referencing and the bibliography

Advanced Higher HistoryThe Dissertation

Referencing and the bibliography

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As part of your dissertation, you must show where you found all relevant pieces of information and historiography.

Referencing In your main text, you should include a description of where you found each relevant piece of information

Bibliography At the end of your dissertation you should include a list of all the different sources that you used

There are different ways to complete both of these tasks


There are numerous options for referencing and bibliographies but the two most commonly used are:

Oxford This involves using footnotes (small elevated numbers next to each reference with details at the foot of the page) and then a list of sources at the end of the report

Harvard This uses in-text citations (naming the author and published date in the main text body) before giving a full list of all sources at the end


Oxford referencing

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Oxford referencing

For Oxford referencing:

1. Next to the relevant fact, quotation, etc, place a small, superscript (elevated) number

Go to ‘Add footnote’ in the References section of Microsoft Word.

2. At the bottom of the page, write out the full details of the source e.g. author, title, publisher, year and page number

3. At the end of the entire dissertation, include an alphabetical list of all sources used (no page numbers needed)

Oxford referencing

Oxford referencing

Using ibid

If the source you are quoting is the exact same as the one above, you can write ibid instead of writing out the entire source again

(1) Thomas Ashbridge, The Crusades, Simon & Schuster, 2012, p37(2) Jonathan Riley-Smith, A history of the Crusades, Oxford University Press,

1995, p212(3) ibid, p317

Oxford referencing

Using op cit

If the source you are quoting is one you have already used (but not immediately above), you can write op cit instead of writing out the entire source again

(1) Thomas Ashbridge, The Crusades (Simon & Schuster, 2012) p24(2) Jonathan Riley-Smith, A history of the Crusades (Oxford University Press,

1995) p212(3) Ashbridge, op cit, p43

Oxford referencingSource How to reference

Books Norman Davies, Europe at war: 1939-1945 (Pan Books, 2006), page 29

Journals Stephen Mossman, "Dorothea von Montau and the Masters of Prague," Oxford German Studies, (2010), page 106

Websites Stephen Fry, "A London Secret Shared," The New Adventures of Stephen Fry, Dec 5, 2011, accessed Aug 8, 2013, http://www.stephenfry.com/2011/12/05/londonlibrary/

Documentaries "Britain’s Crimes of Honour," Panorama, BBC1, Mar 19, 2012, television broadcast

Oxford referencing

Bibliography

• "Britain’s Crimes of Honour." Panorama. BBC1. Mar 19, 2012. Television broadcast

• Davies, Norman, Europe at war: 1939-1945, Pan Books, 2006• Fry, Stephen, "A London Secret Shared," The New Adventures of

Stephen Fry, Dec 5, 2011, accessed Aug 8, 2013, http://www.stephenfry.com/2011/ 12/05/londonlibrary/

• Mossman, Stephen, "Dorothea von Montau and the Masters of Prague," Oxford German Studies, (2010)


Harvard referencing

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Harvard referencing

For Harvard referencing:

1. Next to the relevant fact, quotation, etc, in (brackets) write the author’s surname, published date and, if relevant, the page number

(Prescott, 1910, p23)

2. At the end of the entire dissertation, include an alphabetical list of all sources used (no page numbers needed)

Oxford referencing

Harvard referencingSource How to reference

Books (Davies, 2006, pages 33-35)

Websites (Peston, 2012)

Journals (Selman, 2012, pages 114-115)

Documentaries (Panorama: Britain's Crimes of Honour, 2012)

Harvard referencing

Bibliography

• Davies, Norman (2006). Europe at war 1939-1945. Pan Books• Panorama. (2012). Britain’s crimes of honour. BBC1 television, 19

March 2012• Peston, R. (2012). Can Tesco grow again in Britain? [Online] BBC

News. Last updated: 18 April 2012. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ business-17748586 [Accessed 19 April 2012]

• Selman, P. (2012). The global decline of intercountry adoption: what lies ahead? Social Policy and Society, 11(03)

referencing and the bibliography

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