REFERENCES CITED

Adams, William H. 1976 Trade Networks and Interaction Spheres - A View from

Silcolt. Historical Archaeology (10):99-112.

Adams, William H. and Steven D. Smith 1985 Historical Perspectives on Black Tenant Farmer Material

Culture: The Henry C. Long General Store Ledger of waverly Plantation, Mississippi. In The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life, edited by Theresa A. Singleton, pp. 309-334, Academic Press, Inc., Orlando.

American State Papers, Class X, Miscellaneous, vol. 1 1808 U.S. Congress. Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. In

Roads and Canals. lOth Congress - 1st Session, Document No. 250:752-762.

Baker, Vernon G. 1980 Archaeological Visibility of AfrO-American Culture: An

Example from Black Lucy's Garden, Andover, Massachusetts. In Archaeological Perspectives on Ethnicity in America: Afro-American and Asian American CUlture History, edited by Robert L. Schuyler, pp. 29­37. Baywood Publishing Company, Inc., Farmingdale, NY.

Basalik, Kenneth J., Ann R. Brown, and Alan Tabachnick 1987 Data Recovery Excavations, South Christina Relief, New

Castle Co., Delaware: Historical Component, vol. I. CHRS, Inc., Chester, PA.

Bausman, R. O. 1933 The Economic and Historic Background of Farm Tenancy in

Delaware. Journal of Farm Economics 15(1):164-167.

Berlin, Ira 1974 Slaves without Masters: The Free Negro in the

Antebellum South. Oxford University Press, New York.

Bridges, Sarah T. and Bert Salwen 1980 Weeksville: The Archaeology of a Black Urban Community.

In Archaeological Perspectives on Ethnicity in America, edited by Robert L. Schuyler, pp. 38-47. Baywood, Farmingdale, New York.

Carlson, D. 1983 Computer Analysis of Dated Ceramics: Estimating Dates

and occupational Ranges. Southeastern Archaeology 2 ( 1 ) : 8-20.

Carson, Gerald 1954 The Old Country Store. Oxford University Press, New

York.

329

Catts, Wade P. and Ellis Coleman 1986 Local Historical Summary. In Current Research in the

Historic Archaeology of Northern Delaware, edited by Jay F. custer and Kevin W. cunningham, pp. 3-21. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Delaware 21.

Catts, wade P., Mark Shaffer, and Jay F. CUster 1986 Phase I & II Archaeological Investigations of the Route

7 North Corridor, Milltown to the Pennsylvania State Line, New Castle County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeological Series 47. Dover, DE.

Catts, wade P., Lauralee Rappleye-Marsett, Jay F. Custer, Kevin cunningham, and Jay Hodny

1988a Final Archaeological Investigations of the Route 7 South Corridor, Route 13 to I-95, New Castle county, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeology Series 58. Dover, Delaware.

Catts, Wade P., Jay Hodny, and Jay F. Custer 1988b Phase I & II Archaeological Investigations of Old

Baltimore Pike From Four Seasons Parkway to the Christiana Bypass, New Castle County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeology Series (in press). Dover, Delaware.

Catts, Wade P. n.d. To be Sold By Public vendue .... Delaware Property

Transactions from the pennsylvania Gazette 1728-1755. Ms. on file at University of Delaware Center for Archaeological Research.

Cerrato, Anthony J., and Sandra Cerrato 1984 Requa Site Polychrome Pearlware: A Study of Banding

Motifs. The Bulletin and Journal of Archaeology for New York State 89:14-29.

Coleman, Ellis C., Kevin W. Cunnignham, David C. Bachman, Wade P. Catts, and Jay F. CUster

1983 Final Archaeological Investigations at the Robert Ferguson/Weber Homestead, Ogletown, New Castle County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeology Series No. 16, Dover, DE.

Coleman, Ellis C., Kevin W. Cunningham, Tim O'Connor, wade P. Catts, and Jay F. Custer

1984 Phase III Data Recovery Excavations at the William M. Hawthorn Site (7NC-E-46), New Churchmans Road, Christiana, New Castle County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeology Series No. 28, Dover, DE.

330

Coleman, Ellis C., Angela Hoseth, and Jay F. Custer 1988a phase I and II Archaeological Investigations of the

Ogletown Interchange Improvements Project Area, Newark, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeology Series No. 61. Dover, Delaware.

1988b Final Archaeological Investigations of the John Ruth Inn 7NC-D-126, Red Mill Road and Routes 4 and 273, New Castle County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation (in press). Dover, Delaware.

Conrad, Henry C. 1908 History of the state of Delaware. 3 vols. Henry C.

Conrad, wilmington.

Cooch, R. R. 1976 A History of Christiana, Delaware. Christiana Bicen­

tennial Commission, Christiana.

Cooper, Constance J. 1983 A Town Among Cities: New Castle County, Delaware 1780­

1840. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, University of Delaware, Newark.

custer, J. F. 1980 Report on Archaeological Research in Delaware FY 1979­

1980. Ms. on file, Island Field Museum, South Bowers, Delaware.

1982 The Archaeology of the Churchmans Marsh Vicinity: An Introductory Analysis. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Delaware 13:1-41.

1983 A Management Plan for the Prehistoric Archaeological Resources of Delaware. University of Delaware Center for Archaeological Research Monograph No.2. Newark.

1984 Delaware Prehistoric Archaeology: An Ecological Approach. University of Delaware Press, Newark.

Custer, J. F. and Colleen DeSantis 1986 A Management Plan for the Prehistoric Archaeological

Resources of Northern Delaware. University of Delaware Center for Archaeological Research Monograph No.5. Newark.

Custer, J. F., and G. J. Galasso 1980 Lithic Resources of the Delmarva Peninsula. Maryland

Archaeology 16(2):1-13.

Custer, J. F., and E. B. Wallace 1982 Patterns of Resource Distribution and Archaeological

Settlement Patterns in the Piedmont Uplands of the Middle Atlantic Region. North American Archaeologist 3(2) :139-172.

331

Custer, J. F., H. H. Ward, and S. C. Watson 1986 Archaeology of the Delmarva Chalcedony Complex.

Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Delaware 20.

Custer, J. F. and S. C. watson 1987 Making Cultural paleoecology Work: An Example from

Northern Delaware. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 3:81-94.

Deetz, James 1977 In Small Things Forgotten: The Archaeology of Early

American Life. Anchor Press, Garden City, New York.

Dunn, Madeline E. 1974 National Register Nomination for the Christiana

Historic District. Ms. on file, Bureau of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Dover, Delaware.

Fanelli, Doris D. 1981 William Polks General store in st. George's, Delaware.

Delaware History 19(4) :212-228.

Fike, Richard E. 1987 The Bottle Book: A Comprehensive Guide to Historic,

Embossed Medicine Bottles. Gibbs M. Smith, Inc., Salt Lake City.

Geismar, Joan H. 1982 The Archaeology of Social Disintegration in Skunk

Hollow: A Nineteenth-Century Rural Black Community. Academic Press, New York.

Gardner, W. M. 1978 Comparison of Ridge and Valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont,

and Coastal Plain Archaic Period Site Distribution: An Idealized Transect (Preliminary Model). Paper presented at the 1978 Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference, Rehoboth Beach, Delaware.

Gates, William C., Jr. and Dana E. Ormerod 1982 The East Liverpool Pottery District: Identification of

Manufacturers and Marks. Historical Archaeology 16(1­2) •

Godden, Geoffrey 1964 Encyclopedia of British Pottery and Porcelain Marks.

Crown, New York.

Gray, Ralph D. 1961 Transportation and Brandywine Industries, 1800-1840.

Delaware History 9:303-325.

332

Green, Richard n.d. "Bottles from the Wilmington Boulevard Project", Ms. on

file, University of Delaware Center for Archaeological Research.

Hancock, Harold B. (editor) 1983 The Reconstructed Delaware state Census of 1782.

Delaware Genealogical Society, Wilmingtion .

Heite, Louise, B. 1984 History. In Pinal Archaeological Investigation at the

WilJnington Boulevard, Monroe street to King street, New Castle County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeology Series 29, Dover, Delaware.

Heite, Louise B., and Edward F. Heite 1985 Fork Branch/DuPont Station Community: Archaeological

Investigations on Denny's Road - County Road 100, Dover, Kent County, DE. Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeology Series 37. Dover~ DE.

Hempstead, Joshua 1901 Diary of Joshua Hempstead, 1749. Maryland Historical

Magazine 49(4):346-350.

Henretta, James A. 1978 Families and Farms: Mentalite' in Pre-Industrial

America. William and Mary Quarterly 35(1) :3-32.

Herman, Bernard L. 1984 Multiple Material, Multiple Meaning: The World of

Thomas Mendenhall. Winterthur Portfolio 19(1):67-86.

1987a Architecture and Rural Life in Central Delaware, 1700­1900. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

1987b Rural Tenant Housing in the Delaware Valley, 1780-1800. paper presented at the Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference Annual Meeting, Lancaster, pennsylvania.

Hickman, Patricia P. 1977 Country Nodes: An Anthropological Evaluation of

William Keys' Desert Queen Ranch, Joshua Tree National Monument, California. Publications in Anthropology No.7. Western Archaeological Center, Tucson, Arizona.

Homsey, Elizabeth Moyne 1979 Free Blacks in Kent County, Delaware, 1790-1830.

In working Papers From the Regional Economic History Research Center, vol. 3(2):31-56. Eleutherian Mills­Hagley Foundation, Greenville, Delaware.

Hoffecker, Carol E. 1977 Delaware: A Bicentennial History. W. W. Norton and

Company, Inc., New York.

333

Kelso, W. M. 1984 Kingsmill Plantations, 1617-1800: Archaeology of

Country Life in Colonial Virginia. Academic Press, New York.

Kent, James 1952 A New Yorker in Maryland: 1793 and 1821. Maryland

Historical Magazine 47:136.

Klein, Terry H. and Patrick H. Garrow, editors 1984 Final Archaeological Investigati.ons at the Wilmington

Boulevard, Munroe to King streets, Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeology Series 20. Dover, DE.

La Rouchefoucault Liancourt, Duke De 1800 Travels Through the United states of America, the

country of the Iroquois, and Upper Canada in the Years 1795-1797, 2 vols. Translated by H. Neuman. R. Phillips, London.

LeeDecker, Charles H., Terry H. Klein, Cheryl A. Holt, and Amy Friedlander

1987 Nineteenth-Century Households and Consumer Behavior in Wilmington, Delaware. In Consumer Choice in Historical Archaeology, edited by Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood, pp. 233-259. Plenum Press, New York.

Lemon, James T. 1967 Urbanization and the Development of 18th Century South

Eastern Pennsylvania and Adjacent Delaware. William and Mary Quarterly 24(4):501-542.

Leone, Mark P. and Constance A. Crosby 1987 Middle-Range Theory in Historical Archaeology. In

Consumer Choice in Historical Archaeology, edited by Suzanne M. Spencer-wood, pp. 397-410. Plenum Press, New York.

Lothrop, Jonathan C., Jay F. Custer, and Colleen De Santis 1987 Phase I and II Archaeological Investigations of the

Route 896 Corridor, Route 4-West Chestnut Hill Road to Summit Bridge Approach, New Castle County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeology Series No. 52. Dover, Delaware.

Main, Jackson T. 1973 The Social structure of Revolutionary America.

Princeton University, Princeton.

Matthews, E. D., and o. L. Lavoie 1970 Soil Survey' of New Castle County, Delaware. United

States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, washington, D.C.

334

Martin, Margaret E. 1939 Merchants and Trade of the Connecticut River valley,

1750-1820. Smith College Studies in History 24(1-4), Northampton, Massachusetts.

McCall, Darlene M., Mary D. Farrell, and Lorian E. Alexander 1983 An Early History of Charlestown, Maryland. Countian

Press, Georgetown, Delaware.

Miller, Alice E. 1949 Cecil county, Maryland: A Study in Local History. Port

Deposit Heritage, Inc., Port Deposit, Maryland.

Miller, George C. 1980 Classification and Economic Scaling of 19th Century

Ceramics. Historical Archaeology 14:1-40.

Miller, George and Silas D. Hurry 1983 Ceramic Supply in an Economically Isolated Frontier

Community: Portage County of the Ohio western Preserve, 1800-1825. Historical Archaeology 17(2) :80­92.

Moore, S. S., and T. W. Jones 1804 The Traveler"s Directory: or a Pocket Companion,

showing the Course of the Main Road from Philadelphia to Washington. 2nd ed. Matthew Carey, Philadelphia.

Morin, Edward M., Terry H. Klein, and Amy Freidlander 1986 The Hamlin Site, 1780-1856: A Study of Rural Consumer

Behavior. Louis Berger & Associates, Inc., The Cultural Resource Group, East Orange, New Jersey.

Mudge, Jean McClure, 1962 Chinese Export Porcelain for the American Trade, 1785­

1835. University of Delaware Press, Newark.

Munroe, John A. 1954 Federalist Delaware, 1775-1815. Rutgers University,

New Brunswick.

Munroe, John A. and John C. Dann 1985 Benjamin Eastburn, Thomas NOxoy, and the Earliest Maps

of the Lower Counties. Delaware History 21(4):217-232.

Nash, Gary B. 1973 Slaves and Slaveowners in Colonial Philadelphia.

William and Mary Quarterly 30:249-281.

Nelson, Lee H. 1968 Nail Chronology as an Aid to Dating Old Buildings.

Technical Leaflet 48, American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, Tennessee.

335

Niles Weekly Register 1815 Baltimore 9(6):92-100.

Noel-Hume, Ivor 1978 A Guide to Artifacts of Colonia=l America.

Knopf, New York. Aflred A.

Olsen, 1963

stanley J. Dating Early Plain Buttons Antiquity 28(4):551-554.

By 'I'heir Form. American

Orser, Charles E. Jr. and Annette M. Nekola 1985 Plantation Settlement from Slavery to Tenancy: An

Example from a Piedmont Plantation in South Carolina. In The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life, edited by Theresa A. Singleton, pp. 67-96. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando.

otto, John Solomon 1984 cannon's point Plantation 1794-1860: Living Conditions

and Status patterns in the Old South, Academic Press, Inc., Orlando.

Owen, James R. and James B. Owen 1977 A History of the Iron Hill Area, Newark Delaware.

Greater Newark Chamber of Commerce, Newark.

padelford, Philip (editor) 1939 Colonial Panorama 1775: Dr. Robert Hunyman's Journal

for March and April. The Huntington Library, San Marino, California.

Parsons, R. 1974 Statistical Analysis: A Decision Making Approach.

Harper and Row, New York.

putnam, H. E. 1965 Bottle Identification. Old Time Bottle Publishing Co.

Salem Oregon.

Riordan, Timothy B. and William H. Adams 1985 Commodity Flaws and National Market Access. Historical

Archaeology 19(2):5-18.

Rogers, E. 5., and L. E. Easter 1960 1800 Census of New Castle County, Delaware. Translated

and edited by Ellen Stanley Rogers and Louise E. Easter. Genealogical Records, Bladensburg, Maryland.

Scharf, J. Thomas 1888 History of Delaware, 1609-1888. Vols. I and II. L. J.

Richards and Co, Philadelphia.

336

Schuyler, Robert (editor) 1980a Archaeological Perspectives on Ethnicity in America.

Baywood, Farmingdale, New York.

1980b sandy Ground: Archaeology of a 19th century Oystering Village. In Archaeological Perspectives on Ethnicity in America, edited by Robert L. Schuyler, pp. 48-59. Baywood, Farmingdale, New York.

Scott, Joseph 1807 A Geographical Description of the states of Maryland

and Delaware. Kimber, Conrad and Co., Philadelphia.

Shaffer, Mark, J. F. Custer, David Grettler, and Scott watson 1988 Final Phase III Investigations of the Whitten Road Site

7NC-D-IOO, Whitten or Walther Road, County Road 346, New Castle County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeology Series (in press). Dover, DE.

Shepard, Steven J. 1987 Status Variation in Antebellum Alexandria: An

Archaeological Study of Ceramic Tableware. In Consumer Choice in Historical Archaeology, edited by Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood, pp. 163-198. Plenum Press, New York.

Singleton, Theresa A. 1985 Archaeological Implications for Changing Labor

Conditions. In The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life, edited by Theresa A. Singleton, pp. 291-308. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando.

Smart, Ann Morgan 1984 The Role of Pewter as "Missing Artifact": Evidence

from late 18th Century Probate Inventories, Albermarle County, Virginia. Paper presented at the 17th annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology, Williamsburg, Virginia.

South, Stanley 1964 Analysis of the Buttons from Brunswick Town and Fort

Fisher. The Florida Anthropologist 17(2):113-133. The Florida Anthropological Society, Gainesville.

1977 Method and Theory Press, New York.

in Historical Archaeology. Academic

Spencer­1987

Wood, Suzanne M., editor Consumer Choice in Historical Archaeology.

Press, New York. Plenum

337

Spencer-wood, Suzanne M. and Scott D. Heberling 1987 Consumer Choice in White Ceramics: A Comparison of

Eleven Early Nineteenth-Century Sites. In Consumer Choice in Historical Archaeology, edited by Suzanne M. spencer-Wood, pp. 55-84, Plenum Press, New York.

Stiverson, Gregory 1977 Poverty in the Land of Plenty. Johns Hopkins Press,

Baltimore.

Stone, Lyle M. 1974 Fort Michilimackinac 1715-1781: An Archaeological

perspective on the Revolutionary Frontier. Anthropological Series No.2, Publications of the Museum~Michigan state University, East Lansing, Michigan, pp. 45-75.

Thompson, Timothy A. 1987 Final Archaeological Excavations at the -Rising Son

Tavern- Route 7 - Limestone Road, stanton, New Castle County, Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeology Series 51, Dover, DE.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1968 Flood Plain Information, Christina River (Christiana

Acres to Cooch's Bridge), Muddy and Belltown Runs, New Castle county, Delaware. Submitted to New Castle County Department of Planning, Delaware.

Walzer, John F. 1972 Colonial Philadelphia and Its Back Country. Winterthur

Portfolio 7:161-173.

weslager, C. A. 1947 Delaware's Forgotten River, The story of the Christina.

Hambleton Company, Wilmington, Delaware.

Wyckoff, Martin A. 1984 united States Military Buttons of the Land Services,

1787-1902: A Guide and Classificatory system. McLean County Historical Society~ Bloomington, Illinois.

MAP SOURCES CONSULTED

Map of Vicinity of Philadelphia and Wi1mington. D. J. Lake and Beers, 1860.

U.S.G.S. Topographic Map, 1906.

Gilpin, Edward 1770 A Plan and Elevation of the Ground from Christiana

Creek in New Castle County to Elke River in Maryland with the Course of a Canal for a Barge Navigation in the Manner of the Duke of Bridgewater's at Manchester

338

Surveyed by Request of the American Philosophical society ... January, 1770. Map #110, MG-ll, Pennsylvania state Archives, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.

MANUSCRIPT SOURCES CONSULTED

Delaware state Directories 1865 Delaware state Directory, 1865-1866. J. T. Talbot,

publisher and compiler, Collins, Philadelphia, p. 63.

1874 The Delaware state Directory and Gazetteer for 1874­1875. The Commercial Printing Company, Wilmington, Delaware, pp. 397-398.

1876 Directory of Delaware and the Eastern Shore of Maryland, for 1876-1877. Commercial Printing Company, Wilmington, pp. 17-18.

1879 The Delaware State and Peninsula Directory for 1879­1880. James and Webb, wilmington, pp. 201-203.

1882 The Delaware state and Peninsula Directory for 1882. Ferris Bros., wilmington, pp. 83-84.

1888 The Delaware State Directory for 1888. Ferris Bros., wilmington, pp. 29-29.

1894 The Delaware State Directory for 1894-1895. M. A. Costa, wilmington, pp. 63-65.

1897 The Delaware state and Peninsula directory for 1897­189B. Homer Barry, wilmington.

Delaware State Archives

Delaware Enrolled Bills, 1821

New Castle County Deed Books

New Castle County Estate and Probate Records

New Castle County Levy Court, Road Petitions and Returns 1765, 1766

New Castle County Orphans Court Records

white Clay Creek Hundred Tax Assessment Lists 1816, 1845, 1852, 1861, 1868, 1893-1901.

Historical Society of pelaware

Hollingsworth, Maxwell, and Adams Company Account Book, 1789-1798. Business H.

339

George Read Papers - Richard Rodney Collection/George Ross Rede Collection.

Richard Rodney Collection, 1756.

Historical Society of Pennsylvania

John Read Papers

Morris Library, University of Delaware

u.s. Bureau of Census, New Castle County Manuscript Census, Microfilm on file.

Hagley Historical Museum and Library, Greenville, Delaware

Delaware Shipping Accounts, 1781-1782. Records of the "Speedwell" and the "Lydia", M-66-8, Account 864. Microfilm on file.

Newspapers

Delaware and Eastern Shore Advertiser 1795

Delaware Gazette 1795, 1797

Pennsylvania Gazette 1728-1789.

340