Regents Biology 2009-2010

Protein Synthesis Making Proteins

Regents Biology

Bodies are made up of cells All cells run on a set of instructions

spelled out in DNA

Bodies Cells DNA

Regents Biology

How does DNA code for cells & bodies? how are cells and bodies made from the

instructions in DNA

DNA Cells Bodies

Regents Biology

____________________________________ _____________

DNA Proteins Cells Bodies

proteinscells

bodiesDNA gets all the glory,Proteins do all the work

Regents Biology

How do proteins do all the work ____________________

proteins run living organisms __________________

control all chemical reactions in living organisms

__________________ all living organisms are built out of proteins

Regents Biologynucleus

Cell organization DNA

________________________ genes = instructions for making proteins

want to keep it there = protected “locked in the vault”

nucleus

Regents Biology

Cell organization Proteins

___________________________ ________________________________________ ___________________________

nucleus

cytoplasm

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

buildproteins

nucleus

Regents Biology

Passing on DNA information Need to get DNA gene information

from nucleus to cytoplasm ___________________________ ___________________________

nucleus

cytoplasm

ribosome

buildproteins

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

nucleus

Regents Biology

mRNA

From nucleus to cytoplasm

DNA

______________

nucleus cytoplasm

________________

trait

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

protein

Regents Biology

DNA vs. RNA_______

deoxyribose sugar nitrogen bases

_____________ _____________ C : G

________________

_______ ribose sugar nitrogen bases

_____________ _____________ C : G

________________

Regents Biology

Transcription _____________________ DNA strand is the

template (pattern) match bases

U : A G : C

Enzyme RNA polymerase

Regents Biology

Matching bases of DNA & RNA Double stranded DNA unzips

A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A

Regents Biology

Matching bases of DNA & RNA Double stranded DNA unzips

A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A

Regents Biology

Matching bases of DNA & RNA Match RNA bases to DNA

bases on one of the DNA strands

U

A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A

U

UU

U

U

G

G

A

A

A C CRNA

polymerase

C

C

C

C

C

G

G

G

G

A

A

A

AA

Regents Biology

Matching bases of DNA & RNA U instead of T is matched to A

TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU Uribosome

Regents Biology

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

protein

cytoplasm

nucleus

traitU C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U

ribosome

Regents Biology

How does mRNA code for proteins mRNA leaves nucleus mRNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm ____________________________________

aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa

How?

mRNA

U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U

Regents Biology

How does mRNA code for proteins?

TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA

Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Alaprotein

?

How can you code for 20 amino acids withonly 4 DNA bases (A,U,G,C)?

ribosome

aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa

Regents Biology

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA

mRNA codes for proteins in triplets

TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA

Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Alaprotein

?

codons

ribosome

________________________________

Regents Biology

For ALL life! strongest support

for a common origin for all life

Code has duplicates several codons for

each amino acid mutation insurance!

Start codon AUG methionine

Stop codons UGA, UAA, UAG

The mRNA code

Regents Biology ________________________________

How are the codons matched to amino acids?

TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA

aminoacid

anti-codon

codon

UAC

MetGCA

ArgCAU

Val

tRNA

Regents Biology

mRNA to protein = Translation __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

mRNAU C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U

aaaa

aa

tRNA

GGU

aa

tRNA

U A C

aa

tRNA

GA C

tRNA

aa

A GU

ribosome

Regents Biology

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

aa

aa

mRNA

From gene to protein

_______________

nucleus cytoplasm

protein

_______________

trait

U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU Uribosome

tRNA

aa

DNA

Regents Biology

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

aa

transcriptiontranscription

transcription

transcription

cytoplasm

nucleus

Regents Biology

From gene to protein

transcriptiontranscription

translationtranslation

proteinprotein

Regents Biology 2009-2010

Whoops!See what happens when

your genes don’t work right!

Any Questions??