refining the magnitude of shallow slip deficitseom.esa.int/fringe2015/files/presentation14.pdf ·...
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Refining the Magnitude of Shallow Slip Deficit
XU, Xiaohua1; TONG, Xiaopeng2; SANDWELL, David T. 1; MILLINER, Christopher W.D3.; DOLAN, James F. 3; HOLLINGSWORTH, James3; LEPRINCE, Sebastien4; AYOUB, Francois4
1 University of California, San Diego
2 University of Washington, Seattle
3 University of Southern California
4 California Institute of Technology
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Radar Interferometry
Fialko et al. 2001 (Hector Mine)
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Radar Interferometry
Fialko et al. 2001 (Hector Mine)
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Shallow Slip Deficit (SSD)
Simons & Filako, 2002 (Hector Mine)
Cumulative Strike Slip (m x km)
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Shallow Slip Deficit: Large Strike Slip Eqs
Fialko et al. 2005, 2010
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Shallow Slip Deficit
Scholz 1998
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Shallow Slip Deficit
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Possible Explanations for SSD
Shallow Creep/Aftershocks? ◦ No - Wei et al., [2010] Wei et al. [2011]
Triggered Slip? ◦ No - Sandwell et al.,[2000]
Off Fault Deformation? ◦ No - Shelf and Oskin [2010], Dolan et al. [2014]
Inelastic Deformation? ◦ Up to 15% - Kaneko and Fialko [2011]
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Possible Explanations: Shallow Earthquakes
Scholz, 1998 (Parkfield) Wei et al., 2011 (El-Mayor)
Not Much Shallow Earthquakes
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Possible Explanations: Shallow Creep
Jacobs et al. 2002
Fialko, 2004
Interseismic (Before Landers) Landers: 5.7 mm/year Hector: 2.9 mm/year
Savage et al., 2003
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Possible Explanations: Triggered Slip
Sandwell et al. 2000
Hi-Pass Filtered Phase Gradient (East Direction) 1999 Hector Mine
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Possible Explanations: Off-Fault Deformation
◦ Calico Cum-Slip 9.6 km Off-Fault Deformation ~ 23%
◦ Harper Lake Cum-Slip 3.6 km Off-Fault Deformation 31% ~ 46%
Shelf & Oskin, 2010
10%
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Possible Explanations: Inelastic Deformation
Maximum 15% Deficit by Inelastic Deformation Extra 10% might be caused by using Elastic Model for
inversion.
Kaneko & Fialko, 2011
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Possible Problems Cause By Large SSD
◦ Incorrect Slip Rate Estimation
◦ Ground Motion Prediction
◦ Paleo-Earthquake Magnitude
◦ Seismic Hazard Evaluation
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Is the SSD Real? -Radar Decorrelation
Fialko, 2004
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Synthetic Test
Xu et al. in prep
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Synthetic Test
Xu et al. in prep
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Data Preparation: Aerial Image Xcorr
Milliner et al. submitted
-National Aerial Photography Program/USGS
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Data Preparation: Aerial Image Xcorr
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Data Preparation: Aerial Image Xcorr
Along-Strike
Stri
ke S
lip
7m
70km 0
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Data Preparation: Unwrapping
Xu et al. in prep
Non-Boxcar Filter New Unwrapping with SNAPHU Corr Mask and DEFOMAX Ramp estimated and removed during Inversion
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Data Preparation: Unwrapping
Xu et al. in prep
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Data Preparation: Additional GPS
Xu et al. in prep 2010 El Mayor Cucapah
In All: 82 for 1992 Landers 77 for 1999 Hector Mine 158 for 2010 El-Mayor Cucapah
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Joint Inversion Results
GPS InSAR Aerial Image
Xu et al. in prep 1992 Landers
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Joint Inversion Results
Xu et al. in prep 1992 Landers (Elastic Half Space)
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New Shallow Slip Deficit
Xu et al. in prep
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Discussions
Can the Shallow Slip Deficit be compensated now? ◦ Yes. Recall the Inelastic Deformation Study.
Is SSD uniform for these large strike-slip earthquakes. ◦ No, Varies from 3% - 19%
What affects SSD? ◦ Fault Maturity – Dolan & Haravitch [2014] ◦ Geological Structure
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Conclusions
Our synthetic test showing missing data around fault may cause shallow slip deficit.
With acquiring more close-to-fault data, our inversion showed a large reduction in SSD.
The SSD now can be explained.
Mechanisms that can quantitatively explain why SSD varies with earthquakes is still in enigma. Assessing this deficit could give us a primary hint of the geological structure complexity along the fault.
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Thank you
Questions? Comments?
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Selected References
Simons, M., Fialko, Y., and Rivera, L. (2002). Coseismic deformation from the 1999 mw 7.1 hector mine, california, earthquake as inferred from insar and gps observations. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92(4):1390-1402.
Fialko, Y., Sandwell, D., Simons, M., and Rosen, P. (2005). Three-dimensional deformation caused by the bam, iran, earthquake and the origin of shallowslip decit. Nature, 435(7040):295-299.
Chen, C. W. and Zebker, H. A. (2001). Two-dimensional phase unwrapping with use of statistical models for cost functions in nonlinear optimization. JOSA A, 18(2):338-351.
Kaneko, Y. and Fialko, Y. (2011). Shallow slip decit due to large strike-slip earthquakes in dynamic rupture simulations with elasto-plastic o-fault response. Geophysical Journal International, 186(3):1389-1403
Okada, Y. (1992). Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 82(2):1018-1040.
Tong, X., Sandwell, D. T., and Fialko, Y. (2010). Coseismic slip model of the 2008 wenchuan earthquake derived from joint inversion of interferometric synthetic aperture radar, gps, and eld data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (1978{2012), 115(B4).
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Backup Slides
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Model Resolution
Fialko 2004
Tong et al. 2010
Need Far Field GPS to constrain the bottom
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Resolution Test
Xu et al. in prep
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Parkfield
Johnson et al. 2006
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Data Preparation
Xu et al. in prep 1999 Hector Mine
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Data Preparation
Xu et al. in prep
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Data Preparation
Xu et al. in prep
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Xu et al. in prep
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Inversion Results
Xu et al. in prep
1999 Hector Mine
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Inversion Results
Xu et al. in prep 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah
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Weigh of On-fault Data
Xu et al. in prep 1999 Hector Mine
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Smooth Factor
Xu et al. in prep 1999 Hector Mine
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Discussion
Dolan & Haravitch. 2014