Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments

Research center for Transport and Logistics

Hybrid Vehicle Sustainability Evaluation

A. Alessandrini, F. Filippi and F. Ortenzi

JIM-EV 2009

7 May 2009

CTL – “Vehicle Research Group”

Interdisciplinary scientific approach:

• Transport (DITS)

• Telecommunications (INFO-COM)

• Information Science (DIS)

• Energy and Mechanics (DMA/CIRPS/ENEA)

Combined effort in reducing impacts

Data acquisition

GPS (speed, position)

Environment (pressure, temperature, humidity)

Main engine parameters (rpm, speed, throttle position, mass airflow, air-fuel ratio, engine load, coolant temperature, catalyst temperature, exhaust gas temperature, pressure, flow rate)

Emissions (CO2, CO, HC, NOx)

The monitoring system

On board

A journey

Emissions acquisition

Horiba Japan

On-board emissions measurement system

OBS 1300

Instrument Measure NEDC Euro IVlimits

Error

OBD-CAN Fuel l/100km 4.6–7.8 - ± 0.5000

Horiba OBS 1300

CO2 g/km 109–184 - ± 6.0000

CO g/km - 1.00 ± 0.0300

HC g/km - 0.10 ± 0.0015

NOx g/km - 0.08 ± 0.0015

Accuracy of instruments

CTL – Honda Italy

CTL and Honda signed 2 research contracts:

1. To adapt the CTL monitoring tools to Honda hybrid vehicles

2. To assess the real environmental impact of Honda hybrid vehicles in city use

Honda Civic Hybrid

Testing tour

Length: 4.6 km

Presence of slopes, intersections and high speed zones (up to 90 km/h )

Vehicles driven by 20 drivers, 3 times each

3 vehicles tested: Honda Hybrid, IMA and Civic 2.0 16v

START

CTL SW Acquisition 5.1

Hybrid(Euro IV)

IMA(Euro III)

Civic 2.0(Euro IV)

Consumption on road(Consumption NEDC)

l/100km8.15(4.6)

9.96(4.9)

12.59(7.8)

CO2 on road(CO2 NEDC)

g/km188.39(109)

233.75(116)

259.02(184)

Fuel consumption and CO2

Euro IVlimits

Hybrid IMA(Euro III)

Civic 2.0

CO g/km 1.00 0.194 0.529 1.950

HC g/km 0.10 0.004 0.047 0.027

NOx g/km 0.08 0.039 0.101 0.158

Emissions

CO2 emissions

0

10

20

30

40

150-

170

170-

190

190-

210

210-

230

230-

250

250-

270

270-

290

290-

310g/km

% tours

Hybrid IMA 2000 16v

CO Emissions

0

20

40

60

80

0.0-

0.25

0.25

-0.5

0.5-

0.75

0.75

-1

1-1.

25

1.25

-1.5

1.5-

1.75

1.75

-2

2-2.

25

2.25

-2.5

2.5-

2.75

2.75

-3

3-3.

25

>3.2

5

EURO IV limitfor CO [g/km]

Hybrid IMA 2000 16v

% tours

gr/km

NOx emissions

Hybrid IMA 2000 16v

010203040506070

0-0.

02

0.02

-0.0

4

0.04

-0.0

6

0.06

-0.0

8

0.08

-0.1

0.1-

0.12

0.12

-0.1

4

0.14

-0.1

6

0.16

-0.1

8

0.18

-0.2

0.2-

0.22

0.22

-0.2

4

>0.2

4

EURO IV limitfor NOx [g/km]

gr/km

% tours

Fuel consumption

Throttle standard deviation %

l/100 km

Limits

Throttle standard deviation %

g/km NOX emissions

User evaluation based on• Purchase cost• Fuel consumption (Fuel cost: 1.208 €/l)

External costs evaluation based on• “Handbook on estimation of external costs in the

transport sector” EC, 2008

• CO2=25 €/t; CO=0 €/t; HC=1.100 €/t; NOx=5.700 €/t

Sustainability evaluation

• Urban environment

• 6% discount rate

• Lifetime of 250,000 km spread uniformly over 14 years

• No maintenance costs

Calculation hypothesis

Hybrid IMA 2000

Purchase cost € 24770 21900 21900

Present total fuel cost € 16532 20204 25556

Total cost € 41302 42104 47456

Users evaluation

Present cost €

Hybrid IMA 2000

CO2* 1177.44 1460.93 1618.86

HC 0.74 8.68 4.93

NOx 37.34 96.70 151.28

Total cost € 1215.52 1566.32 1775.07

External costs evaluation

The hybrid vehiclesReduce emissions in transient conditions because the engine is helped by the electrical motor in unfavourable working conditions.

Limit dependence of emissions on drive-style.

Delay the full throttle “emission overflow”.

Will eventually eliminate the full throttle open loop conditions that cause “emission overflow”.

Hybrid and IMA consume less than Civic 2000 and are slightly less costly for the user.

External costs are calculated using the EC promoted Manual; they are not high enough to advantage low environmental impact vehicles.

Based on our current analyses, a hypothetical vehicle with no emissions could justify a price premium over the Civic 2000 of no more than €1775.

Conclusions

Closing reflectionsR&D over 100 years has refined conventional ICE vehicles to be powerful, highly reliable, low emissions and high fuel economy.

Alternative propulsion systems have received only a tiny fraction of the attention given to the conventional ICE vehicle.

Considerable progress would be made in these alternative technologies: just compare the differences between the Civic IMA and the Hybrid achieved in a few years.