Reformation EuropeReformation Europe

Martin Luther Martin Luther German monkGerman monk Criticized the Church Criticized the Church

Indulgence, corruption, focus on wealth, sinning Indulgence, corruption, focus on wealth, sinning popespopes

95 Theses – nailed to Wittenberg Church door95 Theses – nailed to Wittenberg Church door Reforms he proposedReforms he proposed

Personal pietyPersonal piety Bible as source of religious authorityBible as source of religious authority Everyone equal under GodEveryone equal under God Priesthood of all believersPriesthood of all believers Eucharist as spiritual, not actual, presence of Eucharist as spiritual, not actual, presence of

ChristChrist

Spread of Luther’s IdeasSpread of Luther’s Ideas Political ReasonsPolitical Reasons

Means of breaking away from papal powerMeans of breaking away from papal power Means of creating political autonomy in Means of creating political autonomy in

H.R.EmpireH.R.Empire Could seize valuable church landsCould seize valuable church lands Freedom from paying taxes to the ChurchFreedom from paying taxes to the Church

Social Reasons Social Reasons Could shift focus to truly helping the poor/needyCould shift focus to truly helping the poor/needy Opportunity for active involvement in faith for Opportunity for active involvement in faith for

common peoplecommon people

Luther never intended to break from the Luther never intended to break from the Church, nor could he have envisioned what Church, nor could he have envisioned what he would starthe would start

John Calvin (1509-64) John Calvin (1509-64) CalvinismCalvinism emphasized power of God over sinful & corrupt emphasized power of God over sinful & corrupt

humanity humanity God demanded obedience; fire & brimstone God God demanded obedience; fire & brimstone God solution to anxiety about impending doom lay in solution to anxiety about impending doom lay in

strict obedience to God’s rules strict obedience to God’s rules Doctrine of predestination Doctrine of predestination Eucharist -> spiritual presence if you believeEucharist -> spiritual presence if you believe

AnabaptistsAnabaptists Radical Reformation Radical Reformation lower classes – popular religion (folk beliefs)lower classes – popular religion (folk beliefs) spoke to the spiritual & earthly needs of the spoke to the spiritual & earthly needs of the

oppressed oppressed Salvation could be obtained through inner light Salvation could be obtained through inner light

Women and the ReformationWomen and the Reformation Why were women drawn to the Why were women drawn to the

Protestant Reformation? Were their Protestant Reformation? Were their expectations met? expectations met?

What role did the printing press play in What role did the printing press play in the success of the Reformation? the success of the Reformation?

Wars of ReligionWars of Religion FranceFrance

Francis II (1559-1560)Francis II (1559-1560) Charles IX (1560-1574)Charles IX (1560-1574) Catherine de Medici - regentCatherine de Medici - regent HuguenotsHuguenots Guise Family Guise Family St. Bartholomew’s Day MassacreSt. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Henry IV of Navarre – Edict of NantesHenry IV of Navarre – Edict of Nantes

SpainSpain Ferdinand & IsabellaFerdinand & Isabella Philip IIPhilip II

GermanyGermany Holy Roman Empire – collection of smaller Holy Roman Empire – collection of smaller

kingdomskingdoms Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor Feudal Lords/Noble landownersFeudal Lords/Noble landowners

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Control of the Holy Roman Empire at stake Control of the Holy Roman Empire at stake Becomes European warBecomes European war

James I of England supports ProtestantsJames I of England supports Protestants Spain on side of HREmperorSpain on side of HREmperor Sweden & Denmark on side of ProtestantsSweden & Denmark on side of Protestants

Peace of Westphalia Peace of Westphalia France emerges as leading European powerFrance emerges as leading European power Germany ravaged by war Germany ravaged by war Calvinism recognized as legit Prot. religion Calvinism recognized as legit Prot. religion Spain forced to recognize independence of Spain forced to recognize independence of

the Netherlands the Netherlands

Protestant Reformation – ReviewProtestant Reformation – Review

What was the main reason that it What was the main reason that it began?began?

How did it spread?How did it spread?

What was the appeal?What was the appeal?

Catholic Reformation/Counter-Catholic Reformation/Counter-ReformationReformation

General PatternsGeneral Patterns Slow beginning and slow growthSlow beginning and slow growth Equally important to historyEqually important to history Reasserted traditional CatholicismReasserted traditional Catholicism Personal reform was keyPersonal reform was key Appeal to emotionAppeal to emotion Church became more militantChurch became more militant

In what ways did the Catholic In what ways did the Catholic Church aim to counter the appeal of Church aim to counter the appeal of the Reformation?the Reformation?

New Clerical ordersNew Clerical orders Roles for WomenRoles for Women Changes in the PapacyChanges in the Papacy Art & ArchitectureArt & Architecture

ClergyClergy Jesuits – Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)Jesuits – Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

To win back converts to the ChurchTo win back converts to the Church Emphasis on power of preachingEmphasis on power of preaching God’s armyGod’s army

St. Vincent de Paul (1581-1660)St. Vincent de Paul (1581-1660) Preached to rural parishesPreached to rural parishes Wanted to create model parishes and Wanted to create model parishes and

staffsstaffs Created seminaries to educate priests Created seminaries to educate priests

who would live in rural parisheswho would live in rural parishes

WOMENWOMEN

Why did the Protestant Reformation Why did the Protestant Reformation appeal to women?appeal to women?

How did women participate in the How did women participate in the Counter Reformation?Counter Reformation?

Opportunities for WomenOpportunities for Women St. Theresa of Avila (1515-1582)St. Theresa of Avila (1515-1582)

Wanted to reform the Carmelite order to Wanted to reform the Carmelite order to bring back the original state of the orderbring back the original state of the order

St. Angela Merici (1470-1540)St. Angela Merici (1470-1540) To teach Catholic doctrine to girlsTo teach Catholic doctrine to girls UrsulinesUrsulines Committed to spreading ChristianityCommitted to spreading Christianity

Confraternities of CharityConfraternities of Charity Laywomen to feed & nurse the sick poorLaywomen to feed & nurse the sick poor Created by the VincentiansCreated by the Vincentians

What reforms did the papacy enact What reforms did the papacy enact in response to the Protestant in response to the Protestant Reformation?Reformation?

PapacyPapacy Encouraged new ordersEncouraged new orders Appointed reforming CardinalsAppointed reforming Cardinals Council of Trent (1545)Council of Trent (1545)

modified & unified church doctrine modified & unified church doctrine abolished many corrupt practices abolished many corrupt practices advocated use of catechisms advocated use of catechisms reformed liturgy reformed liturgy

InquisitionInquisition Began in Spain, spread to all Catholic Began in Spain, spread to all Catholic

areasareas Targeted Protestants, Jews, MuslimsTargeted Protestants, Jews, Muslims

Ultimate results of the Ultimate results of the ReformationReformation

created a skeptical attitude toward created a skeptical attitude toward authority and traditionauthority and tradition

emphasis on education – led to emphasis on education – led to people able to read an interpret people able to read an interpret religion and other ideologiesreligion and other ideologies

individualism – led to a habit of individualism – led to a habit of thinking independentlythinking independently

Consider how the changes brought Consider how the changes brought about by the Reformation influenced about by the Reformation influenced the Scientific Revolution.the Scientific Revolution.

Be prepared to explain the conflict Be prepared to explain the conflict that surrounded the scientific that surrounded the scientific advances that were made during the advances that were made during the 1616thth and 17 and 17thth centuries. centuries.

Be able to identify the major Be able to identify the major discoveries/advancements of the discoveries/advancements of the Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution