Religious Reformation

and New England• Martin Luther began the Protestant

Reformation in 1517.

– Hatred of Indulgences and Catholic

corruption

– Translated Bible into German so common – Translated Bible into German so common

people can read it.

• Reformation spread to all parts of Europe

including England.

– Anglican Church was already separated

but Calvinist ideas invaded and Puritans

were formed.

SeparatistsSeparatistsSeparatistsSeparatistsSeparatistsSeparatistsSeparatistsSeparatists

vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. vs.

PuritansPuritansPuritansPuritansPuritansPuritansPuritansPuritans

PuritanismPuritanismPuritanismPuritanismPuritanismPuritanismPuritanismPuritanismCalvinism � Institutes of the Christian Religion

� Predestination.

• Good works could not save those predestined for hell.

• No one could be certain of their spiritual status.status.

• Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion.”

Puritans:

� Want to totally reform [purify] the Church of England.

� Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England.

Separatist Beliefs:Separatist Beliefs:

�� Puritans who believed only “visible Puritans who believed only “visible saints” [those who could demonstrate in saints” [those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their front of their fellow Puritans their elect status] should be admitted to elect status] should be admitted to church membership.church membership.

SeparatistsSeparatistsSeparatistsSeparatistsSeparatistsSeparatistsSeparatistsSeparatists

church membership.church membership.

�� Because the Church of England enrolled Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share churches with the they had to share churches with the “damned.”“damned.”

�� Therefore, they believed in a total Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England.break from the Church of England.

Sources of Puritan MigrationSources of Puritan MigrationSources of Puritan MigrationSources of Puritan MigrationSources of Puritan MigrationSources of Puritan MigrationSources of Puritan MigrationSources of Puritan Migration

1620 1620 �� a group of 102 a group of 102 people [half Separatists] people [half Separatists]

�� Negotiated with theNegotiated with theVirginia Company to Virginia Company to settle in its settle in its jurisdiction.jurisdiction.

The MayflowerThe MayflowerThe MayflowerThe MayflowerThe MayflowerThe MayflowerThe MayflowerThe Mayflower

jurisdiction.jurisdiction.

�� NonNon--Separatists Separatists included Captain Myles included Captain Myles Standish.Standish.

Plymouth Bay way Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia Company.outside the domain of the Virginia Company.

�� Became squatters without legal right to land & Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to establish a govt.specific authority to establish a govt.

The Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620November 11, 1620November 11, 1620November 11, 1620

The Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620November 11, 1620November 11, 1620November 11, 1620

The Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620November 11, 1620November 11, 1620November 11, 1620

The Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620November 11, 1620November 11, 1620November 11, 1620

Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.

Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.

� Signed by 41 adult males.

Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

Covenant TheologyCovenant TheologyCovenant TheologyCovenant TheologyCovenant TheologyCovenant TheologyCovenant TheologyCovenant Theology“Covenant of Grace”:

� between Puritan communities and God.

“Social Covenant”:“Social Covenant”:

� Between members of Puritan communities with each other.

� Required mutual watchfulness.

� No toleration of deviance or disorder.

� No privacy.

That First Year….That First Year….That First Year….That First Year….That First Year….That First Year….That First Year….That First Year….Winter of 1620-1621

� Only 44 out of the original 102 survived.

None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back.

Fall of 1621 � First “Thanksgiving.”Fall of 1621 � First “Thanksgiving.”

� Colony survived with fur [especially beaver], fish, and lumber.

Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant.

� 1691 � only 7,000 people

� Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.

William BradfordWilliam BradfordWilliam BradfordWilliam BradfordWilliam BradfordWilliam BradfordWilliam BradfordWilliam BradfordSelf-taught scholar.

Chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in yearly elections.

Worried about Worried about settlements of non-Puritans springing up nearby and corrupting Puritan society.

A Model of Christian Charity

Colonizing New EnglandColonizing New EnglandColonizing New EnglandColonizing New EnglandColonizing New EnglandColonizing New EnglandColonizing New EnglandColonizing New England

First Seal of MA BayFirst Seal of MA BayFirst Seal of MA BayFirst Seal of MA BayFirst Seal of MA BayFirst Seal of MA BayFirst Seal of MA BayFirst Seal of MA Bay

The MA Bay ColonyThe MA Bay ColonyThe MA Bay ColonyThe MA Bay ColonyThe MA Bay ColonyThe MA Bay ColonyThe MA Bay ColonyThe MA Bay Colony1629 � non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co.

� Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England.

� They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.”its “impurities.”

1630 � 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships

� Established a colony with Boston as its hub.

“Great Migration” of the 1630s

� Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America.

� Not all Puritans � 20,000 came to MA.

John WinthropJohn WinthropJohn WinthropJohn WinthropJohn WinthropJohn WinthropJohn WinthropJohn Winthrop

Well-off attorney and manor lord in England.

Became 1st governor of Massachusetts.

We shall be as a We shall be as a city on a hill..city on a hill..

of Massachusetts.

� Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead there.

� Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.

Land Division inLand Division inLand Division inLand Division inSudbury, MA: 1639Sudbury, MA: 1639Sudbury, MA: 1639Sudbury, MA: 1639----1656165616561656

Land Division inLand Division inLand Division inLand Division inSudbury, MA: 1639Sudbury, MA: 1639Sudbury, MA: 1639Sudbury, MA: 1639----1656165616561656

Characteristics of New Characteristics of New Characteristics of New Characteristics of New England SettlementsEngland SettlementsEngland SettlementsEngland SettlementsCharacteristics of New Characteristics of New Characteristics of New Characteristics of New England SettlementsEngland SettlementsEngland SettlementsEngland Settlements

Low mortality Low mortality �� average life average life expectancy was 70 years of age.expectancy was 70 years of age.

Many extended families.Many extended families.Many extended families.Many extended families.

Average 6 children per family.Average 6 children per family.

Average age at marriage:Average age at marriage:

�� Women Women –– 22 years old22 years old

�� Men Men –– 27 years old.27 years old.

PatriarchyPatriarchyPatriarchyPatriarchyPatriarchyPatriarchyPatriarchyPatriarchy

Authoritarian male father figures controlled each household.

Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Young, popular minister in Young, popular minister in Salem.Salem.

�� Argued for a full break Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church.with the Anglican Church.

�� Condemned MA Bay Condemned MA Bay Charter.Charter.Charter.Charter.

•• Did not give fair Did not give fair compensation to Indians.compensation to Indians.

�� Denied authority of civil Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious govt. to regulate religious behavior.behavior.

1635 1635 �� found guilty of preaching found guilty of preaching newe & newe & dangerous opinionsdangerous opinions and was exiled.and was exiled.

Roger WilliamsRoger Williams

1636 1636 �� Roger Williams fled there.Roger Williams fled there.

�� MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a England to prevent him from founding a competing colony.competing colony.

�� Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RIRemarkable political freedom in Providence, RI

•• Universal manhood suffrage Universal manhood suffrage �� later restricted later restricted

Rhode IslandRhode IslandRhode IslandRhode IslandRhode IslandRhode IslandRhode IslandRhode Island

•• Universal manhood suffrage Universal manhood suffrage �� later restricted later restricted by a property qualification.by a property qualification.

•• Opposed to special privilege of any kind Opposed to special privilege of any kind ��freedom of opportunity for all.freedom of opportunity for all.

RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters dissenters �� More liberal than any other More liberal than any other colony!colony!

Intelligent, strongIntelligent, strong--willed,willed,wellwell--spoken woman.spoken woman.

Threatened patriarchal Threatened patriarchal control.control.

AntinomialismAntinomialism [direct [direct revelation]revelation]

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”

revelation]revelation]

�� Means “against the law.”Means “against the law.”

�� Carried to logical extremes Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of Puritan doctrine of predestination.predestination.

�� Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.

�� Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man.either God or man.

AnneAnneHutchinsonHutchinson

1638 1638 �� she confounded the Puritan leaders she confounded the Puritan leaders for days.for days.

Eventually bragged that she had received Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.

Direct revelation was even more serious Direct revelation was even more serious

Anne Hutchinson’s TrialAnne Hutchinson’s TrialAnne Hutchinson’s TrialAnne Hutchinson’s TrialAnne Hutchinson’s TrialAnne Hutchinson’s TrialAnne Hutchinson’s TrialAnne Hutchinson’s Trial

Direct revelation was even more serious Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism. than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY??WHY??

Puritan leaders banished her Puritan leaders banished her �� she & her she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY.family traveled to RI and later to NY.

�� She and all but one member of her family She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.County.

�� John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!

New England Spreads OutNew England Spreads OutNew England Spreads OutNew England Spreads OutNew England Spreads OutNew England Spreads OutNew England Spreads OutNew England Spreads Out

New England Colonies, 1650New England Colonies, 1650New England Colonies, 1650New England Colonies, 1650New England Colonies, 1650New England Colonies, 1650New England Colonies, 1650New England Colonies, 1650

Indians especially weak in New England Indians especially weak in New England ��epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native popul.epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native popul.

Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended the settlers.the settlers.

�� Cooperation between the two Cooperation between the two

Puritans vs. Native AmericansPuritans vs. Native AmericansPuritans vs. Native AmericansPuritans vs. Native AmericansPuritans vs. Native AmericansPuritans vs. Native AmericansPuritans vs. Native AmericansPuritans vs. Native Americans

�� Cooperation between the two Cooperation between the two helped by helped by SquantoSquanto..

1621 1621 �� Chief Massasoit signedChief Massasoit signedtreaty with the settlers.treaty with the settlers.

�� Autumn, 1621 Autumn, 1621 �� both groups both groups celebrated the First Thanksgiving.celebrated the First Thanksgiving.

The First Thanksgiving?The First Thanksgiving?The First Thanksgiving?The First Thanksgiving?The First Thanksgiving?The First Thanksgiving?The First Thanksgiving?The First Thanksgiving?

In 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed In 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed Thanksgiving an official US holiday.Thanksgiving an official US holiday.

The Pequot Wars: The Pequot Wars: The Pequot Wars: The Pequot Wars: 1636163616361636----1637163716371637The Pequot Wars: The Pequot Wars: The Pequot Wars: The Pequot Wars: 1636163616361636----1637163716371637Pequots Pequots �� veryverypowerful tribepowerful tribein CT river valley.in CT river valley.

1637 1637 �� PequotPequotWarWar

�� Whites, withWhites, withNarragansettNarragansettWhites, withWhites, withNarragansettNarragansettIndian allies,Indian allies,attacked Pequotattacked Pequotvillage on Mystic village on Mystic River.River.

�� Whites set fire Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!to homes & shot fleeing survivors!

�� Pequot tribe virtually annihilatedPequot tribe virtually annihilated�� an uneasy an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.peace lasted for 40 years.

A P equot V illage

D estroyed, 16 3 7

A P equot V illage

D estroyed, 16 3 7

Only hope for Native Only hope for Native Americans to resist Americans to resist white settlers was to white settlers was to UNITE.UNITE.

MetacomMetacom [King Philip to [King Philip to

K ing P hilip’s W ar (16 7 5 -16 76 }K ing P hilip’s W ar (16 7 5 -16 76 }

MetacomMetacom [King Philip to [King Philip to white settlers]white settlers]

�� Massasoit’s son united Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged Indians and staged coordinated attacks coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England.on white settlements throughout New England.

�� Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.Boston.

K ing P hilip’s W ar (16 7 5 -16 76 }K ing P hilip’s W ar (16 7 5 -16 76 }

The war ended in failure for the IndiansThe war ended in failure for the Indians

�� Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.

�� His son and wife sold into slavery.His son and wife sold into slavery.

�� Never a serious threat in New England again!!Never a serious threat in New England again!!

P opulation of the N ew

E ng land Colonies

P opulation of the N ew

E ng land Colonies

P opulation Comparisons:

N ew E ng land v. the Chesapeake

P opulation Comparisons:

N ew E ng land v. the Chesapeake