religions of southern and eastern asia buddhism, hinduism, islam, shintoism and the philosophy of...

Religions of Southern Religions of Southern and Eastern Asiaand Eastern Asia

Buddhism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Shintoism and the Islam, Shintoism and the

Philosophy of Philosophy of Confucianism.Confucianism.

ConfucianismConfucianism

Origins & Origins & HistoryHistory

Founded by Founded by Confucius Confucius (551–479 (551–479 BC), ChinaBC), China


Adherents Worldwide (approx.) Adherents Worldwide (approx.) 5-6 million5-6 million


God(s) and UniverseGod(s) and Universe God is not addressed. God is not addressed.

Centers on human behavior.Centers on human behavior. Confucius regarded Confucius regarded Heaven Heaven

((T'ienT'ien) as a positive and personal ) as a positive and personal force in the universe; he was not, force in the universe; he was not, as some have supposed, an as some have supposed, an agnostic or a skeptic. agnostic or a skeptic.


Human Situation Human Situation and Life's and Life's PurposePurpose

Purpose of life Purpose of life is to fulfill is to fulfill one's role in one's role in society with society with propriety, propriety, honor, and honor, and loyalty.loyalty.

Student learning confucianism.


AfterlifeAfterlife Not addressedNot addressed..


PracticesPractices Honesty, politeness, Honesty, politeness,

propriety, humaneness, propriety, humaneness, perform correct role in perform correct role in society, loyalty to family, society, loyalty to family, nationnation


TextsTexts AnalectsAnalects - - The sacred The sacred

text is simply a book text is simply a book that is written by that is written by Confucius himself, and Confucius himself, and includes the words includes the words that he spoke that he spoke throughout his throughout his teachings and his teachings and his aims to spread the aims to spread the word to his disciples. word to his disciples. Many of his teachings Many of his teachings and beliefs are listed and beliefs are listed and explained through and explained through this sacred text. this sacred text.


Other InformationOther Information Confucianism has been followed by the Confucianism has been followed by the

Chinese for more than two millennia. It Chinese for more than two millennia. It has deeply influenced spiritual and has deeply influenced spiritual and political life in China; its influence has also political life in China; its influence has also extended to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. extended to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. East Asians may profess themselves to be East Asians may profess themselves to be Shintoists, Taoists, Buddhists, Muslims, or Shintoists, Taoists, Buddhists, Muslims, or Christians - but seldom do they cease to Christians - but seldom do they cease to be Confucians.be Confucians.

HinduismHinduism

Origins & History Origins & History Indigenous religion of India as Indigenous religion of India as

developed to present day.developed to present day.

HinduismHinduism

Adherents Worldwide (approx.)Adherents Worldwide (approx.) 900 million900 million

HinduismHinduism

God(s) and UniverseGod(s) and Universe One Supreme Reality One Supreme Reality

(Brahman) manifested in (Brahman) manifested in many gods and goddessesmany gods and goddesses

HinduismHinduism

Human Situation and Life's Human Situation and Life's PurposePurpose

Humans are in bondage to Humans are in bondage to ignorance and illusion, but ignorance and illusion, but are able to escape. Purpose is are able to escape. Purpose is to gain release from rebirth, to gain release from rebirth, or at least a better rebirth.or at least a better rebirth.

HinduismHinduism

AfterlifeAfterlife Reincarnation Reincarnation

until gain until gain enlightenment.enlightenment.

HinduismHinduism

PracticesPractices Yoga, meditation, Yoga, meditation,

worship (puja), worship (puja), devotion to a god devotion to a god or goddess, or goddess, pilgrimage to holy pilgrimage to holy cities, live cities, live according to one's according to one's dharma (purpose/ dharma (purpose/ role).role).

HinduismHinduism

TextsTexts The Vedas, Upanishads, The Vedas, Upanishads,

Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, etc.etc.

HinduismHinduism

Other informationOther information Hinduism is an ancient religion with no Hinduism is an ancient religion with no

founder or known date of origin. The founder or known date of origin. The term "Hinduism" simply derives from term "Hinduism" simply derives from the word "India" and refers to a wide the word "India" and refers to a wide variety of religious traditions and variety of religious traditions and philosophies that have developed in philosophies that have developed in India over thousands of years. Most India over thousands of years. Most Hindus worship one or more deities, Hindus worship one or more deities, believe in reincarnation, value the believe in reincarnation, value the practice of meditation, and observe practice of meditation, and observe festive holidays like Diwali and Holi.festive holidays like Diwali and Holi.

IslamIslam

Origins & History Origins & History Muhammad, Muhammad,

622 AD, Saudi 622 AD, Saudi ArabiaArabia

IslamIslam

Adherents Worldwide (approx.)Adherents Worldwide (approx.) 1.3 billion (Sunni: 940 million)1.3 billion (Sunni: 940 million)

IslamIslam

God(s) and UniverseGod(s) and Universe One God (Allah in Arabic)One God (Allah in Arabic)

IslamIslam


Humans must submit (Humans must submit (islamislam) ) to the will of God to gain to the will of God to gain Paradise after death.Paradise after death.

IslamIslam

AfterlifeAfterlife ParadisParadis

e or e or Hell.Hell.

IslamIslam

PracticesPractices Five Pillars: Faith, Prayer, Alms, Five Pillars: Faith, Prayer, Alms,

Pilgrimage, Fasting. Mosque Pilgrimage, Fasting. Mosque services on Fridays. Ablutions services on Fridays. Ablutions (washing, purification) before (washing, purification) before prayer. No alcohol or pork. prayer. No alcohol or pork. Holidays related to the Holidays related to the pilgrimage and fast of Ramadan.pilgrimage and fast of Ramadan.

IslamIslam

TextsTexts Qur'anQur'an (Scripture); (Scripture); HadithHadith

(tradition)(tradition)

IslamIslam

Other InformationOther Information Islam is a monotheistic religion based Islam is a monotheistic religion based

on revelations received by the Prophet on revelations received by the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century, which Muhammad in the 7th century, which were later recorded in the Qur'an were later recorded in the Qur'an (Koran), Islam's sacred text. The faith (Koran), Islam's sacred text. The faith spread rapidly and today Islam is the spread rapidly and today Islam is the second largest religion in the world. The second largest religion in the world. The Arabic word Arabic word islamislam means "submission," means "submission," reflecting the religion's central tenet of reflecting the religion's central tenet of submitting to the will of God. Islamic submitting to the will of God. Islamic practices are defined by the Five Pillars practices are defined by the Five Pillars of Islam: faith, prayer, fasting, of Islam: faith, prayer, fasting, pilgrimage and alms.pilgrimage and alms.

ShintoismShintoism

Origins & History Origins & History Indigenous religion of Japan.Indigenous religion of Japan.

ShintoismShintoism

Adherents Worldwide (approx.) Adherents Worldwide (approx.) 3-4 million3-4 million

ShintoismShintoism

God(s) and Universe God(s) and Universe Polytheism based on the Polytheism based on the

kamikami, ancient gods or spirits., ancient gods or spirits.

ShintoismShintoism


Humans are pure by nature Humans are pure by nature and can keep away evil and can keep away evil through purification rituals through purification rituals and attain good things by and attain good things by calling on the kami.calling on the kami.

ShintoismShintoism

AfterlifeAfterlife Death is bad and impure. Death is bad and impure.

Some humans become kami Some humans become kami after death.after death.

ShintoismShintoism

PracticesPractices Worship and offerings to kami Worship and offerings to kami

at shrines and at home. at shrines and at home. Purification rituals.Purification rituals.

ShintoismShintoism

TextsTexts Important texts are Important texts are KojikiKojiki or or

'Records of Ancient Matters' 'Records of Ancient Matters' and and Nihon-giNihon-gi or 'Chronicles of or 'Chronicles of Japan'Japan'

ShintoismShintoism

Other InformationOther Information Shinto (also Shintoism) is the term Shinto (also Shintoism) is the term

for the indigenous religious for the indigenous religious beliefs and practices of Japan. beliefs and practices of Japan. Shinto has no founder, no official Shinto has no founder, no official sacred scriptures, and no fixed sacred scriptures, and no fixed creeds, but it has preserved its creeds, but it has preserved its main beliefs and rituals main beliefs and rituals throughout the ages.throughout the ages.

BuddhismBuddhism

Origins & History Origins & History Founded by Siddharta Founded by Siddharta

Gautama (the Buddha) in c. Gautama (the Buddha) in c. 520 BC, NE India.520 BC, NE India.

BuddhismBuddhism

Adherents Adherents Worldwide Worldwide (approx.)(approx.)

360 million360 million

BuddhismBuddhism

God(s) and UniverseGod(s) and Universe Varies: Theravada atheistic; Varies: Theravada atheistic;

Mahayana more polytheistic. Mahayana more polytheistic. Buddha taught nothing is Buddha taught nothing is permanent.permanent.

BuddhismBuddhism


Purpose is to avoid suffering Purpose is to avoid suffering and gain enlightenment and and gain enlightenment and release from cycle of rebirth, release from cycle of rebirth, or at least attain a better or at least attain a better rebirth by gaining merit.rebirth by gaining merit.

BuddhismBuddhism

AfterlifeAfterlife Reincarnation (understood Reincarnation (understood

differently than in Hinduism, differently than in Hinduism, with no surviving soul) until with no surviving soul) until gain enlightenmentgain enlightenment

BuddhismBuddhism

PracticesPractices Meditation, mantras, devotion Meditation, mantras, devotion

to deities (in some sects), to deities (in some sects), mandalas (Tibetan)mandalas (Tibetan)

BuddhismBuddhism

TextsTexts Tripitaka (Pali Canon); Tripitaka (Pali Canon);

Mahayana sutras like the Mahayana sutras like the Lotus Sutra; others.Lotus Sutra; others.

BuddhismBuddhism

Other InformationOther Information Founded in India 2,500 years ago, Founded in India 2,500 years ago,

Buddhism remains the dominant religion Buddhism remains the dominant religion of the Far East and is increasingly popular of the Far East and is increasingly popular in the West. Over its long history Buddhist in the West. Over its long history Buddhist has developed into a wide variety of has developed into a wide variety of forms, ranging from an emphasis on forms, ranging from an emphasis on religious rituals and worship of deities to a religious rituals and worship of deities to a complete rejection of both rituals and complete rejection of both rituals and deities in favor of pure meditation. But all deities in favor of pure meditation. But all share in common a great respect for the share in common a great respect for the teachings of the Buddha, "The Enlightened teachings of the Buddha, "The Enlightened One."One."

Difference between Difference between Hinduism and Hinduism and

BuddhismBuddhism Buddhists- do not believe that the soul is Buddhists- do not believe that the soul is

unchanging. Seeking one’s individual self is unchanging. Seeking one’s individual self is counterproductive. It is not necessary to believe in counterproductive. It is not necessary to believe in a god, or that God created man. They believe that a god, or that God created man. They believe that the purpose of reincarnation is to gain the purpose of reincarnation is to gain enlightenment and live in Nirvana. They do NOT enlightenment and live in Nirvana. They do NOT believe in a caste system. [Goal - getting rid of believe in a caste system. [Goal - getting rid of one’s self]one’s self]

Hindus – believe you are born into a caste level and Hindus – believe you are born into a caste level and your goal is to perfect the soul at this level and your goal is to perfect the soul at this level and move to a better life. They believe that when you move to a better life. They believe that when you have perfected your soul, you live in harmony with have perfected your soul, you live in harmony with Brahman, the creator. [Goal - perfecting one’s self]Brahman, the creator. [Goal - perfecting one’s self]

religions of southern and eastern asia buddhism, hinduism, islam, shintoism and the philosophy of...

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