LEARNING ABOUT THE REFORM ERA – UNIT 8

DO NOW – 4/10/2017

Take out a sheet of paper and copy down LTs 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 from the Unit 8:

Social Issues and Reform scale.

Reform Era: Temperance, Education, Women’s Suffrage, Prisons and Care for the Mentally Ill, Abolitionism

A Spirit of Revival Second Great Awakening:

1790’s-early 1800’s Revival of religious feeling Differed from the 1st by

introducing the idea that everyone could be forgiven for their sin

Doing good deeds could help you gain salvation

Helped jump start reform movement

Americans believed they could act to make things better

Transcendentalism: the belief that the spiritual world is more important than the physical

People can find truth within themselves through feelings and intuition

Thoreau was a pivotal figure Civil Disobedience: urged

people to peacefully refuse laws they considered unjust

Organized because consumption of alcohol significantly increased & caused social problems

Goal was to encourage moderation in the consumption of alcohol

Some groups pressed for complete abstinence

Heavy drinking led to many social problems

Movement was led by churches and religious groups

Propaganda focused on the sufferings of innocent mothers and their children

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement

Temperance UnionsTemperance Unions Groups that pushed for

total prohibition Considered drinking to be

morally wrong Believed it should be

prohibited by law Their demands led to

experiments with more strict laws

The Civil War stalled the movement

Temperance was later revisited during the 1890’s-1920’s Woman's Christian Temperance Union Woman's Christian Temperance Union

(1874)(1874)

Annual Consumption of Alcohol 1720-1930

QUICK CHECK #1:Use the graph to answer the following question.

How effective was the pre-Civil War Temperance Movement?

QUICK CHECK #1

Use the following words to write 3-4 sentences that summarize what you learned: Second Great Awakening, good deeds, Transcendentalism, Thoreau,

Temperance, Alcohol, Social Issues

Education Reform Early Schools

Short-term schools from the colonial era

10-12 weeks per year Provided basic

instruction Charged a fee along

Schooling was costly and religiously based

Parents were considered primary educators

Families relied on each other and churches for additional learning

Horace Mann and “Common Schools” Reformers argued that INFORMED CITIZENS were

needed for our republican GOVERNMENT TO THRIVE

Workers wanted their children to have a chance to pursue the “American dream”

Horace Mann promoted PUBLIC SCHOOLS as the only way to EQUALIZE SOCIETY

He argued that it was impossible that educated people could remain permanently poor

Mann worked for many Mann worked for many reforms in public reforms in public education:education:

Paid for and run by the Paid for and run by the publicpublic

Inclusive of children from Inclusive of children from different backgroundsdifferent backgrounds

Taught by well-trained Taught by well-trained professional teachersprofessional teachers

Early Public Schools Despite reformers efforts, public school conditions were poor: Lacked funding,

books, and equipment Teachers were poorly

paid and often poorly prepared

Kids that went beyond the elementary grades went to private academies

Public schools did not become well established until AFTER the Civil War

1800’s Georgia school house

QUICK CHECK #2

What did Horace Mann believe was the only way to equally educate and inform all citizens of the United States?

1800’s Georgia school house

Women’s Rights The Industrial Revolution

changed the economy People separated from homes Home became a refuge Different roles (jobs) for men and

women STATUS of women remained

similar to what it had been during the colonial era Could not go to college, vote or

hold most professional jobs Had no control over their children

or property Needed husband’s permission to

make a will, sign a contract, or file a lawsuit

BUT they were able to work out of the home

Organizing the Movement Many northern women were

involved in the Abolitionist Movement

Their involvement in suffrage reform increased after the World Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840 Women were excluded from

speaking and were forced to listen from behind a curtain

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton decided it was time to stand up for women’s rights They planned their own

convention when they returned home

Admission ticket to the Convention

The Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention, 1848

The first signatures on the Declaration of

Sentiments.

“. . . The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. . . . He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she has no voice. . .”Elizabeth Cady Stanton, The Declaration of Sentiments

Seneca Falls Convention and Declaration The women wrote a document modeled after the

Declaration of Independence It went over a list of complaints and ended with a demand

for rights The movement was ridiculed and women did not gain

suffrage until 1920 BUT women did gain more rights when it came to

property and wages

Legacy of the Movement Seneca Falls helped create an

organized campaign for women’s rights

Reformers made slow progress New York gave women control

over property and wages Massachusetts and Indiana

passed more liberal divorce laws

Some women began their own businesses

However, women’s suffrage took decades 19th Amendment passed in

1920 Only one woman present at the

convention lived to vote

QUICK CHECK #3Which of the following is an example of Republicanism?

A. the president’s ability to veto a bill passed by CongressB. the passing of the Bill of RightsC. voting for your state representativesD. a government official being impeached for embezzling

QUICK CHECK #4In your opinion, which reform movement,

Education or Women’s Rights, was most effective and why?

From Prison to Penitentiary Colonial prisons were used

as holding places Reformers argued that

society would benefit more from rehabilitating prisoners than punishing them Would also help our economy

because prisons could double as workshops for profit

By 1850, most states had adopted the penitentiary system Penitentiary: prisons used

for housing prisoners as punishment and rehabilitation

Prisons and the Mentally Ill Before the 1800’s, the

mentally ill were kept at home or imprisoned

By 1815, asylums appeared that separated the mentally ill from prisoners

Dorothea Dix led the reform movement for the mentally ill Boston school teacher who

was asked to teach Sunday school at the East Cambridge House of Correction in 1841

Found a room full of mentally ill women neglected and left without heat during the New England winter

Tranquilizing Chair

Dorothea Dix and Reform After her experience, Dix

spent two years investigating jails and asylums

Keepers of the institutions called her charges “slanderous lies” but she won support

20 states adopted laws to improve conditions 32 new hospitals were built

due to her efforts

“the present state of insane persons confined within the Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained naked beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience!”

QUICK CHECK #5What led to Dorothea Dix discovering the conditions inside prisons?

A. She was a prison guardB. She was a teacher who

taught prisoners how to read

C. She was teaching Sunday school in a prison

D. She heard about it from a friend

OROR

??

Abolitionist Movement Reformers began asking “how

can America, ‘the land of the free’, still allow slavery” The Atlantic Slave trade was

outlawed in 1808 BUT the Industrial Revolution and the invention of the cotton gin made both the North and the South dependent on slavery

Abolitionists were people who wanted to end slavery regardless of this economic dependence Both whites and African Americans were

abolitionists

Famous Abolitionists Although the North profited

from plantation systems and slavery, some white Northerners joined the Abolitionist Movement William Lloyd Garrison: began

to publish an abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator

Even more rare were Southern abolitionists Grimke Sisters (Sarah and

Angelina): Grew up on a plantation but believed slavery was immoral

Moved north and joined the movement Spoke out against slavery publically

Famous Abolitionists Some brave abolitionists

helped slaves escape to freedom Harriet Tubman- one of the

most famous conductors on the Underground Railroad

an above ground series of escape routes from the South to the North

Made 19 dangerous journeys to free enslaved people

Slave owners offered $40,000 for her capture, but she was never captured, nor did she lose a “passenger”

Famous Abolitionists Some escaped slaves also joined the

movement Frederick Douglass: became a lecturer

for the Mass. Anti-Slavery Society People who heard him considered him to be too

educated and well-spoken to have ever been a slave

We wrote an autobiography that was an instant best-seller

Started his own newspaper North Star

Sojourner Truth: fled her owners and lived with Quakers who set her free

Drew huge crowds throughout the North as she spoke for abolition

Both were able to change the way Northerners viewed slavery

BUT slavery continued for another 30 years

QUICK CHECK #6Why did the practice of slavery continue despite significant opposition and even after the Atlantic slave trade was outlawed?

A. Because many people preferred not to talk or worry about slavery.

B. Because during the Industrial Revolution, both Northern and Southern economies became even more dependent on slavery than before.

C. Because the number of Southern slave-owners outnumbered the amount of abolitionists in the North.

D. Because slaves weren’t allowed to vote against slavery.