Journal of Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences

JREAS, Vol. 2, Issue 04, October 2017146

REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS BYACTIVATED CARBON OF WASTE MATERIALS

Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Civil Engineering,

Ram Meghe College of Engineering and Management, Badnera, Maharashtra, India1Email: { Shrikantharle@gmail.com}

Abstract

The experimental investigation to remove the heavy metal from aqueous waste with the help of adsorption by activated carbon of waste materials is examined in the present study. The removal of heavy metals involved are Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe). The different wastes like Saw dust, Khus waste, Neem tree bark, Lime peels, Groundnut shell, Orange peels, Neem tree leaves, Bamboo leaves, Marigold treated with NaOH and Na2CO3 activated carbon were involved to remove the heavy metals. The only metal that was not removed by any of the activated materials is Lead Pb, whose permissible limit is just 1mg/L. other metals were removed to maximum percentages were 60%.

Key Words : heavy metal, waste materials, activated carbon, adsorption and powdered filter.

1. Introduction

Study on thermal treatment to the oven dried and properly grinded grape pomace was conducted and the result has shown that there is a development in the porous carbonaceous biosorbent which have sites favorable for metal ion absorbates binding. The adsorption studies revealed that maximum adsorption occurs at contact time of 120 min, pH of 5, adsorbate concentration of 200 mg/l. In this study Langmuir model was used, there was electrostatic attraction for binding the metal ion to the adsorbent[1]. The sawdust precursor was applied to different conditions like time, temperature, reagent type and impregnation ratio. The developed activated carbons with adsorption potential were analyzed for the effect of physical and chemical features. The potentiality of chemical activation was revealed in this study for achieving phyico-chemical properties[2].

To remove different types of dyes, heavy metal ions from waste water different adsorbents were used which consists of activated carbons, plant wastes biopolymers and clay. A type of biopolymer, Chitosan was used to remove various kinds of anionic and cationic dyes and heavy metals[3]. The use of Moringa aptera Gaertn (MAG) was used to remove the heavy metals like copper, nickel, aluminum, etc from the synthetic waste water. Freundlich and Temkin models were fitted with the equilibrium isotherm for copper. The result shows that MAG pods are not good biosorbent for the removal of zinc[4].

The batch experiments were performed for the sorption potential of red and black soil for Cu and Ni. The equilibrium metal concentration, time and adsorbent dosage have been identified using pseudo-first order and

1 2Vaibhav R. Dhawale and Shrikant M. Harle

pseudo-second order equation, and Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The maximum removal rate for Cu was 97.4% in case of red soil and Ni was 99.9% in case of black soil[5]. Binary separations and selective separations of heavy metal ions from industrial effluents had been achieved using the exchanger. The mechanism of sorption of metal ions was predicted with the help of isotherm and kinetic parameters. The internal particle diffusion control the process of sorption with Mass transfer analysis[6].

The adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution was studied with the hierarchically structured magnetite-carbonaceous microspheres. The study proposed the mechanism to remove Pb2+ with the hierarchical composite of Fe3O4-C MSs[7]. The nanomaterials to sense the hazardous metals were studied to evaluate the performance and advantages about the conventional methods. The future technology of nanomaterial will be developed for the toxic heavy metal ions[8]. The sodic nanoadsorbent (NaSCNCs) was prepared by treatment of SCNCs with saturated NaHCO3 aqueous solution. Batch experiments were carried out in this study, the mechanism studies confirmed that the adsorption process of heavy metal ions on SCNCs was a complexation process[9].

The study was conducted for adsorption behavior of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution, the preparation strategy of modified chitosan (MCS) and its applications also observed. The effects of process variables in static and dynamic adsorption with the response surface methodology have been studied[10]. The agricultural based biosorbents (AWB) can also be used to impound heavy metals in terms of their adsorption capacities,

ISSN (Print) : 2456-6411, ISSN (Online) : 2456-6403

JREAS, Vol. 2, Issue 04, October 2017147

operating factors and pretreatment methods. The different investigation like searching for novel AWB, to develop cost effective modification models and assessing AWB for waste water system have been discussed[11].

The elemental composition of the phosphatic clay was identified using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. The phosphate in the phosphatic clay was studied to dissolve in the aqueous phase, this helps in the immobilization process of heavy metals[12,13]. The experimental study was conducted on the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution in complex ecosystem filter (CEF) with vermiculite substrate. CEF can be used very effectively for decontamination surface water with heavy metals solution[14].

Konjac Glucomannan based Resin (KGR) was studied to remove the heavy metals ions present in waste water the adsorption process of Mercury ion from aqueous solution. The main advantage of this method was observed to be its renewability and biodegradability[15]. For heavy metal biosorption, the different waste cortexes of fruits have been determined to be war materials. The main advantages involved their low cost and the fact that they do not require culture or synthesis for their production and their availability (because they can be obtained relatively easy) [16].

ISSN (Print) : 2456-6411, ISSN (Online) : 2456-6403

2. Methodology

Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers. The criteria used, and whether metalloids are included, vary depending on the author and context. Some toxic heavy metals present in the wastewater are Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Cadmium and Chromium. There are different techniques to remove the heavy metals are Physio-chemical methods, Chemical Precipitation, Coagulation and Flocculation, Electrochemical Treatments, Ion Exchange, Membrane Filtration, Electro-dialysis, Biological Methods and Bio-sorption (Adsorption).

The water column is a point-of-use water treatment system adapted from traditional slow sand filters. Water column remove heavy metals and suspended solids from water using physical processes that take place in a sand column covered with an activated carbon. Water column filter have been shown to remove heavy metals, turbidity. Water column filter also reduces discoloration, odour and unpleasant taste.

The sewage water sample treated with the activated carbon was a mixer obtained on mixing the waste samples collected from following Industrial activities: -

a) Dye industry

b) Marble industry

c) Dairy industry

d) Oil industry

e) Cast-iron industry

f) Chemical industry

g) Electroplating industry

The effluents of these many industries promised a wide scope for different heavy metals which get washed away with the water used in the respective industry. The heavy metals from different industries which can be generated are many. This study is focused on the general heavy metals which are usually present in the effluents, those are;

a) Cadmium (Cd)

b) Zinc (Zn)

c) Copper (Cu)

d) Lead (Pb)

e) Nickel (Ni)

f) Iron (Fe)

A detailed analysis had been made and the samples were examined with the help of spectrophotometer to detect the concentration of various metals in the sample in parts per million or mg/L.

The initial concentrations of the sample are as shown in the table no.1: -

Table 1Concentration of Heavy metals

Sr. no.

Heavy metal Concentration (mg/L)

Permissible limits

(mg/L) 1 Cadmium (Cd) 0.972 1

2 Zinc (Zn) 6.437 15

3 Copper (Cu) 2.617 3

4 Lead (Pb) 2.172 1

5 Nickel (Ni) 4.273 3

6 Iron (Fe) 3.834 3

The comparison of sample treated from different activated carbon materials is as follows and the percentage removal of heavy metal is shown in the figure no.1 to figure no.5:

i. AC1 = Saw dust activated carbon

ii. AC2 = Khus waste activated carbon

iii. AC3 = Neem tree bark activated carbon

iv. AC4 = Lime peels activated carbon

v. AC5 = Groundnut shell activated carbon

vi. AC6 = Orange peels activated carbon

vii. AC7 = Neem tree leaves activated carbon

viii. AC8 = Bamboo leaves activated carbon

ix. AC9 = Marigold activated carbon (treated with NaOH)

x. AC10 = Marigold activated carbon (treated with Na2CO3)

JREAS, Vol. 2, Issue 04, October 2017148ISSN (Print) : 2456-6411, ISSN (Online) : 2456-6403

Fig. 1: Percentage removal of heavy meats fromall the Activated carbons A

Fig. 2 : Percentage removal of heavy meats fromall the Activated carbons B

Fig. 3 : Percentage removal of heavy meats fromall the Activated carbons C

Fig. 4 : Percentage removal of heavy meats fromall the Activated carbons D

Fig. 5 : Percentage removal of heavy meats fromall the Activated carbons E

The four activated carbon materials are used for making the hybrid powdered filter. The average of all the experiment samples in '% removal' of these four selected activated carbon are given in the table no.2.

Sr.

No.

Name of the

material

Cd

removal

(%)

Zn

removal

(%)

Cu

removal

(%)

Pb

remova

l (%)

Ni

removal

(%)

Fe

removal

(%)

1 Groundnut

Activated carbon

66.87 53.12 43.67 42.9 36.43 54.69

2 Neem Tree bark

Activated carbon

55.12 46.64 41.73 34.3 34.96 47.09

3 Orange peel

activated carbon

55.68 45.27 40.87 33.40 30.87 35.86

4 Khus activated

carbon

50.8 44.92 38.9 28.31 24.15 34.84

Table 2Removal of metals

JREAS, Vol. 2, Issue 04, October 2017149ISSN (Print) : 2456-6411, ISSN (Online) : 2456-6403

3. Conclusion

From the experiments carried out on the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution following points can be concluded:

l Keeping in mind the permissible limits, few activated carbons didn't even treat enough to reach the permissible limits (i.e. 3mg/L), these are Bamboo leaves and Marigold flowers.

l The only metal that was not removed by any of the activated materials is Lead Pb, whose permissible limit is just 1mg/L. Even the groundnut couldn't remove it below its permissible limit.

l Groundnut activated carbon has shown good result in terms of heavy metal removal as compared others.

l Cd removal percentage was higher than other materials.

References

[1] A. Nayak, Brij Bhushan, V. Gupta, and L. Rodriguez-Turienzo, "Development of a green and sustainable clean up system from grape pomace for heavy metal remediation," Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 4, pp. 4 3 4 2 - 4 3 5 3 , 2 0 1 6 . [ O n l i n e ] . http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221334371630361X

[2] Arunima Nayak, Brij Bhushan, Vartika Gupta, and P. Sharma, "Chemically activated carbon from lignocellulosic wastes for heavy metal wastewater remediation: Effect of activation conditions," Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 493, pp. 228-240, 2017. [Online]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979717300322

[3] W. S. Wan Ngah, L. C. Teong, and M. A. K. M. Hanafiah, "Adsorption of dyes and heavy metal ions by chitosan composites: A review," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 83, pp. 1446-1456, 2011. [Online]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0144861710008908

[4] Mohammed Matouq, Nina Jildeh, Mohammed Qtaishat, Muna Hindiyeh, and Maha Q. Al Syouf, "The adsorption kinetics and modeling for heavy metals removal from wastewater by Moringa pods," Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 775-784, 2015. [Online]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343715000755

[5] Soumya Ranjan Mishra, Rachna Chandra, A. Jipsi Kaila, and B. Savariya Darshi, "Kinetics and isotherm studies for the adsorption of metal ions

onto two soil types," Environmental Technology & Innovation, vol. 7, pp. 87-101, 2017. [Online]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186416301894

[6] V. Nimisha K., Aparna Mohan, and C. Janardanan., "Pectin–Tin(IV) molybdosilicate: An ecofriendly cationic exchanger and its potential for sorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions," Resource-Efficient Technologies, vol. 2, pp. S153 - S164, 2016, Special Issue on Technoscape-2016. [Online]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405653716301130

[7] Jingming Gong et al., "Adsorption of heavy metal ions by hierarchically structured magnetite-carbonaceous spheres," Talanta, vol. 1 0 1 , p p . 4 5 - 5 2 , 2 0 1 2 . [ O n l i n e ] . http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914012007400

[8] Pawan Kumar, Ki-Hyun Kim, Vasudha Bansal, Theodore Lazarides, and Naresh Kumar, "Progress in the sensing techniques for heavy metal ions using nanomaterials," Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 54, p p . 3 0 - 4 3 , 2 0 1 7 . [ O n l i n e ] . http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226086X17302873

[9] Xiaolin Yu et al., "Adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals," Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 25, pp. 933-943, 2013. [Online]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001074212601454

[10] Lei Zhang, Yuexian Zeng, and Zhengjun Cheng, "Removal of heavy metal ions using chitosan and modified chitosan: A review," Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 214, pp. 175-191, 2016. [Online]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0167732215308801

[11] T. A. H. Nguyen et al., "Applicability of agricultural waste and by-products for adsorptive removal of heavy metals from wastewater," Bioresource Technology, vol. 148, pp. 574-585, 2013. [Online]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0960852413013758

[12] Anna Hwang and Jeehyeong Khim, "Characteristics of Phosphatic Clay for Immobilizing Heavy Metals," in GeoCongress 2008. [Online]. http:/ /ascelibrary.org/ doi/abs/10.1061/40970%28309%29105

[13] Yonghong Liu, Lei Feng, Qian Li, Hongqing Hu, and Guanjie Jiang, "Removal of copper from aqueous solution with phosphate rocks," in 2011

JREAS, Vol. 2, Issue 04, October 2017150ISSN (Print) : 2456-6411, ISSN (Online) : 2456-6403

International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering, June 2011, pp. 2367-2371.

[14] Nian-ping Chi, Bing-zhi Dong, and Yi Liao, "Notice of Retraction Remediation of heavy metals polluted surface water by vermiculite Complex ecosystem filter," in 2010 The 2nd Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology, vol. 1, July 2010, pp. 694-697.

[15] Khairia M. Al-Qahtani, "Water purification using different waste fruit cortexes for the removal of heavy metals," Journal of Taibah University for Science, vol. 10, pp. 700-708, 2016. [Online]. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S165836551500148X

[16] Bingtao Liu, Li Zhang, and Hairong Wang, "Study of adsorption of heavy metal ions onto new type resin," in 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering, June 2011, pp. 7855-7858.