppor-

tunities to grow in gracemdashand also the promised blessings to come




P 983137 983154 983156 O 983150 983141




852017

M983151983154983137983148 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

Tradition and Prospects

M983151983154983137983148 983156983144983141983151983148983151983143983161 is the term ofen used in Catholic and Anglican

circles or what other traditions call Christian ethics or theological

ethics Sometimes these terms are distinguished by defining Christian

ethics as the more general approach to the elements o Christian character

and behavior while moral theology deals with the application to eco-

nomics medicine sexuality and other areas o lie where difficult deci-

sions must be made Tus Christian ethics could be said to deal largely

with oundational questions the human person moral psychology general

principles and norms while moral theology ocuses on applying those

principles to specific cases983089

In this book Christian ethics and moral theology are used more or less

interchangeably as is common elsewhere Tis is not so much because o

contemporary slackness but because the methods o approaching the field

have changed so considerably in the last fify years that the starting points

assumptions and methodology no longer fit the traditional terminology

Anglican moral theology developed as a method o handling the in-

herited Catholic model but rom a perspective influenced by key insights o

the Protestant Reormation Tere were benefits in the continued use o

Roman Catholic sources in ethics the scholastic method offered clear defi-

nitions a philosophical psychology or understanding the nature o persons

actions and agency a theoretical basis or analyzing the moral character o

1Herbert Waddams A New Introduction to Moral Teology rev ed (London SCM Press 1048625983097983095983090)

p 983090983097




9830891048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

actions and a methodology or handling and resolving difficult cases

(known as casuistry) But with this inheritance came also the danger o the

flaws o the Roman approach a philosophical rather than biblical characterscholastic technical vocabulary a somewhat rigid ramework and a spirit o

legalism

In the 983089983097852021983088s shortly beore major changes in the ollowing decade in both

Protestant and Roman Catholic ethics Lindsay Dewar gave a short series o

lectures on moral theology to clergy in the Church o England with three

topics the place o law the doctrine o conscience and Christian casuistry

Dewarrsquos approach reflected the Catholic tradition in which the moral diffi-culties o the Christian lie were to be analyzed in terms o cases o conscience

and the correct application o rules and laws Tere is a certain quaint un-

reality in Dewarrsquos concern to avoid rigorism and an overly scrupulous con-

science which shows the different atmosphere in which Christian people

now think and live as well as the extent to which the older moral theology

(even outside o Roman Catholic circles) conveyed a legalistic mentality Tis

is one o Dewarrsquos chie examples o a moral difficulty to be resolvedHere is a young man who is invited to play a game o tennis on a Sunday

afernoon with some riends with whom he is spending what is commonly

called ldquothe week-endrdquo We may suppose that he has been brought up in such

a way that he has never done this and has been taught to think that this is

wrong But now he becomes genuinely doubtul I he reuses to make a ourth

the game will be spoiled or his riends What is he to do1048626

Tere is no doubt that the church in the modern world would do well toabandon its increasingly secular indifference to the Sabbath principle and

recover a renewed emphasis on properly honoring the Lordrsquos Day but that

is not really what concerns Dewar He sees the problem only in terms o the

young man having proper authority (which he might get rom his vicar) or

his conscience to allow him to play tennis on Sunday afernoon Te young

man has been brought up to consider that sports and certain activities are

to be avoided on Sundays (the story o Eric Liddell in the film Chariots oFire reminds us how strong these convictions used to be) and yet he would

be disappointing his riends and host or the weekend i he declined to play

2Lindsay Dewar A Short Introduction to Moral Teology (London A R Mowbray 1048625983097983093983094) p 983091983095




Moral heology 983089852023

For many o us it is hard however not to be reminded o the tithing o mint

dill and cumin (Mt 983090852019983090852019)

Lindsay Dewarrsquos style o ethical reasoning was not atypical o theCatholic-based moral theology used by American and British theological

colleges and parish priests in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Contem-

porary with Dewar was R C Mortimer bishop o Exeter and Regius

Proessor o Moral and Pastoral Teology at Oxord who contributed an

introduction still used or training priests in moral theology in some parts

o the Anglican communion1048627 Although he provided an extensive coverage

o the virtues that has some connection to the Tomistic tradition he gaveprudence very slight treatment he also changed its position rom the first

to the last o the moral virtues giving it an entirely different coloring rom

Aquinasrsquos treatment It is clear rom the first hal o the book that Mortimer

understood human action within the context o law and conscience and he

even admitted in his preace that he had relied heavily on Roman Catholic

sources o moral theology983092

Also common in Anglican seminaries in the first hal o the twentiethcentury or use in ethics were the works o Kenneth Kirk (Regius Proessor

o Moral and Pastoral Teology at Oxord and later bishop o that diocese)

One o his chie contributions was to stress the link between moral ascetical

and mystical theology especially in Te Vision o God but also in Some

Principles o Moral Teology Kirkrsquos stress on beatitude as the goal o the

moral lie and on the importance o the Holy Spirit contrasts avorably with

much o the traditional Roman Catholic treatment in the moral handbooks

But Kirk was not able to make a break with the prevailing theoretical

structure o action constituted by conscience and obedience to law (seeCon-

science and Its Problems An Introduction to Casuistry )

Some readers may want to deend and preserve this classical type o

moral theology and welcome the older emphasis on conscience and obe-

dience to law because they take the view that Christian people in modern

Western societies have compromised too much with the spirit o the age

have become too undisciplined abandoned important Christian principles

and weakened the application o scriptural norms to Christian discipleship

3R C Mortimer Te Elements o Moral Teology rev ed (London Adam amp Charles Black 1048625983097983093983091)4Ibid p v




983089983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

Tat position may be an important part o the moral ramework o those

Anglicans who have lef the standard jurisdictions in North America and

o those in other parts o the world who eel alienated rom the liberalismo the modern Western church

Tat reactionary view may be correct in its judgment that the church in

modern Western countries is in need o moral revitalization and that we

should pray or the correction and leading o the Holy Spirit Te point or

us here however is not so much that moral standards have slipped but that

Christians are now realizing that a whole new moral ramework is needed

a new way o explaining Christian discipleship o understanding the mo-tivation o our actions and o incorporating the concerns that laws and

commandments point to without developing a checklist mentality and le-

galistic attitudes

Te example o playing tennis on Sunday given by Lindsay Dewar shows

that resh thinking and approaches in Christian ethics were indeed required

What we got in the 9830899830971048630983088s however was ldquosituation ethicsrdquo an impossibly

reductionist attempt to clear away all the clutter o moral theology exceptor the single principle o doing the most loving thing1048629 Te severe deects

in the method o Joseph Fletcher (who was an Episcopal moral theology

proessor at the time) certainly were noted A proessor o philosophical

ethics in a secular university called it ldquoa very bad book poorly written

weakly argued astonishingly ignorant and incredibly inaccuraterdquo1048630 and

many theologians and ethicists pointed out numerous flaws and weak

points1048631 But Fletcherrsquos simplistic approach implying that moral norms are

not absolute and should be regarded as merely vague rules o thumb and

that we would do best by obeying only the ldquorule o loverdquo was immensely

persuasive Many Christian people at that time and many more since who

have never heard o Joseph Fletcher probably think about ethical problems

in the antiauthoritarian individualistic and impatient way that Fletcher rec-

ommended and they resolve morally difficult situations with their own

bottom-line confidence that their intentions are loving Nevertheless we

5Joseph Fletcher Situation Ethics Te New Morality (Philadelphia Westminster 1048625983097983094983094)6Marcus Singer Morals and Values Readings in Teoretical and Practical Ethics (New York Scribner

1048625983097983095983095) p 10486289830939830907See for example Harvey Cox ed Te Situation Ethics Debate (Philadelphia Westminster 1048625983097983094983096)





may say that Fletcher grasped two points that the traditional moral theology

had obscured (983089) the primacy o Christian love (setting aside the problem

o his reductionism) (983090) the impoverishment o an ethic that conceivesmoral decisions primarily in terms o ulfilling an obligation to obey the law

or otherwise securing proper authority to set the rule aside characteristic

o the approach known as casuistry

Te rigidity and legalism o the moral theology taught in Roman

Catholic seminaries had been under attack or some time Even beore

the Second Vatican Council (9830899830971048630983090ndash9830899830971048630852021) moral theologians had expressed

dissatisaction with the classical model Some o these critics were at-tacked or promoting their own kind o situation ethics1048632 but some also

produced positive studies that looked back to Tomas Aquinas or an

ethics based on virtue and gracemdashwith charity centralmdashrather than on

law and casuistry1048633

Vatican II tackled a wide range o issues and reorms o course but in

the area o moral theology the challenge was to draw more richly on

Scripture and recover a Christ-centered emphasis ldquoSpecial care should begiven to the perecting o moral theology Its scientific presentation should

draw more ully on the teaching o Holy Scripture and should throw light

upon the exalted vocation o the aithul in Christ and their obligation to

bring orth ruit in charity or the lie o the worldrdquo9830891048624 In many programs in

Catholic universities and seminaries there was an inevitable period o con-

usion and experimentation but very ew have argued or a return to the

ormer era o the scholastic handbooks o moral theology Even the most

conservative ethicists loyal to the magisterium see the need to articulate a

moral theology that is more biblical christocentric and conducive to

Christian discipleship

8Papal pronouncements on the dangers of situationis ethica were made in 1048625983097983093983090 and 1048625983097983093983094 See John

Mahoney Te Making o Moral Teology A Study o the Roman Catholic radition (Oxford Clar-

endon 1048625983097983096983095) pp 983090983088983090-1048625983088 For a recent helpful survey see James Keenan A History o Catholic

Moral Teology in the wentieth Century From Conessing Sins to Liberating Consciences (New

York Continuum 9830909830881048625983088)9See Geacuterard Gilleman Te Primacy o Charity in Moral Teology (Westminster MD Newman

Press 1048625983097983093983097)10ldquoDecree on the raining of Priestsrdquo paragraph 1048625983094 in Vatican Council II Te Conciliar and Post

Conciliar Documents ed Austin Flannery rev ed (Collegeville MN Liturgical Press 10486259830979830961048628)

p 983095983090983088




983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155

Te recovery of Aristotle and the rise of virtue ethics Te rejection o classic

moral theology in the 9830899830971048630983088s was due not just to impatience with legalism

but also to the act that the Tomistic and Scholastic traditions were so di-

erent rom the ethical systems o the day utilitarianism Kantianism emo-

tivism and linguistic analysis prevailed and were unsympathetic to the world

o premodern moral philosophy But the impoverishment and restrictions

o the Enlightenment-inspired ethical methods became obvious Aristotlersquos

teleological ethics with its account o intellect choice riendship and the

virtues became relevant again Especially afer the publication in the early983089983097983096983088s o Alasdair MacIntyrersquos Afer Virtue983089983089 a large volume o work on virtue

has been produced in both philosophical and theological ethics

Te contribution o Aristotelian ethics to a biblically based Christian mo-

rality is not obvious at first and there has been a strong tradition o sus-

picion o the applicability o Aristotlersquos moral philosophy to the under-

standing o Christian morality not only in Protestantism but also in Roman

Catholic thought rom the time o the reintroduction o Aristotlersquos works inthe thirteenth century Some think that there is a undamental problem with

a humanistic ethical system that developed without reerence to original sin

and Godrsquos revelation In the ollowing chapters we will consider some o

these points more closely but here we can assert that there has been a strong

interest in moving away rom the act-centered moral systems o Immanuel

Kantrsquos deontological ethics and rom utilitarianism to the broader view o

character and virtue

9830891048626

A richer view of biblical ethics When Christian ethics was conceived prin-

cipally as obedience to the will o God expressed through law it ollowed that

the reading o the Bible would concentrate on the Decalogue the relevance o

other Jewish law and the passages in the Gospels and Epistles in the orm o

commands and norms In the work o biblical scholars such as Richard Hays

we are led to pay attention to the moral implications o Scripture in a much

more comprehensive way one can discern principles that should govern our

11Alasdair MacIntyre Afer Virtue A Study in Moral Teory (London Duckworth 10486259830979830961048625)12A helpful resource for Protestants skeptical of virtue ethics is the treatment by the Mennonite

Joseph Kotva Jr Te Christian Case or Virtue Ethics (Washington DC Georgetown University

Press 1048625983097983097983094)





decisions the many stories and accounts o peoplersquos actions provide para-

digms or conduct (both positive and negative) and the ldquosymbolic worldrdquo

created by different authors presents us with attitudes and rameworks orunderstanding our relationship to God to the created order and to each other9830891048627

Interest in virtue ethics has led to more ruitul explorations o biblical per-

spectives on character ormation and moral development983089983092

We should also note Stanley Hauerwas who has been an advocate or the

narrative mode o reading Scripture He made an early contribution to a

sympathetic reading o Tomas Aquinasrsquos ethics9830891048629 but he has moved on to

a more determinedly antindashnatural law type o narrative ethics that centerson the importance o orming Christian communal identity shaped by a

common understanding and practical expression o the gospel ollowing

especially the pattern o the lie o Christ Some have noted a measure o

reductionism and selective use o Scripture in his approach9830891048630 but Hauerwas

clearly has been helpul in expressing undamental eatures o the outlook

and motivation o a contemporary Christian virtue ethics

Reassessment of the history of moral theology For centuries it was as-sumed that the moral theology o the Neo-Scholastic manuals was basically

the same system developed by Tomas Aquinas with urther developments

and applications to new cases It was natural or Anglican and other nonndash

Roman Catholic theologians to assume that they could be aided in their

study o Aquinas by consulting contemporary Roman Catholic handbooks

o moral theology Te true character o Tomistic ethics was not repre-

sented wellmdashin some respects greatly distortedmdashin spite o the many cita-

tions rom the Summa Teologiae Tis is similar to the many distortions o

the message o sections o the Bible itsel by some undamentalist Protes-

tants (and other types too o course) who in spite o the quotation o nu-

merous biblical proo texts end up alsiying biblical teaching with alse

assumptions and alien patterns o thought

13Richard Hays Te Moral Vision o the New estament A Contemporary Introduction to New esta-

ment Ethics (San Francisco HarperSanFrancisco 1048625983097983097983094) summary on p 98309098308898309714See for example William Brown ed Character and Scripture Moral Formation Community and

Biblical Interpretation (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983090)15Stanley Hauerwas Character and the Christian Lie A Study in Teological Ethics (San Antonio

rinity University Press 1048625983097983095983093)16See the critical analysis in Hays Moral Vision pp 983090983093983096-983094983094




983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

Te discordance o the manuals o moral theology rom the ethics o

Tomas Aquinas certainly was apparent to a number o theologians beore

Vatican II which is why there was broad acceptance by that council o theneed to change course Geacuterard Gilleman arguing in the 983089983097852021983088s that love

should be seen as the undamental category in Tomistic ethics wrote o

the standard ethical handbooks ldquoLaw rather than love is their dominant

theme Where there should be a spiritual impulse we find a fixed body o

doctrine Even inspiration and liberty are precisely codifiedrdquo9830891048631

More recently Servais Pinckaers has pointed out the points where moral

theology departed rom authentic Tomism the shif rom practical reasonto conscience the eclipse o virtues a alse view o reedom the atomization

o human action into individual cases needing resolution the tendency to

define the minimal ulfilling o the law and above all the development o

an ethics o obligation9830891048632

Although many o the actors behind the departures rom Tomas

Aquinas are complex and (because they reflect changes and shifs in

Western philosophy) call or urther reflection this conclusion or our pur-poses is eminently valid most o the aults associated with classic Roman

Catholic moral theology (and that we also find in Anglicans such as Dewar

Mortimer and Kirk) are not the aults o Tomas Aquinas but rather lie in

the later distortions o the Roman Catholic manuals9830891048633 Te way is now

clearer or us to reappropriate the ethics o Aquinas in a more authentic

and ecumenical way

Roman Catholic moral theology since Vatican II Te Roman Catholic

Church experienced a major reassessment not to say dismantling o its

traditional approach to moral theology afer Vatican II Te approach o the

old handbooks had been criticized or some time as legalistic scholastic and

excessively dependent upon a natural-law view asserting that the basic

norms o morality were accessible to people by use o reason

Many Catholic moral theologians responded to the call or a more

Scripture-based and Christ-centered ethics Te influential Irish theologian

17Geacuterard Gilleman Te Primacy o Charity in Moral Teology (Westminster MD Newman Press

1048625983097983093983097) pp xxviii-xxix18Servais Pinckaers Te Sources o Christian Ethics trans Mary Tomas Noble (Washington DC

Catholic University of America Press 1048625983097983097983093)19Tis is clearly and compellingly described by Pinckaers Sources o Christian Ethics





Enda McDonagh in his essay ldquoTe Quest or Moral Teologyrdquo wrote ldquoWhere

the manuals o almost our centuries treated Jesus as at best an authority or

the occasional moral pronouncement such as that on divorce recent workso renewal sought to establish him at the source and centre o moral lie and

thought or Christiansrdquo10486261048624

A generation afer Vatican II when John Paul II issued the encyclical

Veritatis Splendor in an attempt to point out some o the errors o contem-

porary Roman Catholic moral theology it was evident that no single ap-

proach to ethics had secured acceptance as the proper alternative to the old

handbook approach In spite o disagreement about what should replace themoral theology manual there was wide agreement about the need to move

away rom the legalistic nature o Catholic ethics rom rent to Vatican II

well expressed by Joseph DiNoia

Te reasons or the powerul hold o legalism in moral theology since the

Council o rent are complex and could be the subject o a lengthy discussion

legalistic moral theology tended to put matters not in terms o good and

evil but in terms o the permitted and the orbidden In this style o moraltheology moral norms were viewed more as laws to be enorced and obeyed

than as principles or a good lie lived in view o Godrsquos invitation to ultimate

communion In a legalistic perspective happiness is a kind o extrinsic reward

or a lie lived in conormity to an arduous code o conduct Te ramework

is contractual rather than virtue-centered and personalist1048626983089

Not surprisingly there is now within Catholic moral thought a spectrum or

even a potpourri o various schools o liberal revisionist and conservativeapproaches resulting rom the abandonment o the old moral handbooks10486261048626

But it should be noted that there is a certain lingering momentum to the

traditional subject matter and that treatments o newer more liberal ap-

proaches to Catholic moral theology still deal with human action mortal

and venial sin conscience natural law and so on even i their starting

20Enda McDonagh Doing the ruth Te Quest or Moral Teology (Notre Dame IN University of

Notre Dame Press 1048625983097983095983097) p 98309198309021J A DiNoia ldquoVeritatis Splendor Moral Life as ransfigured Liferdquo in ldquoVeritatis Splendorrdquo and the

Renewal o Moral Teology Studies by en Outstanding Scholars ed J A DiNoia and Romanus

Cessario (Princeton NJ Scepter Publishers 10486259830979830971048628) pp 983091-104862822See Tomas Hibbs ldquoInterpretations of Aquinasrsquos Ethics Since Vatican IIrdquo in Te Ethics o Aqui-

nas ed Stephen Pope (Washington DC Georgetown University Press 983090983088983088983090) pp 10486281048625983090-983090983093




983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

points and conclusions are at variance rom the tradition10486261048627

wo interesting approaches are worthy o note or our purposes because

they represent more thorough and respectul attempts to reappropriateTomistic ethics or contemporary Christian ethics Tere is the ldquonew

natural lawrdquo approach represented by John Finnis and Germain Grisez

substituting a phenomenological view o human nature or the old Scho-

lastic metaphysics and terminology usually arriving at positions supporting

the magisterium but with a completely reorganized methodology1048626983092 How

aithul this approach is to Aquinas has been a topic or lively debate10486261048629

Te second approach represented by Servais Pinckaers Romanus Ces-sario Livio Melina and others is centered on recapturing the ldquorealistrdquo moral

theology o Aquinas locating it within sacred doctrine as a whole stressing

the virtues and the role o the Spirit in the Christian moral lie Human

action and natural law certainly are part o this description but put in a

theological context o the human being as the image o God10486261048630 Tis way o

reading Aquinas preserves the necessary elements o moral reasoning and

gives them the proper theological and spiritual context

983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

It is clear that a new systematic moral theology not only or Anglicans but

also or the wider church will need to be very different rom the classical

versions Yet what is required cannot be so radical that it dispenses entirely

with the matters o the theory o action law the nature o sin virtues and

vices and casuistry In other words the ethics developed by Tomas Aquinas

in the Summa Teologiae properly understood still can urnish us with the

23See for example imothy OrsquoConnell Principles or a Catholic Morality rev ed (San Francisco

Harper amp Row 1048625983097983097983088)24An impressive production is Germain Grisez Te Way o the Lord Jesus 983091 vols (Chicago Fran-

ciscan Herald Press 1048625983097983096983091ndash1048625983097983097983095)25See Russell Hittinger A Critique o the New Natural Law (Notre Dame IN University of Notre

Dame Press 1048625983097983096983097)26See Romanus Cessario Te Moral Virtues and Teological Ethics 983090nd ed (Notre Dame IN

University of Notre Dame Press 983090983088983088983097) idem Introduction to Moral Teology (Washington DC

Catholic University of America Press 9830909830889830881048625) Livio Melina Sharing in Christrsquos Virtues For a Re-

newal o Moral Teology in Light o ldquoVeritatis Splendorrdquo trans William May (Washington DC

Catholic University of America Press 9830909830889830881048625) Michael Sherwin By Knowledge and by Love Char-

ity and Knowledge in the Moral Teology o St Tomas Aquinas (Washington DC Catholic Uni-

versity o America Press 104862610486241048624983093)





oundation or a moral theology based on truth reality and the grace o

Godmdashone that is psychologically and philosophically rich and both in-

structive and suggestive or contemporary Christian peopleAt the same time the Tomistic basis needs to be treated as merely that

the best starting point in our moral theological tradition or describing

certain key aspects o moral theory but not sufficient Te historical pattern

was to ocus on the ldquoethical midsectionrdquo o the Summa Teologiae (ie I-II

and II-II the entire secunda pars) which in its extensive treatment is ex-

tremely hard to digest It is understandable that certain sections were lef

unread and other sections excerpted and ocused on with the tendency todistort and misunderstand10486261048631 Tus the theology and anthropology o part I

( prima pars) and the Christology and soteriology o part III (tertia pars)

were commonly not integrated with the ethical treatment10486261048632

Even with that said however we can note certain unortunate impressions

arising rom the decisions that Aquinas made in constructing the Summa Teo-

logiae With the doctrine o Christ postponed to the final section (on the

grounds that salvation in Christ is the basis or our final return to God) thereis little sense o Christian identity directly connected to the discussion o ethics

It may be the case that Aquinas assumed this as oundational at the outset just

as he assumed a basic acceptance o the truth o revelation at the very beginning

o the work But a vital and evangelical moral theology cannot be content with

Christrsquos importance implied as a ldquohidden centerrdquo and made explicit later on

We can now articulate what should be the main distinctive elements o a

new moral theology

1 A renewed biblical basis Te many contributions to our reading o the

biblical texts and the different modes in which Scripture communicates

topics or ethical reflection provide an opportunity to enrich moral the-

ology New understandings o the role o law in Judaism and in Pauline

27See Leonard Boyle Te Setting o the Summa Teologiae o Saint Tomas (oronto Pontifical

Institute of Mediaeval Studies 1048625983097983096983090) see also Mark Jordan ldquoTe Summarsquos Reform of Moral

eachingmdashand Its Failuresrdquo in Contemplating Aquinas On the Varieties o Interpretation ed

Fergus Kerr (London SCM Press 983090983088983088983091) pp 10486281048625-983093104862828See the persuasive argument urging us to understand the theological context of the ethics of

Aquinas in Fergus Kerr ldquoDoctrine of God and Teological Ethics According to Tomas Aqui-

nasrdquo in Te Doctrine o God and Teological Ethics ed Alan orrance and Michael Banner (Lon-

don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

theology and new appreciation or the themes o virtue and character in

the Scriptures will enable us to make clear that a proper moral theology

or the church is only an explication o what is implied by reflection onthe biblical witness

2 A sound moral psychology Te vocabulary o Scripture includes terms

such as mind heart will and conscience but not in a systematic way

Moral theology requires definitions and theories o how thoughts and

desires become actions and behavior Because o the renewed and wide-

spread conviction today o the value o Aristotlersquos treatment o ethics and

moral reasoning we can be more confident o the soundness o itsChristian appropriation by Aquinas in his account o action and prac-

tical reason Further the role that emotions play in relation to intellect

and will was highly developed by Aquinas and it not only supplies a

more complete moral psychology but also illuminates the nature o

virtue and character and the connection to spirituality

3 Te proper place for law in ethics Law is a central aspect o Scripture

and must figure in any account o our relationships to God to society

and to each other Te concept o law is ofen affected by prevailing

social political and philosophical views which partly explains the dis-

tortions o law reedom and conscience that arose in the classic Catholic

moral theology described above Among the challenges or any new

moral theology are these how to do justice to the biblical revelation o

law how to incorporate law into an Aristotelian account o moral rea-

soning that had little need or it and how to understand the traditionalLutheran separation o law and gospel with its resistance to a positive

role or law in Christian discipleship

4 Spirituality Like some other aspects o the ethics o Aquinas this is a

eature that was either developed completely separate rom moral the-

ology or simply neglected in the centuries ollowing Aquinas especially

as moral theology centered on law obedience or disobedience and

scholastic casuistry Te retrieval and incorporation o human emotionwithin moral psychology and the discussion o virtues will demonstrate

the importance o the handling o emotion and o the role o the Holy

Spirit in the ormation o Christian character





C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148

Part o the contribution o Anglicanism within the wider church has been

its ability to inhabit two worlds (not to say parallel universes) to bring to-

gether and sometimes successully harmonize Catholic and Protestant tradi-

tions and convictions in a helpul waymdashor example in matters o liturgy

and sacramental theology Moral theology too has had a tradition o com-

bining key doctrines and approaches associated with the Protestant Reor-

mation with a philosophical and doctrinal base inherited rom the Roman

Catholic tradition We see this in Richard Hooker and Jeremy aylor or

instance where the ormer preserved major ethical sections o TomasAquinas along with a confidence in justification by aith and the latter com-

bined casuistic discussions rom the Catholic tradition with a more Christ-

centered spirituality

In the twentieth century there is a wider ecumenical range o examples

o cross-pollination and mutual influence between the Catholic and Prot-

estant ethical traditions Although much o Helmut Tielickersquos consider-

ation o the Catholic tradition took the orm o disagreement and challengeit is air to say that Karl Barth while somewhat idiosyncratic in his account

o moral reasoning represents a wise blending in many o his discussions

o concrete ethical problems in the Church Dogmatics10486261048633 Paul Ramseyrsquos work

on the morality o war and medical ethics shows how Protestant moral

thought was greatly enriched by making use o the analytical tools developed

by Catholic moral theology10486271048624 Stanley Hauerwas already mentioned in con-

nection with the rise o virtue ethics represents a valuable interaction be-tween Catholic and Protestant tradition in the understanding o moral

agency and Christian character in emphasizing the communal aspect o

Christian morality and in approaches to specific issues Oliver OrsquoDonovan

as an Anglican provides a clear model (and challenge) in keeping beore us

29See Helmuth Tielicke Teological Ethics ed William Lazareth 983091 vols (Philadelphia Fortress

10486259830979830941048628ndash1048625983097983094983097) abridged somewhat from the German edition of the late 1048625983097983093983088s In the Church

Dogmatics Karl Barth placed his ethical discussions as part of the larger sectional themes of God

creation and reconciliation and he drew on a wide range of Reformed and Catholic theology

We should also note the appreciation of Barth by Catholics such as Hans Urs von Balthasar Te

Teology o Karl Barth Exposition and Interpretation (San Francisco Ignatius Press 1048625983097983097983090)30See Paul Ramsey War and the Christian Conscience How Shall Modern War Be Conducted Justly

(Durham NC Duke University Press 10486259830979830941048625) idem Te Patient as Person Explorations in Medi-

cal Ethics (New Haven Yale University Press 1048625983097983095983088)




983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

the call to be evangelical and christocentric but at the same time to have the

patience to work through the details o practical reasoning and analysis o

action associated with Roman Catholic ethicsI am aiming in this introductory work to construct a moral theology in

this vein by using the moral philosophy and psychology provided by

Tomas Aquinas (much o it derived rom Aristotle) combined with an

evangelical concern or the centrality o the gospel o Christ and confidence

in Scripture Following the example o the Summa Teologiae itsel I will

attempt to draw deeply rom the wells o both Scripture and the best moral

philosophyMy hope is that the reader will see the combined Catholic and evangelical

emphasis in respect or the richness o tradition some suspicion o modern

assumptions in ethics derived rom the Enlightenment as well as care or

the challenge o contemporary Christian discipleship Te evangelical view

(to speak in a general way) o discipleship involves personal commitment to

ollowing the will o God with its strengths in emphasizing conversion and

devotional lie and this can only be strengthened by the correspondingconcern rom Catholic ethics or accurate knowledge philosophical system

and the analytical tools or understanding the nature o moral problems and

appropriate responses

Readers rom both Catholic and evangelical backgrounds should eel that

they are on amiliar territory much o the time and also find themselves

challenged at times by material that may well seem new and somewhat alien

Protestant readers will need to pay attention to the explanations o practical

reason and action in chapters two through five and to the later emphasis on

moral virtues and some Catholic readers might be surprised by the ocus

on sin conversion and the will o God in chapters six through eight

Part o the purpose o Renewing Moral Teology is to help evangelical and

Catholic readers eel more at home in each otherrsquos territory and to respect

the strengths offered by each tradition o that end the content is presented

as being mutually enriching and this is illustrated by citing examples and

quotations historical and contemporary that may be unamiliar to readers

rom a different tradition Francis de Sales and Jose Pieper or example are

not well known to Protestant evangelicals while Catholics (and even An-

glicans who are not evangelical) may not be very amiliar with John Stott or





J I Packer Happily there are figures such as C S Lewis who command

respect across the Christian spectrum and represent that wise blending o

Catholic and evangelical that this book aspires to1048627983089

Readers should note that at the end o each chapter are a ew suggestions

or urther reading which in some cases represent urther detail and in

other cases alternate or complementary views In nearly every chapter there

is a section rom the Summa Teologiae (abbreviated S ) with the roman

numerals indicating the major part and the arabic numerals the question

and article Te recommended translation is known as the ldquoBlackriars

editionrdquo published with the Latin text acing a more modern and dynamicEnglish translation

F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143

Joseph Kotva Te Christian Case or Virtue Ethics (Washington DC Georgetown

University Press 9830899830979830971048630) chaps 983089 983090 1048630

Servais Pinckaers Te Sources o Christian Morality trans Mary Tomas Noble

(Washington DC Catholic University o America Press 983089983097983097852021) especially chaps

983089983089-983089983090 on the Roman Catholic ldquomanualsrdquo or handbooks o moral theology and a

Catholic view o Protestant ethics

Stephen Pope ed Te Ethics o Aquinas (Washington DC Georgetown University

Press 983090983088983088983090) part III pp 852019852021852021-983092983090852021 on the interpretation o Aquinasrsquos ethics in the

twentieth century

31A recent Roman Catholic introduction to ethics features a number of references to C S Lewis

see William Mattison III Introducing Moral Teology rue Happiness and the Virtues (Grand

Rapids Brazos Press 983090983088983088983096)










InterVarsity Press


ivpresscom

emailivpresscom



InterVarsity Press











ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983090983092983094983088-983089 (print)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983095983095983088-983092 (digital)






P 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983092 983091983091 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093




C983151983150983156983141983150983156983155

Preace 1048633

P983137983154983156 O983150983141





983094 he Reality o Sin 10486321048632



P983137983154983156 T983159983151


10486251048624 Wisdom in Action 10486259830931048633

10486251048625 Justice 1048625983095983094

10486251048626 Fortitude 10486251048633983093

1048625983091 Sel-Control 104862610486241048633

10486251048628 Faith 104862610486261048625

1048625983093 Love 1048626983091983093

1048625983094 Hope 10486269830931048633

Name Index 1048626983095983091

Subject Index 1048626983095983093

Scripture Index 10486269830951048633




P983154983141983142983137983139983141




























983089983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161










book aims to ollow


























Preace 983089983089































helpul suggestions





983089983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161













P 983137 983154 983156 O 983150 983141




852017

M983151983154983137983148 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
























p 983090983097




9830891048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




legalism































dill and cumin (Mt 983090852019983090852019)

































983089983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161











galistic attitudes























































p 983095983090983088




983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155






















9830891048626










Press 1048625983097983097983094)






































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century









C983151983150983156983141983150983156983155

Preace 1048633

P983137983154983156 O983150983141





983094 he Reality o Sin 10486321048632



P983137983154983156 T983159983151


10486251048624 Wisdom in Action 10486259830931048633

10486251048625 Justice 1048625983095983094

10486251048626 Fortitude 10486251048633983093

1048625983091 Sel-Control 104862610486241048633

10486251048628 Faith 104862610486261048625

1048625983093 Love 1048626983091983093

1048625983094 Hope 10486269830931048633

Name Index 1048626983095983091

Subject Index 1048626983095983093

Scripture Index 10486269830951048633




P983154983141983142983137983139983141




























983089983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161










book aims to ollow


























Preace 983089983089































helpul suggestions





983089983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161













P 983137 983154 983156 O 983150 983141




852017

M983151983154983137983148 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
























p 983090983097




9830891048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




legalism































dill and cumin (Mt 983090852019983090852019)

































983089983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161











galistic attitudes























































p 983095983090983088




983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155






















9830891048626










Press 1048625983097983097983094)






































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century









P983154983141983142983137983139983141




























983089983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161










book aims to ollow


























Preace 983089983089































helpul suggestions





983089983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161













P 983137 983154 983156 O 983150 983141




852017

M983151983154983137983148 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
























p 983090983097




9830891048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




legalism































dill and cumin (Mt 983090852019983090852019)

































983089983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161











galistic attitudes























































p 983095983090983088




983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155






















9830891048626










Press 1048625983097983097983094)






































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century









983089983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161










book aims to ollow


























Preace 983089983089































helpul suggestions





983089983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161













P 983137 983154 983156 O 983150 983141




852017

M983151983154983137983148 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
























p 983090983097




9830891048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




legalism































dill and cumin (Mt 983090852019983090852019)

































983089983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161











galistic attitudes























































p 983095983090983088




983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155






















9830891048626










Press 1048625983097983097983094)






































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century









Preace 983089983089































helpul suggestions





983089983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161













P 983137 983154 983156 O 983150 983141




852017

M983151983154983137983148 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
























p 983090983097




9830891048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




legalism































dill and cumin (Mt 983090852019983090852019)

































983089983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161











galistic attitudes























































p 983095983090983088




983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155






















9830891048626










Press 1048625983097983097983094)






































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century









983089983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161













P 983137 983154 983156 O 983150 983141




852017

M983151983154983137983148 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
























p 983090983097




9830891048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




legalism































dill and cumin (Mt 983090852019983090852019)

































983089983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161











galistic attitudes























































p 983095983090983088




983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155






















9830891048626










Press 1048625983097983097983094)






































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century









P 983137 983154 983156 O 983150 983141




852017

M983151983154983137983148 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
























p 983090983097




9830891048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




legalism































dill and cumin (Mt 983090852019983090852019)

































983089983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161











galistic attitudes























































p 983095983090983088




983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155






















9830891048626










Press 1048625983097983097983094)






































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century









852017

M983151983154983137983148 T983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
























p 983090983097




9830891048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




legalism































dill and cumin (Mt 983090852019983090852019)

































983089983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161











galistic attitudes























































p 983095983090983088




983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155






















9830891048626










Press 1048625983097983097983094)






































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century









9830891048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




legalism































dill and cumin (Mt 983090852019983090852019)

































983089983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161











galistic attitudes























































p 983095983090983088




983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155






















9830891048626










Press 1048625983097983097983094)






































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century











dill and cumin (Mt 983090852019983090852019)

































983089983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161











galistic attitudes























































p 983095983090983088




983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155






















9830891048626










Press 1048625983097983097983094)






































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century









983089983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161











galistic attitudes























































p 983095983090983088




983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155






















9830891048626










Press 1048625983097983097983094)






































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century









































p 983095983090983088




983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155






















9830891048626










Press 1048625983097983097983094)






































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century









983090983088 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161

R983141983139983141983150983156 F983137983158983151983154983137983138983148983141 D983141983158983141983148983151983152983149983141983150983156983155






















9830891048626










Press 1048625983097983097983094)






































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century











































983090983090 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161




















and ecumenical way

















































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century











































983090983092 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161
















983144983141 E983148983141983149983141983150983156983155 983151983142 983137 R983141983150983141983159983141983140 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161









































new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century






























new moral theology











don amp Clark 983090983088983088983094) pp 9830951048625-9830961048628




9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century









9830901048630 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161



































C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century










C983137983156983144983151983148983145983139 983137983150983140 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148




































983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century









983090983096 R983141983150983141983159983145 983150983143 M983151983154983137983148 983144983141983151983148983151983143983161















































F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century




















F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143









twentieth century





