reducing pollution from transport – actual challenges and developments research center for...
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Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments
Research center for Transport and Logistics
Hybrid Vehicle Sustainability Evaluation
A. Alessandrini, F. Filippi and F. Ortenzi
JIM-EV 2009
7 May 2009
CTL – “Vehicle Research Group”
Interdisciplinary scientific approach:
• Transport (DITS)
• Telecommunications (INFO-COM)
• Information Science (DIS)
• Energy and Mechanics (DMA/CIRPS/ENEA)
Combined effort in reducing impacts
Data acquisition
GPS (speed, position)
Environment (pressure, temperature, humidity)
Main engine parameters (rpm, speed, throttle position, mass airflow, air-fuel ratio, engine load, coolant temperature, catalyst temperature, exhaust gas temperature, pressure, flow rate)
Emissions (CO2, CO, HC, NOx)
Instrument Measure NEDC Euro IVlimits
Error
OBD-CAN Fuel l/100km 4.6–7.8 - ± 0.5000
Horiba OBS 1300
CO2 g/km 109–184 - ± 6.0000
CO g/km - 1.00 ± 0.0300
HC g/km - 0.10 ± 0.0015
NOx g/km - 0.08 ± 0.0015
Accuracy of instruments
CTL – Honda Italy
CTL and Honda signed 2 research contracts:
1. To adapt the CTL monitoring tools to Honda hybrid vehicles
2. To assess the real environmental impact of Honda hybrid vehicles in city use
Testing tour
Length: 4.6 km
Presence of slopes, intersections and high speed zones (up to 90 km/h )
Vehicles driven by 20 drivers, 3 times each
3 vehicles tested: Honda Hybrid, IMA and Civic 2.0 16v
START
Hybrid(Euro IV)
IMA(Euro III)
Civic 2.0(Euro IV)
Consumption on road(Consumption NEDC)
l/100km8.15(4.6)
9.96(4.9)
12.59(7.8)
CO2 on road(CO2 NEDC)
g/km188.39(109)
233.75(116)
259.02(184)
Fuel consumption and CO2
Euro IVlimits
Hybrid IMA(Euro III)
Civic 2.0
CO g/km 1.00 0.194 0.529 1.950
HC g/km 0.10 0.004 0.047 0.027
NOx g/km 0.08 0.039 0.101 0.158
Emissions
CO2 emissions
0
10
20
30
40
150-
170
170-
190
190-
210
210-
230
230-
250
250-
270
270-
290
290-
310g/km
% tours
Hybrid IMA 2000 16v
CO Emissions
0
20
40
60
80
0.0-
0.25
0.25
-0.5
0.5-
0.75
0.75
-1
1-1.
25
1.25
-1.5
1.5-
1.75
1.75
-2
2-2.
25
2.25
-2.5
2.5-
2.75
2.75
-3
3-3.
25
>3.2
5
EURO IV limitfor CO [g/km]
Hybrid IMA 2000 16v
% tours
gr/km
NOx emissions
Hybrid IMA 2000 16v
010203040506070
0-0.
02
0.02
-0.0
4
0.04
-0.0
6
0.06
-0.0
8
0.08
-0.1
0.1-
0.12
0.12
-0.1
4
0.14
-0.1
6
0.16
-0.1
8
0.18
-0.2
0.2-
0.22
0.22
-0.2
4
>0.2
4
EURO IV limitfor NOx [g/km]
gr/km
% tours
User evaluation based on• Purchase cost• Fuel consumption (Fuel cost: 1.208 €/l)
External costs evaluation based on• “Handbook on estimation of external costs in the
transport sector” EC, 2008
• CO2=25 €/t; CO=0 €/t; HC=1.100 €/t; NOx=5.700 €/t
Sustainability evaluation
• Urban environment
• 6% discount rate
• Lifetime of 250,000 km spread uniformly over 14 years
• No maintenance costs
Calculation hypothesis
Hybrid IMA 2000
Purchase cost € 24770 21900 21900
Present total fuel cost € 16532 20204 25556
Total cost € 41302 42104 47456
Users evaluation
Present cost €
Hybrid IMA 2000
CO2* 1177.44 1460.93 1618.86
HC 0.74 8.68 4.93
NOx 37.34 96.70 151.28
Total cost € 1215.52 1566.32 1775.07
External costs evaluation
The hybrid vehiclesReduce emissions in transient conditions because the engine is helped by the electrical motor in unfavourable working conditions.
Limit dependence of emissions on drive-style.
Delay the full throttle “emission overflow”.
Will eventually eliminate the full throttle open loop conditions that cause “emission overflow”.
Hybrid and IMA consume less than Civic 2000 and are slightly less costly for the user.
External costs are calculated using the EC promoted Manual; they are not high enough to advantage low environmental impact vehicles.
Based on our current analyses, a hypothetical vehicle with no emissions could justify a price premium over the Civic 2000 of no more than €1775.
Conclusions
Closing reflectionsR&D over 100 years has refined conventional ICE vehicles to be powerful, highly reliable, low emissions and high fuel economy.
Alternative propulsion systems have received only a tiny fraction of the attention given to the conventional ICE vehicle.
Considerable progress would be made in these alternative technologies: just compare the differences between the Civic IMA and the Hybrid achieved in a few years.