relational models for aggregates ed oneill ifla frbr workshop dublin, ohio, may 2, 2005 oclc...
TRANSCRIPT
Relational Models for Aggregates
Ed O’Neill
IFLA FRBR Workshop
Dublin, Ohio, May 2, 2005
OCLC Research
Aggregates
When you focus on one part, it’s hard the see the big picture
There are many incompatible views of aggregates
Aggregates are Common
• Originally published in 1771, it is generally regarded as Smollett’s finest novel
• 48 distinct expressions have been identified
• 274 manifestations in WorldCat
– 190 in single work manifestations
– 78 in aggregates (probably more; many still unidentified)
Focus
• Types of Works
• Granularity (Work or Aggregate)
• FRBR Models for Aggregates
Types of WorldCat Works
• Elemental: Works have only a single manifestation (78 %)
• Simple: Works have only a single expression but multiple manifestations (16 %)
• Complex: Works have multiple expressions (6 %)– Revisions (53%)– Translations (26%)– Aggregates (9%)– Augmentations (2%)
AugmentationsWorks where material has been added without changing the original
The Expedition of Humphry Clinker has been extensively augmented with: notes, introductions, illustrations, bibliographies, glossaries, etc.
This drawing by Hablot Knight Browne was used to illustrate several editions of the Expedition of Humphry Clinker
Revisions
1st (1968) and 2nd (1971) editions are authored by John Phillip Immroth.
3rd (1980) and 4th (1990) editions are authored by Lois Mai Chan and “Immroth’s” was added to the title.
For the 5th (1999) edition, “Immroth’s” was dropped to revert back to the original title.
Works that have been updated
Aggregates
Multiple works combined to form an aggregate
Translations
Works in which all expressions, except the original, are translations
Defining a Work
• Guidelines for identifying the boundaries between one work and another are briefly presented in the Report; Barbara Tillett developed a chart that further clarified these boundaries
• The Report provides little guidance on differentiating between components, works, and aggregates
• Clear guidelines for identifying components, works, and aggregates are a key to developing the full potential of FRBR
Need for Consistency
The Report states that “it is difficult to define precise boundaries for [works]” and that “the concept of what constitutes a work and where the line of demarcation lies between one work and another may in fact be viewed differently from one culture to another.”
This fails to adequately consider the impact of such flexibility in a shared cataloging environment where consistency is essential. Differing definitions of a work will result in multiple entries (duplicates) for the identical conceptual entity.
Universality Principle
If an entity is a work in any of its manifestations, it is a work in all manifestations
•The criteria for identifying a work must be based on the properties of the work
•Since a work is an abstract entity, its properties are independent of its manifestations
Definitions
• Work: The smallest autonomous intellectual or artistic entity
• Aggregate: An entity comprised of multiple works
• Component: A subunit or component part of a work
Criteria
• Has an identity (Author / Title)
• Was created independently
• Can be used autonomously
• Is the typically cited entry
• Is sold, published, or distributed separately
• Has separable rights (Copyright)
A work is the smallest entity that:
Granularity Example
Components
Comprised of
Aggregate
Grouped into
Work
Set of Aggregates
Collected into
3 Models for Aggregates
•Single Work
•Work of Works
•Manifestation of Works
Single Work Model
Aggregate Work
Expression
Manifestation
• Simple, non-recursive
• All aggregates considered to be a distinct work
• Each combination (or permutation) of expressions becomes a new work
• Identity of individual works is lost
• Distinction between the work and the expression is obscured
• Most aggregate works have a single expression; often a single manifestation
Single Work Model
Aggregate Work
Expression
Manifestation
Work of Works Model
Expression
Manifestation
Aggregate
Work
• Highly complex, recursive
• An individual work can be part of multiple aggregates
• Each aggregate or work can have multiple expressions with multiple manifestations
• Few practical benefits
• Successful applications limited to very simple cases
Expression
Manifestation
w1 Robertson Davies’ The Deptford trilogy
w1.1 Robertson Davies’ Fifth business
w1.2 Robertson Davies’ The manticore
w1.3 Robertson Davies’ World of wonders
Work of Works
Report, p. 28
Manifestation of Works Model
Expression
Work
Manifestation
Expression
Work
Manifestation
Expression
Work
Manifestation
AggregateManifestation
• Relatively simple, non-recursive
• Aggregates are primarily physical entities—not abstract
• An aggregate is considered to be a manifestation rather than a work
• Expressions retain their identity in all manifestations
• Identity of individual works is maintained
• Distinction between the work and the expression is preserved
Basis for Manifestation of Works
Work
Expression
Is realized through
ManifestationIs embodied in
Only Many-to-Many Relation
Smollett’s Works
w1 Roderick Random
w2 Humphry Clinker
w3 Smollett’s novels
w3.1 Roderick Random
w3.2 Humphry Clinker
w1 Robertson Davies’ The Deptford trilogy
w1.1 Robertson Davies’ Fifth business
w1.2 Robertson Davies’ The manticore
w1.1 Robertson Davies’ World of wonders
Simplified example of Smollett’s novels
Exp
ress
ion
sM
an
ifest
atio
ns
Wo
rks
Modeling ‘Novels’ as a Work
Novels3
Clinker3.2Random3.1
Clinker3.2.1Random3.1.1
Smollett’s Novels
Novels3.1
? ?
Clinker
Clinker2
Clinker1
Modeling ‘Novels’ as a Work
Novels3
Smollett’s Novels
Clinker3.2Random3.1
Clinker3.2.1Random3.1.1
Novels3.1
Exp
ress
ion
sM
an
ifest
atio
ns
Wo
rks
Random
Random1
Clinker
Clinker2 Clinker1
‘Novels’ as a Manifestation
Smollett’s Novels
Aggregate
Bridge Over Troubled Water
1. Bridge over troubled water
2. El Condor pasa
3. Cecilia
4. Keep the customer satisfied
5. So long Frank Lloyd Wright
6. The boxer
7. Baby driver
8. The only living boy in New York
9. Why don't you write me
10.Bye, bye love
11.Song for the asking
Bridge
Bridge1
Bridge Over Troubled Water
Bridge2
Work1 Work1 Work1 Work1
Bridge3
Bridge4
Recommendations
• Recognize the universality of works
• Define works as the smallest autonomous entry
• Exclude recursive relationships for works
• Treat aggregates as manifestations
The End
Questions,
Suggestions,
Comments,
Discussion
References
• IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records. 1998. Functional requirements for bibliographic records: final report. München: K. G. Saur. Also available online at <http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf and at <http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm.
• Bennett, Rick, Brian F. Lavoie, and Edward T. O’Neill. 2003. “The Concept of a Work in WorldCat: an Application of FRBR”. Library Collections, Acquisitions, & Technical Services 27: 45-59.
• O’Neill, Edward T. 2002. “FRBR: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: Application of the Entity-Relationship Model to Humphry Clinker”. Library Resources & Technical Services 46(4): 150-159.
• Hickey, Thomas B. and Edward T. O’Neill. (Forthcoming) “FRBRizing OCLC’s WorldCat”, Cataloging & Classification Quarterly.