Removal of harmful, toxic, metabolic waste

Metabolic Wastes:CO2H2ONitrogenous Wastes

- Ammonia- Urea- Uric Acid

(most toxic)

(least toxic)

[Physical respiration]

[Physical respiration, Dehydration Synthesis][Protein Metabolism]

Organs Involved:

Lungs

LiverKidneys

Skin

What are the 4 major organs involved with excretion:

Liver SkinKidneysLungs

Work together to maintain homeostasis

Exchange of gases (CO2, H2O, O2)

Pathway of air:

Nasal PassagePharynxLarynxTrachea

Bronchioles

Bronchi/Bronchial tubes

Alveoli (respiratory surface) LUNGS

150 million per lung

Nasal PassagePharynx

LarynxTrachea

Bronchi

Bronchial Tubes

Lung

Nasal Passage:

1) Hairs filter out large foreign particles

2) Mucus on walls trap bacteria and dust3) Moistens air

4) Blood moving through capillaries warm inhaled air

Larynx: (Voice Box)

Between pharynx to trachea

Pharynx: Connects oral cavity to nasal passage

Trachea through Bronchial tubes:

- transports air to alveoli

- walls produce mucus to trap bacteria and dust

- cilia line walls and beat mucus upwards

Alveoli• Are thin, moist and surrounded by

capillaries• Are the functional units for gas exchange

between the lung and the blood• Alveoli increase surface area for gas

exchange• O2 diffuses into the blood from the alveoli

and CO2 and water diffuse out of the blood and into the alveoli

Bronchial Tube

Bronchiole

Alveoli

(II) Breathing Process

What part of the brain controls breathing?

Medulla (involuntary behavior)

To what is the medulla responding?

Carbon Dioxide concentration in the blood

Effects of Smoking:

paralyzes cilia in the respiratory tract

increases production of mucus (smokers cough)

smoke particles eventually break down alveoli wall forming scar tissue. Lungs lose elasticity becoming less functional

Smoke contains carcinogens (cause lung cancer)

Healthy Lung Tissue

Diseased Lung Tissue

Disorders of the Respiratory System

Asthma:

- Severe allergic response

- Contraction of bronchioles making breathing difficult- Fatigue

Bronchitis:

- inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes

- results in a severe cough and difficulty breathing- fatigue

Emphysema:

- lungs lose elasticity

- results in shortness of breath, difficulty breathing

- fatigue

Pneumonia:

- alveoli become filled with fluid- prevents exchange of gases at alveoli- severe cough, chest pain- fatigue

Lung Cancer:

- tumors form in lungs (irregular uncontrolled cell growth)

- lungs lose elasticity, breathing difficulty

- fatigue (eventually death)

Regulates body fluid composition

Detoxification of blood

Synthesis of bile

Urea formation (amino acid break down)

Epidermis

Dermis

Hair Follicle

Sebaceous Gland

Sweat GlandNerve

Fatty Tissue

Sweat Glands:

- Release perspiration

- Sweat contains water, urea and salt

Functions Excretion Regulation of body temperature

Video 2

• Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 2

Kidney Function

Functions Remove metabolic waste from the blood

Salt, urea, (water) Regulates composition of body fluids

Control concentration by eliminating/holdingonto water

Nephron:

(functional unit)

- 1.25 million per kidney

Path of Urine Excretion:

Kidney

Ureters

Urinary Bladder

Urethra (boys and girls both have!)

How do the kidneys maintain homeostasis?(How do the kidneys regulate blood/urine composition?)

During exercise:

After drinking:

After eating salty chips:

Causes of Kidney Disease:

- infections- heart disease- toxic substances

- environmental pollutants (heavy metals lead and mercury)- diets high in protein- crash diets

Gout:-Excess uric acid crystals precipitate out of blood -into joints

- cause is high protein diet (red meat)

if the concentration of a substance in the blood exceeds a certain level, the excess is NOT reabsorbed…

Problems: Diabetes: the blood sugar level is so high that glucosein the filtrate will not diffuse back into the blood stream….so glucose is present in the urine.

Kidney stones: hard mineral and crystalline material formed within the kidney or urinary tract.

Kidney Threshold level:

Dialysis:• When a set of kidneys don't do their job, their owner

has what is called a chronic kidney condition. Eventually, those kidneys may be considered failing. Much like a filter system hooked up to a pool, dialysis gives the kidneys a break by skimming waste for them.

• How does it work? A filtering machine is used to remove waste and extra fluid from your blood.