rectificado y afilado al agua de herramientas de corte

8/23/2019 Rectificado y Afilado Al Agua de Herramientas de Corte

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/rectificado-y-afilado-al-agua-de-herramientas-de-corte 1/160

_dkteekm`g y

mecm`g mc mbum `d hd__mnedltms`d kg_td



© ?6=? Prnd MOP`s cs `drds rdsdrvm`s,

Dèel 5,2,=

Prnd MOOx =4?[D.2== ?; Cel`dsodrb[udem

561;.=?64

Kmnoegs dl cm dèkeûl 5,2,

Vrdsdltmel ̀ dc judb ̀ d nltmjd dl rdtem`rm ̀ d oml OBN.=66, Cm ludvm uodtm ̀ dmbum nís mlm elrprm ulm oml`djm `d mbum d elcud ul eníl pmrm mtrmdr cms pmrtîucms`d mdr, Vrdsdltmel `d cm ludvm tudrm `d mrml`dcm DC, [d ml rdvesm` mtum.cem` mcbuls mpîtucs, Cs mpîtucs [dbure`m` Vedzms `d rdpudstg sd ml dcenelm` mrm sd sunelestrml l cm níquelm dl ccdts sdpmrm`s, Dc ceor dstí dlum`drlm` lmleccms pmrm ul us nís príte,

Dèkeglds mltdregrds

Dèel 5,1 Vrdsdltmel `d ludvms bdndtrîms pmrm dc mjustm`r `d drrmnedltms `dtrldm` PP[.=66 rd`mel `d dstd mpîtuc# m`dnís `d cs mpîtucs @espsetev pmrmueccms buoems [Q@.=84 @espsetev nucteus [Q[.46, [d m mnpcem` dc mpîtuc På.lems `d mcm` pmrm drrmnedltms `d trldm` l Vrdbultms y rdspudstms,

Dèel 5,4 Vrdsdltmel `dc mjustm`r `d drrmnedltms `d trldm` PP[.=66, Ludvèspsetev pmrm c rdt [D.21, Ludv suompîtuc Påklekms `d mcm`g pmrm hdrrmnedltms`d tgrldm`g, _dvesel `d cs mpîtucs [Q@.=84 [Q[.46 `doe` mc ludv Mjustm`r `ddrrmnedltms `d trldm` PP[.=66, Ludvm nmqudtmel èsd `d prtm`m,

Dèel 5,; Vrdsdltmel `dc ludv rdtem`r PP.46 l mvmld pr trlecc, Åstd rddn.pcmm mc rdtem`r [email protected]@, Mtumcemel `d mcbulms eníbdlds,



Î

ELg_NMkEûL BDLD_MC [gO_D DC MECM@g

@D hD__MNEDLPM[ @D ECg_dtem` mcm` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=6

Ílbucs `d rtd `d oesdc ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ==

_dtem` dl únd` dl sd ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=?

Mcm`rms vdrtemcds reltmcds ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=0

@erdel `dc mcm` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=1

Vrdsel `d mcm` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=2

[prtds `d drrmnedltms èspsetevs `d rdtem` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=5

Msdltm` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?6

Pålems `d rdtem` pmrm buoems `d tmccm drrmnedltms dl Q ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?=

Pålems `d mcm` pmrm drrmnedltms `d trldm` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?1

Ts `d cs èspsetevs Prnd dl ulm rdtem`rm `d oml ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;6

NÅPg@g @D MECM@g Pg_NDi

Dc sestdnm Prnd ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;?

Vrdpmrmtevs mltds `dc mcm` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;5

Vseelmnedlt `dc sprtd ulevdrsmc,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,06

_dprùel `d ul ílbuc `d rtd dxestdltd ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0=

Dc sprtd ulevdrsmc n sprtd `d drrmnedltms ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0?

_dtem` m nml mcm`m ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0;

Msdltm` puce` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 00

@E[Vg[EPEQg[ @D _DkPEEkM@g

·]uå èspsetev usmr7 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,08

@espsetev pmrm ueccs [QN.04 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,4?

@espsetev pmrm ueccs cmrbs [QN.=06 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,45

@espsetev pmrm tejdrms [QX.=46 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,16

@espsetev pmrm mudcms `d mrpeltdr [QM.=26 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1;

@espsetev pmrm drrmnedltms rtms [Q[.;?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,14

@espsetev pmrm buoems [Q@.=84 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2?



@espsetev Nucteus [Q[.46 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5?

[prtd `d drrmnedltms [Q@.==6 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,==?

@espsetev pmrm cs rdts [D.21 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,==2

@espsetev pmrm ueccms `d dpeccm`rm [Qh.;?6 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =?4

@espsetev pmrm ueccms `d nc`urmr [QV.86 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=;6

MkkD[g_Eg[

_dtem`r PP.46 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=;1

Ved`rm `d rdtem` [V.146 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=;8

MlbcdNmstdr RN.?66 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =06

Buîm pmrm drrmnedltms `d trl PP[.=66 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=00

Nudcms Prnd ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=08

@es `d msdltm` `d udr pdrcm` CM.=?6 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =05

NMLPDLENEDLPg y [TBD_DLkEM[

Dlbrmlmjds rd`utrds ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=4?

kuodtm `d mbum ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=4?

Nmltdldr cm nudcm dl oudl dstm` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=4?

_dmvevmr cm nudcm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=4;

kmnoe `d nudcm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=4;Qe`m útec `d cm nudcm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=4;

kjeldtds ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=40

kn rdscvdr pseocds procdnms ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=40

CM BMNM Pg_NDi

N`dcs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=48

@espsetevs `d rdtem` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=45

Mdsres ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =16

Nudcms ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=1=



erû r

or a rr a



=6

_a aCms drrmnedltms `d rtd ml `d mcmrsd pmrm qud uleldl oedl, Cs oesdcds `d ulm d.rrmnedltm `d rtd mcm` tdrnelml dl ulm pultm nbåldm, Prms ul pdrî` `d us# dstmpultm sd rd`l`dm cm drrmnedltm qud`m dnotm`m, Cms drrmnedltms pud`dl mcmrsd lulm nudcm `d oml # dl dc ms `d cs ueccs# l ul mcm`r, Dst seblem qud sdtrmomjm sord cm pmrtd nís lm `dc c cm drrmnedltm rdupdrm su mbu`dm, [el dnomrb#pr m`m pmsm`m vm elrdndltíl`sd dc ílbuc `d rtd,

kuml` sd mcm l ul mcm`r ulm nudcm# sd dcenelm nu p nmtdremc, @dspuås `dvmres mcm`s msdltm`s l ulm u trm drrmnedltm# dc ílbuc `d rtd sd m dlsmlm``dnmsem` cm drrmnedltm m ̀ d vcvdr m mcmrsd, Pmr`d tdnprml t`ms cms drrmnedltms`d rtd ml `d vcvdr m mcmrsd l ulm nudcm, kuml` sc sd smm ul p `d nmtdremc#dstm pdrmel sd ccmnm tmnoeål mcm`,

kl dc rdtem` sd dcenelm dc nmtdremc lddsmre `d cm drrmnedltm pmrm qud åstm rdupdrdsu ílbuc `d rtd rebelmc pmrm n`emr åstd eltdlelm`mndltd, Pmnoeål cm rnm `dcm drrmnedltm pud`d n`emrsd sdbúl cms lddse`m`ds,

Qmrems sdkkeglds `dc ecg `d ul kukheccg, Dl prelkepeg# gkurrd cg nesng dl tg`ms cms hdrrmnedltms `d kgrtd,

Prms gtrg pdrîg`g `d usg# dc cg hm vudctg m dnogtmrsd,

@dspuås `d vmregs msdltm`gs# dc cg vudcvd m sdr kgrtmltd# pdrg

kgl ul ílbucg `d kgrtd km`mvdz nís mnpceg,

Mhgrm dc cg dstí rdktekm`g kglPgrndi dl su grnm grebelmc,

Tl cg kgrtmltd, Dc cg dstí ̀ dsbmstm`g y dn. ogtm`g,

@dspuås `dc msdltm`g# dc cg hm rdkupdrm`g cm mbu`dzm# pdrgkgl ul nmygr ílbucg `d kgrtd,



==

Í r oDc ílbucg `d kgrtd ds dc ílbuc `d cm ueccm `dtdrnelm cms mrmtdrîstems `dc rtd cmùrmoece`m` ̀ dc c, Vud`d sdr dstrd ríbec pmrm rtds cebdrs# dnpelm` udrtd pmrmrtds ùrs, Cms drrmnedltms `d tmccm` tedldl ílbucs `d rtd dstrds (uls ?6¶%#nedltrms qud pmrm buoems m`m`ms pmrm trls tedldl brml`ds ílbucs `d rtd (04‛16¶%,

Dc ílbucg `d oesdc ds dc ílbuc dltrd åstd dc djd clbetuèlmc `d cm drrmnedltm, Dl drrmnedl.tms l dc oesdc `d rtd m ul cm`# dc ílbuc `d rtd ds dc nesn qud dc ílbuc `d oesdc, Dldrrmnedltms l oesdcds `d rtd senåtre dl mnos cm`s (pr djdnpc ueccs# mudcms rnlds oceus%# dc ílbuc ̀ d oesdc ds cm netm` ̀ dc ílbuc ̀ d rtd, Cms drrmnedltms ̀ dtmccm` pud`dl tdldr tmnoeål ul oesdc `d rtd eltdrer mquî dc ílbuc `d rtd ds cm sunm`d cs ílbucs `d oesdc eltdrer dxtdrer,

Dl hdrrmnedltms kgl dc oesdc `d kgrtd m ul cm`g# dc ílbucg`d kgrtd ( ν % ds dc nesng qud dc ílbucg `d oesdc ( ο %,

Dl hdrrmnedltms kgl oesdcds`d kgrtd senåtrekgs dl mnogs

cm`gs# dc ílbucg `d kgrtd ( ν % dsdc `gocd `dc ílbucg `d oesdc ( ο %,

Dl hdrrmnedltms kgl ul oesdc `dkgrtd dxtdregr y gtrg eltdregr# dc ílbucg `d kgrtd ( ν % ds cm sunm `d cgs `gs ílbucgs `d oesdc ( ο

µ

y ο ¿

%,

Dc tmnm `dc ílbuc `d rtd ds enprtmltd pmrm dc ulelmnedlt dedltd `d cm drrm.nedltm, Dc ílbuc `d rtd m `d sdr c nís dstrd pseocd# pdr sel qud sdm `dnmsem`ríbec# pmrm qud pud`m rdsester cms tdlselds qud sd prùdl ̀ urmltd dc trmomj l cm nm`drm,Dc ílbuc `d rtd pten pmrm m`m drrmnedltm ds ul nprnes dltrd cm lddse`m` `drtmr c nís íecndltd pseocd nmltdledl` cm mbu`dm `dc c dc nmr tednp pseocd,Tlm dxebdlem oísem ds qud dc c sdm c suedltdndltd udrtd pmrm ccdvmr m mo cs trm.omjs sel `mmrsd òcmrsd,

Tlm drrmnedltm `dtdrnelm`m pud`d mcmrsd m èvdrss ílbucs `d rtd `dpdlèdl` `dcus mc qud sd `dsteld, Vr supudst# mod èspldr `d nís `d ulm drrmnedltm `dc nesntep mcmrcms l ̀ evdrss ílbucs ̀ d rtd# m`m ul sedl` dc pten pmrm su mpcemel,Dl cms elstruelds `d mcm` pmrm m`m drrmnedltm sd `ml rdndl`melds pmrm csílbucs `d rtd, kl dc MlbcdNmstdr Prnd# mod mjustmr dc ílbuc `d rtd `dsdm` mltds`d eleemr dc mcm`, kmod tmnoeål ndèr dc ílbuc `d rtd dxestdltd `d ulm drrmnedltm#våmsd cm píbelm =06,



=?

@dlgnelmkeglds

Dl cm ùndltmel sord dc tdnm# sd usml èvdrsms `dlnelmelds pmrm dc ílbuc `drtd, [d `dlnelm ílbucg `d oesdc # ílbucg `d kgrtd ílbucg `d mcm`g, Dc ílbuc `d rtd`d ulm drrmnedltm l oesdcds m mnos cm`s sd `dlnelm m vdds ílbucg `d oesdc elkcue`g# ílbucg `d oesdc dkmz# ílbucg `d pdrc # ílbucg `d kgrtd tgtmc ílbucg `d oesdc kgnoelm`g, M vdds sd usm tmnoeål cm clbetu` `dc oesdc pmrm elèmr dc tmnm `dc ílbuc `d rtd, Dldstd ms# cm clbetu` `dc oesdc m `d rdcmelmrsd l dc dspdsr `d cm drrmnedltm# pudstqud ulm drrmnedltm nís brudsm tedld ul oesdc nís cmrb qud trm nís `dcbm`m (tdledl`mnoms dc nesn ílbuc ̀ d rtd%, Tteceml` lsdudltdndltd cms ̀ dlnelmelds ílbucg`d kgrtd ílbucg `d oesdc # n sd m dxpcem` mltdrerndltd# sd smod c qud qudrdns`der dvetml` msî nís dxpcemelds luselds,

_a ú Cms drrmnedltms `d rtd pud`dl rdtemrsd dl sd l rdtem`rms `d oml `doml`m `d mctm vdce`m`# dl únd` l ulm nudcm `d ber cdlt dl om `d mbum,

_dktekm`g dl sdkg

Pmlt cms rdtem`rms `d oml n cms `d oml`m tedldl ulm dcdvm`m mpme`m` `d rtd trmomjml l rmpe`d, Cms rdtem`rms `d oml dstíl nltm`ms èrdtmndltd sord dcdjd `dc ntr pr c qud cm nudcm berm m cm nesnm vdce`m` qud dc ntr (bdldrmcndltd m?,846 r,p,n,%, @m` qud l m rdùel dltrd dc ntr cm nudcm# dstms mcm`rms sl

rdcmtevmndltd dlnems, Cm oml`m ̀ d cm rdtem`rm ̀ d oml`m tmnoeål berm m cms nesnmsrdvcuelds pr nelut dcdvm`ms qud su ntr,

Tl ellvdledltd dl cms mcm`rms `d brml vdce`m` ds qud dc c `d cm drrmnedltm sd m.cedltm `doe` m cm reel# l dc redsb `d qud sd mcmld cm tdnpdrmturm `d `dstdnpcm``d cm drrmnedltm, Dc c pedr`d dltlds su ùrdm cm drrmnedltm l tmr`m dl tdldr qudvcvdr m mcmrsd,

[d pud`d rdùer dc redsb `d sordmcdltmnedlt cml` cm drrmnedltm m eltdrvmcs

rdbucmrds dl mbum ùrmltd dc mcm`, [el dnomrb# ds nu èîec dvetmr dc mcdltmnedltdxdsev `dc c# m qud ds nu `dcbm` sd mcedltm íecndltd pr dc mcr `d reel,[d mcmlml íecndltd ?;6‛?06¶k# qud ds cm tdnpdrmturm `d `dstdnpcm` `dc mdr mcmrol, [e sd sordmcedltm dc c# cm drrmnedltm tdl`rí qud sdr rdtem`m `d ludv (¡selsordmcdltmnedlt-%# mstm qud sd mcmld nmtdremc qud l mm se` mdtm` pr dc mcr,Dstd ds dc ms l scmndltd dl cs mdrs mc mrol tdnpcm`s mdrs elxe`mocds# seltmnoeål dl mdrs `d mctm vdce`m` (h[[%# mulqud mquî cs nírbdlds pmrm dc sordmcdl.tmnedlt sl nís brml`ds,

Mc rdtemr l ulm rdtem`rm `d oml# sd prùdl espms m qud usmr bmms

prtdtrms nmsmreccm, Mctdrlmtevmndltd# cm níquelm m `d dquepmrsd l prtdeldstrmlspmrdltds, @doe` m cms dcdvm`ms rdvcuelds pr nelut# cs èss ml `d dstmr pr.vests l prtdelds qud uorml ¼ pmrtds `d cm eruldrdlem, Dst cenetm cm mdseoece`m`ùrmltd mcbulms pdrmelds ̀ d rdtem`, Mc rdtemr dl sd# cm supdred ̀ d cs oesdcdssd pld omstmltd rubsm m `d rdtemrsd l ul ès `d msdltm` `d brml l,



=;

Dc pcv l `d cm nudcm `d rdtemr cms pmrtîucms `d mdr `d cm drrmnedltm pud`dl sdrpdcebrss pmrm cm smcu`, [d rdnedl`m usmr ul sestdnm `d dxtrmel `d pcv pmrm quddc pcv l ltmneld dc merd, @dod usmr ul sestdnm `d dxtrmel el`dpdlèdltd l dcnesn sestdnm qud dc `d sdrrîl# m qud cms espms p`rîml eldlèmr dc sdrrîl l elamnmocd,

_dktekm`g dl húnd`g

kuml` sd rdtem dl únd`# cm nudcm berm dl ul om `d mbum, Cm nudcm ccdvm ltelum.ndltd dc mbum m cm supdred ̀ d mcm` mc dlremrcm dcenelm dc redsb ̀ d sordmcdltmnedlt,

Cm nudcm berm dltrd 46‛=;6 r,p,n,# sdbúl su ̀ eíndtr, Tlm nudcm brml`d berm nís ̀ dspmequd ulm pdqudm, Cm cdltm vdce`m` pdreårem md qud cm udrm dltrîubm l dxpucsddc mbum,

Cm rdùel `d cms dcdvm`ms rdvcuelds `dc ntr (ul ntr dcåtre dstíl`mr l pud`dulelmr m omjms rdvcuelds% pud`d otdldrsd ndèmltd ul dlbrmlmjd sel l# rrdms `d

dlbrmlmjds l ul dlbrmlmjd ̀ d reel, kn c qud sd lddsetm ds ul dlbrmlmjd rdùtr#dstms mcm`rms sl nís stsms qud cms `d nudcm `d oml# qud l prdesml rdùel,

Ds lvdledltd p`dr `dsdl`dr rdtermr cm uom `d mbum pmrm su cenpedm, @d l sdr msî# cmscenmùrms ̀ d mdr cms pmrtîucms ̀ d cm nudcm rnmrîml ulm nmsm ̀ urm se l sd dcenelm lrdbucmre`m ,̀ Dc mmom` ̀ d cm supdred ̀ dspuås ̀ dc mcm` dl únd` ds nís l qud ldc mcm` dl sd, @dspuås `d ul mcm` dl únd` l sednprd ds lddsmre dc msdltm`,

Cm pdrmel ̀ d mcm` l nudcm únd`m ds íec ̀ d ltrcmr m qud åstm berm cdltmndltd

l m redsb `d me`dltds, Cm nudcm únd`m l prùd espms# pr c qud pud`dutecemrsd `l`d m redsb `d eldlè n dl cubmrds dl cs qud sd trmomjm cm nm`drm,Pmnp m redsb `d qud sd rnpm cm nudcm m pd`ms `mml` m cms pdrslms,

grebelmcndltd cms nudcms únd`ms drml `d mrdlesm lmturmc prprelmoml supdredsnu lms, _dedltdndltd sd mdl nudcms mrteemcds `d drínem l mormsev `d xe``d mcunele, Dstms nudcms mrteemcds mcml l nmr rmpe`d pr c bdldrmc `djml supdr.eds nís íspdrms,

Mulqud dc mcm` dl sî ùrm nís se sd md dl únd` dl npmrmel l cm rdtem.

`rm `d oml# dc tednp ttmc `d pdrmel msdltm` `d cm drrmnedltm ds nu nísrt, Dst ds msî prqud cm lddse`m` `d msdltm` `dspuås `dc mcm` ds nu rdùe`m eldxestdltd, Qestms cms vdltmjms ovems `dc mcm` dl únd` dl npmrmel l dc sd#dc sestdnm Prnd m se` èsdm` pmrm dstd nåt`,



=0

mar vr rzDc tep nís núl `d mcm`rm dl únd` ds dc vdrtemc# c qud seblem qud cs cm`s `dcm nudcm sl vdrtemcds cm eruldrdlem reltmc sd utecem pmrm dc mcm`, hm tmnoeålmcm`rms reltmcds# pr c qud cm nudcm berm reltmcndltd su mrm supdrer sd utecempmrm dc mcm`, kn dc mbum l pud`d sdr cdvmltm`m pr cm rtmel `d cm nudcm# sd mèspudst ul rdepedltd `d mbum dl cm pmrtd supdrer `d cm níquelm,

Dc ès reltmc prprelm ul oesdc npcdtmndltd pcml# nedltrms qud dl cms nudcmsvdrtemcds ds mcb lmv `doe` mc èíndtr `dc ès, Cm rnm lmvm mpdlms ds pdr.dpteocd l tedld elaudlem dl dc ulelmnedlt `d cm drrmnedltm# m lèel `d qud lsd mm utecem` ulm nudcm l ul èíndtr `dnmsem` pdqud, Qåmsd cm píbelm sebuedltd,

Tl ellvdledltd `d cms mcm`rms reltmcds ds qud cm vdce`m` dc ddt `d mcm`vmrîml dl ulel `d cm èstmlem mc dltr `d cm nudcm, M`dnís# cm nudcm sd `dsbmstm nís

drm `dc dltr qud dl cm pdredrem# m qud dl dc dltr cm supdred ds nís pdqudm,Pmnoeål ds èîec mpcmlmr cm nudcm dl ulm rdtem`rm reltmc# c qud pud`d mdrsdíecndltd l ulm nudcm vdrtemc,



=4

Oesdc kûlkmvg

Mc mcmr l ulm nudcm vdrtemc# dc oesdc m`quedrd ulm rnmcebdrmndltd lmvm `doe` mc rmè `d cm nudcm9 umltnís pdqud ds dc èíndtr `d cm nudcm# nís lmvmds cm rnm,

kuml` sd èoujm ulm burm dxpcemtevm `dc oesdc lmv#ds lddsmre dxmbdrmr dc ddt pmrm qud sd vdm, Dst rdmulm enprdsel drrldm `dc tmnm rdmc `d cm lmve`m`,

Cm rnm lmvm `d ulm nudcm `d ?46 nn ds nîlenm, kuml` sd mcm ulm drrmnedltm `d? nn ̀ d dspdsr l ul ílbuc ̀ d rtd ̀ d ?6¶# cm lmve`m` ds ̀ d sc 6#6; nn# mpdlmspdrdpteocd l tedld lelbulm enprtmlem prítem dl dc ulelmnedlt `d cm drrmnedltm,

_dktekm`g kûlkmvg, Dxmbd. rm`g,

Mundltg `d èdz vdkds `d ulm hdrrmnedltm `d ? nn rdktekm`m kgl ul ílbucg `d kgrtd `d ?6¶,Vdsd mc mundltg cm kglkmve`m`# ds mpdlms pdrkdpteocd, [ûcg ds `d 6#6; nn,

? nn

?6¶

∄ ?

4 6

n n

6#6; nn



=1

`rû aCm prdbultm ̀ d se m qud mcmr dl dc sdlte` pudst mc rtd dl dc sdlte` ̀ dc rtd ds promocdndltd tml vedjm n dcprpe mcm` únd`, Ludstrms prudoms l dve`dleml lel.bulm èdrdlem pdrdpteocd dltrd cs `s nåt`s dl rdcmell cm mbu`dm `dc c, hm# sel dnomrb# mcbulms èdrdlemsenprtmltds prítems dl cms pdrmelds `d mcm`,

Prmomjml` dl dc sdlte` `dc rtd sd otedld ulm nmrprdsel `d mcm` # pr tmlt# nmr rmpe`d m qud dc ber`d cm nudcm ltreoud m prdselmr cm drrmnedltm mem dccm,Prmomjml` dl dc sdlte` pudst mc rtd# cm nudcm tedldtdl`dlem m dcdvmr cm drrmnedltm # pr tmlt# m rdùer cmprdsel `d mcm`,

Dc mcm` dl dc sdlte` `dc rtd tedl`d m mtevmr (mpmrddlludvs brmls% cm nudcm sd rdùd dc redsb `d qud sddnpmstd su supdred, Cm rdomom qud sd rnm ùrmltd dcmcm` ds nís rtm ùrm npmrm`m l cm qud mpmrddmc mcmr dl dc sdlte` pudst mc rtd# dl u ms ds níscmrbm `dcbm`m,

Tl ellvdledltd dl dc mcm` dl dc sdlte` `dc rtd ds dc

redsb `d qud cm drrmnedltm pud`m pdldtrmr me`dltmc.ndltd dl cm nudcm, Dstd redsb pud`d dcenelmrsd nltml`cm drrmnedltm dl ul èspsetev `d rdtem`, Pmnoeålpud`dl prùersd veormelds m ílbucs ̀ d rtd brml`ds#mcb qud l urrd uml` sd trmomjm dl dc sdlte` pudstmc rtd,

Dc mcm` dl dc sdlte` pudst mc rtd ds prddreocd uml`sd rdquedrd ulm prdsel `d mcm` omjm# ds `der# mc mcmrpdqudms `dcem`ms drrmnedltms pmrm dc tmccm` `d cm

nm`drm, kl dstm èrdel `d mcm` mc l vdrtdrsd mbumsord dc c# åstd pud`d ltrcmrsd íecndltd osdrvmrcm rnmel `d rdomom,

Dc mcm` m nml mcm`m sd md ndjr l cm nudcm redl.tm`m dl dc sdlte` pudst mc rtd, Dl dc mpîtuc –·]uåèspsetev usmr7„# sd `ml rdndl`melds pmrm dc mcm``d èdrdltds teps `d drrmnedltm,

hm qud sdmcmr qud cm udstel `d se m qud mcmr dl dc sdlte` pudst mc rtd dl dcsdlte` `dc rtd l m `d lulèrsd l cm `d se cm nudcm m `d bermr mem dl èrdelpudstm mc pdrmre, Dst `dpdl`d `d cm pseel dl qud sd cm cm níquelm, Cms níquelmsPrnd pud`dl cmrsd dl umcquedr èrdel `dsdm`m,

Dc mcm`g dl dc sdlte`g `dc kgrtd elkrdndltm cm prdseûl`dc mcm`g,

Dc mcm`g dl dc sdlte`g gpudstg mc kgrtd rdùkd cm prdseûl `dc mcm`g,

Vmrm dc mcm`g dl dc sdlte`g`dc kgrtd,

Vmrm dc mcm`g dl dc sdlte`ggpudstg mc kgrtd,



=2

1 nn

=66 L

≈= nn

=66 L

46 nn

=66 L

Vrû a

Mcm`g dl húnd`g

[e `urmltd dc mcm` sd mpcem ulm `dtdrnelm`m udrm l cms nmls dl ulm drrmnedltm#cm prdsel `d mcm` vmremrí sdbúl dc írdm qud dstí dl ltmt l cm nudcm, Tl írdm `d

ltmt pdqudm prprelm ulm nmr prdsel `d mcm`, Dstd ds ul mtr enprtmltdqud m qud tdldr dl udltm# m qud dstm prdsel `d mcm` `dtdrnelm cm vdce`m` `d åstd dc brm` `d `dsbmstd `d cm nudcm,

Vr djdnpc# se sd dnpujm l cm nesnm udrm ulm ueccm pmrm dpecc mlm ul rnldstrd pmrm nm`drm# cm prdsel `d mcm` pud`d sdr =6 vdds nmr dl dc rnl, Dlulm buoem `d tmccm# qud tedld ul írdm `d ltmt nu pdqudm l cm nudcm# cm prdsel `dmcm` pud`d ccdbmr m sdr mstm 46 vdds supdrer, Cs djdnpcs sebuedltds ecustrml nvmrîm cm prdsel `d mcm` dl trds drrmnedltms tîpems rdtem`ms l ul ílbuc `d rtd

`d ?4¶, Cm udrm mpcem`m l cms nmls dl m`m drrmnedltm ds `d =66 L `d mprxenm.`mndltd =6 b,

kTkhECCM VM_M kDVECCg

Írdm `d mcm`g: ?;4 nn¿

Vrdseûl `d mcm`g:

6#0; L'nn¿ (6#60; ib'nn¿%

BTOEM @D PMCCM@g

Írdm `d mcm`g: 0#2 nn¿

Vrdseûl `d mcm`g:

?= L'nn¿ (?#= ib'nn¿%

g_NûL VM_M NM@D_M

Írdm `d mcm`g: 08 nn¿

Vrdseûl `d mcm`g:

?#= L'nn¿ (6#?= ib'nn¿%



=8

kn nudstrml dsts djdnpcs# l m qud dnpujmr l udrm dxdsevm mc mcmr drrmnedl.tms `dcem`ms pdqudms# dspdemcndltd cms qud tedldl dc c urvm`, @d l mdrc msî# cmprdsel ̀ d mcm` pud`d sdr ̀ dnmsem` brml`d# c qud p`rîm rdsuctmr dl ul mcm` dxdsev,Cm nudcm tmnoeål sd `dsbmstmrîm rípe`mndltd cm drrmnedltm `djmrîm surs dl cm nudcm,

Vr trm pmrtd# l m cînetds `d udrm se sd utecem t` dc ml `d cm nudcm# pr djdnpc

mc mcmr ueccms pmrm dpecc mlms ueccms `d dpeccm`rms dcåtrems,

Mc mcmr mdrs h[[ ̀ urs# cm nudcm rdquedrd vdrsd sndte`m m ulm edrtm prdsel pmrm suste.tuer cs brmls vedjs bmstm`s pr trs ludvs, Vr dcc# mc mcmr ueccms ̀ d dpeccm`rmsdcåtrems# qud tedldl ulm mnpcem supdred `d mcm`# lvedld mtevmr cm nudcm l cm ped`rm`d rdtem` [V.146, Qåmsd dc mpîtuc [V.146, @dspuås `d mcbulm prítem# sd mprdl`dprlt m ltrcmr cm prdsel `d mcm` cm vdce`m` ptenm pmrm m`m drrmnedltm,

Mcm`g dl sdkg

Cms mcm`rms `d brml vdce`m` dcenelml dc nmtdremc l nmr rmpe`d # pr c tmlt# mqud tdldr ue`m` pmrm l dxd`drsd dl dc mcm` `d cm drrmnedltm, Cms drrmnedltms `dtmccm` sl nu sdlseocds mc mcm` pudst qud sus ílbucs `d rtd sl dstrds dstíldms `d mdr mc mrol, Vr dstd ntev# cms drrmnedltms `d tmccm l ml `d sdr mcm`msdl níquelms `d dcdvm`m vdce`m`9 sl brml`ds cs redsbs `d dxd`drsd dl dc mcm` dldc tdnpcm` `d cm ueccm# medl` enpseocd lsdrvmr cm mbu`dm `dc c,



=5

spr rr pv raVmrm otdldr ul c nbåld mbu`# cm drrmnedltm m `d dstmr mpm`m rndndltd ndmlem`m l ul ílbuc `d rdtem` lstmltd l cm nudcm, Dst sd lsebud

mpml` cm drrmnedltm dl ul sprtd oedl sujdtíl`cm dl ul èspsetev `d rdtem`,

Tl sprtd `d drrmnedltm rredltd dl mcm`rms rípe`ms lsestd dl ulm mpm òcm.`m qud bdldrmcndltd ds `dnmsem` rtm pmrm prprelmr m cm drrmnedltm dc sprtdm`dum`, Dstd sdlecc sprtd pud`d sdr sustetue` pr tr nís brml`d nís roustqud pdrnetm sujdtmr rndndltd cm drrmnedltm ltrm cm nudcm, Dc sprtd `d drrmnedltmpud`d ccdvmr tmnoeål ulm buîm rrdèm dl ulm rmlurm `d nmldrm qud pud`m nmltdldrsd cmdrrmnedltm m 56¶ rnml` ul `dtdrnelm` ílbuc oceu l cm nudcm,

Dsts teps `d sprtd ml se` `dsmrrccm`s pmrm rdtem`rms `d dcdvm`m vdce`m` `drtmel dl cms qud# `doe` mc dcdvm` lúndr `d rdvcuelds# sd mpcem ulm omjm prdsel `drdtem`, Dl cms níquelms `d mcm` dl sd# qud dxebdl ulm nmr prdsel# dsts mpsl ulelml rrdtmndltd, Dst sd `dod m qud cm prdsel qud sd mpcem dl cm drrmnedltml ccdbm m cm supdred `d mcm`# sel qud ds mosroe`m pr dc mp (eb, =%,

Vmrm otdldr cm prdsel `d mcm` rdqudre`m# m qud dnpujmr cm drrmnedltm `ds`d dc nml.b dl èrdel mem cm nudcm, Cm drrmnedltm tedl`d dltlds m dlmrmnmrsd m cm nudcmpdrèål`sd l dcc cm prdesel (eb, ?%, Ds lddsmre prdselmr cm drrmnedltm tmlt ltrmcm nudcm n mem momj pmrm qud dstå ltelumndltd dl ltmt l dc sprtd, Dl cm

prítem dst l ds pseocd,

Dstd ddt mpmrdd mc rdtemr ílbucs `d rtd pdquds tmlt mc mcmr dl dc sdlte` `dc

rtd n dl dc pudst, Dc ellvdledltd sd ltm dspdemcndltd mc mcmr drrmnedltms `dtrldm`# puds åstms m ndlu` dstíl morem`ms `d mdr h[[# qud ds ùr dxebd ulmdcdvm`m prdsel `d mcm`,

Vmrm rmsqudtms `d domlestm qud sd rdteml l brml`ds ílbucs `d rtd# dstd tep `dsprtd ulelm rrdtmndltd tmlt dl cms mcm`rms dl sd n dl cms rdrebdrm`ms

Dl ul sgpgrtd `d hdrrmnedltm kgrredltd# cm prdseûl mpcekm`m m cm hdrrmnedltm ds mosgroe`m prelkepmcndltd pgr dc sgpgrtd,

Kuml`g sd dnpujm cm hdrrmnedltm hmkem cm nudcm pmrm gotdldr cm prdseûl `d mcm`g `dsdm`m# cm hdrrmnedltm sd dlkmrmnm sgord cm nudcm,



?6

pr mbum, Cm rml `d qud dsts teps `d sprtd `d drrmnedltm uleldl rrdtmndltddl mcm`rms dl sd `d brml vdce`m` ds qud rdquedrdl ulm ndlr prdsel `d mcm` pr c tmlt cs ellvdledltds pud`dl supdrmrsd,

Vmrm cm mcm`rms rdrebdrm`ms pr mbum# dc sprtd ̀ d drrmnedltms dc èspsetev ̀ d rdte.m` ml ̀ d sdr ̀ esdm`s ̀ d nmldrm qud sdm pseocd ltrcmr cm prdsel ̀ d mcm`, Dst

sd lsebud nltml` cm drrmnedltm dl ul ̀ espsetev qud berm mcrd`d`r ̀ d ul djd cm`m edrtm ̀ estmlem ̀ d cm nudcm, Msî# cm prdsel qud sd mpcem m cm drrmnedltm sd ̀ estreoud prdc pult `d mcm` dl cm nudcm dl cubmr `d dl dc sprtd, M`dnís# cm drrmnedltm pdrnmldddl cm nesnm pseel ltrm cm nudcm# c umc ds lddsmre pmrm otdldr ul mcm` prdes,

Cm hdrrmnedltm tedld qud ngltmrsd dl ul èspg. setevg mcbg mpmrtm`m `d cm nudcm, Cm prdseûl mpce.km`m sd èstreouyd pgr cm nudcm y ustd` èspgld`d pcdlg kgltrgc sgord cm gpdrmkeûl `d mcm`g,

m Mc mcmr ulm pedm# sd rnm dl cm pmrtd supdrer `dc c ulm rdomom, Dstm rdomom tedld quddcenelmrsd l ulm nudcm `d brml l, Dc msdltm` dcenelm tmnoeål cms nmrms `djm`mspr cm nudcm `d rdtemr `djml` msî múl nís cesm cm supdred, kuml` dc mcm` sd mdl ulm nudcm omstm# cm supdred dxebd nmr msdltm`,

Dc ès `d msdltm` m `d trmomjmr sord t` dc oesdc `dc c puds# `d l sdr msî# sd rd.

`l`dmrîm cm pultm, Cm rdomom sd òcm m ul u tr cm` # pr tmlt# ml `d msdltmrsdmctdrlmtevmndltd mnos cm`s `dc c,

Pmnoeål pud`d rdmcemr dc msdltm` l ul ès `d dctr nltm` dl ulm rdtem`rm `doml, Mquî# sel dnomrb# ds brml`d dc redsb `d qud sd rd`l`dd dc c `doe` mc udrtdmsdltm` musm` pr cms dcdvm`ms rdvcuelds (bdldrmcndltd ?,846 r,p,n,%, hm qud prdstmrmtdlel pmrm l prdselmr cm drrmnedltm l ̀ dnmsem`m udrm mem dc ̀ es# puds p`rîmsordmcdltmrsd dc c,

kl dc sestdnm Prnd# dc msdltm` sd md l èss `d udr qud berml m omjms rdv.

cuelds pr nelut, Cm omjm vdce`m` pdrnetd ltrcmr cm pdrmel l m redsb `dqud sd rd`l`dd sordmcedltd dc c, kn dc prds `d msdltm` dstí ltrcm` lèspsetevs# sd otedld dc nesn ílbuc `d rtd pmutm `d nvenedlts mem dc èsqud dl cs mcm`s prdves,



?=

tå ra pr o rr Q Cm tålem pmrm dc mcm` `d buoems pmrm tmccm drrmnedltms dl Q sd èdrdlem `d cm `d trmsdrrmnedltms `d rtd n ueccms pmrm dpecc# rnlds pmrm nm`drm# drrmnedltms `d

trldm`# mudcms tejdrms, Cm rml ds qud dc c l ds rdt9 cms buoems tedldl ul c urv cms drrmnedltms dl Q tedldl `s cs dlrdltm`s, M`dnís# dl cms buoems `d tmccm` dlcms drrmnedltms dl Q# cm ueccm ds `dcbm`m dc ílbuc `d rtd nís pdqud,

kn dc mcm` dl ulm buoem sd md sord ulm supdred pdqudm lvdxm dl cubmr `ddl ulm brml`d pcmlm n dl cms ueccms pmrm dpecc# dc írdm `d ltmt l cm nudcmds sunmndltd pdqudm, Cm supdred `d ltmt dl ulm buoem ds tdremndltd ulm cîldm#nedltrms qud dl trms drrmnedltms ds ul rdtílbuc, Dst seblem qud cm prdsel ̀ d mcm`pud`d ccdbmr m sdr dcdvm`m# mulqud sdm n`drm`m cm prdsel djdre`m sord cm drrmnedltm,

[e sd mcm nís `d c lddsmre sord ul oesdc pcml (pr djdnpc# dl ulm ueccm pmrm dpecc%#l tedld enprtmlem# pdr se urrd c nesn dl ul pult `d ul c urv# sd nèm cmrnm `d åstd dltlds m qud vcvdr m mcmr, C nesn sud`d l drrmnedltms dl Q9se sd mcm `dnmsem` dl ul cm` m qud vcvdr m rdtemr t` dc c,

Cm supdrked `d mcm`g dlulm buoem ds kmse tml dstrdkhmkgng ulm cîldm,

Cm supdrked `d mcm`g dlulm kukheccm pmrm kdpeccg ds ul

rdktílbucg,

[e sd rdktekm dl dxkdsg ul pul.tg `d ulm buoem# hmy qud vgcvdr m rdktekmr dc cg kgnpcdtg,

Dl prendr cubmr# m qud udstelmrsd se ds lddsmre mcmr cm drrmnedltm se m qud pmsmr

èrdtmndltd mc msdltm`, Dstm udstel ds pmrteucmrndltd enprtmltd uml` sd trmomjm ldrrmnedltms pdqudms `dcem`ms ílbucs `d rtd pdquds, [e dl dstms drrmnedltmssd sordrrdtem `dnmsem` ul pult# sd rnm ul ud sd `dsebumcm dc ltrl `dc c,

Vr dsm rml# cm rdndl`mel oísem ds mostdldrsd `d rdtemr drrmnedltms pdqud.ms `dcem`ms qud sd mml dnotm` mcb9 dl su cubmr ds prddreocd msdltmrcms l ulmnudcm ul ès `d udr, [el dnomrb# dc rdtem`'mcm` l nudcm sd prdesmrí dlcs mss sebuedltds:

•

Dc c dstí `dnmsem` dnotm` pmrm dc msdltm`,• [e `dsdm nèmr cm rnm `dc c# pr djdnpc dc ílbuc

`dc pcml `dc c, Qåmsd cm píbelm sebuedltd,• [e `dsdm nèmr dc ílbuc `d rtd,• Dc c dstí `mm`,



??

Dc prelkepeg

_dtemr prendr dc c m su rnm rrdtm mltds `d dnpdmr dc mcm`, Qest cmtdrmcndltd#dc c m `d tdldr dc mspdt `d ulm cîldm rdtm# n dl cm burm `d momj qud nudstrm dcílbuc `dc pcml `dc c ( λ %,

Dc c dstí mrm dnotm`# c qud pud`d osdrvmrsd cmrmndltd mc rdadjmr cm cu, Vud`d

vdrsd cm cu rdadjíl`sd m c cmrb `dc c, Dstd c dnotm` sd `dlnelm cîldm `d cu servd `d buîm pmrm dc rdtem`, gosdrvml` `dtdle`mndltd cm cîldm `d cu rdteml`scmndltd `l`d ds nís brudsm# sd otedld ul c rdtem` m cm pdrdel, ¡Cm rdtem.el m `d `dtdldrsd tml prlt n cm cîldm `d cu mm `dsmpmrde`-

Dl t`ms cms pdrmelds ̀ d mcm` msdltm`# ds nu enprtmltd qud sd ̀ esplbm ̀ d ulmoudlm ecunelmel# pdr dst ds ulm dxebdlem uml` sd trmomjm l buoems `d tmccm` drrmnedltms dl Q# m qud m `d p`dr vdrsd ltelum cmrmndltd cm cîldm `d cu,

Cms buoems `d tmccm` cms drrmnedltms dl Q tedldl c qudsd ccmnm cs cmtdrmcds, Dsts sd elcelml nís ndls memm`dcmltd uml` dc oesdc sd mccm pcml sord cm nm`drm,Dstm elcelmel pud`d `dsreoersd n dc ílbuc `dc pcm.l `dc rtd ( λ %, Dstd ílbuc `dtdrnelm cm rnm dl qud cmdrrmnedltm ddtúm dc rtd dl cm nm`drm, Dstd ílbuc m`d sdr `d uls ?6¶ pmrm qud cs cs cmtdrmcds dc dltr`d cm drrmnedltm trmomjdl `d cm ndjr nmldrm `djdl dl cmnm`drm ul rtd cenpe, Dstm rdndl`mel l tedld lm`mqud vdr l dc ílbuc `d rtd,

Oesdc vestg `ds`d dc cm`g `d buoem ngstrml`g dc ílbucg `d

pcmlg `d kgrtd,

_dktekmr dc cg hmstm cm grnmkgrrdktm,

Dc ílbucg `dc pcmlg `d kgrtd ( λ % hm `d sdr `d ulgs ?6¶,

Mpcmlmr y mlmr dc cg kgl ul`eskg `d msdltm`g `d brmlglg,

Ds nuy enpgrtmltd qud `espglbm `d ul oudlm ecunelmkeûl pmrm pg`dr gosdrvmr y kgltrgcmr dstd `dcekm`g trmomjg `d

mcm`g, Kglvedld utecezmr ulm cínpmrm rdbucmocd y pgldrcm kdrkm `d cm níquelm,



?;

Dc cg sd rdktekm m cm grnmkgrrdktm, Cm cîldm `d cuz elèkm`ûl`d hmy qud rdktekmr,

_dktekmr úlekmndltd dl cgs cubmrds `gl`d sdm nís brudsm cm cîldm `d cuz,

Eltdrrunper dc rdktekm`g elndèmtmndltd kuml`g hmym`dsmpmrdke`g cm cîldm `d cuz, Ds sdýmc `d qud dc cg dstí mcm`g,

Msdltm`g@dspuås `dc mcm`# dc oesdc sd msedltm pmrm prprelmr cm supdred nís cesm pseocd,Pmnoeål m `d dcenelmrsd ndèmltd msdltm` cm rdomom eltdrer, Dc msdltm` dxtdrer pud`dmdrsd m nml mcm`m l ulm nudcm `d oml `d brml l l èspsetevs sord ulès `d udr dctr rtmtev, Dc eltdrer pud`d msdltmrsd m nml mcm`m l ped`rms `dpucer èss `d msdltm` pdrcm`s,

Dc msdltm` ds nu enprtmltd# m qud ulm supdred cesm dl dc oesdc dl dc eltdrer mdlqud cm drrmnedltm rtd l nmr mece`m` qud dc c ̀ urd nís tednp, Pmnoeål dc rtd

dl cm nm`drm qud`m nís l se sd utecem ulm drrmnedltm pdrdtmndltd msdltm`m,

Cm utecemel `d èspsetevs pmrm dc msdltm` ds vdltmjsm, [d trmomjm l dc ílbuc `dmsdltm` dxmt# m qud dc `d mcm` dc c sd mdl l cm nesnm pmutm `d nvenedltsmem dc ès `d msdltm` qud mc mcmr, M`dnís# sd pud`dl mdr rtds `d prudom dl cmnm`drm dltlds ‛se ds lddsmre‛ vcvdr ltelumr cm pdrmel `d msdltm` l cmnesnm pseel `d cm drrmnedltm mem dc ès `d msdltm`,

Dc rdtem` `dc oesdc pud`d mdrsd m nml mcm`m m níquelm l nudcm, Dc us `dèspsetevs mecetm rdd ul ndjr rdsuctm` m qud dltlds ds pseocd ldltrmrsddl dc cubmr `l`d dc c tm cm nudcm sel lddse`m` `d prdstmr mtdlel mc ílbuc `d rtd

m cm pseel `d cm drrmnedltm# qud ds ltrcm`m pr cm níquelm,

Dc msdltm`g `dc oesdc kgl èspgsetevg pdrnetd cm nesnm pmutm `d ngvenedl.tgs kgltrm dc èskg `d msdltm`g qudùrmltd dc mcm`g prdveg,

Enpgrtmltd ¡Dc rdkteekm`g dl sdkg `d hdrrmnedltms `d tmccm dl níquelms m

brml vdcgke`m` y dl rdkteekm`grms `d oml`m ds tgtmcndltd `dsmkglsdjmocd-

Dstms níquelms hmkdl dc rdkteekm`g kgl `dnmsem`m mbrdseve`m`# cg qud enpg.

seoecetm dc kgltrgc `d cm gpdrmkeûl mc tednpg qud dc kmcgr `d rekkeûl dstrgpdm dc

tdnpcd `dc `dcbm`g ecg,



?0

_d`gl`dg `d cm pultm

Cs èss `d msdltm` `d udr `d Prnd trmomjml `d cm nesnm nmldrm qud ulm eltm `dudr dlcm`m sord ulm pedm `d nm`drm, [e sd nerm dc c mc nerspe# sd vd qud dcdxtdrer dstí mcb rd`l`dm`# m qud dc ès `d msdltm` `d udr l ds tml pcml nulm nudcm, kuml` sd utecem ul èspsetev# dstd rd`l`d ds elseblemltd l elaudldbmtevmndltd dl cm mpme`m` rtmltd `d cm drrmnedltm, Mc ltrmre# ds promocd quddstd rd`l`d nerspe rdudrd cm nu sdlseocd mrestm `d rtd,

Dl tdrîm# ulm mrestm msdltm`m l ulm nudcm ̀ d oml ̀ urm morîm ̀ d sdr nís mcm`m, [eldnomrb# dstd úlemndltd ds dc ms mltds `d dnpdmr m trmomjmr l cm drrmnedltm, Pmlprlt n dc c pdldtrm dl cm nm`drm# sd vdrí mdtm` pr cms orms sd rd`l`dmrínerspemndltd# elcus `drníl`sd, Dst sd `dod m qud dc c dxtdrer ds sunmndltdsdlseocd dl dstms drrmnedltms# qud tedldl ílbucs `d rtd pdquds# m vdds scmndltd`d ?6¶, C qud `dtdrnelm cm mce`m` prítem `d cm mbu`dm `dc c `d su ùrmoece`m` dscm nmldrm dl qud trmomjm cm drrmnedltm `dspuås `d modr ddtum` ul pmr `d rtds dl

cm nm`drm,



?4

Ílbucgs `d kgrtd

Cms drrmnedltms `d tmccm` dstíl mcm`ms bdldrmcndltd l ul ílbuc `d rtd `d dltrd?6¶ ?4¶, Dstd ílbuc ds ul nprnes dltrd cm nmldrm nís íec pseocd `d rtmr cmùrmoece`m` níxenm `dc c, Vmrm nm`drms ocml`ms# ds pseocd `dsdl`dr mstm ?6¶ elcusndls, Vmrm nm`drms ̀ urms# se sd usm ul nm# sdrí lddsmre ul ílbuc ̀ d ;6¶ elcusnmr pmrm otdldr ul c c suedltdndltd udrtd,

Cm dcdel `dc ílbuc `d rtd ds nu enprtmltd pmrm cms drrmnedltms `d tmccm, Tl pud`dtdldr cm tdltmel `d mdr ul ílbuc `dnmsem` dstrd pmrm qud cm drrmnedltm rtdc nís íecndltd pseocd, Dl dstd ms# dxestd dc redsb `d qud dc c sdm `dnmsem` `åoec qud c dstrpdd íecndltd cm nm`drm, hm ulm èdrdlem dve`dltd dltrd cm udrm `d ulmdrrmnedltm l ul ílbuc `d ??#4¶ trm l ul ílbuc `d ?6¶,

hm qud prdbultmrsd pr quå l pldr ul ílbuc `d ?4¶ pmrm qud cm drrmnedltm trmomjddl umcquedr nm`drm# pdr l ds tml sdlecc, Tl ílbuc `d rtd `dnmsem` brml`d l

rtm oedl dl nm`drm ocml`m `doe` m qud cms orms `d åstm sd ul`dl mltds `d qud sdrtdl, M`dnís# ds nís íec trmomjmr l ulm drrmnedltm qud tedld ul ílbuc `d rtd cnís pdqud pseocd, hm qud promr smodr uíc ds dc ílbuc `d rtd pten pmrm cmdrrmnedltm dc trmomj dl udstel, [e sd trmomjm l nm`drms ̀ d èdrdltd ̀ urdm# sd rd.nedl`m èspldr `d nís `d ulm drrmnedltm rdtemrcms l èdrdltds ílbucs `d rtd,

kl dc sestdnm Prnd# ds pseocd ndèr dc ílbuc `d rtd `d ulm drrmnedltm mjustmrcmltds `d eleemr cm rdtemel, Mltmr dc ílbuc dl cm drrmnedltm,

Tl ílbucg `d kgrtd `d ?6¶ ds m`dkum`g pmrm nm`drms ocml.`ms# pdrg rdsuctm `dnmsem`g`åoec y pud`d `mýmrsd íkec. ndltd kgl nm`drms ùrms,

Tl mundltg tml cebdrg kgng`d hmstm ??#4¶ pud`d hmkdr qud dc cg rdsestm dc trmomjgdl nm`drms nís ùrms,

[e sd utecezm ul nmzg# dc cg hm`d sdr `d ?4¶ g nís# sdbúl cmùrdzm `d cm nm`drm,



?1

tå a pr rr rCms drrmnedltms `d trldm` dstíl morem`ms l mdr h[[ u tr tep `d mdr ùrpmrm sprtmr dc udrtd `dsbmstd dc mcr prùe` mc trldmr, Msî puds# dsts teps `d

mdr sl èîecds `d lrnmr, [d `dod èstelbuer dltrd dc lrnm` dc mcm` `d ulmdrrmnedltm, Mc lrnmr ulm drrmnedltm# sd dcenelm mdr pmrm cbrmr cm rnm dc ílbuc`d rtd `dsdm`, Mc mcmr# sc sd rdtm dc c dxestdltd pmrm rdlvmr su mbu`dm,

Vud`d rdmcemr dc lrnm` eleemc oedl èrdtmndltd dl cm níquelm Prnd # se sd rd.quedrd dcenelmr ul brml mlte`m` `d mdr# dl ulm rdtem`rm `d oml usml` dc judb`d nltmjd dl rdtem`rm `d oml OBN.=66 (píbelm ;6%, Dc pult udrtd `dc nåt`Prnd ds dc mcm`# qud sd rdmcem l cm råpcem dxmtm `d cm rnm dc ílbuc `d rtd, Mc dcenelmr tml p mdr (sc sd rdtm dc c%# dc nåt` Prnd ds nu rípe` ulm vd

qud sd lburm cm rnm,

klrnmr cm drrmnedltm# qud lrnmcndltd sc sd rdmcem ulm vd# pud`d ùrmr dltrd =6 ?6 neluts `dpdlèdl` `dc tmnm `d cm drrmnedltm `d cm mlte`m` `d mdr qud sd`dom dcenelmr, Dc lrnm` pud`d enpcemr ul mnoe dl dc ílbuc `d oesdc dl cm clbetu``d cms cdlbódtms `d cm buoem# m`dnís `d ul mnoe dl dc ílbuc `d rtd,

[e sd usm ulm rdtem`rm `d oml pmrm dcenelmr dc mdr# sd `dod tdldr ue`m` `d lsordmcdltmr dc c, kl dc rdtem` `d brml vdce`m`# sd tedld tdl`dlem m mdcdrmr dcrdtem` prdselml` `dnmsem` udrtd cm drrmnedltm ltrm cm nudcm `d rdtemr, Dc

mdr `d mctm vdce`m` sprtm tdnpdrmturms nís mctms qud dc mdr mc mrol# pdr sebuddxestedl` redsb `d sordmcdltmnedlt dl cm pultm nís dxtdrlm `dc c# mc sdr dxtrdnm.`mndltd lm,

Cm rdrebdrmel rdudltd dl mbum nmltedld cm tdnpdrmturm omjm# pdr musm redsb `d ne.rbredtms, Pmlt dc sordmcdltmnedlt n cms nerbredtms enpceml ulm rdùel dl cmve`m útec `dc c, Dl lcusel# dc lrnm` lmc `dod rdmcemrsd l ulm nudcm rdrebdrm`mpr mbum berml` m omjm vdce`m` pmrm dcenelmr dc redsb `d sordmcdltmnedlt `dc mdr,

Cm dcenelmel ue`m`sm `d mdr su rdrebdrmel rdudltd dl mbum rdùdl dc tednp`d èdrdlem dltrd dc lrnm` l ulm rdtem`rm `d brml vdce`m` dl sd l cmnudcm `d rdtemr `d omjm vdce`m` rdrebdrm`m pr mbum `d Prnd, Cs ps nelutsmèelmcds qud pud`d rdqudrer dc lrnm` eleemc l Prnd ndrddl cm pdlm# m qud sddvetmrí dc redsb `d mnoemr cms prped`m`ds `dc mdr# c umc bmrmltem qud cm drrmnedltmpdrnmldm mcm`m nu nís tednp, _dr`mr qud sc sd lrnm cm drrmnedltmulm vd,



?2

[ubdrdlkems pmrm kglgrnmr kgl Pgrndi:

Vrdseûl `d rdkteekm`g

Dl ulm nudcm `d rdkteekmr m vdcgke`m` omjm# ds ldkdsmreg prdseglmr nís udrtd

qud dl ulm rdkteekm`grm m brml vdcgke`m` pmrm dcenelmr dc mkdrg, Cm nesnm

prdseûl `d rdkteekm`g mctm kmusmrîm sgordkmcdltmnedltg dl ulm rdkteekm`grm m brml vdcgke`m`, Lg hmy qud tdldr ned`g m prdseglmr udrtd cm hdrrmnedltm,

Vrdseglmr kgl cgs `d`gs kdrkm `dc ecg `d kgrtd,

Kuml`g sd quedrm dcenelmr ulm kmlte`m` enpgrtmltd `d mkdrg# pgr djdnpcg

mc kglgrnmr ul grnûl# usmr dc ngltmjd vdrtekmc y rdkteekmr dl dc sdlte`g

`dc kgrtd, Cm rgtmkeûl `d cm nudcm `d rdkteekmr elkrdndltmrí cm prdseûl `d

rdkteekm`g (píbelm 51 %,

Tsmr tg`g dc mlkhg `d cm ped`rmNgvdr cm hdrrmnedltm `d cm`g m cm`g y usmr tg`g dc mlkhg `d cm ped`rm pmrm

dvetmr rmlurms, Mcgjmr cm prdseûl g dcdvmr cm hdrrmnedltm mc `dspcmzmrsd m ul

ludvg pultg `d cm ped`rm,

Mktevmkeûl `d cm nudcm

Mc kglgrnmr ulm supdreked mnpcem kgng ul grnûl oesdcm`g kgl ecg rdktg# cm

cdltm prdseûl `d rdkteekm`g rmcdltezm dc rdkte ekm`g, Cm rdmktevmkeûl `d cm nudcm

`d rdkteekmr vmrems vdkds `urmltd dc rdkteekm`g kgl cm ped`rm `d rdkteekm`g

[V.146 mkdcdrm dc trmomjg,

Msdltm`g

Cms vdltmjms `d msdltmr cs oesdcds mstm ulm supdred nís cesm sl oedl le`ms cmpdrmel sd rdmcem dl ueccms pmrm dpecc# rnlds pmrm nm`drm# ueccs dl drrm.nedltms `d tmccm, Dstm tålem ds ebumcndltd více`m pmrm drrmnedltms `d tmccm` # nprpedtmre `d ulm níquelm Prnd# ustd` p`rí msdltmr cs oesdcds mse mstm cm pdrdel,

kl dc nåt` Prnd# tmlt dc mcm` n dc msdltm` sd ccdvml m mo l ul ltrcttmc `d cm pdrmel, Tstd` sc lddsetm ul cebdr puce` `dc c puds ustd` mcm msedltmdxmtmndltd `d cm nesnm rnm m dxmtmndltd dc nesn ílbuc `d rtd, Cm pdrmelnpcdtm (nltmjd# mcm` msdltm`% tmr`m sc uls ps neluts # pr c tmlt# ds ultednp oedl dnpcdm`,

hd mquî cms vdltmjms `d ul c rrdtmndltd msdltm` puce`:

• Cm buoem rtm nís íecndltd,• Dc c pdrnmldd mbu` nís tednp,• [d pr`ud ndls reel ltrm cm nm`drm ndls `dsmrrcc `d mcr,• @djm ulm supdred nís cesm dl cm nm`drm,• Ndls tednp pmrm dc mcm` nís tednp pmrm dc trldm`,



?8

Vrdbultms rdspudstms

·Vgr quå kgrtm nís íkecndltd ul acg Pgrndi7

Dc mcm` l cm nudcm Prnd dc msdltm` l dc ès `d msdltm` `d udr rdml ulmsupdred `d c nu lm, kumlt nís lm ds cm supdred `dc c# nís mcm` dstí dc c

nís íec ds rtmr,

·Vgr quå cgs acgs macm`gs kgl Pgrndi prgùkdl ul kgrtd nís cenpeg7

@m` qud dc c Prnd ds nís l dstí nís mcm`# rtm cms orms `d nm`drm `drnm nís cenpem `djm ulm supdred nís cesm dl cm nm`drm# pr c qud m ndlslddse`m` `d cejm`,

·Vgr quå pdrnmldkd macm`g nís tednpg dc acg Pgrndi7

Dxestdl `s rmlds, Cs cs otdle`s l ulm rdtem`rm `d brml vdce`m` dlsd qud`ml `dltm`s# nedltrms qud cs cs mcm`s l Prnd sl nís cess nísrdsestdltds mc `dsbmstd, M`dnís# dc c Prnd l sd pud`d sordmcdltmr lulm ùrmltddc mcm` l pedr`d su ùrdm,

·Vgr quå ds rípe`g dc nåtg`g Pgrndi7

Cm rdspudstm cm tedld dc mjustd rípe` `d cs èspsetevs su dxmtetu` dl cm rdprù.el, [cmndltd m qud rdtmr cm rnm dxestdltd `dc c, [c sd dcenelm ulm pdqudmpmrtd `d mdr, Ds ul net `der qud dc sestdnm Prnd ds cdlt, Dst sd `dod m qud cs

trldrs l tedldl cmrm cm èstelel dltrd lrnm` mcm`, Tlm vd qud sd rdtemcm rnm rrdtm `d cm drrmnedltm (qud bdldrmcndltd sc sd lddsetm mdr ulm vd%#rdsuctm rípe` rdtmr msdltmr dc c,

·Vgr quå ùrm tmltg tednpg cm nudcm Pgrndi7

kn sc m qud rdtmr dc c dl m`m mcm`# dc `dsbmstd `d cm nudcm ds cenetm`, y#n cs cs ùrml nís tednp# m qud mcmr l ndls rdudlem, M`dnís# su brmlèíndtr# ?46 nn su bdldrs ml# 46 nn mdl qud ùrd nís tednp qud ulmnudcm ped`rm `d rdtemr nís pdqudm lm,

·@dog kgcgrdmr kgl ul rgtucm`gr dc oesdc mc usmr dc mjustm`gr PP[.=667

L# dc mjustm`r PP[.=66 `d Prnd rdprùerí mutnítemndltd dc ílbuc `d rtd,

·[d `dodl usmr ped`rms pmrm macmr `dspuås `dc macm`g7

L pmrm dc oesdc, Cm nudcm `d rdtemr lm dc ès `d msdltm` `d udr prprelmlul mcm` supdrer sel lddse`m` `d usmr ped`rms pmrm mcmr, Dc mlmc `d cms buoems sdmsedltm sd pucd dl dc ès `d msdltm` `d udr pdrcm` CM.=?6, Mctdrlmtevmndltd#

pud`d usmr ulm ped`rm pmrm mcmr qud ele`m l dc pdrc `dc mlmc,



?5

·Ds cm tåklekm `d kglgrnm`g `d Pgrndi cm nesnm qud cm `d cms rdkteakm`grms `d

omlkg7

L, Ds lddsmre prdselmr nís udrtd dl dc èspsetev Prnd, Vrdselmr l cs `d`sdrm `dc c pmrm ul ndjr rdsuctm`, L dxestdl redsbs pmrm cs `d`s# m qud cm nudcmberm nu `dspme m 56 rpn,

·Kuíltg tednpg sd tmr`m dl kglgrnmr ulm buoem g ul grnûl7

klrnmr cm drrmnedltm ùrm dltrd =6 ?6 neluts `dpdlèdl` `d cm rnm rebelmc `dcm drrmnedltm `d cm mlte`m` `d mdr qud sd `dom dcenelmr, Cs ps neluts mèe.lmcds qud pud`d rdqudrer Prnd sl ulm brml elvdrsel pmrm su vmcesm drrmnedltm# mqud bmrmltem qud dc c l sd mocml`mrí pr sordmcdltmnedlt qud cm ùrmoece`m` `dcmcm` l qud`mrí mdtm`m, _dr`mr qud lrnmcndltd sc sd lrnm cm drrmnedltmulm vd,

·Vud`d mdktmr m ul acg `d mkdrg `d mctm vdcgke`m` dc rdkteakm`g m brml vdcgke`m` dl sdkg7

[î, Ds smoe` qud dc sordmcdltmnedlt mdtm íecndltd mc mdr mc mrol, Åstd tmn.oeål ds dc ms `dc mdr `d mctm vdce`m`# mulqud cm tdnpdrmturm rîtem ds nu nísmctm, Dc dxtrdn `dc c# qud ds nu l# pud`d mcmlmr íecndltd cm tdnpdrmturm qudmdtd m su tdnpcd, [d pud`d cenetmr dc mcr rdrebdrml` cm drrmnedltm l mbum# mulquddl dsd ms dxesterí redsb `d nerbredtms veseocds m senpcd vestm,

·Ds ldkdsmrem ulm rdkteakm`grm `d omlkg7

L lddsmremndltd# pdr pud`d mprvdmr su rípe`m dcenelmel `d mdr dl dc prds`d lrnm` eleemc dl orut, kl dc judb `d nltmjd dl cm rdtem`rm `d omlOBN.=66 `d Prnd# pud`d usmr cs nesns èspsetevs `d prdesel Prnd ùrmltd dcprds `d lrnm` mcm`,

gotdl`rí c ndjr `d m`m ul: cm rípe`m dcenelmel `d mdr `d cm rdtem`rm `doml `d brml vdce`m` cm supdred lm `d cm nudcm rdrebdrm`m pr mbum dc ès`d msdltm` `d udr (t` dcc dl ul úle sestdnm `d èspsetevs%, Brmems m su èsdpmtdltm`# dc mjustm`r `d drrmnedltms `d trldm` ulelm l umcquedr èíndtr `d

ped`rm, Vud`d utecemr `ds`d ulm nudcm `d 1/ mstm ulm nudcm `d =6/ otdldr cm nenmrnm,

·Cms rdkteakm`grms `d omlkg m omjm vdcgke`m` (`d 0 pgcgs% dcenelml dc redsbg `d

sgordkmcdltmnedltg `d cgs acgs7

L, Dstms rdtem`rms ulelml sel sestdnm `d rdrebdrmel pr mbum su vdce`m`sebud sedl` `dnmsem` mctm m pdsmr `d bermr m cm netm` `d rpn qud cms rdtem`rmslvdlelmcds `d ? pcs,



;6

u pv tri rar oCms nudcms dl sd ̀ dstmml m cm rm ̀ d dstmocddr rípe`mndltd ul pdrc, [el dnomrb# sdm prom` dc sestdnm `d mcm` rdrebdrm` pr mbum Prnd tmlt dl cmormtre n dl

cm prítem rdmc m `dnstrm` ul c `d rtd supdrer, [e lddsetm mnoemr seblemtevm.ndltd cm rnm `d sus drrmnedltms `d trldm` `d nm`drm# pud`d rdmcemr dc lrnmèleemc dl orut l ulm rdtem`rm `d oml m brml vdce`m`, kl dc judb `d nltmjddl cm rdtem`rm `d oml OBN.=66# pud`d usmr dc èspsetev pmrm buoems [Q@.=84# dcèspsetev nucteus [Q[.46 dc sprtd `d drrmnedltms [Q@.==6 dl ulm rdtem`rm`d oml, Brmems m qud dc mjustm`r `d drrmnedltms `d trldm` PP[.=66 ulelm lumcquedr èíndtr `d ped`rm# pud`d pmsmr íecndltd `d cm ped`rm nís pdqudm pmrm rdte.m`rms `d oml mstm cm ped`rm Prnd nís brml`d# otdledl` dxmtmndltd cm nesnmrnm, Vud`d usmr cs nesns èspsetevs Prnd pmrm drrmnedltms `d trldm` ùrmltd

t` dc prds `d mcm`,

L t`ms cms nudcms `d rdtemr sl mptms pmrm dc mcm` `d prdesel `d cms drrmnedltms`d c, Cms nudcms dstíl`mr qud sd nltml dl cms rdtem`rms `d oml m ndlu` sl`dnmsem` ùrms sd dnpmstml rípe`mndltd# c umc rdùd cm vdce`m` `d dcenelmel`dc mdr musm dc sordmcdltmnedlt `d cm drrmnedltm, Tteced ulm nudcm `d xe` `dmcunele l ulm supdred `d rdtem` rrdtm: l `dnmsem` ùrm pmrm dvetmr qud sddnpmstd le tmnp `dnmsem` ocml` pmrm rdùer cms rmlurms, Cm supdred `d cm nudcm`dod pdrnmlddr rdsm cenpem, [d `dodl dcenelmr cs brmls bmstm`s pmrm qud mtúdl

cs ludvs, @d c ltrmre# cm supdred sd dnpmstmrí cs brmls sd rtmríl dl cubmr `drtmr# c qud mundltmrí cm reel dc mcdltmnedlt, Tsd ul rdtem`r nmlumc `d èmnml.td pmrm nmltdldr cm supdred `d cm nudcm dl oudl dstm`, Lg trmtd `d usmr cm drrmnedltmrdtem`rm rdmvevm`rm Prnd pmrm rdmcemr dstm tmrdm,

Dc mdr `d mctm vdce`m` pud`d sprtmr ulm tdnpdrmturm nu nís mctm qud dc mdrmc mrol sel èsneluer su ùrdm, [el dnomrb# dl dc dxtrdn `dc c# qud ds nu l#cm tdnpdrmturm pud`d mundltmr íecndltd mstm ul levdc qud mdtd m cm ùrdm, Msî puds#rdtequd l ue`m` dc dxtrdn `dc c l pdrnetm qud sd plbm `d cr muc, Dc sord.mcdltmnedlt `dc mdr `d mctm vdce`m` pud`d musmr ulm èsneluel dl cm ùrdm `dmstm 0 h_k# qud mrtm cm ve`m útec ̀ dc c, [e c rdrebdrm dl mbum# l c mbm ̀ d rnm orusm`ds`d ulm tdnpdrmturm mctm# m qud dst p`rîm musmr nerbredtms elveseocds m senpcd vestm,

Cms rdtem`rms `d oml `dodl sdr nmldjm`ms l lenedlt ue`m`, [ebm cmselstruelds sunelestrm`ms jult mc OBN.=66 cms elstruelds `d sdbure`m` `d cm rd.tem`rm `d oml,

kl dc judb `d nltmjd dl cm rdtem`rm `d omlOBN.=66# tmnoeål pud`d usmr cs èspsetevs Prndpmrm drrmnedltms `d trldm` `d nm`drm dl su rdte.m`rm `d oml: dc èspsetev pmrm buoems [Q@.=84# dcèspsetev nucteus [Q[.46 dc sprtd `d drrmnedltms[Q@.==6, Dc mjustm`r `d drrmnedltms `d trldm` ul.elm l umcquedr èíndtr `d ped`rm,



nå

a tri



;?

d tri kl dc nåt` Prnd l sd usm ulm rdtem`rm lvdlelmc `d oml pmrm dc rdtem.`# le ped`rms brudsms pmrm dc mcm` eleemc# le ped`rms lms pmrm dc mcm`'msdltm` l,

Dc rdtem` eleemc (mc lrnmr cm drrmnedltm rdmr dc ílbuc `d rtd pten% dc mcm`

sd mdl dl cm nesnm nudcm, Cm nudcm pud`d nèmrsd íecndltd pmrm pmsmr `ds`d dcrdtem` rípe` mc mcm` l, Dc rdtem`'mcm` sd md l rdrebdrmel pr mbum# prc qud l m redsb `d qudnmr dc c dcenelmr dc tdnpcd `dc mdr, Dc msdltm` dc puce`sd mdl l ul ès `d msdltm` `d udr, Cm supdred `d cm nudcm pud`d nmltdldrsdíecndltd pcmlm dltrm`m brmems mc rdtem`r Prnd,

Dc rdtem` mcm` l cm nudcm `d rdtemr# msî n dc msdltm` puce` l dc ès`d udr# sd ltrcml l cm drrmnedltm nltm`m dl èspsetevs `d èsd úle, Dstseblem qud sd tedld pcdl ltrc `d cs ílbucs `d rdtem`# mcm` msdltm`, Brmems

mc pmtdltm` MlbcdNmstdr# sd pud`d prdmjustmr l t`m prdesel dc ílbuc `d rtd dcdbe`,

Ds pseocd rdpdter l prdesel cs mcm`s, Tlm vd qud sd m rdtem` cm drrmnedltmm cm rnm ílbuc `dsdm`s# ds pseocd rdprùer íec dxmtmndltd cm nesnm rnm dlt`ms cms pdrmelds `d mcm` uturms, Dst ds pseocd elcus dl drrmnedltms –èîecds„l rnms dspdemcds n buoems `d trldmr# buoems m`m`ms rnlds `d trldrl c urv, Brmems m cm pseoece`m` `d otdldr ulm rdprùel dxmtm# sd dcenelm nup nmtdremc # pr c tmlt# cm pdrmel `d mcm` sd md l rmpe`d, Dc rdsuctm` dsulm ve`m útec `d cms drrmnedltms lse`drmocdndltd prclbm`m,

Dc d `d qud sdm pseocd rdpdter l dxmtetu` cm rnm `d ul c ds ulm vdltmjm lse.`drmocd mc trmomjmr l ulm drrmnedltm, Ds pseocd sdbuer cms tålems `d rtd trldm`mprdlè`ms pmrm cm drrmnedltm pmrteucmr m qud l sd ml nèm` su rnm mrm.tdrîstems `d rtd,



;;

Dl dc nmlumc sd `dsreod dstd n`dc Prnd P.2 mc qud rrdspl`dl tmnoeål t`ms cmstbrmîms `eoujs, Dc n`dc nís pdqud Prnd P.; ulelm `d cm nesnm nmldrm utecem cm nesnm bmnm `d sprtds mdsres, Vmrm cms dspdemelds `mts tålesrrdspl`edltds m m`m n`dc# våmsd cm píbelm =48,

@eskg `d msdltm`g`d kudrg

Omsd hgrezgltmc pmrmdc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc

[gpgrtd ulevdrsmc kgl nekrgmjustd

NudcmPgrndi

Kuodtm `d mbum`dsngltmocd

Pudrkm `d mrml`dcmDzyCgki



;0

[gpgrtd ulevdrsmc Pgrndi

Dc vdrsítec sprtd ulevdrsmc Prnd ds cm omsd `dc sestdnmPrnd, Dstí d `d mdr rd`l` `d =? nn tedldulm jmel òcd pmrm níxenm dstmoece`m`, @espld `dmjustd l pmrm mece`m` dxmtetu` `d rdbucmel, [dpud`d pseelmr pmrm rdtem` tmlt dl pseel vdr.temc (=% n reltmc (?% pmrm msdltm` (;%# våmsd cmpíbelm 06,

Elrprm cms ulelds sebuedltds:• kn sprtd pmrm èspsetevs `d rdtem`,• kn sprtd pmrm dc rdtem`r PP.46,• kn mp mc rdtemr sel sprtds,• kn mp pmrm cms nmls uml` sd rdtem m nml mcm`m,• kn mp pmrm cms nmls mc trmomjmr l cm nudcm

l cm ped`rm `d rdtem` [V.146,

@espgsetevgs ̀ d rdktekm`g Pgrndi

Prnd m `dsmrrccm` èspsetevs pmrm dc rdtem` dxmt sdbur `d cm nmr pmrtd`d drrmnedltms `d rtd, kl dsts èspsetevs sd pud`d rdtemr cms drrmnedltms dl dcílbuc dxmt `dsdm` otdldr dl p tednp ul c pdrdt, Dc rdtem` dstí l.trcm` sd md sednprd l dc ílbuc rrdt pmrm m`m drrmnedltm,

[dbure`m`

M omjm vdce`m` `d cm nudcm Prnd# sd tedld pcdl ltrc `d cm pdrmel `d rdtem`,L sd prùdl espms cms pmrtîucms `d mdr cm nudcm sl trmlsprtm`ms pr ndè`dc mbum mstm cm uodtm `d mbum, Cms níquelms Prnd ml se` prom`ms drtem`mssdbúl cms lrnms [dn# k[M TC# `dpdlèdl` `dc n`dc `dc pmîs, klsuctd cms el.èmelds dl su níquelm cms elstruelds `d sdbure`m` sunelestrm`ms l su níquelm,



;4

Nudcm grebelmc Pgrndi

Cm nudcm rebelmc Prnd [B.?46 m se` èsdm`m pmrm bermr m omjm vdce`m` dl mbum, Cmnudcm trmomjm l brml dmem `m m cm drrmnedltm ul mmom` l, _dtem rípe`mndltddrrmnedltms brml`ds n pr djdnpc# ueccms pmrm dpecc# mudcms# bum`mms d elcus`d mdr `d mctm vdce`m`, Dc tmnm `dc brml ds `d ??6 (uls 6#61 nn%, Cm nudcm pud`dmjustmrsd l cm ped`rm `d rdtem` Prnd [V.146 m ulm supdred nís lm rrdspl.èdl` m ul tmnm `d brml =666 mprpem` pmrm rdtem`'mcm` l,

Cm dstruturm dspdemc `d cm nudcm dl noelmel l dc redb ltelu `d mbum sord dcc mdl qud cm supdred l sd ostrum pr pmrtîucms `dsprdlè`ms `d cm drrmnedltm `d cm nudcm `dsbmstm`m,

kn ds enpseocd qud sd elrprd ulm dcenelmel `d mdr nís rípe`m ul mmom`supdremc nu l dl ulm úlem nudcm# Pnd m `dsmrrccm` `s nudcms pmrm smtesmdrcms lddse`m`ds dspdemcds: cm nudcm Ocmstld [ecel cm nudcm lm Jmpmldsd Rmtdr.

stld (píbelm =08%,

Qeseoece`m` pdrdktm `dc prgkdsg `d mcm`g

kn cm nudcm berm cdltmndltd dl mbum l sd prùdl espms# cm níquelm l ccdvm lel.bulm prtdel pmrm cs js, [eblem dst qud sd pud`d osdrvmr ltrcmr cmrmndltddc prds `d mcm`,

[updrked pcmlm

Dc cm` dxtdrer `d cm nudcm dstí ndmlem` pcml tedld

ulm `dprdsel dl dc dltr `d n` qud cm supdred `drdtem` l eltdrdrd l cm mrml`dcm tudrm ̀ dc dltr,Dstm supdred dstí rdsdrvm`m pmrm dc mpcmlm` `d cm mrmpstdrer `d ueccms pmrm dpecc# rnlds pmrm nm`drm drrmnedltms pmrde`ms,

_dktekm`g y mcm`g lg

kl cm ped`rm `d rdtem` Prnd# pud`d ddtumrsd tmltcm rdtemel rípe`m eleemc n dc mcm` l pstdrer

dl cm nesnm nudcm uteceml` dc nesn mjustd `dc èspsete.v, Dc mcm` sd rdmcem dxmtmndltd mc nesn ílbuc quddc rdteem` rípe` eleemc (píbelm =;8%, Dst ulelmdl cm nudcm rebelmc [B.?46 cm nudcm Ocmstld [ecel[O.?46, Dl cm nudcm Jmpmldsd Rmtdrstld# dc cm` l `dcm ped`rm `d rdtem` sd usm pmrm cenpemr cm supdred,

Tlm nudcm sednprd dkmz

kl cm ped`rm `d rdtem` Prnd ds pseocd rdmtevmr

cm nudcm íecndltd pmrm qud mpmrdml ludvs brmlscenpes9 cm nudcm ds sednprd dm, Dst ds ulm vdltmjmuml` sd rdteml brml`ds supdreds `d mdr h[[ùr# pr djdnpc ueccms ̀ d dpeccm`rm dcåtrem (píbelm=;8%, Cm rdmtevmel ulelm dl cm nudcm rebelmc [B.?46 cm nudcm Ocmstld [ecel [O.?46,



;1

Tlm nudcm `d berg sednprd hgngbåldg

@dspuås ̀ d ul pdrî` ̀ d us# cm supdred ̀ d cm nudcm sdvudcvd rubsm sd `dsdltrm, kl dc rdtem`r Prnd#sd pud`d rdstmurmr íecndltd cm ped`rm m ulm rd`l`dpdrdtm nedltrms berm lrnmcndltd dl cm níquelm, Qåmsddc mpîtuc PP.46 (píbelm =;1%,

@eskgs `d msdltm`g `d kudrg Pgrndi

@dspuås `dc rdtem` mpmrddl rdomoms dl dc c, Dstmspud`dl dcenelmrsd l ue`m` l cs èss `d msdltm``d udr Prnd# qud `djml ul c rtmltd n ulm lm.vmjm `d mdetmr, kn mdsre pud`d nltmrsd ul èsnís pdqud pdrcm` pmrm dc msdltm` eltdrer dl buoems

drrmnedltms dl Q (píbelm 00%,

Vmstm `d msdltmr Pgrndi

[e sd utecem cm pmstm `d msdltmr dl cs èss `d udr# sdotdl`rí ulm supdred múl nís cesm, Dc c sd pucd mc nísmct orecc prprelml` dc rtd nís l (píbelm 00%,

Ílbucg `d kgrtd prdmjustm`g

kl dc Prnd MlbcdNmstdr# mod mjustmr cs èspsetevs`d nmldrm qud cms drrmnedltms tdlbml dc ílbuc `d rtddcdbe`, [ervd tmnoeål pmrm ndèr dc ílbuc `d rtd, Qåmsddc mpîtuc rdcmtev m cm RN.?66 (píbelm =06%,

Mjustm`gr `d hdrrmnedltms `d tgrldm`g

Vmrm otdldr ulm rdprùel elstmltíldm `d cms rnms`d cms buoems rnlds `d trldm` mc utecemr dc èspse.tev pmrm buoems [Q@.=84 dc ̀ espsetev nucteus [Q[.46,kl bdndtrîms `d c elrprm`ms rdndl`m`ms prtrldrs dxpdrts, Brmems m su èsd pmtdltm`# ulelml umcquedr èíndtr `d ped`rm,



;2

Vrgtdkkeûl mltekgrrgsevm

Dc djd# cm mrml`dcm cm tudrm `d mrml`dcm DC `d cmnudcm dstíl ds `d mdr elxe`mocd, Cm roustm mr.

msm `d mdr `dc Prnd P.2 dstí trmtm`m l ulm mpm `ddcdtr`dpseel (D@% qud rdd ulm prtdel supdrermlterrsevm servd `d omsd mc rdvdstenedlt `d pelturmpucvdrem`m,

DzyCgki pmrm ngltmr cm nudcm

kl cm tudrm `d mrml`dcm DC `d mdr elxe`mocd `dPrnd (pdlèdltd `d pmtdltd%# qud ds tmlt tudrm nmrml`dcm# l lddsetm lelbulm drrmnedltm pmrm nltmr `dsnltmr cm ped`rm, Cm rsm dspdemc md qud cm rtmel`d cm rud`m mpredtd cm tudrm l dc pmr m`dum`, Berd cmnudcm dl sdlte` mltermre l cm nml cm tudrm `dmrml`dcm DC sd mprdtmrí mutnítemndltd pr ndè`d cm rtmel ̀ d cm nudcm, Mc ̀ dsnltmrcm# berd cm nudcm dlsdlte` rmre cm tudrm `d mrml`dcm DC sd majmrímutnítemndltd (píbelm =4;%,

Kuodtm `d mbum `dsngltmocd

Cm drrmnedltm sd omm ltelumndltd l mbum qud dlrîmdc c, Dc mbum servd tmnoeål n cuoremltd dm qudprprelm m cm drrmnedltm ul ndjr mmom` sd ccdvm

cms pmrtîucms `dsbmstm`ms `d cm nudcm `d cm ueccm`dpsetíl`cms dl cm uodtm, Cm uodtm `d mbum pud`d`dsdl`drsd `dsnltmrsd pmrm su vmem` cenpedm,

Oml`djm `d mbum pmrm hdrrmnedltms cmrbms

Dl dc ms `d drrmnedltms cmrbms qud mbml rdosmr dcmbum (n ueccs `d elm ueccms pmrm dpecc%#sd pud`d mmèr cm oml`djm `d mbum, kcqud dc cm` nísml `d cm oml`djm dl cm cdlbódtm setum`m dl ndè `dcor`d `d cm uodtm `d mbum cm oml`djm èreberí dc mbum`d vudctm m cm uodtm elcus l cms drrmnedltms níscmrbms, (Dc n`dc Prnd P.; l tedld oml`djm `d mbumel`dpdlèdltd%,

Cgs peds `d elkcelmkeûl kgltrgcml dc aujg `d mbum

kl cs `s peds mèelmcds# `dlnelm`s peds `d elce.lmel# pud`d dcdvmr dc cm` `dc ès `d msdltm` `d cmníquelm pmrm qud dc mbum sebm m cm drrmnedltm mem cm

pmrtd dxtdrer `d cm nudcm vudcvm m cm uodtm `d mbum,@d dstd n` sd nelenem dc btd sord cm mrmsm, Dstds ulm vdltmjm dspdemcndltd uml` sd mcml ueccmspmrm dpecc mlms, Elrprml enmlds pmrm mecetmr sumcnmdlmnedlt ̀ domj ̀ d cm níquelm, (Dc n`dc PrndP.; l tedld peds `d elcelmel%,



;8

Kglstrukkeûl rgoustm ‛ brml dstmoece`m`

Cm mrmsm ds `d mpm `d mdr `d ; nn, Cm níquelmpdrnmldd rnd ùrmltd dc rdtem` brmems m cs peds

`d bnm l ds lddsmre mtrleccmrcm m cm omsd, (Dc n`dcPrnd P.; tedld ulm mrmsm `d pcíste MO[%, Cm udrmmem momj djdre`m pr dc sprtd ulevdrsmc dl pseelvdrtemc ltreoud m dstmoecemr cm níquelm múl nís,

Aíkec `d trmscm`mr y ccdvmrcm kglsebg

Cm níquelm tedld ulm n`m msm qud pdrnetd trmscm`mrcm ccdvírsdcm lseb íecndltd, Dst ds vdltmjs dl orms

`d lstruel# mc nesn tednp qud mrrm dspme dltmccdrds pdquds, (Dc n`dc Prnd P.; l tedld msm%,

Kmnoeg rípe`g `dc èskg `d msdltm`g

Dc mnoe rípe` pdrnetd rdtermr dc ès `d msdltm` uml.` sd rdteml drrmnedltms brml`ds# pr djdnpc ue.ccs cmrbs# mudcms bum`mms, (Dc n`dc Prnd P.; ltedld mpcmnedlt rípe`%,

Aulkeglmnedltg kgltelug

Dc ntr nlíse ds `d cm nís mctm mce`m` elùstremc m se`èsdm` pmrm ul ulelmnedlt ltelu, (Dc n`dc Prnd P.; dstídspdem` pmrm ul ulelmnedlt eltdrnetdltd# ;6 nel,'rm%,

Aulkeglmnedltg secdlkegsg

Brmems mc secdles ntr `d elùel m cm trmlsnesel pr reelpmtdltm`m# cms níquelms Prnd ulelml dl secdle,

[el pgcvg `d rdktekm`g

L sd prùdl espms cms pmrtîucms `d mdr `d cm nudcm sl trmlsprtm`mspr dc mbum mstm cm uodtm, Brmems m dcc# l m pcv dl dc merd le dlcs mcrd`d`rds `d cm níquelm# c qud ds oudl pmrm cs pucnlds,

Tl eníl cenpem cm nudcm `d pmrtîkucms `d mkdrg

Cm uodtm `d mbum elrprm ul ptdltd eníl qud mtrmdcms pmrtîucms `d mdr `dsprdlè`ms `d cms drrmnedltmsmcm`ms, Dst pdrnetd nmltdldr cenpem cm nudcm rtmr lnmr ceodrtm`, @d c ltrmre# dstms pdqudms pmrtîucms`d mdr qud`mrîml prdlsm`ms dl cm supdred `d cm nudcmd enpdèrîml mcmr rrdtmndltd, Mc cenpemr cm uodtm `dmbum# osdrvmrí qud mse t` dc mdr sd dludltrm dl dceníl, Vud`d dcenelmrc ̀ d cm uodtm ̀ d mbum l ulm tmccm`d pmpdc ul trmp, (Cm Prnd P.; l tedld enmlds%,

Eníl Vmrtîkucms ̀ d mkdrg



;5

Vrprv a

Mcturm `d trmomjg

kcmr cm níquelm sord ulm supdred dstmocd m ulm mcturm m`dum`m dl lse`drmelmc tep `d trmomj m cm mcturm `dc pdrmre, Vmrm dc mcm` `d cms drrmnedltms# ulm mcturm

m`dum`m ds `d 446‛146 nn, Dl edrtms pdrmelds# pr djdnpc# pmrm mcmr tejdrms sdpud`d dstmr sdltm`,

Ecunelmkeûl

Cm ecunelmel m `d sdr m`dum`m pmrm vdr cmrmndltd ltrcmr dl `dtmccd dc prds `dmcm`, Tlm ecunelmel pdrdtm ds moscutmndltd lddsmrem uml` sd mcml drrmnedltmspdqudms `dcem`ms pmrm dc tmccm` `d cm nm`drm,

Vgsekeglmnedltg `d cm níquelmCm níquelm l tedld pmrtds `dcmltdrm le trmsdrm9 dstí `esdm`m pmrm sdr nmldjm`m `ds`dumcquedr cm` lsdbuer dc ndjr rdsuctm` dl m`m tep `d mcm` msdltm`, Dl cmselstruelds# sd rdnedl`m cm ndjr pseel pmrm m`m drrmnedltm,

Ccdlm`g `d mbum

kl cm uodtm cdvmltm`m# ccdlmrcm nedltrms berm cm nudcmmstm qud dc mbum ccdbud m cm nmrm eltdrer `dc levdc níxeng`dc mbum, kltelumr dc ccdlm` mstm qud cm nudcm l pud`mmosrodr nís mbum# qud ds mprxenm`mndltd `dspuås `d=#? cetrs, @urmltd dc mcm`# cm nudcm m `d bermr sednprd`dltr `dc mbum,

Vmrm dc mcm`g dl dc sdlte`g ̀ dc kgrtd, Vmrm dc mcm`g dl dc sdlte`ggpudstg mc kgrtd,

Vmrm dc msdltm`g dl dc sdlte`ggpudstg mc kgrtd,



06

V pr vrDc sprtd ulevdrsmc pud`d cmrsd oedl dl nmlbuets vdrtemcds dl ulm omsd rel.tmc, Dstms `s pseelds pdrnetdl mcmr tmlt dl dc sdlte` `dc rtd n dl dc sdlte`pudst mc rtd, Mcbulms drrmnedltms sd mcml ndjr# ml `d sdr mcm`ms# dl ulm `dcms èrdelds# nedltrms qud trms pud`dl trmomjmr dl mnoms èrdelds, Cm èrdel `dmcm` rdndl`m`m cm pseel `dc sprtd ulevdrsmc pmrm m`m drrmnedltm sd elèmldl cms elstruelds,

Dc rdtem`r pud`d pdrmr l dc sprtd ulevdrsmc uoem` dl cs nmlbuets vdrtemcds (dldc sdlte` `dc rtd%, Dc sprtd ulevdrsmc tmnoeål pud`d cmrsd reltmcndltd pmrm dcmsdltm` l èspsetevs, Dc msdltm` tedld qud mdrsd sednprd l cm nudcm berml` dldc sdlte` pudst mc rtd,

Dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc pud`d kgcgkmrsd dl trds pgsekeglds:

Qdrtekmc dl cgs `gs nmlbuetgs,

Vmrm mcm`g dl dc sdlte`g `dc kgrtd,

Hgrezgltmc pmrm dc mcm`g dl dc

sdlte`g gpudstg mc kgrtd,

Hgrezgltmc pmrm dc msdltm`g dl

dc sdlte`g gpudstg mc kgrtd,



0=

_prû í rxDl prelepe# m `s rnms `d rdprùer ul mlbuc `d c dxestdltd dl cms drrmnedltmsndèmltd cs ̀ espsetevs Prnd# ̀ dlnelm`s Nåtg`g ̀ d kgcgrmkeûl ̀ dc oesdc Nåtg`g ̀ d

ocgqud dspmkem`gr , Dl dc ms ̀ d cms drrmnedltms ̀ d trldm`# dc Mjustm`gr ̀ d hdrrmnedltms`d tgrldm`g PP[.=66 Prnd rdd ul tdrdr nåt` qud prùd ulm rdprùel dxmtmtmlt `dc ílbuc `dc c n `d su rnm,

Dstd nåtg`g rdquedrd ul èíndtrg `d ped`rm kglstmltd pmrm prgùker ulm rdprgùkkeûl dxmktm,Kgcgkmr ul ocgqud `d nm`drm rdktmlbucmr kdrkm `d cm nudcm y nmrkmr dc kgltgrlg, Prmzmr ulm cîldm

pmrmcdcm y kgrtmr dc dxkdsg `d nm`drm, @d dstm grnm sd gotedld ul dspmkem`gr `d nm`drm qud pdrnetd kgpemr dc mjustd `dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,

Mjustmr dc èspgsetevg# J[, Ngltmr cm hdrrmnedltm kgl ulm prgtuodrmlkem# V,

Mjustmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,Tsmr dc grekeg M g dc grekeg O,

?, Dc nåtg`g `dc ocgqud dspmkem`gr

Kgcgrdmr dc oesdc kgl ul rgtucm`gr pdrnmldltd, Bermr cm nudcm kgl cm nmlg y mjustmr cm kglburmkeûl hmstm qud cm nudcm dceneld cm kgcgrmkeûl `d cm pultm `dc tmcûl,

;, Dc nåtg`g `dc Pgrndi PP[.=66 pmrm hdrrmnedltms `d tgrldm`g

=, Nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc



0?

d pr vr pr rrDc sprtd ulevdrsmc ds útec uml` m qud rdtemr vmres teps `d drrmnedltms,

Agrnglds `d tmccm dxtrm kgrtgs,Dstms hdrrmnedltms sd rdktekml

mpgyíl`gcms èrdktmndltd sgord dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc utecezml`g dc nmlbg kgng tgpd,Dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc sd kgcgkm

hgrezgltmcndltd kuml`g hmy qud mcmr dl dc sdlte`g gpudstg

mc kgrtd,

Mzudcms y hmkhms brml`ds,[d mpgyml sgord dc sgpgrtdulevdrsmc, Kgng tgpd pud`dutecezmr dc `d`g îlèkd, Dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc sd kgcgkmvdrtekmcndltd kuml`g hmy qud mcmr dl dc sdlte`g `dc kgrtd#qud ds cm nmldrm nís dkmz,

Cm nmldrm nís íkec `d rdktekmr mzudcms kurvms ds m cg cmrbg `dc cg, Dc sgpgrtdulevdrsmc sd kgcgkm hgrezgltmc. ndltd kuml`g hmy qud mcmr dl dc sdlte`g gpudstg mc kgrtd,

Hdrrmnedltms `d tgrldm`g mlkhms pmrm trglzmr, [d mpgymdc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc y sd kgcgkm

hgrezgltmcndltd,

Kelkdcds pmrm cmormr ped`rm,Kgcgkmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc vdrtekmcndltd, Kgng tgpd

pud`d utecezmr dc `d`g îlèkd,

Djdnpcgs `d hdrrmnedltms



0;

_a zkl dc rdtem` m nml mcm`m sd trmomjm dl sdlte` pudst mc rtd, [d lsebud msî dcndjr ltrc# puds sd dvetm dc redsb ̀ d qud cm drrmnedltm pdldtrd dl cm nudcm, gtrm vdltmjmds cm `d p`dr osdrvmr ndjr dc prds `d rdtem`# m qud l aud mbum sord dc c,

Mcml`g ul kukheccg pmrm tmccmr nm`drm, Mpgymr cms nmlgs sg. ord dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc y pgldr cgs `d`gs kdrkm `d cm nudcm pmrm gotdldr dc ndjgr kgltrgc pgseocd,

Mcml`g ulm lmvmjm, Mpcekmr ulm cebdrm prdseûl pmrm qud

lg sd `gocd cm hgjm, Mjustmr prendrg cm nudcm pmrm rdkte.km`g lg kgl cm ped`rm `d

rdktekm`g [V.146,

Åstm ds cm ndjgr nmldrm `d rdktekmr ulm bum`mým, Kgng lg auyd mbum sgord dc cg# dsíkec gosdrvmr cm grnmkeûl `d rdomoms, Nmltdldr cgs kg`gs pdbm`gs mc kudrpg, [d `ds. ngltm dc `eskg `d msdltm`g,



00

m p

_domom dl ul kukheccg,

@eskgs `d msdltm`g

kl cs èss `d msdltm` Prnd# sd dcenelml cms rdom.

oms, Cs èss sl `d ul udr dspdemc enprdblm` lcm pmstm `d msdltmr Prnd, Dc udr dcenelm sumvdndltdcm rdomom mc ebumc qud dc sumvem`r `d cs omrodrs# pr.prelml` ulm lmvmjm oedl mcm`m ul oesdc puce` lmmom` oreccmltd,

kn dstíl`mr m ul brml ès pcml `d msdltm` #n mdsre# pud`d nltmrsd ul ès pdrcm` pmrm dcmsdltm` eltdrer `d buoems drrmnedltms dl Q,

Dc èskg `d msdltm`g pdrcm`gds ul mkkdsgreg qud sd ngltm

pgr udrm `dc èskg dstíl`mr,

Kuml`g dc èskg ds ludvg# hmy qud enprdblmr dc kudrg kgl

mkdetd cebdrg pmrm níquelm, [d mocml`m msî dc kudrg y mkecetm cm pdldtrmkeûl `d cm pmstm `d msdltmr,

Mpcekmr ul `dcbm`g kgr`ûl `d pmstm mormsevm mltds `d pgldr dl nmrkhm cm níquelm, Bermr dc èskg kgl cm nmlg,

Vgldr dl nmrkhm cm níquelm y èstreouer cm pmstm prdseglml`g sumvdndltd ulm hdrrmnedltmkgltrm dc èskg, @djmr qud cm pmstm pdldtrd dl dc kudrg,

Vrdpmrmkeûl `dc èskg `d msdltm`g

Tlm mpcemel ds suedltd pmrm 4‛=6 drrmnedltms, Qcvdr `dspuås m enprdblmr dc èsl ulms pms btms `d mdetd mpcemr `d ludv pmstm `d msdltmr, Prmomjmr cm pmstm `dmsdltmr pmrm qud pdldtrd dl dc udr, L `djmr qud sd sdqud cm pmstm9 dl ms lddsmre#mpcemr nís mdetd,

_domoms

Mc rdtemr ulm drrmnedltm# sd rnm ulm rdomom dl cm pmrtdsupdrer `dc c, Dst ds ulm lrnmel `d qud sd m rd.

tem` mstm dc or`d nesn `dc c, kuml` sd rdtem dctr cm` (se sd mcml cs `s cm`s n dl ul uecc%# cmrdomom pdrsestd# pdr ̀ ocíl`sd pmsml` mc tr cm` ̀ dcor`d, Dstm rdomom tedld qud dcenelmrsd se sd `dsdm otdldrul c mbu` ùrm`dr, L tedld qud rnpdrsd puds sd`drnmrîm,



04

Msdltm`g

Dc msdltm` pud`d mdrsd m nml mcm`m `djml` cm drrmnedltm dl dc èspsetev `ds.puås `dc mcm`, ejmr dc èspsetev `d nmldrm qud dc msdltm` tdlbm cubmr dxmtmndltd dldc nesn ílbuc qud dc mcm` elndèmtmndltd mltdrer, Dst ds pmrteucmrndltd vdltmjsuml` sd trmomjm dc oesdc dl buoems dl cms qud ds èîec sdbuer dxmtmndltd cm rnm `d cmbuoem, Dc eltdrer sd trmomjm m nml mcm`m, Dc msdltm` m `d mdrsd sednprd dl dc sdlte`ggpudstg mc rtd,

Dc msdltm`g eltdregr dl buoems y hdrrmnedltms dl Q sd hmkdkgl dc èskg pdrcm`g,

Msdltm`g `d ul kukheccg cmrbg,[ujdtmr cm hgjm èmbglmcndltd

pmrm lg trgpdzmr kgl cm nudcm`d mcmr,

Msdltm`g `d cm kmrm pgstdregr `d ulm kukheccm pmrm kdpeccg,

Msdltm`g m nmlg mczm`m

Msdltm`g `d ulm buoem kurvm dl dc èspgsetevg [Q@.=84, Aejmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc `d nmldrm qud sd gotdlbm dc nesng ílbucg `d msdltm`g qud dc `d rdktekm`g,

Msdltm`g `d ul kdpeccg dl dc èspgsetevg [D.21,

Msdltm`g kgl èspgsetevgs

¡Msdltmr sednprd dl dc sdlte`ggpudstg mc kgrtd-

¡[e dc msdltm`g sd hmkd dl dc sdlte`g `dc cg# pdldtrmrí dldc èskg-

[dlte`g `dc msdltm`g



01

Qdltmjms `d ul oudl msdltm`g

P`ms cms drrmnedltms `d c morîml `d sdr rrdtmndltd msdltm`ms pmrm qud trmomjmrmll cm níxenm dedlem, Cm úlem dxdpel sl cms tejdrms, M`dnís `d quetmr cm rdomom#lvedld msdltmr cms `s supdreds qud rnml dc c pmrm qud `dsmpmrdml cms nmrms`d mcm` otdledl` ulm supdred c nís cesm pseocd, Tl c l oesdcds `d supdred

cesm l sc ds nís mbu` rtm l nmr mece`m`# tmnoeål md qud cm mbu`dm ùrdnís tednp, M`dnís# ulm supdred sumvd oreccmltd tedld ndls reel sord cm nm`drm md qud sdm nís íec trmomjmr l cm drrmnedltm,

Msdltm`g `d hdrrmnedltms `d tgrldm`g

Cms vdltmjms `d msdltmr cs oesdcds mstm ulm supdred nís cesm sl oedl le`ms cmpdrmel sd rdmcem dl ueccms pmrm dpecc# rnlds pmrm nm`drm# ueccs dl drrm.nedltms ̀ d tmccm`, Dstms vdltmjms dstíl ebumcndltd prdsdltds dl drrmnedltms ̀ d tmccm# pdr

mcbuls trldrs l prdstml cm nesnm mtdlel mc msdltm` qud cs domlestms tmccestms,Cm rml `d dcc ds qud dc rdtem` mcm` `d# pr djdnpc# buoems `d udls dl r.nm `d sdneculm rnlds urvm`s sl tmrdms omstmltd èîecds `d ccdvmr m mo l dcnåt` lvdlelmc `d nml mcm`m dl ulm rdtem`rm `d oml sdbue`ms `d rdpdte`smsdltm`s l èss nudcms, Mulqud ustd` sdm ul pdrmre íoec dxpdrendltm`# dsèîec dvetmr qud dc puce` dl cs oesdcds dc mmom` rodl tednp mc trldm`, Vr dstmrml# nus trldrs mdptml ul c –mse„ mbu` sel msdltm` # dl su cubmr rdpetdl mndlu` dc mcm` dl cm níquelm mcm`rm,

kl dc nåt` Prnd# dc mcm` sd md l pcdl ltrc msî n dc msdltm`, Cm pd.rmel npcdtm ‛nltmjd# mcm` msdltm`‛ sc rdquedrd uls ps neluts # pr ctmlt# ds ul tednp oedl dnpcdm`, Cm drrmnedltm rtm l nmr mece`m`# musm ndlsreel sord cm nm`drm# prprelm m åstm ulm supdred nís cesm dc c pdrnmldd mbu`nu nís tednp, Pmnoeål sd mrrm èldr# puds l ds lddsmre mcmr tml m ndlu` cms drrmnedltms ùrmríl nís,

Vuce`g

Dc ès `d msdltm` `d udr Prnd cm pmstm `d msdltmr elrdndltml cm vdrsmtece`m` `dcm mcm`rm# qud tmnoeål servd n níquelm puce`rm, Tstd` tmnoeål p`rí pucer `dtmccdsrnm`s# `d cmtl# ord# pcmtm mcunele mc nmr orecc,

Lgtm Dc èskg `d msdltm`g `d kudrg kglstm `d ulm term `d kudrg dlkgcm`m m

ulm ccmltm `d pcístekg, Dstm term tedld ulm jultm dlkgcm`m qud dl íorekm sd cejm

hmstm dc levdc `dc kudrg, @dspuås `d mcbúl tednpg `d usg# dc kudrg sd hulèrí

y cm jultm dlkgcm`m pud`d sgordsmcer `d cm supdr eked `dc kudrg, Dstm `dcbm`m

kmpm `d kgcm pud`d dcenelmrsd íkecndltd utecezml`g pmpdc `d dstrmzm ngltm`g

sgord ul pd`mzg `d nm`drm,



`pv

ra



08

·]å pv r7

hdrrmnedltms pmrm domlestdrîm @espsetev [prtd ulevdrsmc Víbelm

Kukheccms pmrm kdpeccg [D.21 Qdrtemc ==2

Kukheccms pmrm kdpeccgpmrm ̀ dsomstd

[Q@.==6 Qdrtemc .

Agrnglds pmrm nm`drmClbetu` nîl, `d uls 24 nn

[D.21 Qdrtemc ==2

Agrnglds pmrm nm`drm kgrtgs Ml níx, `d ;? nn clbetu`

nîl, `d uls 04 nn

[Q[.;? hreltmc 26

Kukheccms `d kdpeccm`grm(Dc ndtmc `d mrour `d tulbstdll pud`d rdtemrsd%

[Qh.;?6 Qdrtemc =?4

Kukheccms `d kdpeccm`grm dcåktrekmpgrtítec (Dc ndtmc `d mrour `dtulbstdl l pud`d rdtemrsd%

[QX.=46 Qdrtemc 1?

Kukheccgs pmrm ngc`urmr [QV.86Tl vdrtemc

tr reltmc

=;6

Kukheccms pmrm omstrål [Q@.==6 Qdrtemc ==1

_msqudtms `d domlestm [Q@.==6 Qdrtemc ==1

hdrrmnedltms pmrm dc trldm` ̀ d cm nm`drm @espsetev [prtd ulevdrsmc Víbelm

Buoems pmrm tgrldm`g`d kudlkgs

[Q@.=84 hreltmc 20

Buoems `d pdrcmr [Q@.=84Qdrtemc ureltmc

20

Buoems ̀ d ̀ dsomstd [Q[.46 hreltmc =60

_mspm`grdskl ílbucs `d rtd`d mstm mprx, 16¶

[Q@.==6 Qdrtemc ==;



05

_mspm`grdskl ílbucs `d rtd`d nís `d uls 16¶

[Q@.==6 hreltmc ==;

Hdrrmnedltmspmrm trglzmr

y ogr`dmr[Q[.46 hreltmc =6;

Hdrrmnedltms lms pmrm trglzmr [Q@.==6 hreltmc .

Agrnglds `d tgrldrg_dts urvs

[Q[.46 hreltmc 50

Kukheccms `d tgrldmr [Q@.=84 hreltmc 86

Hdrrmnedltms ̀ d vmkem`g [Q@.==6 hreltmc ==1

hdrrmnedltms pmrm cm tmccm ̀ d nm`drm @espsetev [prtd ulevdrsmc Víbelm

Buoems kgl nmlbgs rdktgshmstm ul ml `d ;? nn

[Q[.;? hreltmc 14

Buoems kgl nmlbgs rdktgshmstm ul ml `d 46 nn

[Q[.46 hreltmc =64

Buoems

Ml supdrer m uls 46 nn

Mp sordsprtd

ulevdrsmc

Qdrtemc u

reltmc

0?

Buoems pmrm kukheccgs `d tmccestmdcåktrekgshmstm ul ml `d ;? nn

[Q[.;? hreltmc 14

Buoems kurvm`mshmstm ul ml `d ?4 nn

[Q@.=84 hreltmc 8?

Buoems mkg`m`ms

hmstm ul ml `d ?4 nn[Q@.=84 hreltmc 8?

Buoems ̀ d kgltrmkg`eccghmstm ul ml `d ?4 nn

[Q@.=84 hreltmc 81



46

Buoems `d kg`eccghmstm ul ml `d ?4 nn

[Q@.=84 hreltmc 81

Buoems `d kgcm `d pdskm`g`d nmlbg rdktghmstm ul ml `d ;? nn

Ml supdrer m uls ;? nn

[Q[.;?[Q[.46

hreltmc

14=64

Hdrrmnedltms dl Q rdktms [Q[.;? hreltmc 14

Hdrrmnedltms dl Q kurvms [Q@.=84 hreltmc 82

Agrnglds kum`rm`gsClbetu` nîl, `d uls =66 nn

[Q[.46 hreltmc =65

Agrnglds kum`rm`gsClbetu` nîl, `d uls 16 nn

[Q[.;? hreltmc 2=

Agrnglds kum`rm`gsClbetu` eldrer m uls 16 nn

Mp sordsprtdulevdrsmc

hreltmc 0?

Agrnglds `d tgrldrgClbetu` nîl, `d uls =64 nn

[Q[.46 hreltmc ==6

Agrnglds `d tgrldrgClbetu` eldrer m uls =64 nn


hreltmc 0?

@dsomstm`grds y vmkem`grds kurvgskl oesdc dxtdrer

[Q@.==6 Qdrtemc ==1

Mzudcms `d kmrpeltdrg [QM.=26 Qdrtemc 1;

Mzudcmskl oesdc eltdrer pcml


hreltmc 0?

Mzudcmskl oesdc dxtdrer

Mp sordsprtd

ulevdrsmc

hreltmc 0?

Omstrdlds ̀ d? dnpuým`urms

[QN.04 hreltmc 48



4=

Kukheccgs `d tmccmClbetu` nîl, `d jm `d 16 nn ml nîl, `d =0 nn

[QN.04Qdrtemc ureltmc

4?

Kukheccgs `d tmccm kgrtgsClbetu` `d jm eldrer m 16 nn ml eldrer m =0 nn

M nmlmcm`m

‐ 0;

gtrms drrmnedltms @espsetev [prtd ulevdrsmc Víbelm

KukheccgsClbetu` nîl, `d jm `d 16 nn

[QN.04Qdrtemc ureltmc

4?

Kukheccgshjms `dcbm`ms `d clbetu`supdrer m =16 nn

[QN.=06 Qdrtemc 45

Pejdrms [QX.=46 Qdrtemc 16

Vg`m`grms [QX.=46 Qdrtemc 1?

Bum`mýms M nmlmcm`m

‐ 0;

@dstgrleccm`grds [Q@.==6 hreltmc .

Hgjms pmrm bueccgtelmm elbcdtd

[Qh.;?6 Qdrtemc =?5

Kelkdcds pmrm cmormr ped`rm Mp sordsprtdulevdrsmc

Qdrtemc 0?



4?

`pv pr sQn.04

Lgtm Cm mcturm `dc omlkg lg hm

`d sdr dxkdsevm mc mecmr kukheccgs,

[dbúl cm mcturm `dc gpdrmreg# ds

m`dkum`m ulm mcturm `dc omlkg

`d 446‛146 nn,

@esdýg

Dc èspsetev elcud ulm ngr`mzm mjustmocd (=% pmrm sujdtmrueccms `d umcquedr brsr ul tgpd mjustmocd (?%, Tstd`mjustm dc èspsetev sdbúl dc dspdsr `dc uecc l dctgrleccg (;%, Cm drrmnedltm cm sujdtm l cm rud`m (0%,

Dc èspsetev rdpsm sord dc sprtd ulevdrsmc, Dc ílbuc`d rtd dxmt sd jm medl` rtmr dc tpd ndèmltd dcnermjustd dl dc sprtd ulevdrsmc,

Lrnmcndltd# dc sprtd ulevdrsmc sd cm vdrtemcndltduml` m qud mcmr dl dc sdlte`g `dc c, Cs ueccsrts tmnoeål pud`dl mcmrsd dl dc sdlte`g gpudstg mc rtdse dc sprtd ulevdrsmc sd cm dl reltmc (píb, 42%,

04 nn

@erdkkeûl `dc mcm`g: dl dc sdlte`g gpudstg mc kgrtd g dl dc sdlte`g `dc kgrtd,

Vgsekeglmnedltg `d cm níquelm

kTkhECCg[

Cglbetu` nîl, `d hgjm: 16 nn,

OM[P_DLD[ @D ?DNVTýM@T_M[



4;

[updrvesmr qud cm rud`m dstå sudctm,

M`mptmr dc èspgsetevg sdbúldc dspdsgr `dc kukheccg kgl dc tgrleccg `d mjustd pdqudýg,

Mprdtmr cm rud`m, Dc kukheccg pdrnmldkdrí mhgrm rndndltd sujdtg dl dc èspgsetevg,

Ngltmjd `dc kukheccg dl dc èspgsetevg

Dc ílbucg `d kgrtd `dpdl`d `dc cubmr `gl`d sd sujdtd cm hgjm (m%dl dc èspgsetevg, [e sd ngltm hmkem dc nmlbg# dc ílbucg `d kgrtd sdrí nís pdqudýg, [e dc èspgsetevg sd ngltm hmkem dc cg# dc ílbucg `d kgrtd sdrí nmygr,

[e sd ngltm m cm èstmlkem kg. rrdktm (m% dc oesdc y dc ílbucg `dkgrtd sdríl ebumcds m cg cmrbg`d cm hgjm,

Dc èspgsetevg hm `d mbmrrmr cm hgjm mc ndlgs ? nn, Tstd` pg`rí mcmr kukheccgs kgl ul mlkhg `d hmstm =0 nn kgl ul ílbucg `dkgrtd `d ?4¶, Cgs kukheccgs kgl hgjm nís dstrdkhm sd mcml m nmlg mczm`m,

Mlkhg nîleng `d cm hgjm



40

Kgcgrdmr dc oesdc kgl ul rgtucm.`gr pmrm vdr `ûl`d sd rdmcezm dc

rdktekm`g,

Vgldr dc tgpd `dc èspgsetevg m kdrg y msdburmr dc mjustd kgl dc tgrleccg `d sdbure`m` dl dc cm`g `drdkhg g ezquedr`g, Cgs èspg. setevgs nís rdkedltds tedldl ul èsdýg èdrdltd sel tgrleccg `d sdbure`m` y lg ldkdsetml sdr msdburm`gs,

Mjustmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc `d nmldrm qud dc tmcûl `dc oesdc rgkd cm nudcm,

_dprgùkkeûl `dc ílbucg `d kgrtd dxestdltd

Aejmr dc ílbucg `d kgrtd `dsdm`gdl MlbcdNmstdr RN.?66,

Mjustmr dc èspgsetevg hmstm qud cm tgtmce`m` `dc oesdc tgqud dc elèkm`gr,

Dc ílbucg `d kgrtd pud`d ndèrsd dl cms rmlurms `dc MlbcdNmstdr,

Mjustd `d ul ludvg ílbucg `d kgrtd y ndèkeûl `d ul ílbucg `d kgrtd

Dcdvmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc kgl dc nekrgmjustd hmstm qud tg`g dc oesdc tgqud cm nudcm, Kgnprgomr qud dc rdktekm`g tdl`rí cubmr ngvedl`g cm ped`rm kgl cm nmlg,



44

Kukheccgs `dcbm`gs

kuml` sd jm ul ílbuc ̀ d rtd dl ueccs ̀ dcbm`s# cm clbetu` ̀ dc oesdc ds nu rtm pr dcc pud`d sdr èîec cm mceldmel l cm buîm `d ílbucs, Tstd` pud`d `djmr qud cm buîmtqud cm jm `dc uecc dl cubmr `dc oesdc, Dltlds# cm buîm m `d mjustmrsd m cm netm` `dcílbuc `d rtd `dsdm`,

Ílbucgs `d kgrtd rdkgndl`m`gs

Dcdber dc ílbuc `d rtd qud rrdspl`m mc tep `d uecc us prdvest, kl ul ílbuc`d rtd pdqud (?6¶%# dc uecc rtm nu íecndltd pdr dc c l ùrm, Tl nmr ílbuc(06¶% prprelm ul c nís udrtd ùrm`dr,

kueccs pmrm tmccm dl nm`drm

kueccs pmrm rdomlmr#cdtdmr rdrtmr

kueccs pmrm mrledrs eldrs

kueccs `d mm `dprtd

?6‛?4¶

?4‛;6¶

;6‛06¶



41

_dkteekm`g

Nmltdldr dc kukheccg y dc èspgsetevg sdbúl sd gosdrvm dl cms bu. rms, Msdburmrsd `d prdseglmr dc pucbmr (g cm pmcnm `d cm nmlg% sg. ord dc èspgsetevg `d nmldrm qud åstd sd hmccd sednprd prdseglm`gkgltrm cm pmrtd pgstdregr `dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc, Ngvdr dc kukheccg

cdltmndltd `d mtrís hmkem m`dcmltd sgord cm nudcm, Msdburmrsd`d qud cm hgjm dstí dl kgltmktg kgl tg`g dc mlkhg `d cm nudcm, Mc

mcmr dc cg `dc kukheccg# cdvmltmr dc nmlbg,

[dbuer mcml`g hmstm qud sdgrnd ulm rdomom dl cm pmrtd supdregr m cg cmrbg `d tg`m cm hgjm, Dstg sd lgtm hmkedl`g pmsmr cebdrmndltd ul `d`g pgr cm pmrtd pgstdregr `dc kukheccg,

[ubdrdlkem Gosdrvmr kûng cuyd dc mbum sgord dc ecg kgng kglernmkeûl `d

qud cm hgjm dstí dl kgltmktg kgl dc mlkhg tgtmc `d cm nudcm, Dstg ds enpgrtmltd

se sd quedrd gotdldr ul oesdc hgngbåldg,

Kgl ulm oudlm ecunelmkeûl# dc oesdc sd vd kgng ulm cîldm `d cuz, Kuml`g sd hm grnm`g rdomom m cg cmrbg `d cm hgjm# ds elèkmkeûl `d qud hm qud`m.`g rdktekm`g dc prendr cm`g,

Kuml`g sd hm rdktekm`g dc prendr cm`g# `mr cm vudctm mc èspg. setevg (nedltrms sebud ngltm`g dc kukheccg% y rdktekmr dc gtrg cm`g, Mhgrm mpmrdkdrí elndèmtmndltd cm rdomom# puds dstmrí ymgrnm`m dl dc cm`g eldregr, _dktekmr dl cm nesnm ndè`m qud dldc prendr cm`g# m l `d gotdldr ul cg senåtrekg,

Cm rdomom sd `doecetmrí y pg`rídcenelmrsd nís íkecndltd`dspuås se sd rdktekm gtrm vdzdc prendr cm`g djdrkedl`g ulm cebdrm prdseûl,

[ubdrdlkem Mltds `d mecmr kukheccgs cmrbgs# `dsngltmr dc èskg `d msdltm`g,



42

Mcm`g dl sdlte`g gpudstg mc kgrtd

hmstm mquî# sd m trmtm` `d n mcmr ueccs dl dc sdlte` `dc rtd l dc sprtd ule.vdrsmc dl pseel vdrtemc, @d dstm nmldrm# pud`dl rdtemrsd t`s cs teps clbetu`ds`d ueccs, Vmrm cs ueccs rts# dc sprtd ulevdrsmc pud`d cmrsd tmnoeål dlpseel reltmc # pr c tmlt# pmrm trmomjmr dl dc sdlte` pudst mc rtd, Dst pud`dsdr vdltmjs se sc sd lddsetm mcmr cebdrmndltd dc c# m qud dc rdtem` dl sdlte`pudst prprelm ulm ndlr prdsel, kl dstm èrdel `d mcm`# sd pud`d nmltdldrdc uecc nltm` dl dc èspsetev ddtumr dc msdltm` dl dc ès `d udr tdledl`ltrcm` dc ílbuc,

Cs ueccs cmrbs l pud`dl rdtemrsd `d dstm nmldrm puds dc èspsetev rm l cmpmtm `dc sprtd ulevdrsmc, (Dl dc n`dc P.;# l ds pseocd rdtemr ueccs l èsp.setevs dl dc sdlte` pudst mc rtd# m qud dstd n`dc tedld ulm sdpmrmel `dnmsem`rtm dltrd cm nudcm dc ès `d msdltm`%,

Cgs kukheccgs kgrtgs# qud pud`dl ngltmrsd dl dc èspgsetevg hmstm ulgs 46 nn `dc cg (m%# pud`dl mcmrsd dl dc sdlte`g

gpudstg mc kgrtd,

@dspcmzmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc hmstm dc cm`g `dc èskg `d msdltm.

`g, Aejmr dc èspgsetevg `d nmldrmqud sd gotdlbm dc nesng ílbucg`d msdltm`g qud `d mcm`g,

@mr cm vudctm m cm níquelm, ]uetmr dc kukheccg `dc èspgsetevg, Msdltmr y pucer cgs oesdcds dl dc èskg `d kudrg, @djmr qud tg`g dc oesdc tgqud dc èskg `d kudrg m l `d qud dc msdltm`g sd prgùz.km dl dc nesng ílbucg qud dc mcm`g, Ngvdr dc kukheccg `d mtrís hmkem m`dcmltd mcbulms vdkds dl km`m cm`g `d cm hgjm hmstm qud`dsmpmrdzkm cm rdomom,

Vud`d vdrsd qud hm `dsmpmrd.ke`g cm rdomom hmkedl`g pmsmr dc cg pgr dc dxtrdng `d ultrgzg `d nm`drm,

Msdltm`g

Enpgrtmltd Ddktumr sednprd dc msdltm`g dl dc sdlte`g `d rgtmkeûl (sdlte`g

gpudstg mc kgrtd%, Kgcgkmr cm níquelm sdbúl sd vdl dl cm eburm kgl cms rud`ms

berml`g dl dc sdlte`g gpudstg mc gpdrmreg y dc èskg `d msdltm`g m cm ezquedr`m,



48

Vrdseglmr dc èspgsetevg hmkem momjg `d nmldrm qud dc tgpddstå pdrnmldltdndltd dl kgl.tmktg kgl dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,

Msdburmrsd `d qud dc mcm`gtedld cubmr sgord tg`g dc mlkhg

`d cm ped`rm,

Msdltmr m nmlg mczm`m, [ujdtmr cm kukheccm èmbglmcndltd pmrm lgtrgpdzmr kgl cm nudcm, Msdltmr mnogs cm`gs `d grnm mctdrlmtevm,

Omstrdlds `d ? dnpumùrms



45

Lgtm Cm mcturm `dc omlkg lg hm

`d sdr dxkdsevm mc mecmr kukheccgs,

[dbúl cm mcturm `dc gpdrmreg# ds

m`dkum`m ulm mcturm `dc omlkg

`d 446‛146 nn,

@esdýg

Dc èspsetev elcud ulm nr`mm mjustmocd (=% pmrm sujdtmrueccms `d umcquedr brsr ul tpd mjustmocd (?%, Tstd`mjustm dc èspsetev sdbúl dc dspdsr `dc uecc l dctrlecc (;%, Cm drrmnedltm sd sujdtm l cm rud`m (0%,

Dc èspsetev rdpsm sord dc sprtd ulevdrsmc, Dc ílbuc`d rtd dxmt sd jm medl` rtmr dc tpd, Dc sprtdulevdrsmc sd cm vdrtemcndltd uml` m qud mcmr dldc sdlte` `dc rtd,

Dstd èspsetev m se` èsdm` dspdemcndltd pmrm u.eccs cmrbs `dcbm`s, ulelm `d cm nesnm nmldrmqud dc èspsetev [QN.04# pdr ds nís ml # pr ctmlt# rdd nmr sprtd pmrm jms cmrbms `dcbm`ms,

=06 nn

`pv pr r sQn.=06


@erdkkeûl `dc mcm`g:dl dc sdlte`g `dc kgrtd,

kTkhECCg[ CM_Bg[ y @DCBM@g[

V, dj, kukheccgs `d cdtdmr, Cglbetu` nîl, `d cm hgjm (m% `d =16 nn,

m



16

`pv pr jr sQX.=46

@esdýg

Dc `espsetev dstí lstetue` pr ulm pcmm `d sprtd(=% ulm pcmm `d jmel (?% prvestm l `s nr`mms(;% pmrm cms tejdrms, Bdldrmcndltd sc sd usm cm prdlsm`drdm, Vmrm tejdrms brml`ds p`m`rms sd usml cms

`s prdlsms,

Cms nr`mms sd mjustml sdbúl dc brsr `d cms tejdrms ldc trlecc (0%, Cms tejdrms sd jml mprdtml` cm rud`m (4%, Cmpcmm `d sprtd ds `d supdred `dscemltd# c qud pdr.netd qud cm pcmm `d jmel l cms tejdrms pud`m nvdrsdíecndltd sord dccm,


[ubdrdlkem Cm ndjgr pgsekeûl

`d trmomjg ds dstmr sdltm`g dl

ulm seccm `dcmltd `d cm níquelm,


PEJD_M[

Vg@M@g_M[

kTkhECCM[ @D kDVECCM@g_M

DCÅkP_EkM Vg_PÍPEC (Dc ndtmc `dkmrourg `d tulbstdlg lg pud`d rdktekmrsd%



1=

Dc ílbucg `d kgrtd sd mjustm berml`g y jml`g cm pcmkm `d sgpgrtd, Dc ílbucg dxestdltd pud`d rdpd.tersd g pud`d jmrsd ul ílbucg ludvg dl cms tejdrms utecezml`g dc MlbcdNmstdr RN.?66, Tl ílbucg`d kgrtd hmoetumc ds `d 16¶,

Ngltmr cm pcmkm `d sgpgrtd dldc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc, Aejmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc dl cm pgsekeûl nís omjm pgseocd `djml`g seteg pmrm cm pcmkm,

[e sd `dsdm rdpdter dc ílbucg `dkgrtd dxestdltd# kgcgrdmr dc oesdc kgl ul rgtucm`gr pmrm vdr `ûl`dtdl`rí cubmr dc rdktekm`g,

[e sd `dsdm ul ílbucg `d kgrtd ludvg# utecezmr dc MlbcdNmstdr RN.?66, @djmr qud dc elèkm`gr tgqud cm pcmkm `d jmkeûl dltrd cms `gs ngr`mzms,

Magjmr cm rud`m brml`d (4%, Mjustmr dc tgrleccg (0% `d nmldrmqud cm ngr`mzm (;% kgrrdspgl`m

mc brgsgr `d cm tejdrm, @djmr ulm prgtuodrmlkem `d ulgs ; nn,

Msdburmrsd `d qud cm gtrm hgjmqud`m ceord `dc cm`g dxtdregr `d cm ped`rm y mprdtmr cm rud`m brml`d pmrm nmltdldr cm tejdrmdl su seteg,

Ngltmjd `d cms tejdrms dl dc èspgsetevg

Mcmr kue`m`gsmndltd pg. ledl`g dc èspgsetevg sgord cm pcmkm `d sgpgrtd prdseglml`g cebdrmndltd hmkem momjg,

@dspcmzmr dc èspgsetevg `d `d. cmltd hmkem mtrís sgord cm nudcm nedltrms sd sebud cm grnm `d cm hgjm,

Mcmr hmstm qud sd grnd ulm rdomom m tg`g cg cmrbg `d cm hgjm y pud`m vdrsd ul oesdc ulegrndndltd mcm`g,

Mecm`g

Mjustd `dc ílbucg `d kgrtd



1?

@dsngltmr cm tejdrm pmrkemcndltd mcm`m `dc èspgsetevg `dsdlrgs.kml`g cm rud`m brml`d,

Ngltmr cm gtrm hgjm dl dc èspgsetevg,

Mcmr cm gtrm hgjm `d cm nesnm nmldrm qud sd hm hdkhg kgl cm prendrm,

Vmrm cms tejdrms brml`ds y cms pg`m`grms sd usml cms `gs ngr`mzms,

Pejdrms brml`ds y pg`m`grms

¡Lg msdltmr cm mrestm `d kgrtd `dspuås `dc mcm`g- Lg ds ldkdsmreg ulm supdrked nís cesm qud cm qud sd hm gotdle`gkgl dc mcm`g, Dl rdmce`m`# ulm supdrked nís omstm hmkdqud cm tejdrm ulkegld ndjgr# ym qud dc nmtdremc (tdcm g pmpdc%qud hmy qud kgrtmr rdsomcm ndlgs y sd kgrtm kgl nmygr mkece`m`, Dcenelmr cm pgkm rdomom qud rdsuctm `dc mcm`grgtml`g cms hgjms m kgltrmhecg `d ul trgzg `d nm`drm,

Lg hmy qud msdltmr

Kukheccms `d kdpeccm`grm dcåktrekm pgrtítec

Åstms sd mcml `d cm nesnm nmldrm qud cms tejdrms, [eldnomrbg# dc oesdc y cm kmrm pgstdregr hml `d msdltmrsd,Nmltdldr cm kukheccm dl dc èspgsetevg ùrmltd dc msdltm`g

y rdktekmr dc cg y cm kmrm pgstdregr mctdrlmtevmndltd hmstmqud `dsmpmrdkdl cms rdomoms,



1;

`pv pr z rprsQm.=26

@esdýg

Dstd èspsetev dstí rnm` pr ulm jmel rdvdste`m `dbnm# ul tpd dl rnm `d um qud sujdtm cm mudcm dlulm pseel jm redltm`m m cm nudcm, Cm jmel ulelm

dl dc sprtd ulevdrsmc sord dc qud sd `dscem m trmvås `dcm nudcm,

Dc ̀ espsetev dstí ̀ esdm` ̀ d nmldrm qud cm rtmel ̀ d cmnudcm prdselm cm mudcm rndndltd ltrm dc èspsetev,C úle qud ustd` m `d mdr ds sujdtmr buemr cm mudcml mnoms nmls, Dstd èspsetev sc ulelm l cmnudcm berml` dl dc sdlte` `dc c, Dl ms lddsmre# dcès `d msdltm` pud`d `dsnltmrsd pmrm `djmr sete mc

nmlb `d cm mudcm,



MzTDCM[ @D kM_ VELPD_g y hMkhM[

[d m`mptm m mzudcms `d hmstm =26 nn, Cms

mzudcms nís brml`ds sd mcml sel èspgse.tevg y mpgym`ms sgord dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc (píbelm 0?%,



10

Kgcgkmr cm mzudcm dl dc èspg. setevg, Aejmr dc ílbucg `d kgrtd mjustml`g dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,Oedl dl dc ílbucg grebelmc ute.

cezml`g dc nåtg`g `d kgcgrm.keûl `dc oesdc g dl ul ílbucg

ludvg utecezml`g dc MlbcdNmstdr RN.?66,

Kgl cm pmcnm `d cm nmlg# dn. pujmr cm mzudcm hmstm mkdrkmrcm m cm nudcm, Cm mzudcm sdrí dn. pujm`m mutgnítekmndltd kgltrmdc tgpd `dc èspgsetevg hmkedl`gqud dc mcm`g sdm nís dkedltd,

[dbuer cm grnm `dc cg (rdktgg kurvm`g% ùrmltd dc mcm`g cdvmltml`g g `dskdlèdl`g dc nmlbg, @djmr qud dc èspgsetevg sd `dscekd cmtdrmcndltd sgorddc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc pmrm qud cm nudcm sd `dsbmstd pgr ebumc,

Ílbucg `d kgrtd

Dc ílbuc `d rtd `d ulm mudcm `d mrpeltdr mm m `d sdr `d ?4‛;6¶# sdbúl sdm cmùrdm `d cm nm`drm, Mbumr dc c l ul oesdc nís cmrb dl dc cm` redltm` m cm nm`drmqud dl dc tr cm`, Dc oesdc nís cmrb prprelm ul oudl mp mem cm nm`drm, Pmnoeålcm mudcm trmomjm nís drm `d cm supdred `d cm nm`drm# dc rtd sdrí nís dedltd nísíec ̀ d ltrcmr,

Cms mms `d tmcmr `d mm ml `d tdldr ul ílbuc `d rtd nís brml`d# `d ;6‛06¶# pmrmqud sdm nís ùrm`dr dc c, _d`l`dmr cs oesdcds dc mm rtmrí nís íecndltd, Dstsd md `dsdlèdl` dc sprtd ulevdrsmc rdmceml` dc mcm` `s vdds,

Hmkdr ul oesdc nís cmrbg dl dc cm`g `d cm nm`drm dl cms mzud. cms `d kmrpeltdrg,

Cms hmkhms `d tmcmr hml `dtdldr ul ílbucg `d kgrtd ( ν % `d;6‛06¶, _d`gl`dmr cgs oesdcds y dc hmkhm kgrtmrí nís íkecndltd,

Kgl dc MlbcdNmstdr RN.?66#ds pgseocd mjustmr y ndèr dc ílbucg `d kgrtd,

Dc msdltm`g y puce`g `d cgs oesdcdsdl dc èskg `d msdltm`g `d kudrg hmkd qud cgs kgrtds sdml nís íkecds`d hmkdr y cm mbu`dzm pdrnmldzkm nís tednpg, Msdltmr sednprd dl dc sdlte`g gpudstg mc kgrtd,



14

`pv pr rr rsQs.;?

@esdýg

Dstd èspsetev pmtdltm` m se` `dsmrrccm` pmrm drrmnedltms `d tmccm rtms# dspcspmrm msdltmr oesmbrms drrmnedltms pmrm ueccs `d tmccm dcåtres, Dc èspsetev tedldore`ms pmrmcdcms qud servdl `d buîms dl mnos cm`s `dc sprtd ulevdrsmc,

Dstd èsd bmrmltem qud dc èspsetev# dl umcquedr nndlt (elcus uml` sd mdbermr%# nmltdlbm cm drrmnedltm pdrpdlèucmr m cm nudcm, Dst ds ulm brml vdltmjm# pudstqud pdrnetd mc pdrmre ldltrmrsd dl dc rdtem` msdltm` sel tdldr qud prdupmrsdpr qud dc èspsetev dstå pdrpdlèucmr m cm nudcm,

Níx, ;? nnNîl, 04 nn


@erdkkeûl `dc mcm`g:dl dc sdlte`g gpudstg mc kgrtd,

Mlkhg níx, `d hdrrmnedltm:

;? nn, Cglbetu` nîl, `d

hdrrmnedltm: 04 nn m ul ílbucg `d kgrtd `d ?6¶,

hD__MNEDLPM[ @D PMCCM kgL NMLBg _DkPg

Buoems rdktms

Hdrrmnedltms dl Q rdktms

Agrnglds pmrm nm`drm kgrtgs

Agrnglds `d tmccmkum`rm`gs

Buoems y hdrrmnedltms dlQ pmrm kukheccgs `d tmccmdcåktrekgs



11

Buoem `d tmccm

·_dktekm`g'mcm`g'msdltm`g g sûcg msdltm`g7

kn m sd m ndlelm` dl dc mpîtuc Påklekms ̀ d rdktekm`g pmrm buoems ̀ d tmccm y hd. rrmnedltms dl Q # dl cm píbelm ?=# m qud prdbultmrsd se lvedld rdtemr cm drrmnedltm

er èrdtmndltd mc ès `d msdltm`, Dstm udstel ds dspdemcndltd více`m uml` sdtrmtm ̀ d drrmnedltms pdqudms ̀ dcem`ms# pmrm cms qud m se` ̀ esdm` dstd ̀ espsetev,Dc pdqud tmnm `d cm drrmnedltm# qud pud`d sdr `d ; nn# tmnoeål pdrnetd mc ès `dmsdltm` dcenelmr pdqudms mlte`m`ds `d mdr # `d dstm nmldrm# sustetuer mc rdtem`,

Cms sebuedltds elstruelds `dsreodl dc prds npcdt pmrm otdldr ul c mbu` dldrrmnedltms qud sd ml dnotm` tmlt qud prdesml vcvdr m rdtemrsd, Cms elstrueldssl více`ms tmnoeål pmrm drrmnedltms dl cms qud sd ̀ dsdm ulm rnm ludvm pmrm mquåccmspmrm cms qud sd `dsdm nèmr dc ílbuc `d rtd, Cms drrmnedltms qud sc dstíl cebdrm.ndltd dnotm`ms tedldl cm rnm ílbuc ̀ d rtd rrdts l ds lddsmre rdtemrcms#dl dccms pud`d pmsmrsd èrdtmndltd mc msdltm` (píbelm 18%,

Agrnmr dc cg `djml`g qud cm hdrrmnedltm `dskmlsd sgorddc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc kgcgkm`g

hgrezgltmcndltd y kdrkmlg m cm nudcm,

Dc ílbucg `dc pcmlg `d kgrtd ( λ % hm `d sdr `d ulgs ?6¶ (píb, ??%,

Mpcmlmr y mcesmr dc cm`g rgng `dc cg kgl dc cm`g lg `d cm ped`rm`d rdktekm`g Pgrndi# [V.146,

Agrnmkeûl `dc ecg

Dc cg rgng sd vd mhgrm kgngulm cîldm `d cuz elèkml`g`ûl`d hmy qud mcmr,



12

Ílbucg `d kgrtd

kn sd m `dsret dl dc mpîtuc Påklekms ̀ d rdktekm`g pmrm buoems ̀ d tmccm y hdrrmnedltmsdl Q # dl cm píbelm ?4# cm dcdel `dc ílbuc `d rtd ds nu enprtmltd pmrm cms drrm.nedltms `d tmccm, Cm nmldrm `d jmr dc ílbuc `d rtd `dpdl`d `d se sd `dsdm rdpcemr ulm dxestdltd prmtemr ul ílbuc `d rtd ludv dl cm drrmnedltm,

Vmrm pemr ul ílbuc `d rtd dxestdltd# utecemr dc nåt` `d crmel `dc oesdc (píbelm0=%, [e c qud sd `dsdm ds jmr ul ílbuc `d rtd ludv# pud`d mdrsd m j utecemrdc MlbcdNmstdr (píbelm =06%,

Vmrm kgpemr dc ílbucg `d kgrtddxestdltd# utecezmr dc nåtg`g `dkgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc,

Dc ílbucg `d kgrtd ludvg pud`d hmkdrsd m gjg g oedl utecezml`gdc nd`e`gr `d ílbucgs MlbcdNmstdr (píbelm =06%,

_dktekm`g

Tlm vd otdle`m cm rnm rrdtm dl cm drrmnedltm jm` dc ílbuc `d rtd# morí

ccdbm` dc nndlt `d cm rdtemel, Ttecemr dc nåt` `d cîldm `d cu `dsret dl cmpíbelm ?=,

_dktekmr sednprd cgs cubmrds `gl`d cm cîldm `d cuz ds nís brudsm# m cm vdz qud sd hmkd bermr cm hdrrmnedltm sgord dc sgpgrtdulevdrsmc, Kgnprgomr rdkudltdndltd dc cubmr `gl`d sd dstí rdktekml`g, _dktekmr hmstm qud sd gotdlbm ulm cîldm `d cuz hgngbåldm y `dcbm`m,

Mjustmr cm nudcm pmrm rdktekm`glg kgl dc cm`g lg `d cm ped`rm`d rdktekm`g [V.146,



18

Kgltelumr dc rdktekm`g, Kgltrg. cmr rdkudltdndltd dc rdsuctm`g m l `d dvetmr ul rdktekm`gdxkdsevg dl ul pultg,

Dcenelmr m nmlg mczm`m cm rdomom dl dc èskg `d msdltm`g m l `d pg`dr gosdrvmr kgl nmygr mkece`m` cm cîldm `d cuz,Cm hdrrmnedltm sebud ngltm`mdl dc èspgsetevg,

Qgcvdr m rdktekmr, Mhgrm djdr.kedl`g ulm prdseûl nuy cebdrm,Kgltrgcmr kgl rdkudlkem pmrmdvetmr ul rdktekm`g dxkdsevg dlul pultg,

¡Eltdrrunper dc rdktekm`g elndèmtmndltd kuml`g hmym`dsmpmrdke`g cm cîldm `d cuz- Ds

sdýmc `d qud dc cg dstí mcm`g,

Pdldr kue`m`g mc rdktekmr cgs cm`gs `d cm buoem pmrm lg rd`gl`dmr cms dsquelms,

Enpgrtmltd ¡Ds nuy íkec kglulèrsd y tgnmr cm rdomom pgr cm cîldm `d cuz-

Vgr dsm rmzûl# hmy qud dcenelmr rdkudltdndltd cm rdomom ùrmltd dc mkmom`g

`d rdkteekm`g# `d nmldrm qud pud`m gosdrvmrsd kcmrmndltd dc prgbrdsg `d

m`dcbmzmnedltg brmùmc `d cm cîldm `d cuz,

Msdltm`g

Ds enprtmltd qud sd msedltd l dc nesn ílbuc `d rtd utecem` ùrmltd dc rdtem`,Dst sd md mjustml` ue`m`smndltd dc sprtd ulevdrsmc uteceml` dc nåt` `dcrmel `dc oesdc,

Kgcgrdmr dc oesdc kgl ul rgtucm`gr y ngltmr cm hdrrmnedltm dl dc èspgsetevg, Aejmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc `d nmldrm qud dc èskg `d

msdltm`g hmbm kgltmktg kgl cm tgtmc cglbetu` `dc oesdc, Kgltrgcmrcg pgledl`g dl ngvenedltg dc èskg `d msdltm`g,

Nmc mjustd, Mquî dc èskg sûcg mktúm sgord dc ogr`d pgstdregr `dc oesdc, Mjustmr dc sgpgrtdulevdrsmc mcdjíl`gcg `dc èskg,



15

Nmc mjustd, Dc èskg tgkm cm pultm `dc cg, Mjustmr dc sgpgrtdulevdrsmc mkdrkíl`gcg mc èskg,

Mjustd kgrrdktg, Dc èskg `d msdltm`g dstí dl kgltmktg kgltg`m cm cglbetu` `dc oesdc,

Vrdpmrmr cgs `gs èskgs `d msdltm`g mpcekml`g pmstm `d msdltmr (píbelm 00%,

Mcmr'msdltmr dc cg, Hmkdr bermr cm hdrrmnedltm dl dc sgpgrtdulevdrsmc y djdrkdr prdseûl sg. ord cm nesnm kdrkm `dc cg,

@dspcmzmr dc èspgsetevg m ul cm`g `d nmldrm qud sd pud`mtrmomjmr sgord dc mlkhg kgn.

pcdtg `dc èskg `d msdltm`g`d kudrg y dvetmr `dsbmstds`dsebumcds dl dc kudrg,

_dtermr cm hdrrmnedltm `dc èspgsetevg y msdltmr dc eltdregr m nmlg mczm`m sgord dc èskg`d msdltm`g `d kudrg,

Dl dc kmpîtucg `d [Q@.=84# píbelm 82# sd `dskreod kûng rdktekmr y msdltmr hdrrmnedltmsdl Q, Dc prelkepeg ds dc nesngkuml`g sd utecezm dc èspgsetevg

[Q[.;?,

Hdrrmnedltms dl Q



26

rnlds pmrm nm`drm rts buoems_dtemr ul rnl pmrm nm`drm ds nu nís íec qud rdtemr ulm buoem ulm d.rrmnedltm dl Q# m qud ul rnl pmrm nm`drm sc tedld ul c åstd ds rdt, Mltds `drdtemr# npromr qud dc c ds `d 56¶, [e l udrm dstd dc ms# rdtemrc m 56¶ l dcmp `dc sprtd ulevdrsmc cm` drm `d cm nudcm,

Cm prendrm vd qud sd rdtem ul rnl# m qud ltrcmr qud cm pmrtd pstdrer sdm pcmlm qud l tdlbm surs `d moremel, Dl ms lddsmre# mpcmlmr cm pmrtd pstdrer mlmrl dc cm` pcml dxtdrer ̀ d cm nudcm (píbelm ==5% ̀ dspuås msdltmr l dc ès ̀ d udr,

Mjustd `dc ílbucg `d kgrtddxestdltd, Mjustmr dc sgpgrtdulevdrsmc `d nmldrm qud tg`gdc oesdc tgqud cm nudcm, Tsmr dc

nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc,

Mjustd `d ul ílbucg `d kgrtd ludvg, Dstg pud`d hmkdrsd mgjg g# kgng sd vd dl cm burm#kgl cm myu`m `dc MlbcdNmstdr

RN.?66 m ul ílbucg prd`dtdr. nelm`g,

Ílbucg `d kgrtd

Cs rnlds pmrm nm`drm sd rdteml bdldrmcndltd lul ílbuc `d rtd `d ?4¶ ( ν %, [e m qud cmormr `dtmccds`dcem`s l ul rnl dl nm`drm ocml`m# dc ílbuc `drtd pud`d rdùersd m ?6¶, [e sd trmomjm dl nm`drm ùrm

sd utecem ul nm# morí `d elrdndltmrsd dc ílbuc `drtd m ;6¶,




2=

Vrdseglmr kgl dc pucbmr kdrkm `dc cg pmrm ul ndjgr kgltrgc,Pmnoeål sd pud`d kgltrgcmr kgl cm nmlg dl dc nmlbg qud dc cg

sd kgcgkm kgrrdktmndltd kgltrm cm nudcm y qud lg sd hmkd bermr,Kgltrgcmr kgl rdkudlkem qud sd gotedld ul cg senåtrekg, Lg `ds.

cekd dc èspgsetevg m cgs cm`gs9 dl su cubmr cdvmltmrcg kuml`g `dsddtrmscm`mrsd m gtrg pultg `d cm nudcm,

Nmltdldr cm hdrrmnedltm dl dc èspgsetevg y msdltmr kgl dc èskg`d kudrg, Mjustmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc `d nmldrm qud dc ílbucg `d msdltm`g sdm dc nesng qud dc `d rdktekm`g, Tsmr dc nåtg`g `dkgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc, Msdltmr cms rdomoms y pucer cgs oesdcds m ul mkmom`g orec cmltd,

Msdltmr cm kmrm pgstdregr m nmlg mczm`m, Qebecmr qud lg sd rd`gl`dd dc cg, [ujdtmr cm hdrrmnedltm `d nmldrm qud rgkd dc èskg,

Msdltm`g

Agrnglds `d tmccm`g kum`rm`gs

Cs rnlds `d trldr tedldl oesdcds senåtres dl mnos cm`s, [ervd pmrm drrmnedltmsl ulm clbetu` `d jm `d uls 16 nn m ul ílbuc `d rtd `d ?4¶, kn dc èspsetevl pud`d elvdrtersd (n dc [Q[.46%# ds lddsmre `dsnltmr cm drrmnedltm# bermrcm =86¶ vcvdrcm m nltmr dl dc èspsetev, @djmr qud dc nmlb `d cm drrmnedltm rd dc èspsetevm`m vd qud sd nltm otdl`rí msî dc nesn mjustd oesdcds senåtres,

Tl grnûl `d tmccm`g kum`rm`g, @djmr qud dc nmlbg `d cm hdrrm. nedltm rgkd kgl dc èspgsetevg

cms `gs vdkds qud sd ngltm,

_dkteekm`g



2?

`pv pr o sQ`.=84

@erdkkeûl `dc mcm`g: dl dc sdlte`g gpudstg mc kgrtd,

@esdýg

Dc èspsetev lstm `d ul prtmdrrmnedltms (=% qud sd `dscem dl ul nmlbuet `d buîm (?%,Cm drrmnedltm sd dl`drdm l ul ès (0% sd jm l cm rud`m rsm`m (4%, Vmrm buoemsmlms sd utecem ulm mrml`dcm (1%, Dc mlecc `d tpd (2% pud`d mjustmrsd pmrm ul oesdc `drdtem` lvdx l ulm rud`m rsm`m (8%,

Dc prtmdrrmnedltms pud`d bermrsd ocqudmrsd dl umcquedr pseel `ds`d 6 m 1 utecemlùlm ccmvd Mccdl (5% `d 4 nn, Cm pseel mjustm`m pud`d mltmrsd dl dtequdtms dspdemcds(=6% qud sd elcudl qud sd jml dl cm drrmnedltm, [d elcud ul rtucm`r dspdemc qudpdrnetd dsreoer sord dstm dtequdtm (==%, Vmrm ueccms `d trldmr m ul djd (=?% l ultrlecc `d nltmjd (=;% ulm ccmvd Mccdl (=0% `d ?#4 nn,


hD__MNEDLPM[ @D Pg_LDM@g

Buoems pmrm tgrldm`g `d kudlkgs

Buoems `d `dsomstd

Kukheccms `d tgrldmr

hD__MNEDLPM[ @D PMCCM

Buoems kurvms

Buoems mkg`m`ms

Buoems `d kgltrmkgèccgs

Buoems `d kgèccg

Hdrrmnedltms mkg`m`ms dl Q

Mlkhg níx, `d hdrrmnedltm`d ?4 nn



2;

Dc èskg `d sujdkeûl dspdkemc sd m`mptm m kumcquedr tmnmýg `d hdrrmnedltm# qud sd mceldm mutgní.tekmndltd dl cm nesnm pgsekeûl km`m vdz qud sd ngltm, Dc èskg pud`d kgcgkmrsd m cg cmrbg `d cm hdrrmnedltm# kgng dl (m% g trmlsvdrsmcndltd kgng dl (o%, Vmrm buoems `d `dsomstd mlkhms# hmy ulm mrml`dcm `dsngltmocd qud sd m`mptm mc èskg (k%,

Buoems `d tgrldmr y hdrrmnedltms `d tmccm`g

Tstd` p`rí rdtemr tmlt buoems `d trldmr l cm rnm ccmnm`m sdneculm# msî nbuoems `d tmccm `d èdrdltds rnms, Pmnoeål p`rí rdtemr dl cîldm rdtm drrmnedltmsdl Q urvms,

Dc èspsetev# qud pud`d mjustmrsd `d 6 m 1# md qud cm drrmnedltm sd nudvm `d ulm

nmldrm dspdemc mem cm nudcm, Dst seblem qud dl cms buoems `d trldmr ustd` pud`d`deèr cm clbetu` níxenm `d cs cs cmtdrmcds, Dl cms buoems `d tmccm urvms# qud l dstílrdtem`ms dl rnm `d sdneculm# dc mjustd `dc èspsetev pdrnetd npdlsmr cm rnmurvm `d cm drrmnedltm,

Dc èspgsetevg pud`d mjustmrsd`d 6 m 1 pmrm dc rdktekm`g`d …

… buoems `d tgrldmr kgl oesdcds cmtdrmcds `d vmrems cglbetu`ds y …

… buoems `d tmccm kgl grnmsèdrdltds y hdrrmnedltms dl Q,

Dc èskg ulkeglm ebumc `d oedl se sdkgcgkm èmbglmcndltd, [dkkeûl vestm`ds`d mrreom,

Dl buoems brml`ds kgl rmlurm kgrtm# sd hm dcenelm`g dc èskg `d sujdkeûl, Mccmlmr cm supdrked supdregr `dc nmlbgkgl ulm cenm pmrm rdpdter cm mceldmkeûl,

m o m m



20

Buoems `d trldmr

Mlgtmr cgs mjustds dl cm dtequdtm`d pdrcds y kgcgkmrcg dl cm vergcm, Jultg mc èspgsetevg# sd sunelestrmlvmrems dtequdtms,

Cm prgtuodrmlkem `d cm hdrrm. nedltm dl dc èspgsetevg V,

Dc mjustd `dc èspgsetevg# J[, Vgsekeûl `dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,Ttecezmr dc grekeg M g dc grekeg O,

Kglgrnm`g

Dc èspsetev pseelm cm buoem dl cm nudcm `d nmldrm qud ustd` pud`d otdldr ul rdte.m` rdpdteocd dspdî dl umcquedr pult m c cmrb `dc oesdc, Dst pdrnetd rdtemr cmbuoem l ul oesdc nbåld m c cmrb `dc pdrc# `ds`d dc c cmtdrmc equedr` mc `drd,

kl dc mjustm`r `d drrmnedltms `d trldm` PP[.=66# pud`d ltrcmr dsts mtrds,[dcdelmr dc pdrc qud sd `dsdd `dc um`r `d cm píbelm sebuedltd usmr cs trds mjustdsqud trbml ̀ em rnm, Mltmr cs mjustds dl cm dtequdtm ̀ d pdrcds cmrc dl cm vercm,@dspuås `dc lrnm` eleemc# pud`d rdprùer dxmtmndltd su rnm mvretm m`m vdqud mcd dl ndls `d ul nelut,

Dstgs trds mktgrds `dtdrnelml cm bdgndtrîm `d ulm buoem



24

Dstms bdndtrîms (ds ̀ der# cm rnm dc ílbuc% dstíl rdndl`m`ms pr trldrs dxpdrts rdle`s tmccdrds `d trldm` `d t` dc nul` (p,dj, krmt [uppceds dl DD,TT, @rd.sdcstuod Ldmrstdelm dl Mcdnmlem%,

ym qud ulm drrmnedltm pud`d tdldr ul lúndr ecenetm` `d noelmelds `d rnms ílbucs `d rtd# cms drrmnedltms ludvms tedldl ulm rnm nís ndls èsteltm dl n.pmrmel l cms rnms `dc um`r, Msî puds# prendr sd `dod lrnmr su drrmnedltm

sdbúl cms rnms `d dstd um`r, Vstdrerndltd# sd p`ríl rdmcemr cs sebuedltds mcm`s`d rnm íec dl ndls `d ul nelut,

[ubdrdlkem M`hdrersd m cm grnm sdcdkkeglm`m y lg kmnoemr `d ulm grnm

m gtrm, @d dstd ng`g# sd gotedldl tg`ms cms vdltmjms `dc mjustm`gr Pgrndi

PP[.=66# ym qud sd pud`d rdprgùker dxmktm d elstmltíldmndltd cm nesnm

grnm dl km`m gkmseûl, [e sd ldkdsetm ulm grnm èdrdltd# sd rdkgnedl`m

kgnprmr gtrm hdrrmnedltm y rdkteekmrcm sdbúl cm grnm mctdrlmtevm, Dstd nå.

tg`g `d trmomjg mhgrrm tednpg pmrm tgrldmr y prgvgkm ndlgs eltdrrupkeglds

pmrm kglgrnmr y mecmr cms hdrrmnedltms,

Buoems `d kudlkgs

= ν>04°J[ ?

V 14

Grekeg M

Vdrc dstíl`mr, [ûcg mcms cebdrmndltd

dl dkhm, Vmrm tgrldrgs `d tg`gs

cgs levdcds `d dspdkemcezmkeûl,

? ν>04°

Vdrc ercml`ås, Mcms dl dkhm,

Ngvdr cm hdrrmnedltm dl

vmevål =86º `d cm`g m cm`g

; ν>06°

J[ ?

V 24

Grekeg M

Kgl mcms dl dkhm cmrbm,

_dcmtevmndltd mbrdsevg, Vmrm

tgrldrgs `d levdc prgadseglmc,

0 ν>44°

J[ 0

V 14

Grekeg M

Dc nmygr ílbucg `d kgrtd ds

rdkgndl`mocd pmrm tgrldmr

kudlkgs prgaul`gs,

4 ν>16°J[ 1V 24

Grekeg M

Agrnm `d tepg –Dccswgrth„, Mcms prglulkem`ms kglvdxms,

Buoems `d pdraecmr

= ν>;6°

J[ ?

V 44

Grekeg O

Vmrm pmrtds dstrdkhms# `dtmccds

y mkmom`gs lgs, Vmrm tgrldrgs

`d levdc prgadseglmc,

? ν>04°

J[ ?

V 14

Grekeg M

Vdrc dstíl`mr, Vmrm tgrldrgs `d

tg`gs cgs levdcds `d dspdkemcezmkeûl,

Kum`rg `d sdcdkkeûl



21

Agrnmkeûl

[d pud`d rdmcemr dc lrnm` eleemc oedl èrdtmndltd dl cm níquelm Prnd # se sdrdquedrd dcenelmr ulm brml mlte`m` ̀ d mdr# dl ulm rdtem`rm ̀ d oml usml` dc judb`d nltmjd dl cm rdtem`rm `d oml OBN.=66 (píbelm ;6%,

Mc lrnmr l Prnd# ̀ dod mpcemr ulm nmr prdsel ̀ d rdtem`# mc ltrmre qud cms

rdtem`rms `d oml `d mctm vdce`m`, Vr dsm rml# lvedld prdselmr l dc pucbmr cm nml cm buoem drm `d cm nudcm pmrm elrdndltmr cm prdsel `dc rdtem` su ddt,Dnpdmr rdteml` ul cm` m cm vd, Dst rdsuctm nís íec# m qud dltlds l ds ldd.smre bermr cm drrmnedltm `d ul cm` mc tr, Pdrnelmr dc rdtem` berml` npcdtmndltdcm buoem `ds`d cm equedr`m m cm `drdm, L `dèmr `dnmsem` tednp dl dc nesn pult`d cm nudcm# puds sd `djmrîml surs dl cm nesnm, Dl su cubmr# ndmlemr pults ludvspmrm utecemr dc ml ttmc `d cm nudcm,

kl dstm tålem l sd prlulemríl tmlt cs surs rdstmltds# qud sd vdríl rdùe`s dl

rdtem`s uturs `d cs rdts, [e sd `dsdm elndèmtmndltd ulm supdred pcmlm `d cmnudcm# sd pud`d utecemr dc rdtem`r PP.46,

kltrcmr m ndlu` dc rdtem` m l `d qud cm buoem m`quedrm ulm rnm nbåldm,_dtemr nís dl pults dl cs qud sdm lddsmre, [l cms nmls `dc usumre cms qud `d.tdrnelml cm ulerne`m` rnm lmcds `dsdm`ms, _dudr`d qud ulm vd rdm`m cm rnm`d sdneculm `dsdm`m# p`rí nmltdldrcm pmrm sednprd ustd` sd odldemrí `dc tednpdnpcdm` dl dc rdtem` eleemc, Dstd lrnm` eleemc ds lddsmre rdmcemrsd sc ulmvd, @urm dltrd =6 ?6 neluts `dpdlèdl` `d cm rnm rebelmc `d cm drrmnedltm `d cmmlte`m` `d mdr qud sd `dom dcenelmr,

@dsomstmr prendrg ul cm`g m cm vdz, Ngvdr cm hdrrmnedltm `d ul cm`g m gtrg m l `d mprgvdkhmr dc mlkhg kgnpcdtg `d cm ped`rm y dvetmr qud sd grndl surkgs dl cm nesnm,

_dktekmr dc gtrg cm`g, Ttecezmr tg`g dc mlkhg `d cm ped`rm pmrm qud sd `dsbmstd hgngbåldmndltd,Kgltrgcmr rdkudltdndltd qud sd dstí rdktekml`g hgngbåldmndltd, Ndkmlezmr nís `gl`d sdm

ldkdsmreg, _dùker cm prdseûl `d ndkmlezm`g m ndè`m qud sd kgnpcdtm cm grnm `dsdm`m y mkmomr dc rdktekm`g pmsml`g cm buoem `d ul cm`g mc gtrg,

Ndkmlezmr nís mquî

Cgs `gs oesdcds sgl mhgrm ebumcds



22

Kuml`g sd cgbrm cm grnm `dsdm`m# kgnprgomr qud cm prgtuod. rmlkem lg hmym èsnelue`g ùrmltd dc kglgrnm`g, [e dstg gkurrd#vgcvdr m pgsekeglmr cm hdrrmnedltm dl cm prgtuodrmlkem kgrrdktm

y# m kgltelumkeûl# rdmcezmr dc kglgrnm`g lmc, @d dstm grnm# sd msdburmrí `d qud sd rdprgùkd `d nmldrm dxmktm cm bdgndtrîm

`dc cg mc mcmr dl dc uturg,

_d`gl`dm`g `dc tmcûl `dc oesdc

Mcbuls trldrs prddrdl rd`l`dmr dc tmcl `dc oesdc, Dc èspsetev m se` èsdm` `dnmldrm qud sdm pseocd nvdr cm drrmnedltm mem cm nudcm rdtemr dc tmcl, Åstd pud`dsdr rdtem` dl rnm `d oesdc pcml sdul`mre rd`l`dm` nvedl` cm buoem `d `d.cmltd m mtrís ùrmltd dc ndmlem`, [e sd `dsdm ul rd`l`dm` nís prlulem`# tdl`ríqud `dspcmmr ul p mem cm nudcm dc sprtd ulevdrsmc,

Tstd` pud`d rd`gl`dmr dc tmcûl`dc oesdc `dspcmzml`g dc mleccg

`d tgpd (0% y dc nmlbuetg (?% hmkem mtrís,

_dktekmr mhgrm dc tmcûl `dc oesdc dnpujml`g dc èspgsetevg

hmkem cm nudcm `d nmldrm quddc mleccg `d tgpd (0% dltrd dlkgltmktg kgl dc nmlbuetg (?%,

Tstd` tmnoeål pud`d `dspcmzmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc nís kdrkm

`d cm nudcm, Dstg cd prgpgr.keglmrí ul rd`gl`dm`g nís prglulkem`g,

@eíndtrg níx, tgrldmocdkgnpcdtg,

@eíndtrg níx, tgrldmocd cenetm`g,

Cglbetu` `d cms cdlbódtms

Cm clbetu` `d cdlbódtms `dpdl`d `d lquå ml berm cm drrmnedltm `d cm` mcm`,

Agrnm `d cms cdlbódtms

Qdr qud sd rdtem dl cs cubmrds .rrdts `dc oesdc pmrm qud cm cdlbódtm sdmsenåtrem cebdrmndltd lvdxm rdtm,Lulm `dod sdr lmvm, Kglvdxm, Kûlkmvm, ¡Elm`dkum`m-

Lgtm Dc usumreg `dke`d kuíltg sd rdkteekm km`m pultg y# pgr cg tmltg#

cm grnm elmc, [e cms cdlbódtms tedl`dl m sdr kûlkmvms# sd `dod rdkteekmr

nís dl dc kdltrg `dc ecg,



28

Mcm`g

Tlm vd rdm`m cm rnm `dc c# ds íec vcvdr m mcmr rípe`mndltd cm drrmnedltm, Vmrmotdldr ul mmom` pten bmrmltemr qud dc c l sd sordmcedltd# dc mcm` `dod rdm.cemrsd dl cm níquelm Prnd, Mltmr cs trds mjustds dl cm Dtequdtm `d pdrc pmrm otdldrdxmtmndltd cm nesnm rnm m`m vd# elcus uml` cm nudcm sd `dsbmstm èsneludsu èíndtr,

Mjustmr dc èspgsetevg# J[, Ngltmr cm hdrrmnedltm kgl ulm prgtuodrmlkem jm# V,

Mjustmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc, Tte. cezmr dc grekeg M g dc grekeg O,

Mcmr kgl ulm prdseûl cdvd y ngvdr dl vmevål cm hdrrmnedltm`d cm`g m cm`g, @m`g qud cm grnmdstí tgtmcndltd rdprgùke`m y sûcg

sd `dod rdtgkmr dc cg# dc mcm`g rdquedrd dltrd ?6 y ;6 sdbul`gs,

Ngvdr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc mc èskg `d msdltm`g y kgl.

burmr dc nesng mjustd kgl dc mjustm`gr,

Msdltm`g ngvedl`g cm hdrrm. nedltm dl vmevål `d cm`g m cm`g,

Mhgrm tedld ul mkmom`g dxtrmlg,

Vucer dc kmlmc y dcenelmr cm rdom. om dl dc èskg `d msdltm`g `d

kudrg pdrcm`g CM.=?6,

Msdltm`g

Dc msdltm` dc puce` `dc oesdc `dc mlmc l ul mmom` nís l mdl qud dc c ùrdnís tednp, M`dnís# usmr dc mjustm`r dc èspsetev pmrm rdmcemr dstm pdrmel msd.burmrsd `d qud sd msedltm dxmtmndltd cm nesnm rnm qud dc mcm` l rrdr dc redsb`d rd`l`dmr dc dxtrdn `dc c,

Dstgs trds mktgrds `dtdrnelml cm bdgndtrîm `d ulm buoem



25

Gtrms grnms

Vud`d lrnmr su buoem l cm bdndtrîm qud ̀ dsdd `d cms sunelestrm`ms l dc mjustm`rPP[.=66, Dstd brí nudstrm djdnpcs `d rnms qud pud`dl rdmrsd dl ulm buoem `dudls l vmres mjustds `d `espsetev ílbucs `d rtd, Dl m`m djdnpc# cm prtuod.rmlem ̀ d cm drrmnedltm dl dc ̀ espsetev (V% ds ̀ d 14 nn, Cm buoem sd nudvd npcdtmndltd=86º `d cm` m cm`,

* Bdgndtrîms rdmcezm`ms kgl dc mjustm`gr PP[.=66,

Mjustd `d`espsetev

Ílbuc `d rtd

;4¶ Ílbuc `d rtd

04¶ Ílbuc `d rtd

44¶ Ílbuc `d rtd

24¶

J[ 6

J[ =

J[ ?

J[ ;

J[ 0

J[ 4

J[ 1

*

*



86

Magjmr y `dsngltmr dc tgrleccg(8% y rdtermr dc pgrtmhdrrmnedl.

tms (=%,

Eltrgùker dc djd (=?% dl dc nmlbuetg (?%, Lgtm: ¡Kgcgkmr

dc nmlbuetg sdbúl cm burm-

Ngltmr dc tgrleccg (8%, Msdburmr dc djd kgl cm ccmvd Mccdl (=0% mc

hmkdr dc mpredtd,

kueccms `d trldmr

Ngltmjd `dc èspgsetevg

Cms kukheccms kgl grekegs `d 4 y 1 nn sgl kgcgkm`ms pgr dc tgrleccg N4,

Cms kukheccms kgl grekegs `d8 nn dstíl uoekm`ms dl ul rdsmctd `dc djd,

Ttecezmr cm ccmvd Mccdl (=0% qud mkgnpmým dc èspgset evg,

Ngltmr cm kukheccm

hm vmres teps tmnms `d ueccms eltdr.mnoemocds pmrm vmem` rmspm`, Cs reesvmrîml `d 4 m 8 nn# pdr `doe` m ul nor `dcdjd# t`s pud`dl nltmrsd l dc nesn trlecc,Cms ueccms pud`dl mcmrsd lrnd m su rnmdxestdltd m trm ludvm,



8=

Kgcgrdmr dc oesdc kgl ul rgtucm`gr, Aejmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc `d nmldrm qud cm nudcm dstå dl kgltmktg kgl dc oesdc dl tg`m su cglbetu` kuml`g sd hmkd bermr kgl cm nmlg,

[e dc mjustd ds kgrrdktg# cm nudcm dcenelm dc kgcgr dltg`m cm cglbetu` `dc oesdc,


Bermr dc èspgsetevg kgltelumndltd ùrmltd dc mcm`g m l `d go.tdldr hgngbdlde`m` mcrd`d`gr `d tg`m cm kerkuldrdlkem, Mpcekmr sgcmndltd ulm cebdrm prdseûl pmrm gotdldr dc ndjgr rdsuctm`g,@dscezmr dc èspgsetevg cmtdrmcndltd sgord dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc pmrm qud cm nudcm sd `dsbmstd ulegrndndltd,

[umvezmr cm pmrtd pgstdregr dldc dxtdregr ndkmlezm`g pcmlg`d cm nudcm, Ngvdr cm kukheccm pmrm utecezmr cm supdrked tgtmc `d cm nudcm,

Mecm`g

[ubdrdlkem Mltds `d pgldr dl nmrkhm cm níquelm# kuml`g hmy qud sumvezmr cm

kmrm pgstdregr `d cm kukheccm# hmy qud sujdtmrcm hmkem cm nudcm, Dstg ds nís íkec

y lg sd kgrrd dc redsbg `d qud sd kmebm dl cm kuodtm `d mbum,

[e `dsdm ulm supdrked dxtrm cesm dl dc oesdc# rdktequd cm nudcmkgl cm ped`rm `d rdktekm`g [V.146 hmstm ulm lurm qud kgrrds. pgl`m m ulm nudcm `d brmlg =666,

Enpgrtmltd ¡Lg msdltmr dstms pdqudýms hdrrmnedltms dl dc èskg `d kudrg-

Vud`dl dlbmlkhmrsd mc kudrg y dstrgpdmrcg,



8?

Buoems `d tmccm

Cms buoems ̀ d tmccm sl rdtms# urvms m`m`ms,Pmnoeål pud`dl sdr dl ltrmècc# dl ècc lems, Dc ̀ espsetev pud`d jmrsd pmrm npdl.smr umcquedr rmè ̀ d urvm pmrm qud dc rdtem`tdlbm cubmr nbåldmndltd m trmvås `dc ec#rdml` ul ílbuc `d rtd lstmltd `ds`d dcdltr m cs cm`s `d cm buoem,

kltrmremndltd m cms buoems ̀ d trldmr# dl cms ̀ d tmccm l ml ̀ d rdtemrsd cs oesdcds cmtdrm.

cds, Dc c m ̀ d rnmr ulm cîldm rdtm# vestm ̀ ds`d mrreom# cms dsquelms ml ̀ d sdr mbu`ms,

Dc prelkepeg

Ttecemr cm tålem qud sd `dsreod dl dc mpîtuc Påklekms `d rdktekm`g pmrm buoems `d tmccm y hdrrmnedltms dl Q # dl cm píbelm ?=,

Ílbucg `d kgrtd

kn sd m `dsret dl dc mpîtuc `d cm píbelm ?4# cm dcdel `d dstd ílbuc ds `d

sunm enprtmlem dl cms buoems `d tmccm, Dc nåt` `d mjustmr dc èspsetev pmrm ul ílbuc`dtdrnelm` `dpdl`d `d se sd `dsdm ulm råpcem `dc ílbuc m dxestdltd `d se m qudmjustmr ul ílbuc `d rtd ludv dl cm drrmnedltm,

Mc pemr ul ílbuc `d rtd dxestdltd# lvedld utecemr dc nåt` `d crmel `d oesdc#qud sd `dsreod dl cm píbelm 0=, [e c qud sd `dsdm ds jmr ul ílbuc `d rtd ludv#pud`d mdrsd m j utecemr dc MlbcdNmstdr (píbelm =06%,

Agrnmr dc cg `djml`g qud cm

hdrrmnedltm `dskmlsd sgorddc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc kgcgkm`g

hgrezgltmcndltd y kdrkmlg m cm nudcm,

Dc ílbucg `dc pcmlg `d kgrtd ( λ %

hm `d sdr `d ulgs ?6¶ (píb, ??%,

Mpcmlmr y mcesmr dc cm`g rgng `dc

cg kgl dc cm`g lg `d cm ped`rm`d rdktekm`g Pgrndi# [V.146,

Agrnmkeûl `dc ecg



8;


Mc kgrtmr kudlkgs hgl`gs kglulm buoem kurvm`m g `d kgèccg#

pud`d èsneluersd dc ílbucg pcmlg `dc cg, Mquî ds `d 6¶,

Cîldm `d cuz

Ngltmr cm buoem dl dc èspgsetevgkgl ulm prgtuodrmlkem mprgxe. nm`m `d =66 nn, Dc mleccg `d

tgpd (0% hm `d qud`mr msdburm`gkdrkm `dc nmlbuetg (?%,

Vgldr dc èspgsetevg dl dc sg. pgrtd ulevdrsmc y ngvdrcg m ul cm`g, Mjustmr dc èspgsetevg `d

nmldrm qud dc cg sdm mprgxe. nm`mndltd pmrmcdcg mc djd `d cm nudcm,

Dc ílbucg `d kgrtd sdrí dc nesng trmlsvdrsmcndltd mc cg,[e dc brgsgr `dc mkdrg ds hgng.

båldg# tmnoeål cm cglbetu` `dc oesdc sdrí cm nesnm m cg cmrbg`dc cg,

Mjustd `dc èspgsetevg

[e dc nmlbg tedld cm kmrm supdregr kglvdxm# hmy qud mpcmlmrcm pmrm

msdburmrsd `d qud cm hdrrmnedltm lg berm dl dc èspgsetevg,

Dcdber dc ílbucg `d kgrtd mjustml`gdc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc, Vmrm kgpemr ul ílbucg dxestdltd# utecezmr dc

nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc,Vmrm jmr ul ílbucg ludvg# pud`dutecezmrsd dc MlbcdNmstdr,




80

_dktekmr sednprd `gl`d ds nís brudsm cm cîldm `d cuz nedl.trms sd `dspcmzm cm hdrrmnedltm,

Kgnprgomr rdkudltdndltd dc cubmr `gl`d sd dstí rdktekml.`g, _dktekmr hmstm qud sd go.tedld ulm cîldm `d cuz ulegrnd y `dcbm`m,


_dkteekm`g

Cîldm `d cuz

Kgltelumr mcml`g, Kgltrgcmr kgl rdkudlkem dc rdsuctm`g,

Dcenelmr m nmlg mczm`m cm rdomom dl dc èskg `d msdltm`g m l `d pg`dr gosdrvmr kgl nmygr mkece`m` cm cîldm `d cuz, Cm hdrrmnedltm sd `djm ngltm`m dl dc èspgsetevg,

Qgcvdr m mcmr, Mhgrm djdrkedl`gulm prdseûl nuy cebdrm, Kgl.trgcmr kgl rdkudlkem qud lg

sd hmym dxmbdrm`g dc mcm`g,

@dtdldr elndèmtmndltd dc m. cm`g kuml`g hmym `dsmpmrdke`g cm cîldm `d cuz# qud ds sdýmc `dqud dc cg dstí mcm`g,

Pdldr kue`m`g mc rdktekmr cgs cm`gs `d cm buoem pmrm lg rd`gl`dmr cms dsquelms, ¡Cms hdrrmnedltms `d tmccm hml `dtdldr cms dsquelms mbu`ms-


Vgr dsm rmzûl hmy qud dcenelmr rdkudltdndltd cm rdomom ùrmltd dc mkmom`g

`dc rdkteekm`g# `d nmldrm qud pud`m gosdrvmrsd kcmrmndltd dc prgbrdsg `d




84

Mc lmc `dc mcm`g ds nuy íkec dxmbdrmr dc mbuèzm`g `dc cg,Dl dstd kmsg hmy qud vgcvdr m

grnmr dc cg y dnpdzmr `ds`ddc prelkepeg,

Nmltdldr cm hdrrmnedltm dl dc èspgsetevg# y msdltmr y pucer dc eltdregr kgl dc èskg `d kudrg pdrcm`g CM.=?6,

Msdltmr y pucer dc oesdc, Mjustmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc `d nmldrm quddc ílbucg `d msdltm`g sdm dc nesng qud dc `d rdktekm`g, Tsmr dc nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc, Msdltmr cms rdomoms y pucer dc

oesdc m ul mkmom`g oreccmltd,

Msdltm`g

Nmltdldr cm hdrrmnedltm ngltm.

`m dl dc èspgsetevg y prgomr cm mbu`dzm kgrtml`g trmlsvdrsmc. ndltd cms orms `d ul trgzg `d nm`drm, Dc cg hm `d kgrtmr kglmkece`m` y `djmr ulm supdrked cesm sel mrrmlqud `d orms,

[e dc cg ldkdsetm nís msdltm`g g mcm`g dl mcbulgs pultgs#

pud`d kgltelumrsd kgl dc nesng mjustd, Kuml`g dstå smtesdkhgkgl dc rdsuctm`g# rdterd cm hdrrmnedltm `dc èspgsetevg `dspuås`d hmodr ndè`g y mlgtm`g cm prgtuodrmlkem (V% y dc mjustd `dc èspgsetevg, Qåmsd cm píbelm sebuedltd,

Vrgomr cm mbu`dzm



81

@gkundltmr cm grnm `d cm buoem

Cm rnm `d cm buoem vedld `dtdrnelm`m pr dc mjustd `dc èspsetev (J[% cm prtuodrmlem(V%, Mltmr dsts `mts dl cm dtequdtm qud vm elcue`m l dc èspsetev, Mrm p`rí ùpce.mr dxmtmndltd dstm rnm dl mcm`s uturs, Mjustmr dc ílbuc `dc c l dc Nåtg`g `dkgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc dc Nåtg`g `dc ocgqud dspmkem`gr ,

Mlgtmr dc mjustd `dc èspgsetevg (J[% y cm prgtuodrmlkem (V% dl ulmdtequdtm, Ttecezmr dc rgtucm`gr dspdkemc qud dstí elkcue`g kgl dc èspgsetevg,

Aejmr cm dtequdtm dl cm hdrrm. nedltm pmrm tdldr cm sdbure`m` `d qud dl mcm`gs uturgs sdutecezmríl cgs nesngs mjustds,

Tlm buoem `d kgltrmkgèccg sd rdktekm kgl dc mjustd 6`dc èspgsetevg,

Tstd` pud`d tmnoeål rdktekmr ulm buoem `d kgèccg, Dc èspg. setevg sd mjustm `d cm nmldrm elèkm`m dl cm píbelm 8;,

Buoems `d ècc `d ltrmècc



82

hdrrmnedltms dl QDstms drrmnedltms sl lse`drm`ms n cms ̀ dnmr èuctm` pmrm rdtemr, Cm rml ds qudtedldl `s cs ule`s l ul rmè,

[el dnomrb# l dc nåt` qud sd `dsreod mquî#sd pud`d otdldr tmnoeål dl dstms drrmnedltmsul c mbu` rrdtmndltd rnm`,

Dc prelepe ds dc nesn qud pmrm cms buoems `dtmccm# ds ̀ der# qud dl prendr cubmr sd ̀ m m cm drrm.nedltm cm rnm m`dum`m `dspuås sd `djm qudcm cîldm `d cu ls buîd mc cubmr `l`d m qud mcmr,

Dc prelkepegTtecemr cm tålem qud sd `dsreod dl dc mpîtuc Pålems `d rdtem` pmrm buoems `d tmccm drrmnedltms dl Q (píbelm ?=%,

Ílbucg `d kgrtd

kn sd m `dsret dl dc mpîtuc `d cm píbelm ?4# cm dcdel `d dstd ílbuc ds `d sunmenprtmlem dl cms buoems `d tmccm, Dc nåt` `d mjustmr dc èspsetev pmrm ul ílbuc `dtdr.nelm` `dpdl`d `d se sd `dsdm ulm pem `dc ílbuc m dxestdltd `d se m qud mjustmrul ílbuc `d rtd ludv dl cm drrmnedltm,

Agrnmr dc cg, @djmr qud cm hdrrmnedltm `dskmlsd sgorddc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc kgcgkm`gdl pgsekeûl hgrezgltmc,

Dc ílbucg `dc pcmlg `d kgrtd ( λ % hm `d sdr `d ulgs ?6¶ (píb, ??%,


Agrnmkeûl `dc ecg


Cîldm `d cuz



88

Ngltmr cm hdrrmnedltm dl dc ès. pgsetevg kgl ulm prgtuodrmlkem mprgxenm`m `d =66 nn, Dc mleccg`d tgpd (0% hm `d qud`mr msdbu.

rm`g kdrkm `dc nmlbuetg (?%,

Kgcgkmr dc èspgsetevg dl dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc y bermrcg`d nmldrm qud ul cg cmtdrmc `dskmlsd pcmlg sgord cm nudcm, Mjustmr dc èspgsetevg `d nmldrmqud dc cg sdm mprgxenm`mndl.td pmrmcdcg mc djd `d cm nudcm,

Dc èspgsetevg dstmrí mhgrm mjus.tm`g m cm grnm `d cm hdrrmnedl.tm# dc ílbucg `d kgrtd sdrí dc nesng m cg cmrbg `d tg`g dc cg,

Mjustd `dc èspgsetevg


Kgltrgcmr cm prdseûl `d rdktekm`g kgl dc pucbmr y `gl`d sd prgùkd dc rdktekm`g hmkedl`g bermr sumvdndltd cm hdrrmnedltm kgl cm nmlg, Kgnprgomr rdkudltdndltd `ûl`d sd prgùkd dc rdkte.km`g, _dktekmr úlekmndltd dl cgs cubmrds `gl`d sdm nís brudsm cm cîldm `d cuz, Lg `dscezmr cm

hdrrmnedltm dl sdlte`g cmtdrmc, Vmrm ul kgltrgc ndjgr# nmltdldrcm dl dc nesng pultg `d cm nudcm,[d gotedld ul kgltrgc ndjgr se `djm `dskmlsmr cms nmlgs sgord dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,

_dkteekm`g

Dcdber dc ílbucg `d kgrtd mjustml`gdc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc, Vmrm kgpemr ul ílbucg dxestdltd# utecezmr dc nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc,Vmrm jmr ul ílbucg ludvg# pud`dutecezmrsd dc MlbcdNmstdr,



85

_dktekmr hmstm qud sd gotdlbmulm cîldm `d cuz hgngbåldm y `dcbm`m,

_dktekmr mhgrm cm gtrm cdlbódtm`d cm nesnm nmldrm,

M kgltelumkeûl# rdktekmr cmqueccm, Ccdvmr cm hdrrmnedltm `dul cm`g mc gtrg pmrm ebumcmr dc rdktekm`g hmkem cms cdlbódtms,

Mjustmr cm nudcm pmrm mcm`glg kgl dc cm`g lg `d cm ped`rm `d rdktekm`g [V.146,

[dbuer mcml`g ulm cdlbódtm m cm vdz y `dspuås cm queccm,Kgltrgcmr kgl rdkudlkem dc

rdsuctm`g,

Dcenelmr cm rdomom dl cgs `eskgs`d msdltm`g `d kudrg m l`d pg`dr gosdrvmr kgl nmygr mkece`m` cm cîldm `d cuz,

Qgcvdr m mcmr mhgrm djdrkedl`gulm cdvd prdseûl, Kgltrgcmr kgl rdkudlkem qud lg sd hmym dxmbdrm`g dc mcm`g,




`d rdkteekm`g# `d nmldrm qud pud`m gosdrvmrsd kcmrmndltd dc prgbrdsg `d




56

Nmltdldr cm hdrrmnedltm dl dc èspgsetevg# y msdltmr y pucer dc

eltdregr kgl dc èskg `d kudrg pdrcm`g CM.=?6,

Msdltmr y pucer cgs oesdcds, Mjustmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc `d nmldrmqud dc ílbucg `d msdltm`g sdm dc nesng qud dc `d rdktekm`g,Tsmr dc nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc, Dcenelmr cms rdomomskgl msdltm`g y pucer cgs oesdcds m ul mkmom`g oreccmltd,

Msdltm`g

Mc lmc `dc mcm`g ds nuy íkec dxmbdrmr dc mbuèzm`g `dc cg,Dl dstd kmsg hmy qud vgcvdr mgrnmr dc cg y dnpdzmr `ds`ddc prelkepeg,

Cm hdrrmnedltm hm `d mpmrdkdr mhgrm `d dstm nmldrm, Cm quec cmds mcbg nís cmrbm qud cgs oesd. cds cmtdrmcds ym qud cm kukheccmds nís brudsm dl dc kdltrg,

Cm hdrrmnedltm kgrtm nís íkec. ndltd se sd rd`gl`dm cm queccm,@dspcmzmr cebdrmndltd dc sgpgrtdulevdrsmc hmkem cm nudcm y mcmr kgl kue`m`g nedltrms sd ccdvm cm hdrrmnedltm `d ul cm`g m gtrg,

Nmltdldr cm hdrrmnedltm ngltm`m dl dc èspgsetevg y prgomr cm mbu`dzm kgrtml`g trmlsvdrsmcndltd cms orms `d ul trgzg `d nm.`drm, Dc cg hm `d kgrtmr kgl mkece`m` y `djmr ulm supdrked cesm sel mrrmlqud `d orms, [e dc cg ldkdsetm nís msdltm`g# prgsebmkgl dc nesng mjustd, Kuml`g dstå smtesdkhg kgl dc rdsuctm`g# rdterd cm hdrrmnedltm `dc èspgsetevg,

Vrgomr cm mbu`dzm



5=

[e vmrîm dc dspdsgr `dc mkdrg# tmnoeål vmremrí cm cglbetu` `dc oesdc# pdsd mc hdkhg `d qud sdm dc nesng dc ílbucg `d kgrtd, Dstg lg elauyd dl dc ulkeglmnedltg `d cm hdrrmnedltm# qud `dpdl`d `dc ílbucg `d kgrtd, Tlm hdrrmnedltm dl Q kgl dspdsgr `d nmtdremc hgngbåldg tedld cm nesnm cglbetu` `d oesdc dl tg`g dc cg cmtdrmc,

Dspdsgr `dsebumc `dc nmtdremc

Dspdsgr ̀ dsebumc Dspdsgr hgngbåldg



5?

`pv n sQs.46

@erdkkeûl `dc mcm`g: dl sdlte`g gpudstg mc kgrtd,

@esdýg

Dstd `espsetev pmtdltm` lstm `d ulm mrmsm (=% `s msedlts eltdrmnoemocds: uldrrm` (?% tr moedrt (;%, Cs msedlts pud`dl bermr drrmrsd l dc trlecc (1% m umcquedrílbuc oceu dltrd 6¶ 04¶, Cs rnlds `d trldr tedldl oesdcds senåtres dl mnoscm`s, kl dstd `espsetev cm drrmnedltm sd nltm scmndltd ulm vd pmrm dc rdtem` `d

cs ̀ s oesdcds, Elvertedl` dc ̀ espsetev ds pseocd rdtemr senåtremndltd mnos oesdcds,


hD__MNEDLPM[ @DPg_LDM@g

Agrnglds `d tgrldrg kgl cgs

rdktgs g kurvgs, Mlkhg níx,`d ;? nn,

Hdrrmnedltms pmrm trglzmr

Hdrrmnedltms pmrm ogr`dmr

Buoems `d `dsomstd

Mlkhg níx, `d 46 nn,

hD__MNEDLPM[ @DPMCCM@g

Buoems `d ?4‛46 nn, Kgl

nmlbgs rdktgs g kûlekgs,Agrnglds `d tgrldrg



5;

Dc msedlt drrm` m se` `dsmrrccm` pmrm dc mcm` `d prdesel `d rnlds `d trldrl sdel vmc um`rm`m l oesdcds urvs rdts, kn dc rnl vm nltm` dldc dltr `dc msedlt# cs oesdcds sd rdteml m dxmtmndltd cm nesnm rnm, Dc rnl `dtrldr sd nltm l ul trlecc cmtdrmc (0%, Dc tmnm `d cms drrmnedltms pud`d sdr `d =;nn m ;4 nn, Pmnoeål ds m`dum` pmrm rnlds pmrm nm`drm `d clbetu`ds supdrerdsm uls ==6 nn,

Dc msedlt moedrt# dl dc qud cm drrmnedltm sd jm l ul trlecc dl cm pmrtd supdrer (4%# sdusm pmrm drrmnedltms l dc oesdc nmquelm` trmlsvdrsmcndltd# tmcds n drrmnedltmspmrm trlmr# buoems `d `dsomstd buoems `d tmccm` mlms, Cs `s msedlts vml nltm`sl ul trlecc dl dc l` (1%# qud tmnoeål jm dc ílbuc oceu dcdbe`, Dl m`m msedltm ulm dsmcm qud elèm dc ílbuc oceu,

Dc msedltg kdrrm`g (?% sd utecezm pmrm grnglds `d tgrldrg, Cm

hdrrmnedltm sd ngltm kgl dc tgrleccg cmtdrmc (0%, Dc tgrleccg supdregr (4% lg sd usm,

Dc msedltg moedrtg dstí èsdým`g pmrm hdrrmnedltms kuyg cg sdmtrmlsvdrsmc mc djd cglbetuèlmc `d cm hdrrmnedltm, Cm hdrrmnedltm sd

ngltm kgl dc tgrleccg supdregr `d cm kmrkmsm (4%, Kgng dc msedltg pud`d bermr# dc èspgsetevg pud`d utecezmrsd tmnoeål pmrm grngldskgrtgs,

@erdkkeûl `dc mcm`g

[d rdnedl`m dc mcm` dl dc sdlte` pudst mc rtd# l dc sprtd ulevdrsmc dl pseelreltmc, [d otedldl cms vdltmjms sebuedltds:

• kl cm prdsel `d rdtem` nís omjm# ds pseocd ltrcmr ndjr dc trmomj,

Dst ds pmrteucmrndltd enprtmltd uml` sd mcml drrmnedltms pdqudms,• @m` qud dc mbum l njm dc c# ds nís íec osdrvmr

ltrcmr `l`d tedld cubmr dc rdtem`,• Cm rtmel `d cm nudcm dnpujm dc èspsetev mem dc sprtd ulevdrsmc,• L m redsb `d veormelds,



50

rnlds `d trldr

Vcmlg u gvmcm`g kgl ul cg rdktg

Mquî sd nudstrm dc lrnm` `d ul rnl pcml# l ulm sdel um`rm`m, Dc rnlvmcm` sd rdmcem `d cm nesnm nmldrm,

Vud`d rdmcemr dc lrnm` eleemc oedl èrdtmndltd dl cm níquelm Prnd dl ulmrdtem`rm `d oml usml` dc judb `d nltmjd dl cm rdtem`rm `d oml OBN.=66(píbelm ;6%, [e lddsetm dcenelmr ulm brml mlte`m` `d mdr (p, dj, mc èsneluer dc ílbuc`d rtd mnoemr dc ílbuc ̀ d rnl%# pud`d usmr ulm rdtem`rm ̀ d oml qud dceneld

dc mdr rípe`,

Dc mjustd `dc èspgsetevg mc ílbucg `dc grnûl# J[,

Cm prgtuodrmlkem `d cm hdrrm. nedltm dl dc èspgsetevg# V,

Vgsekeûl `dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,Ttecezmr dc grekeg O,

kl dc mjustm`r ̀ d drrmnedltms ̀ d trldm` PP[.=66# ltrcm dsts mtrds, [dcdelmrdc pdrc qud sd `dsdd `dc um`r `d cm píbelm sebuedltd usmr cs trds mtrds qud trbmlèm rnm, M ltelumel# mltmr cs mjustds dl cm dtequdtm `d pdrcds cmrc dl cmvercm, @dspuås `dc lrnm` eleemc# pud`d rdprùer dxmtmndltd su rnm mvretm m`m

vd qud mcd dl ndls `d ul nelut,

Mlgtmr cgs mjustds dl ulm dtequdtm`d pdrcds y kgcgkmrcg dl cm vergcm, Jultg mc èspgsetevg# sd sunelestrmlvmrems dtequdtms,

Dstgs trds mktgrds `dtdrnelml cm bdgndtrîm `d ul grnûl,



54

Kglsdjg Mc ebumc qud nukhgs prgdseglmcds tgrldrgs# `dod pgldr ulm kurvm

dl dc ecg, Dstg sd hmkd íkecndltd kgl dc èspgsetevg [Q[.46 (píbelm =66%, Dc

kglgrnm`g `d ul grnûl kgl ul ecg kurvg sd rdmcezm rípe`mndltd brmkems m

qud dc írdm rdùke`m dl kgltmktg kgl cm nudcm kmusm ulm prdseûl `d rdktekm`g nís mctm,

Dstms bdndtrîms# ds ̀ der# cm rnm dc ílbuc# dstíl rdndl`m`ms pr trldrs dxpdrts rdle`s tmccdrds `d trld `d t` dc nul` (p, dj, krmt [uppceds dl DD,TT, @rd.sdcstuod Ldmrstdelm dl Mcdnmlem%,

ym qud ul rnl pud`d tdldr ul lúndr ecenetm` `d noelmelds `d rnms ílbucs

`d rnl# cms drrmnedltms ludvms tedldl ulm rnm nís ndls èsteltm m cms rnms`dc um`r, Msî puds# prendr sd `dod lrnmr su drrmnedltm sdbúl cms rnms `d dstdum`r, Vstdrerndltd# sd p`rí rdmcemr cs sebuedltds mcm`s `d rnm íec dl ndls`d ul nelut,

Lgtm M`hdrersd m cm grnm sdcdkkeglm`m y lg kmnoemr `d ulm grnm m gtrm, @d

dstd ng`g# sd gotedldl tg`ms cms vdltmjms `dc mjustm`gr Pgrndi PP[.=66# ym

qud sd pud`d rdprgùker dxmktm d elstmltíldmndltd cm nesnm grnm dl km`m

gkmseûl, [e sd ldkdsetm ulm grnm èdrdltd# sd rdkgnedl`m kgnprmr gtrm hdrrm.

nedltm y rdkteekmrcm sdbúl cm grnm mctdrlmtevm, Dstd nåtg`g `d trmomjg mhgrrmtednpg pmrm tgrldmr y prgvgkm ndlgs eltdrrupkeglds pmrm kglgrnmr y mecmr cms

hdrrmnedltms,

=

Aecgs rdktgsJ[ ?6¶

V 14

Grekeg O



`d levdc prgadseglmc,ν>;6°

?

Aecgs rdktgsJ[ ?6¶

V 44

Grekeg O

Vmrm mnpcem mpcekmkeûl,Nís aíkec `d kgltrgcmr qud

ul ílbucg `d cg `d ;6¶,ν>04°

;

Aecgs rd`gl`dm`gsJ[ ;6¶

V 24

Grekeg O




0


V 14

Grekeg O

Vmrm mnpcem mpcekmkeûl,

Nís aíkec `d kgltrgcmr qud


Kum`rg `d sdcdkkeûl



51

Vgsekeglmnedltg `dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc

Vud`d trmomjmr l dc sprtd ulevdrsmc cm` reltmcndltd l cm nudcm berml` dlsdlte` pudst mc rtd cm` vdrtemcndltd l cm nudcm berml` dl dc sdlte` `dcrtd,

Dl pseel reltmc# cm rtmel `d cm nudcm nudvd dc èspsetev mem dc sprtd ulevdr.

smc, Dl pseel vdrtemc# cm prdsel `d rdtem` mundltm pr cm rtmel `d cm nudcm# pdr`dod tdldr ue`m` `d prdselmr rndndltd mem dc sprtd ulevdrsmc pmrm bmrmltemr quddc c l pdldtrd dl cm nudcm,

Dl dstms elstruelds# nstrmns cm pseel reltmc, kuml` sd `dod dcenelmr numdr dl dc lrnm` eleemc# ds lvdledltd trmomjmr l dc sprtd ulevdrsmc cm`vdrtemcndltd, Dl cs mcm`s pstdrerds# sednprd sd `dod trmomjmr dl pseel reltmcpmrm qud cm rtmel `d cm nudcm nudvm dc èspsetev mem dc sprtd ulevdrsmc qud ldxestm dc redsb `d qud dc c sd dlbmld m cm nudcm,

Ngltmjd hgrezgltmc, Cm nudcm

berm dl sdlte`g gpudstg mc kgrtd,

Ngltmjd vdrtekmc, Cm nudcm

berm dl dc sdlte`g `dc kgrtd,

_d`gl`dm`g `d cms dsquelms `d ul grnûl pcmlg

Mltds `d lrnmr ul rnl pcmlg (um`rm`% pr pre.ndrm vd# `dod npromr qud cms dsquelms dstål rd`l.`dm`ms pr `s ntevs, Dl prendr cubmr# cm drrmnedltmulelm l nís mece`m` dl dc sprtd `d drrmnedltm`d trldm` # dl sdbul` cubmr# dc rnl sd mceldm nís

íecndltd dl dc msedlt `dc èspsetev,

Dc rd`l`d sd pud`d rdmcemr l cm níquelm Prnd,Elcus sd pud`dl pucer cms supdreds dl dc ès ̀ d msdl.tm` pmrm cbrmr cm ndlr reel pseocd dl dc sprtd `ddrrmnedltm `dc trldm`,

Cgs grnglds pcmlgs `dodl td. ldr cms dsquelms rd`gl`dm`ms,



52

Mjustmr dc èspgsetevg y msdburmr cm pgsekeûl kgl dc tgrleccg `dc gl`g (1%,

Hgrezgltmcndltd

Ngltmr cm hdrrmnedltm, Msdburmr kgl dc tgrleccg cmtdrmc (0%,

Kgnprgomr qud cm hdrrmnedltmdstí mceldm`m pmrm qud pgstdregr. ndltd cm grnm pud`m rdprgù.kersd kgl dxmktetu`,

Mjustds

Dc msedltg kdrrm`g

@esdýg mltdregr @esdýg mktumc

Qdrtekmcndltd

Mjustmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,[d pud`d trmomjmr kgl dc sg. pgrtd ulevdrsmc ngltm`g tmltg hgrezgltmc kgng vdrtekmcndltd(píbelm 51%, Tsmr dc grekeg eltdregr `dc mjustm`gr, Mnogsèskgs ndtícekgs `dodl tgkmr cm nudcm,

Dstd msedltg kdrrm`g hm se`g rdèsdým`g (?661%, Mhgrm ds =6 nn nís kgrtg y tmnoeål dstí elkcelm`g pmrm pdrneter mcmr cms hdrrmnedltms nís kgrtms,[e tedld ul msedltg nís cmrbg#

`dod rdkgrtmrcg m 4? nn,



58

Cdvmltmr cm hdrrmnedltm y `ds. pcmzmrcm cmtdrmcndltd ùrmltd cmgpdrmkeûl, Lg `djmr qud rdsomcd

cm hdrrmnedltm, Vrdseglmr kgl dc pucbmr kdrkm `dc cg,

Bermr dc èspgsetevg y kglgrnmr dc gtrg cm`g, Mpcekmr prdseûl hmkem `dcmltd sgord dc cm`g `dc msm,

Mpcekmr prdseûl sgord dc cm`g `dc msm m l `d kgnpdlsmr cm udrzmdjdrke`m pgr cm nudcm sgord cm hdrrmnedltm,

Kglgrnm`g

Kuml`g sd cgbrm cm grnm `dsdm`m# kgnprgomr qud cm prgtu. odrmlkem lg hmym èsnelue`g ùrmltd dc kglgrnm`g, [e dstggkurrd# vgcvdr m pgsekeglmr cm hdrrmnedltm dl cm prgtuodrmlkemkgrrdktm y# m kgltelumkeûl# kgnpcdtmr dc kglgrnm`g, @d dstmgrnm# sd msdburmrí `d qud sd rdprgùkd `d nmldrm dxmktm cm bdgndtrîm `dc cg mc mcmr dl dc uturg,

@urmltd dc prgkdsg `d rdkte.km`g mktevmr cm nudcm kgl dc

cm`g íspdrg `d cm ped`rm `d rdktekm`g [V.146,

[dbuer rdktekml`g hmstm qud cgs oesdcds sdml senåtrekgs,Dl kmsg ldkdsmreg# vgcvdr m rdktekmr dc prendr cm`g,

Mc mcmr ulm buoem mlkhm# sd pud`d elkrdndltmr cm dkmkem `d cm nudcm rdktekml`g cm netm` `dc mlkhg km`m vdz, Cm prdseûl`d rdktekm`g mundltm# cg qud hmkd qud cm nudcm ulkegld kgl

nmygr rmpe`dz,

Pdrnelmr dc mcm`g kgl tg`g dc oesdc sgord cm nudcm, Cdvmltmr cm hdrrmnedltm pmrm `dspcmzmrcm cmtdrmcndltd,

Kglgrnm`g `d buoems mlkhms



55

Msdltmr cgs `gs cm`gs mctdrlmtevmndltd hmstm qud sd hmymdcenelm`g cm rdomom y pucer cgs oesdcds hmstm gotdldr ul mkmom`g

oreccmltd,

Ngvdr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc mc èskg `d msdltm`g y kgcgkmr dl cm nesnm pgsekeûl kgl dc mjustm`gr,

Msdltm`g

Mjustmr dc èspgsetevg# J[, Ngltmr cm hdrrmnedltm kgl ulm prgtuodrmlkem jm# V,

Mjustmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,Ttecezmr dc grekeg O,

Mcm`g

Tlm vd rdm`m cm rnm `dc c# ds íec vcvdr m mcmr rípe`mndltd cm drrmnedltm, Mltmrcs trds mjustds dl cm dtequdtm `d pdrc pmrm otdldr dxmtmndltd cm nesnm rnm m`m vd#elcus uml` cm nudcm sd `dsbmstm èsnelud su èíndtr,



=66

Írdm m rdkteekmr y prdseûl `d rdkteekm`g

Agrnglds pcmlgs u gvmcm`gs kgl ul cg kurvm`g

Aecg rdktg, Írdm m rdktekmr nís mnpcem, Ebumc qud tg`g dc oesdc `d rdktekm`g, Omjm prdseûl `d

rdktekm`g rdsuctmltd, Cm nudcm`d rdktekm`g ldkdsetm sdr

rdmvevm`m,

Aecg kglvdxg, Írdm m rdktekmr nís pdqudým, Nmygr prdseûl `d rdktekm`g rdsuctmltd, Cm nudcm

`d rdktekmr ulkeglm kgl nísdkmkem,

[d pud`d pldr ul c urvm` (lvdx% tmlt dl cs rnlds pcmls n vmcm`s, Bermrdc èspsetev l cm drrmnedltm dl dc sprtd ulevdrsmc pmrm rdmr cm urvm, Dc c urvm`tedld mcbulms vdltmjms sd m d ppucmr dltrd cm bdltd pr dc trldr prdselmc mus.trmceml _emr` _mml, _emr` _mml prddrd ul c cebdrmndltd urvm`# qud sd nudstrmm dsmcm npcdtm dl cm píbelm sebuedltd,

Vmrm cbrmr dstm rnm# `dod dstmocddr dc èspsetev [Q[.46 m ;6¶ dl cubmr `d ?6¶ pmrm dcc rdt, Elcus dl dstd ms# `dodrí dcenelmr rdcmtevmndltd omstmltd mdr# c umc pud`dùrmr dltrd =6 ?6 neluts `dpdlèdl` `d cm rnm rebelmc, Mc ebumc qud mltds# dstm tmrdm

sd `dod rdmcemr sc ulm vd pstdrerndltd sd odldemrí dl cs mcm`s uturs,

kn dc írdm dl ltmt l cm nudcm ds ndlr dl ul c lvdx qud dl ul c pcml#cm prdsel `d rdtem` rdsuctmltd ds supdrer mc mpcemr cm nesnm udrm dl cm drrmnedltm,(Cm prdsel `d rdtem` ds cm udrm qud sd mpcem dl cm drrmnedltm èveè`m dltrd dc írdmqud sd rdtem%,

Ds lddsmrem edrtm prdsel `d rdtem` pmrm nmltdldr mtevm cm supdred `d cm nudcm `drdtemr qud l sd dnpmstd, kuml` sd lrnm mcm ul rnl ludv l ul crdt (dc umc tedld ul írdm pr rdtemr mnpcem%# ds lddsmre rdmvevmr cm nudcm `d rdtemr

rdudltdndltd l cm ped`rm `d rdtem` [V.146,

Mc sdr nmr cm prdsel `d rdtem` (elcus mpceml` cm nesnm udrm m cm drrmnedltm%dl cs rnlds l c lvdx# cm nudcm sd rdmvevm # pr lsebuedltd# rdtem `d rnmnís ddtevm, Vr dcc# ul rnl l c lvdx sd lrnm nís rípe`mndltd qud ulrnl l c rdt,



=6=

Bermr dc èspgsetevg pmrm krdmr cm grnm `dc cg,

Mtdlkeûl: lg rdktekmr `dnm. sem`g dc pultg cmrbg,

Dstm grnm ds mptm (dskmcmkgnpcdtm% pmrm ul grnûlgvmcm`g `d =5 nn,

Bermr dc èspgsetevg y rdktekmr dc gtrg cm`g,

Vrelkepeg `d krdmkeûl `d kurvms

Vmrm krdmr cm kurvm# bermr dc ès. pgsetevg dl cm dsquelm oesdcm`m`dc èspgsetevg (M%, Lg bermr dc

èspgsetevg nís `dc níxeng ngstrm`g pmrm qud dc msedltg sd mpgyd dl dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc dl tg`g ngndltg,

Kglgrnm`g y mecm`g

_dktekmr hmstm qud sdml senåtrekgs cgs oesdcds `d mnogs cm`gs,Dl kmsg ldkdsmreg# vgcvdr m rdktekmr dc prendr cm`g,

Ngvdr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc mc èskg `d msdltm`g y kgcgkmr dl cm nesnm pgsekeûl kgl dc mjustm`gr,

Msdltmr cgs `gs cm`gs mctdrlmtevmndltd hmstm qud sd hmymdcenelm`g cm rdomom y pucer cgs oesdcds hmstm gotdldr ul mkmom`g

oreccmltd,

Msdltm`g



=6?

Vdrcds pdrsglmcezm`gs

Pmnoeål sd pud`dl mcmr cs rnlds l bdndtrîms èsteltms m cms rnms dstíl`mr qudrdd dc mjustm`r PP[.=66, Åstm ds cm rnm `d rdprùer ulm bdndtrîm `d c dxestdltdpmrm ul rnl l c rdt,

=, Nltmr cm drrmnedltm l ulm prtuodrmlem `d 14 nn usml` dc mjustm`r PP[.=66,

?, Mjustmr dc ílbuc `dc rnl n sd nudstrm m ltelumel,

;, Mjustmr dc ílbuc `d rtd l dc sprtd ulevdrsmc, Tsmr dcNåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc (píbelm 0=%,

0, Mltmr cm prtuodrmlem (V% dc mjustd `dc èspsetev dl cm dtequdtm qud sd sunelestrm jult mc èspsetev, kcmr cm dtequdtm dl cm vercm, Vrtdbdr l omrle trmlspmrdltd,

Mc vcvdr m mcmr dc ílbuc ̀ d rtd# sd `dod utecemr dc Nåtg`g `dc ocgqud dspmkem`gr (píb, 0=%,

Kglsdjg [e cm bdgndtrîm lg èedrd `dnmsem`g `d cms grnms qud grdkd dc

PP[.=66# sd pud`d kglse`drmr kmnoemr cm grnm `d mkudr`g kgl cm grnm

`dc PP[.=66 pmrm qud su rdprgùkkeûl sdm nís íkec dl dc uturg,



=6;

hdrrmnedltms pmrm trlmr or`dmr

Aejmr dc msedltg kgl dc tgrleccg`dc gl`g (1% dl cm pgsekeûl

rdktm (6¶%, Dc msedltg hm `dtgkmr dc tgpd (2%,

Ngltmr cm hdrrmnedltm kgl ulm prgtuodrmlkem (V% `d 24‛=66

nn y jmrcm kgl dc tgrlec cg supdregr (4%,

Dcdber dc ílbucg `d kgrtd mjustml`g dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,

Vmrm kgpemr ul ílbucg dxestdltd#utecezmr dc nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl`dc oesdc (píbelm 0=%,

[d gotedld ul kgltrgc ndjgr prdseglml`g kgl dc pucbmr kdrkm`dc cg, Kgltrgcmr kgl cm nmlg`drdkhm qud cm hdrrmnedltm sd sgstedld dl pgsekeûl vdrtekmc,

Msdburmrsd `d qud tg`m cm ore`m`dc èspgsetevg dstå dl kgltmktgkgl dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,

Kuml`g sd hm rdktekm`g dc prendr cm`g# `mr cm vudctm m cm hdrrmnedltm y rdktekmr dc gtrg cm`g,

_dktekmr hmstm qud cgs oesdcds sdml senåtrekgs, Dl kmsg ldkdsmreg# vgcvdr m rdktekmr dc prendr cm`g,

Msdltm`g, @dspcmzmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc hmkem dc cm`g `dc èskg`d msdltm`g y msdltmr cgs oesdcds kgl cm hdrrmnedltm tg`mvîm ngl.tm`m dl dc èspgsetevg, Aejmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc `d nmldrm qud sdgotdlbm dc nesng ílbucg `d msdltm`g qud dc `d rdktekm`g, Tsmr

dc nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc,

[d utecezm dc msedltg moedrtg



=60

Buoems `d `dsomstd



Ngltmr cm buoem kgl ulm prgtu. odrmlkem (V% `d 24‛=66 nn y

jmrcm kgl dc tgrleccg supdregr (4%,

Dcdber dc ílbucg `d kgrtd mjustml`g dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,

Vmrm kgpemr ul ílbucg dxestdltd#utecezmr dc nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl`dc oesdc (píbelm 0=%,

Hmkdr bermr cm buoem sgord dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc nedltrms sd hmkd ngvdr dc èspgsetevg m cg cmrbg `dc sgpgrtd `d nmldrmqud cm nudcm sd `dsbmstdulegrndndltd,


_dktekmr hmstm qud sd pud`m lgtmr cm rdomom m cg cmrbg `dtg`g dc cg,

@dspcmzmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc hmstm dc èskg `d msdltm`g `d

kudrg, Msdltmr y pucer dc oesdc kgl cm hdrrmnedltm múl ngltm`mdl dc èspgsetevg, Aejmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc `d nmldrm qud sdgotdlbm dc nesng ílbucg `d msdltm`g qud dc `d rdktekm`g,Tsmr dc nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc,

Msdltm`g




=64


Dc prelkepegTtecemr cm tålem qud sd `dsreod dl dc mpîtuc Påklekms `d rdktekm`g pmrm buoems `d tmccm y hdrrmnedltms dl Q # dl cm píbelm ?=,

Ílbucg `d kgrtd

kn sd m `dsret dl dc mpîtuc `d cm píbelm ?4# cm dcdel `d dstd ílbuc ds `d sunmenprtmlem dl cms buoems `d tmccm`, Dc nåt` `d mjustmr dc `espsetev pmrm ul ílbuc `d.tdrnelm` `dpdl`d `d se sd `dsdm ulm pem `dc ílbuc m dxestdltd `d se m qud mjustmrul ílbuc `d rtd ludv dl cm drrmnedltm,

Mc pemr ul ílbuc `d rtd dxestdltd# lvedld utecemr dc nåt` `d crmel `dc oesdc#qud sd `dsreod dl cm píbelm 0=, [e c qud sd `dsdm ds jmr ul ílbuc `d rtd ludv#pud`d mdrsd m j utecemr dc MlbcdNmstdr (píbelm =06%,

Agrnmr dc cg `djml`g qud cm hdrrmnedltm `dskmlsd sgorddc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc kgcgkm`g hgrezgltmcndltd y kdrkmlg m cm nudcm,



Agrnmkeûl `dc cg

Cîldm `d cuz

Buoems `d tmccm l nmlb rdt



=61



Ngltmr cm buoem kgl ulm prgtu. odrmlkem (V% `d 24‛=66 nn y jmrcm kgl dc tgrleccg supdregr (4%,

Dcdber dc ílbucg `d kgrtd mjustml`g dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,Vmrm kgpemr ul ílbucg dxestdltd#utecezmr dc nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl`dc oesdc,

Ngltmjd `d cm hdrrmnedltm y mjustd `dc èspgsetevg

_dktekmr sednprd cgs cubmrds`gl`d cm cîldm `d cuz sdm nís

brudsm# nedltrms sd hmkd bermr cm hdrrmnedltm sgord dc sgpgrtdulevdrsmc,


Kgnprgomr rdkudltdndltd`ûl`d sd prgùkd dc rdktekm`g,_dktekmr hmstm qud sd gotdlbmulm cîldm `d cuz ulegrnd y `dcbm`m,

_dkteekm`g

Cîldm `d cuz


Kgltelumr dc rdktekm`g,Kgltrgcmr kgl rdkudlkemdc rdsuctm`g,

Dcenelmr cm rdomom dl cgs èskgs`d msdltm`g `d kudrg m l`d pg`dr gosdrvmr kgl nmygr mkece`m` cm cîldm `d cuz,



=62



`d rdkteekm`g# `d nmldrm qud pud`m gosdrvmrsd kcmrmndltd dc prgbrdsg `d m`dcbmzmnedltg brmùmc `d cm cîldm `d cuz,

Qgcvdr m mcmr mhgrm djdrkedl`gulm cdvd prdseûl, Kgltrgcmr kgl rdkudlkem qud lg sd hmymdxmbdrm`g dc mcm`g,


Nmltdldr cm hdrrmnedltm dl dc èspgsetevg# y msdltmr y pucer dc eltdregr kgl dc èskg `d kudrg pdrcm`g CM.=?6,

Msdltmr y pucer dc oesdc, Mjustmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc `d nmldrm quddc ílbucg `d msdltm`g sdm dc nesng qud dc `d rdktekm`g, Tsmr dc nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc, Msdltmr cms rdomoms y pucer dc

oesdc m ul mkmom`g oreccmltd,

Msdltm`g

Ds íkec mcmr dl dxkdsg mc lmc `dc prgkdsg, Dl dstd kmsg hmy qud vgcvdr m grnmr dc cg y dnpdzmr `ds`d dc prelkepeg,

Pdldr kue`m`g mc rdktekmr cgs cm`gs `d cm hdrrmnedltm pmrm lg rd`gl`dmr cms dsquelms, ¡Cms hdrrmnedltms `d tmccm hml `dtdldr cms dsquelms mbu`ms-



=68

Vrgomr cm mbu`dzm

Nmltdldr cm drrmnedltm dl dc `espsetev promr cm mbu`dm krtmr trmlsvdrsmcndltd cmsorms `d ulm pedm `d nm`drm, Dc c m `d rtmr l mece`m` `djmr ulm supdred cesmsel mrrmlqud `d orms, kn cm drrmnedltm sebud nltm`m dl dc `espsetev dc sprtdulevdrsmc pdrnmldd dl su pseel# ds pseocd dl ms lddsmre rdtrd`dr pmrm sdbuerdc msdltm`,



=65

rnlds `d tmccm um`rm`s


Cm clbetu` nîlenm `d cm jm `d dstd èspsetev ds mprxenm`mndltd `d =66 nn m ul

ílbuc `d rtd `d ?4¶, Vmrm jms nís rtms# `d mstm 24 nn# m qud usmr dc èspsetev[Q[.;? (píbelm 14%,

Aejmr dc msedltg kgl dc tgrleccg`dc gl`g (1% dl cm pgsekeûl rdktm (6¶%, Dc msedltg hm `dtgkmr dc tgpd (2%,

Ngltmr dc grnûl kgl ulm prgtuodrmlkem (V% `d =66 nn, Msdburmr kgl dc tgrleccg `dtgpd (4%,

Dcdber dc ílbucg `d kgrtd mjustml`g dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,Vmrm kgpemr ul ílbucg dxestdltd#utecezmr dc nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl`dc oesdc,

Mcmr ul cm`g, Vrdseglmr kgl dc pucbmr kdrkm `dc cg pmrm ulkgltrgc ndjgr, Cdvmltmr cm hdrrmnedltm y `dspcmzmrcm cmtdrmcndltd pmrm qud cm nudcm sd `dsbmstd ulegrndndltd, Kuml`g sd hmymgrnm`g ulm rdomom dl tg`g dc cg# `mr cm vudctm mc èspgsetevg y mcmr dc gtrg cm`g,


Msdltm`g, Nmltdldr cm hdrrmnedltm dl dc èspgsetevg y msdltmr kgl dc èskg `d kudrg, Mjustmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc `d nmldrm qud dc ílbucg `d msdltm`g sdm dc nesng qud dc `d rdktekm`g, Tsmr

dc nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc, Msdltmr cms rdomoms y pucer cgs oesdcds m ul mkmom`g oreccmltd,



==6

rnlds `d tmccm oceus

[d utecezm dc msedltg kdrrm`g

Dstms drrmnedltms dstíl morem`ms l ul ílbuc oceu `d uls ?4¶, [d p`rí mcmr

dc rnl tmlt l dc ílbuc oceu dxestdltd rnmr ul ílbuc oceu ludv `d sudcdel,

Vmrm utecemr dstd èspsetev# dc rnl m `d tdldr ulm clbetu` nîlenm `dtdrnelm`m qud`dpdl`d `dc ílbuc `d rtd `dc ílbuc oceu, M ul ílbuc `d rtd `d ?4¶ ul ílbucoceu `d tmnoeål ?4¶# cm clbetu` nîlenm `d cm jm ds `d uls =64 nn, Cm rnm `dcm drrmnedltm m `d pdrneter cm jmel dc msedlt9 dl ms `d qud l udrm msî# utecemr dcmsedlt moedrt

Ngltmr cm hdrrmnedltm dl dc èspgsetevg kgl ulm prgtuod.

rmlkem (V% `d 46‛24 nn y jmr. cm kgl dc tgrleccg cmtdrmc (0%,

Nmrkmr ulm cîldm trmlsvdrsmc. ndltd m cm nudcm buem`m pgr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc, Ttecezmr ul rgtucm`gr m prudom `d mbum se cm nudcm dstí húnd`m g ul cípez,

Vgldr cm hdrrmnedltm dl dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc y hmkdrcm bermr hmstm qud dc oesdc sdm pmrmcdcg m cm cîldm, Mprdtmr dc tgrlec cg `dc gl`g (1%,

Mjustd `dc ílbucg gocekug dxestdltd

Dl dc msedltg hmy ulm dskmcmqud cd pdrneterí jmr dc ílbucggocekug `dsdm`g,

Aejmr cm pgsekeûl `dc ílbucg kgldc tgrleccg `dc gl`g (1%,

Ngltmr cm hdrrmnedltm dl dc èspgsetevg kgl ulm prgtuod. rmlkem (V% `d 46‛24 nn y jmr. cm kgl dc tgrleccg cmtdrmc (0%,

Mjustd `d ul ílbucg gocekug ludvg



===

Dcdber dc ílbucg `d kgrtd mjustml`g dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,Vmrm kgpemr ul ílbucg dxestdltd# utecezmr dc nåtg`g `dkgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc, Vmrm jmr ul ílbucg ludvg# pud`dutecezmrsd dc MlbcdNmstdr,

_dktekmr dc prendr cm`g, Vrdseg. lmr kgl dc pucbmr kdrkm `dc cg

pmrm ul kgltrgc ndjgr, Cdvmltmr cm hdrrmnedltm y ngvdrcm dl sdlte`g cmtdrmc, Kuml`g sd hmymgrnm`g ulm rdomom dl tg`g dc cg# `mr cm vudctm mc èspgsetevg y rdktekmr dc gtrg cm`g,

_dkteekm`g

Dstm`g `d cm nudcm

Bdldrmcndltd# cs rnlds `d tmccm sc prdesml dc mcm`l, Vr dcc# lrnmcndltd sd mjustm cm nudcm m ul brmlnís l l cm ped`rm `d rdtem` [V.146 (píbelm =;8%,kuml` sdm lddsmre kglgrnmr dc rnl# utecemr dc dstm.` lrnmc rípe` `d rdtem` `d cm nudcm,


Nmltdldr cm hdrrmnedltm dl dc èspgsetevg y msdltmr kgl dc èskg `d kudrg, Mjustmr dc sgpgrtd ule.

vdrsmc `d nmldrm qud dc ílbucg `d msdltm`g sdm dc nesng qud dc `d rdktekm`g, Tsmr dc nåtg`g`d kgcgrmkeûl `dc oesdc, Msdltmr cms rdomoms y pucer cgs oesdcds m ul mkmom`g oreccmltd,

Msdltm`g



==?

spr rr sQ`.==6

@erdkkeûl `dc mcm`g: dl dc

sdlte`g gpudstg mc kgrtd g dldc sdlte`g `dc kgrtd,

Dl dc `esdýg pmtdltm`g# dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc ds dnpujm`g hmkem cgs cm`gs `dc grekeg ‛lg sgord dc gl`g‛, ¡Dstg seblekmqud cm udrzm `d sujdkeûl ccdbm m elkrdndltmrsd dl ul ?46$-

@esdýg

Dstd sprtd `d drrmnedltms ds e`dmc pmrm dc rdtem``d dspcs `d trldm` drrmnedltms dspdemcds pmrmcm tmccm dl nm`drm# pr djdnpc brml`ds `dsomstm`rds vmem`rds urvs, Pmnoeål pmrm rmsqudtms `d domlestm

drrmnedltms `d vmem`,

Pedld ulm mnpcem supdred `d 56Ò==6 nn# qud pdrnetdul pseelmnedlt sdbur rnd `d cm drrmnedltm memcm nudcm,

Dc ree tedld ulm rnm dspdemc dl um qud elrdndltmcm udrm `d sujdel dl ul ?46$, Tstd` p`rí jmr dc s.prtd `d drrmnedltm elstmltíldmndltd mc ílbuc dcdbe`,Dstd `esd úle m se` pmtdltm` pr Prnd,


D[kgVCg[ @D Pg_LDM@g

Vultm rd`gl`dm`m

Vultm kum`rm`mKurvm`m

hD__MNEDLPM[ @D QMkEM@g

@D[OM[PM@g_D[ yQMkEM@g_D[ kT_Qg[

_M[]TDPM[ @D DOMLE[PM

@D[Pg_LECCM@g_D[



==;

Dspcs `d trldm`Lrnmcndltd cs dspcs vedldl `d íorem l ul ílbuc `d rtd `d dltrd 26¶ 86¶, Mcbuls trldrs prddrdl ul ílbuc nu nís pdqud vudcvdl m rdtemr cms drrm.nedltms m 16¶ elcus ndls, Cm ndjr nmldrm `d rdtemr cs dspcs ds dl dc sdlte`g `dc c l dc sprtd ulevdrsmc dl pseel vdrtemc, Cm rtmel `d cm nudcm ltreoud m

prdselmr cm drrmnedltm ltrm dc sprtd `d drrmnedltms,

M ílbucs ̀ d rtd nís elcelm`s# dxestd redsb `d veormelds mc rdtemr dl dc sdlte`g `dcc, [e ustd` `dsdm nmltdldr dc brml ílbuc `d rtd rebelmc# `dodrí rdtemr dl dc sdlte`ggpudstg mc c l dc sprtd ulevdrsmc uoem` dl cm omsd reltmc XO.=66, _d`l`dd dctmcl `dc oesdc rdùerí dc redsb `d qud cm drrmnedltm mnpmd cm nudcm mem mrreom,

Qdrtekmcndltd pmrm ílbucgs ̀ d kgrtd ̀ d ulgs 16¶, Hgrezgltmcndltd pmrm ílbucgs`d kgrtd supdregrds m ulgs 16¶,

Vgsekeglds rdkgndl`m`ms `dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc

·Kglsdrvmr cm rdomom g mkdrmr dc cg7

Tl dspc dcenelm cm nm`drm rmsml` dl cubmr `d rtíl`cm# qud ds c qud mdl cmstrms drrmnedltms, Dc rmsm` ds ul trmtmnedlt ̀ ur pmrm cm nm`drm, Cms orms sd mrrmlml`djml` ulm supdred rubsm qud# pr c tmlt# rdquedrd ul eltdls cejm`, M ndlu` sd`djml cms rdomoms puds mtúml n ulm dspded `d c `d rtd sord dc c vdr`m`dr,

Cm rdomom qud qud`m `dspuås `dc rdtem` dl sd m brml vdce`m` lstm `d ulm ndcm

`d mdr seltdrem` nmtdremc mormsev `d cm nudcm tmnoeål `dc mdr qud ds dxpucsm`mem mrreom pr cm nudcm, Cm ndcm seltdrem`m sd `dsbmstm prlt mc dnpdmr dc trldm`,C qud qud`m ds dc c rdseùmc qud ds dc qud rtm cm nm`drm, Vud`d `dersd qud cm rdomomnèm cm mel `dc dspc medl` qud åstd uleld n ulm drrmnedltm `d rtd,

[el dnomrb# cm rdomom ds nu errdbucmr nu íspdrm ds ove qud l pud`d ùrmr, Vrdsm rml m qud vcvdr m rdtemr l rdudlem pmrm mdr ludvms rdomoms, Dst dsul ellvdledltd puds rom tednp mc trldm` mrtm cm ve`m útec `d cm drrmnedltm, gtrellvdledltd ds qud cms pmrtîucms qud sd `dsprdl`dl `d cm rdomom# ds `der# cm ndcm `d

mdr mormsevs# pud`dl m`drersd m cm nm`drm ltreouer m ul nmr `dsbmstd `dc c, Cmrdomom qud sd rnm ̀ dspuås ̀ dc rdtem` mc mbum m omjm vdce`m` l ltedld pmrtîucmssudctms, Ds mdr pur # pr tmlt# nís sumvd# udrtd ùrm`dr,



==0

hm ul nåt` múl ndjr pmrm mdr qud ul dspc ul.eld n ulm drrmnedltm `d rtd, [e ustd` prdselm dcoesdc l ulm omrrm `d mdr ùr m ul ílbuc ( δ % `d uls4¶# cm pultm sd òcmrí mem mrreom rdml` ulm pdqudmrdomom, Cm prdsel `d cm omrrm nprend dc mdr# mcesm csrmsbus `d cm nudcm pucd cm rdomom,

Dc rdsuctm` ds ulm pdqudm rdomom ul c rtmltd n.båld# mcm` ̀ urm`dr, Dc nåt` ds dc ccmnm` mdrm`( pucendltm`% qud ldrd ul tmcl nu ndjr nísùrm`dr qud ulm rdomom, kuml` sd utecem dc nåt``d mdrm`# m qud rdtemr dc oesdc c nís ulernd lmndltd pseocd tmnoeål msdltmrc# msî n tmnoeål cmpmrtd supdrer `d cm ueccm, [d otedld dltlds ul c `drtd nís mcm` ùrm`dr,

Dl dc ndrm` m drrmnedltms dspdemcds pmrm mdrm` pucendltm`# pdr åstd pud`drdmcemrsd tmnoeål uteceml` ulm buoem pmrm udls `d =? nn, [ujdtmr dc dspc dl dctrlecc `d oml pmrm qud pud`m sujdtmr cm buoem rndndltd l mnoms nmls,

Mc ddtumr dc mdrm` l m qud djdrdr `dnmsem`m prdsel puds dc tmcl sd ̀ ocmrîm memmtrís, Cm pultm `dc tmcl m `d redltmrsd mem mrreom pmrm qud uleld, hm qud mjustmrtmnoeål cm prdsel sdbúl dc ílbuc `d rtd, Tl dspc l ul ílbuc `d rtd brml`d(26‛86¶% dxebd ulm nmr prdsel qud tr l ul ílbuc nís pdqud,

Mkdrm`g `dc cg, Cm pultm `dc cg sd dnpujm hmkem mrreom# cgqud hmkd qud grnd ul pdqud. ýg tmcûl, (Mquî mundltm`g,%

Pmcûl

Mcmr dl dc sdlte`g `dc kgrtdutecezml`g dc sgpgrtd `d hdrrm.

nedltms ngltm`g dl dc sgpgrtdulevdrsmc kgcgkm`g vdrtekmc.

ndltd,

Ngvdr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc y dc sgpgrtd `d hdrrmnedltms hmkemdc èskg `d msdltm`g, Msdltmr dc oesdc kgl dc nesng ílbucgqud mc mcmr,

Dcenelmr cm rdomom msdltml`g cm pmrtd supdregr m nmlg mczm`m,[ujdtmr cm hdrrmnedltm `d nmld. rm qud rgkd dc èskg,

Mecm`g y msdltm`g



==4

[ubdrdlkems Dc èspgsetevg kudltm kgl ulm

brml supdreked `d mpgyg m el `d gotdldr ul

oudl kgltmktg elkcusg mc mecmr hdrrmnedltms

cmrbms, Vmrm hdrrmnedltms kgrtms pud`d quetmr ulm pmrtd `d cm supdreked `dc èspgsetevg pmrm

lg dltgrpdkdr dc nmlbg,

[e rdktekm ulm hdrrmnedltm ludvm# `dodrí kmnoemr dc íl. bucg `d kgrtd m 16¶ g ndlgs, Dc MlbcdNmstdr cd myu`mrí m mjus.tmr dc sgpgrtd `d hdrrmnedltm,

[e dstí smtesdkhg kgl dc ílbucg`d kgrtd dxestdltd# mjustd dl.tglkds dxmktmndltd dc nesng

ílbucg y dc mcm`g sd hmrí rípe`mndltd,

Ílbucg `d kgrtd

[ujdtmr dc dskgpcg dl dc omlkg`d trmomjg y prdseglmr kglulm buoem `d tgrldmr `d mkdrgH[[, Mpgymr cm nmlg ezquedr`mdl dc omlkg,

Mpredtd cm buoem kgltrm dc oesdc m ul ílbucg ( δ % `d ulgs 4¶,

Vg`rí vdr kcmrmndltd kûngdc mkdrm`g hm kgnprene`g cm pultm `dc cg hmstm grnmr ulm supdrked cesm y oreccmltd,

Mkdrm`g

Dc ulelmnedlt `dc dspc `dpdl`d `dc tmnm `dc tmcl qud sd plbm dl dc c, Dctmnm rnm `dc tmcl `dpdl`dl `dc ílbuc `d rtd `dc dspc# `dc ílbuc `d mdrm`( δ % `d cm udrm l cm qud prdselm cm drrmnedltm `d mdrmr, L m qud pldr ul tmcl`dnmsem` brml`d dl dc dspc# m qud cm drrmnedltm ds dltlds èîec `d ltrcmr pud`d pdldtrmr dl cm pedm `d trmomj, ¡_dudr`d qud mrm èspld `d ulm drrmnedltm `drtd dl cubmr `d ul dspc-



==1

_msqudtms `d domlestm

Cms rmsqudtms `d domlestm rdtms urvm`ms sd mpcmlml íecndltd dl dc cm` dxtdrer pcml`d cm nudcm, Dcenelmr# msdltml` ue`m`smndltd# cm rdomom dl dc ès `d udr, hmdr ulnertmcl uteceml` ulm drrmnedltm `d pucendltmr,

Nmltdldr cm kukheccm dl dstrd.khg kgltmktg kgl dc sgpgrtd

nedltrms sd cd enprend ul ngve.

nedltg `d vmevål pmrm utecezmr cm nmygr pmrtd `d cm supdrked `d cm nudcm,

Dcenelmr msdltml`g cm rdomomdl mnogs cm`gs, Nmltdldr cmkukheccm `d nmldrm qud rgkd dc

èskg `d msdltm`g `d kudrg,

[ujdtmr cm kukheccm dl dc omlkg`d trmomjg y prdseglmrcm kgl ulm omrrm `d mkdrg ùrg g oruýe`gr

(khmerm% m cg cmrbg `dc cg pmrmqud sd grnd ul nekrgtmcûl,

Lgtm Vmrm dc pucendltm`g mpcekmr sgcmndltd ulm cebdrm prdseûl y hmkdr 4‛8

pmsm`ms, Mpcekmr brmsm g mkdetd dspdsg pmrm qud cm omrrm sd `dscekd íkecndltd,

Hdrrmnedltms `d vmkem`g

=, Nltmr dc c dl dc nmlb sdbúl cm burm, kcmrdc sprtd `d drrmnedltms c nís drm pseocd `dcm nudcm

?, ejmr dc ílbuc `d rtd mjustml` dc sprtd `ddrrmnedltms,

;, Nmltdlbm cs `d`s drm `d cm nudcm dnpujdmem momj msdburíl`sd `d qud dc nmlbpdrnmldd dl ltmt l dc sprtd `ddrrmnedltms, [dbuer cm rnm `dc c,

@dsomstm`grds y vmkem`grds kurvgs

Dstms drrmnedltms pmrm cm tmccm dl nm`drm sd mcml l dcsprtd ulevdrsmc cm` dl cs nmlbuets vdrtemcds, V.ldr cm drrmnedltm sdbúl cms burms, Cm supdred pstdrerpcmlm m `d `dsmlsmr dl dc sprtd `d drrmnedltms pudsdc ber `d cm nudcm ltreoud m prdselmr cm drrmnedltmltrm dc sprtd,

Kukheccms pmrm omstrålkcmr dc sprtd `d drrmnedltms sdbúl cm burm, Cmrtmel `d cm nudcm ltreoud m prdselmr cm drrmnedltmmem dc sprtd,



==2

`pv pr a r sd.21


@erdkkeûl `d mcm`g:dl dc sdlte`g `dc

kgrtd,

@erdkkeûl `dc msdl.tm`g: dl dc sdlte`g

gpudstg mc kgrtd,

@esdýg

klsuctmr cm ecustrmel `d cm píbelm sebuedltd, Dc èspsetev (=% dstí npudst pr ulmomsd supdrer l ulm prdlsm eldrer `s rud`ms `d jmel pmrm sujdtmr cm drrmnedltm,Dc èspsetev sd `dscem trmlsvdrsmcndltd m cm nudcm buem` pr cs msqueccs `d lcl `dcsprtd ulevdrsmc, Dc ílbuc `d rtd sd mjustm l dc nermjustd (0% `dc sprtd ulevdrsmc (4%,

hm `s tpds `d sdbure`m` pmrm dvetmr qud cm drrmnedltm rdsomcd `d cm nudcm ùrmltd dc

rdtem`, Tl tpd eltdrer (?% qud sd `dod cmr sdbúl dc ml `d cm drrmnedltm ultpd dxtdrer (;% nltm` dl dc dxtrdn `dc sprtd ulevdrsmc,

Dc èspsetev mceldm mutnítemndltd dc oesdc dl su cm` pcml supdrer pmrm qud cm drrm.nedltm sednprd sd nltd rrdtmndltd rdtequd m 56¶, Cs èspsetevs lvdlelmcds`dodl mceldmrsd nmlumcndltd,

Cm prdlsm eldrer tedld ul smcedltd dl dc dltr qud pdrnetd nltmr rndndltd drrmnedltmsnís rtms l ul nmlb le (p, dj, rnlds jmpldsds%, Cm omsd supdrer# qud sd mceldml cm drrmnedltm# dstí ̀ esdm`m pmrm ̀ estreouer cm prdsel ̀ d cm prdlsm dl cs or`ds qud

cm drrmnedltm dstå rndndltd nltm`m sel lddse`m` `d mprdtmr dl dxds cms rud`ms,

Dc èspsetev dstí èsdm` pmrm rdktekmr dl dc sdlte`g `dc rtd pledl` dc sprtd ule.vdrsmc dl pseel vdrtemc pmrm msdltmr dl dc sdlte`g kgltrmreg mc rtd pledl` dc sprtdulevdrsmc dl pseel reltmc,

kTkhECCM[VM_M kDVECCg

Mlkhg níx, 21 nn

g_NgLD[ VM_M NM@D_M



==8

Dc `espgsetevg mceldm mutgníte.kmndltd cm hdrrmnedltm dl su

cm`g pcmlg supdregr# qud`ml`g pmrmcdcg mc cg,

Cm prdseûl `d prdlsm`g `dc smcedltd `dc kdltrg sd `estreouyd

m cgs dxtrdngs pmrm qud dc ngltmjd sdm rnd elkcusg kglgrnglds kûlekgs,

Pgpds `d sdbure`m`, Åstgs dvetml qud cm hdrrmnedltm rdsomcd `dc dxtrdng `d cm nudcm y pud`m kmusmr `mýgs dl cgs `d`gs, Dc tgpd

eltdregr (?% sd rdterm mc mcmr kukheccms kgl ul mlkhg supdregr m 16 nn,

Lgtm Cgs tgpds `d sdbure`m` lg `dodl usmrsd kuml`g sd mecdl kukheccms pmrm

kdpeccg# ym qud åstms sd nudvdl pmrkemcndltd udrm `d cm nudcm, Dstg sd `dod

m qud cm hdrrmnedltm ds nís mlkhm qud cm nudcm (píb, =??%, Cgs tgpds lg

sd usml kgl grnglds pmrm nm`drm pgrqud åstgs lg sd nudvdl udrm `d cgsdxtrdngs `d cm nudcm (píb, =?=%,



==5

Mpcmlmr y msdltmr cm kmrm pgstdregr `d cms hdrrmnedltms M l ̀ d otdldr ul c oedl rtmltd ̀ urm`dr# ml `d mpcmlmrsd mlmrsd cms `s supdr.eds qud ele`dl, L sd otdl`rí ul c oedl rtmltd ̀ urm`dr mulqud sd mcd msedltdpdrdtmndltd dc oesdc# se cm mrm pstdrer l dstí ebumcndltd pcmlm cesm, Dl cm nmr pmrtd`d drrmnedltms ludvms# cm mrm pstdrer prdsdltm m ndlu` surs veseocds rebelm`s dlcm moremel, Dsts ml `d sdr dcenelm`s cm supdred msdltm`m puce`m,

Dcenelmr cs surs m ul cm` `d cm nudcm msdltmr pucer `dspuås cm supdred `dc ès`d msdltm` `d udr, Dstd trmomj sc tedld qud mdrsd ulm vd# mc dnpdmr m utecemr cm

drrmnedltm, Ds ulm elvdrsel dl cm mce`m` `d cm drrmnedltm qud ùrmrí t`m su ve`m útec,

Mpcmlmr cm kmrm pgstdregr `d cm hdrrmnedltm prdseglíl`gcmdl pmrmcdcg kgltrm cm nudcm y

ngveål`gcm cebdrmndltd,

Lgtm Cm hdrrmnedltm hm `d nmltdldrsd kgnpcdtmndltd pcmlm kgltrm cm nudcm,

@d lg hmkdrsd msî# cm pultm pud`d eltrgùkersd dl cm nudcm y sdr rd`gl`dm`m,

@djmr qud dc cm`g `d cm hdrrmnedltm `dskmlsd sgord dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc kgcg.

km`g kdrkm `d cm nudcm# sdbúl sd vd dl cm eburm, Lg ds ldkdsmreg sumvezmr cm hdrrmnedltm nís `d ?4‛;6 nn `ds`d dc ecg,

Mltds `d elekemr dc rdktekm`g#kgnprgomr qud cm nudcm dståkdltrm`m y pcmlm hmkedl`g`dskdl`dr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc hmstm tgkmrcm,

[e ds ldkdsmreg# rdktekmr cm nudcm kgl dc rdktekm`gr PP.46`d nmldrm qud cm supdrkedqud`d pcmlm y pmrmcdcm kgl dc

sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc,

Vrdpmrmtevgs

Msdltmr cm kmrm pgstdregr m nmlg mczm`m, [ujdtmr cm hdrrmnedltm `d grnm quddstå tmlbdltd m cm nudcm,



=?6

Kgcgrdmr dc oesdc kgl ul rgtucm`gr, Bermr cm nudcm `d rdktekmr kgl cm nmlg y kgnprgomr `ûl`d tedld cubmr dc rdktekm`g, Mjustmr kgl dc nekrgmjustd hmstm qud cm nudcm tgqud tg`g dc oesdc `ds`d cm pultm hmstm dc tmcûl,

Mecm`g `d ul ílbucg `d kgrtd dxestdltd


Cm mcturm `dc sprtd ulevdrsmc `dtdrnelm dc ílbuc `d rtd, [d pud`d mjustmr `d `s rnms,Vud`d rdpr`uer dxmtmndltd dc ílbuc dxestdltd usml` dc Nåt` ̀ d crmel ̀ dc oesdc pud`d dstmocddr dc ílbuc ludv qud `dsdd usml` MlbcdNmstdr RN.?66 `d Prnd,

Morer cm prdlsm hmstm dc brgsgr `d cm hdrrmnedltm y dl pgsekeûl mprgx, pmrmcdcm m cm omsd, Ngltmr cm hdrrmnedltm sgordsmcedl`g(V% mprgx, 46‛24 nn, Aejmr cm hdrrmnedltm mprdtml`g sûcg cm rud`m

nís prûxenm m cm hdrrmnedltm,

Cms hdrrmnedltms kgl kmrms pmrmcdcms `dodl mpgymrsd dldc hgnorg, Vmrm ngltmr hd. rrmnedltms sel kmrms pmrmcdcms#kglsuctmr cm píb, =?=,

Ngltmr cm hdrrmnedltm

Mjustmr dc MlbcdNmstdr RN.?66

sdbúl dc `eíndtrg `d cm nudcm,

Mjustmr cm mcturm `dc sgpgrtd

ulevdrsmc kgl dc nekrgmjustd,

Pg`m cm omsd `dod dstmr mpg.

ym`m dl cm hdrrmnedltm kgl cmdsquelm (m% dl cm nudcm,

Mecm`g `d ul ílbucg `d kgrtd ludvg



=?=

Mecm`g

Agrnglds jmpgldsdsDsts rnlds sd èdrdleml dl su rnm `d cs `d dstece`dltmc, Cm rnm tsm `dc rjm` sd nmltedld selndmlemr# cs cm`s l sudcdl sdr pmrmcdcs cms jmssl nís rtms, Dst seblem qud l sd pud`d usmr dcnor pmrm mceldmr dl dc èspsetev pmrm otdldr ulmmceldmel dxmtm `d 56¶, Cm prdlsm dstí èsdm`m pmrm qudcms drrmnedltms l ul nmlb le pud`ml nltmrsdrndndltd (píb, ==8%,

¡[d `dod tdldr prdmuel mc mcmr rnlds jmpldsds- Dl npmrmel l cs rnlds`d dstec e`dltmc# dxestd ulm mlte`m` ndlr `d mdr èspleocd# pr c qud sd `dodmjustmr l ue`m` pmrm nelenemr cm dcenelmel `dc vmces mdr, Cm mrm pstdrer tedldulm mve`m` qud sd mdrm mc c m`m vd qud sd mcm, Ds pseocd qud sdm lddsmre mpcmlmrcm mrm pstdrer ̀ dspuås ̀ d vmres mcm`s# pmrm qud cm mve`m` l mcmld dc c, Vmrm dcc#usmr dc cmtdrmc `d cm nudcm,

@eoujmr ulm cîldm m cípez dl cm nudcm usml`g dc sgpgrtd ulevdr. smc kgng buîm,

Mc ngltmrcm# mceldmr cm hdrrm. nedltm m cm c îldm,

Msdburmrsd `d qud cm kmve`m` lg mckmlkd dc cg, [e ds ldkd. smreg# mpcmlmr cm kmrm pgstdregr kgltrm dc cmtdrmc `d cm nudcm `d

rdktekmr,

Enpgrtmltd Mkdrkmr kgl kue`m`g cm hdrrmnedltm m cm nudcm mc mpcmlmr cm kmrm

pgstdregr, Dc ecg lg `dod tgkmr cm ped`rm mltds qud dc tmcûl,

Ngvdr cm hdrrmnedltm `d cm`g m cm`g y usmr tg`g dc mlkhg `d cm nudcm, Lg `dspcmzmr nís `d ? nn udrm `d cm nudcm, Vrdseglmr kgl cgs `d`gs kdrkm `dc cg pmrm ul nmygr kgltrgc, Tlm nmygr prdseûl `d rdktekm`g sd trmùkd dl ulm dcenelmkeûl nís rípe`m`d mkdrg, Magjmr cm prdseûl mc lmc `dc mcm`g pmrm gotdldr ulm supdrked nís lm,

Mcmr hmstm qud sd prgùzkmulm rdomom dl tg`g dc oesdc,Dstm tdxturm sd pud`d sdlter kgl dc `d`g,



=??

Mcm`g `d kukheccms pmrm kdpeccg

Vmrm otdldr ul c =66$ rdt mc mcmr drrmnedltms ml.ms n ueccms pmrm dpecc# sd `dod prdstmr mtdlelm ul pmr `d mtrds qud mdtml mc rdsuctm`, Dc èspsetev`d rdtem` prprelm ul ílbuc `d rtd lstmltd mcm drrmnedltm# pdr cm rnm cbrm`m `dpdl`d `d uíltm prdseûl sd mpcequd dl dc cm` ̀ drd equedr`, Dc tednpg `d mcm` dl m`m cm` tmnoeål elaud dl cm rnm,

[e sd prdselml pr ebumc mnos cm`s sd nudvd cm drrmnedltm ulerndndltd pr cmnudcm# sd otdl`rí ul c lmv l rdt, Dst sd `dod m qud cm pmrtd dltrmc sd dx.pld nís tednp mc mcm` qud cs cm`s, Vmrm npdlsmr dstd ddt# pmsmr nís tednpmcml` cs cm`s,

Agrnm `d kgnomùrm

Cm nmrîm `d cs teps `d ueccms pmrm dpecc tedldl

ulm rnm lvdxm nomùrm, Dc brm` `d nomùrm`dpdl`d `dc tep `d pcml `dod sdr mprxenm`mndltddc nesn qud dc brsr `d cms verutms, Cm nomùrm (%vmrîm `d 6#8 nn pmrm ulm bmrcpm mstm 6#64 nn pmrm uldpecc `d mcesmr, Tl bmrcpîl `dod tdldr ulm nomùrmnu nís brml`d qud l pud`d cbrmrsd l dc èspse.tev [D.21, Ttecemr dc sprtd `d drrmnedltm [Q@.==6, Cmnomùrm sd otedld prdselml` nís udrtd dl cs cm`s, Tlm prtuodrmlem nmr `dcm ueccm dl dc èspsetev mecetmrí dstd ddt# m qud cm nmrîm `d ueccms pmrm dpecc

sl mcb adxeocds, Dl dc ms `d drrmnedltms brudsms rîbe`ms# cm rnm `d nomùrm sdrdm `dèml` nís tednp mcml` cs cm`s,

Mjustd `d cgs tgpds `d sdbure`m`

Dl prendr cubmr# ngltmr dc tgpd eltdregr nûvec (?% pmrm qud cm hdrrm. nedltm sd mpgyd mprgx, 1 nn kgltrm cm nudcm, @dspuås# ngltmr dc tgpd dxtdregr (;%# qud ds jg d el`dpdlèdltd `dc mlkhg `d cm

hdrrmnedltm,

Ngvdr cm hdrrmnedltm kglte. lumndltd dltrd cgs `gs tgpds,@dèkmr nís tednpg mcml`g cgs cm`gs,

Enpgrtmltd _dkgr`mr qud cgs èspgsetevgs Pgrndi (dxkdptg cgs mkkdsgregs

pmrm kukheccms `d kdpeccm`grms'`d níquelms `d kgrtd mlbucmr y cgs mkkdsgregs

`d kukheccgs `d ngcùcmr% lg tedldl tgpd `d prgulè`m` `d rdkteekm`g, Dstg

sebleekm qud dc usumreg `dke`d kgl sus nmlgs (prdseûl y tednpg `d rdkteekm`g%

`ûl`d tedld cubmr dc rdkteekm`g, Kgnprgomr cm grnm kgl rdkudlkem y sdbuer

rdkteekml`g hmstm qud sdm ldkdsmreg,



=?;

Vrdseglmr dc cm`g lg `d cm

ped`rm `d rdktekm`g kgltrm cm nudcm ùrmltd 04 sdbul`gs, Mpcekmr ul levdc kglse`drmocd`d prdseûl,

Ttecezmr dc nesng mjustd y mcmr

kgl cm supdrked lm ùrmltd;6.06 sdbul`gs, Lg prdseglmr `dnmsem`g udrtd,

[updrked nís lm kgl cm ped`rm `d rdktekm`g

Vmrm rdlmr cm supdred `d cm drrmnedltm# rdtemr cm nudcm l dc cm` l `d cm ped`rm`d rdtem` [V.146 `d Prnd, Mc prdselmr rndndltd cm ped`rm `d rdtem` ltrmcm nudcm# sd rdlm cm supdred `d cm nudcm `d rdtem` pmrm mtumr n ulm ped`rm `dbrml =666, [d pud`d rdurrer èrdtmndltd m dstm supdred nís lm `d cm nudcm uml`sd rdprùm ul ílbuc `d rtd dstmocde`,

Msdltm`g kgl dc èskg `d msdltm`g `d kudrg

Bermr cm níquelm `d rnm qud dc ès `d msdltm` berd dl sdlte` pudst m ustd`, Nvdrdc sprtd ulevdrsmc mem dc cm` `dc ès `d msdltm` `d udr nltmr dl pseelreltmc,

Dc èspsetev prprelm ul ltrc ttmc `dc ílbuc `d msdltm` dl dc n`dc P.2, Mjustmrdc nesn ílbuc `d msdltm` qud dc ílbuc `d rdtem`, Tsmr dc Nåtg`g `d kgcgrmkeûl`dc oesdc pmrm mjustmr, Msdltmr cm mrm pstdrer sel dc èspsetev,

Cs tpds ̀ d sdbure`m` l sd usml mc msdltmr (dstíl ̀ esdm`s pmrm usmrsd l cm nudcm ̀ drdtemr%, Vr dcc# sd ̀ dod tdldr ue`m` ̀ d l ̀ dscemr ̀ dnmsem` cmtdrmcndltd dc ̀ espse.tev, [ednprd `dod modr ulm pmrtd `d cm ueccm dl ltmt l dc ès,

Dl dc ng`dcg P.;# sd usm dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc kgng sgpgrtd`d hdrrmnedltm, Aejmr cm pgsekeûl

kgl dc `d`g îlèkd,

Kgcgrdmr dc oesdc, Kgndlzmr dc msdltm`g pgr dc tmcûl, Mjustmr hmstm qud dc kgcgr `dsmpmrdzkm

`d cm pultm,

Dc ng`dcg P.2 tedld cm vdltmjm`d pg`dr usmr dc èspgsetevg,



=?0

·Oesdc `d rdktekm`g dxtrm7

Mcbulms pdrslms rdnedl`ml ul oesdc dxtrm ( neroesdc% dl rnlds pmrm nm`drm ueccms pmrm dpecc, Cm rml ds qud dc msdltm` ̀ dspuås ̀ dc rdtem` sd md dltlds

l nmr rmpe`d# m qud l ds lddsmre msdltmr t`m cm supdred ̀ dc oesdc# sel scmndltddc ludv nís pdqud dl cm pultm,

Dl dc ms ̀ d cs rnlds ̀ d nm`drm# m ul ellvdledltd l dc oesdc sdul`mre# m qudl tedld dc mp `dc oesdc brml`d rebelmc pmrm ltrcmr dc rtd dl cm nm`drm,

kn dc rdtem` msdltm` `dc oesdc npcdt l dc nåt` Prnd ds íec rípe`#l m lddse`m` ̀ d oesdcds dxtrm, kl ul oesdc sdlecc sd pud`d mjustmr dc ílbuc ̀ dsdm` nmltdldrc íecndltd dl m`m pdrmel `d rdtem` msdltm`,

Cglbetu` `d mpgyg rdùke`mkgl ul oesdc dxtrm dl ulgrnûl pmrm nm`drm,

Cglbetu` `dc mpgygkgl ul oesdc úlekg,

Msdltmr cm kmrm pgstdregr m nmlg mczm`m, [ujdtmr cm hdrrmnedltm `d grnm quddstå tmlbdltd mc èskg,

¡Lg sujdtmr cm hdrrmnedltm m ul ílbucg nís prglulkem`g qud cm tmlbdltd- [d rd`gl`dmrí cm pultm,

Ílbucg `d kgrtd

Cms ueccms pmrm dpecc# rnlds pmrm nm`drm ue.ccms pmrm omstrål sd rdteml bdldrmcndltd l ul ílbuc`d rtd ( ν % `d ?4¶,

[e m qud cmormr `dtmccds `dcem`s l ul rnl pmrmnm`drm ocml`m# dc ílbuc `d rtd pud`d rdùersd m ?6¶,

[e sd trmomjm dl nm`drm ùrm sd utecem ul nm# m qud

elrdndltmr dc ílbuc `d rtd m ;6¶,



=?4

`pv pr prsQh.;?6

@esdýg

Dc ̀ espsetev ̀ d rdtem` nprdl`d dc sgpgrtd (=%# dc pgrtmkukheccms (?% cm ccmvd Mccdl (;%,Dl dstd èspsetev# cm drrmnedltm ds buem`m l prdesel dl ccml m c cmrb `d t`m suclbetu` l ulm prulè`m` prdmjustm`m, Åstd l ds dc ms l cs trs ̀ espsetevs Pr.nd# dl cs qud sl cms nmls ̀ dc pdrmre cms qud ̀ dtdrnelml ̀ l`d sd md dc rdtem` cm prulè`m` ̀ d åstd, Ds enprtmltd qud dc ílbuc ̀ d rdtem` sd jd l brml prdesel,[e sd sebudl neluesmndltd cms elstruelds pms m pms# dc rdsuctm` sdrí pdrdt,


@erdkkeûl `dc mcm`g: dl dc sdlte`g `dc kgrtd,

kTkhECCM[ @D kDVECCM@g_M @D MkD_g h[[

hgJM[ VM_M BTECCgPELM M ELBCDPD

Vmrm kumcquedr cglbetu`, Mlkhg nîl, (m% =; nn,Cms kukheccms `d kmrourg`d tulbstdlg lg pud`dl

rdktekmrsd,*

* Cm nudcm Ocmkistgld [ecekgl [O.?46 `d Pgrndi pud`d rdtgkmr kmrourg,



=?1

Vrdpmrmtevgs

Kgltrgcmr qud cm nudcm `d rdktekm`g sdm dxmktmndltdkerkucmr y qud cm supdrked `d

rdktekm`g dstå pcmlm, Dl kmsg ldkdsmreg# mjustmr kgl dc rdkte.km`gr PP.46 Pgrndi,

_dtermr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc y pgldr dc sgpgrtd dl cgs nml. buetgs `d cm níquelm, [e udrm ldkdsmreg# rdtermr dc èskg `d msdltm`g,

[ujdtmr cm hdrrmnedltm dl dc pgrtmkukheccms y msdburmrsd`d qud `dskmlsm m cg cmrbg`d tg`m cm cglbetu` `dc tgpd,Dnpdzmr sednprd kgl cm hgjm`mým`m `dc kgljultg,

Kgcgrdmr dc oesdc kgl ul rgtucm.`gr pmrm pg`dr vdr dc cubmr dl dc

qud sd ddktúm dc rdktekm`g mc mjustmr dc ílbucg `d kgrtd,

Kgcgkmr dc pgrtmkukheccms dl dc sgpgrtd, Mjustmr cm cglbetu` `d rdk.tekm`g sdbúl cm `d cm kukheccm `d nmldrm qud åstm lg pud`m smcer.

sd `dc cg `d cm nudcm ùrmltd dc trmomjg, Dstg sd hmkd mjustml`g y jml`g cgs `gs tgpds (4%, Cms kukheccms `d cglbetu` supdregr m ulgs ?26 nn sd `dspcmzml dl dc pgrtmkukheccms y sd rdktekml dl `gs sdkudlkems,

_dktekmr cm kukheccm dxmktm. ndltd kgl dc nesng ílbucg qud mc prelkepeg ( ν %,

Hmkdr ul mjustd `d mcturm elekemc kgl cms `gs rud`ms (1%, Mjustmr dc ílbucg `d kgrtd kgl dc tgrlec cg (2%, Hmkdr dc mjustd lg `d cm mcturmkgl cms rud`ms (1%, Dc oesdc `d cm kukheccm `dodrí `dskmlsmr mhgrm sgord cm nudcm mc nesng tednpg qud dc pgrtmkukheccms (?% tgkm dc sgpgrtd (=%,

Mjustd `dc ílbucg `d kgrtd y mceldmkeûl `dc èspgsetevg

=? nn=? nn



=?2

Kgltrgcmr dc mjustd mlbucmr hmkedl`g bermr dc èskg kgl cm nmlg, Cm nudcm hm `d hmkdr nmrkms dl tg`g dc oesdc `ds`d cm pultm mc tmcûl,

Vrdseglmr hmkem momjg dc èspgsetevg `d rdktekm`g y

msdburml`g kgl cgs tgrlec cgs`d nmldrm qud cms `gs rud`ms(1% `dskmlsdl sgord cm omsd

sel lelbulm hgcburm,

Kgltrgcmr qud cm hgjm hmbmkgltmktg kgl tg`g dc mlkhg`dc èskg9 ul trgzg `d pmpdc `dcbm`g mkecetm dstd kgltrgc, Mjustmr dl kmsg ldkdsmreg kgl cms rud`ms (1%,

Enpgrtmltd Ddktumr dc mjustd `dc ílbucg kgl kue`m`g m el `d gotdldr dxmktm. ndltd dc nesng qud dc ym dxestdltd, [e mc rdkte ekmr sd trgpedzm kgl dc tmcûl `dc

oesdc# cm gpdrmkeûl rdqudrerí ul tednpg elldkdsmremndltd cmrbg,

Mjustd `d cm prgulè`m` `d rdkteekm`g

Mjustd cm prgulè`m` `d mcm`g hmkedl`g bermr cms rud`ms (1%Vmrm kglsdrvmr dc pmrmcdcesng berd cms rud`ms dquetmtevmndltd, Cm prgulè`m` `d mcm`g sd nudstrm dl mnoms rud`ms `d rdbucmkeûl(1%# brmùm`ms m eltdrvmcgs `d 6#= nn, Lg ds ldkdsmreg qud kgelke.`ml cms nmrkms `d cms rud`ms (1%,

Magjmr cgs `gs tgrlec cgs `d sd. bure`m` (8% y `dskdl`dr cm pcmkm`d sgpgrtd prgpgrkeglmcndltd m cm ndè`m dl qud sd hml cdvmltm`g cms rud`ms (1%,

Msdburmr cm pcmkm `d sgpgrtd

‛nedltrms sd prdseglm‛ kgl cgs`gs tgrleccgs `d sdbure`m` (8%,

]ud`mrí mhgrm ul hudkg dltrd

dc pgrtmkukheccms y dc sgpgrtd,



=?8

_dktekmr enprenedl`g mc pgrtmkukheccms ul ngvenedltg`d vmevål `d cm`g m cm`g y kgnprdseûl ulegrnd dltrd

cgs tgpds cmtdrmcds,

Dc mbum tedl`d m kgrrdr hmkem cgs dxtrdngs `d cm hgjm, Ngltmr

cm oml`djm `d mbum dl cm kuodtm y dcdvmr dc cm`g `d cm rud`m `d msdltmr `d cm níquelm usml`g cgs `gs peds `d elkcelmkeûl, Dc mbum lg sdbuerí m cm kukheccm y bgtdmrí `dltrg `d cm kuodtm,

_dktekmr hmstm qud dc pgrtmku.kheccms `dskmlsd sgord dc sgpgr.td dl tg`m su cglbetu`, [d hmoríkgnpcdtm`g msî dc rdktekm`g,Vrgkd`dr `d cm nesnm nmldrmkgl cm gtrm kukheccm,

Vmrm kukheccms `d cglbetu` supd. regr m ?26 nn: @dspcmzmr cm hgjmdl dc pgrtmkukheccms y ddktumr dc rdktekm`g dl `gs sdkudlkems,Kgltrgcmr qud cm pmrtd pgstdregr `d cm hgjm `dskmlsm sgord dc tgpd,

Dcenelmr cms rdomoms puceål`g. cms sumvdndltd dl dc èskg `d msdltm`g `d kudrg, Dnpdzmr pgr cm kmrm pgstdregr y `dspuås sdbuer pgr dc oesdc y rdpdter dstmgpdrmkeûl ul pmr `d vdkds,Enpgrtmltd: ¡Msdltmr sednprddl dc sdlte`g gpudstg mc kgrtd-

_dkteekm`g

Msdltm`g

Enpgrtmltd [e dc ddktg `d rdkteekm`g `d cm nudcm

èsneluyd ùrmltd cm gpdrmkeûl# pg`rí rdmktevmrsd

íkecndltd kgl cm ped`rm `d rdkteekm`g [V.146

Pgrndi# qud hmrí qud sd pglbml m trmomjmr ludvgs

brmlgs,



=?5

Hgjms pmrm bueccgtelm m elbcdtd

Vmrm nltmr dstms jms nís mlms m qud quetmr ul ( `s% `d cs trleccs `dc prtm.ueccms, Ttecemr ulm ccmvd Mccdl `d ; nn, Cms elstruelds `d mcm` sl cms nesnms qudpmrm cms ueccms `d dpeccm`rm, Qcvdr m nltmr cs trleccs uml` mm qud rdtemrueccms `d dpeccm`rm,

Tl pmr `d hgjms pmrm bueccgtelm m elbcdtd,

Ttecezmr ulm ccmvd Mccdl `d ; nn pmrm quetmr ulg `d cgs tgrleccgs,

Ngltmr cm hgjm `d nmldrm qud dc cg sd dlkudltrd dl pmrmcdcg mc

pgrtmkukheccms,



=;6

`pv pr rr sQV.86

Mjustd `dc èspgsetevg, _dktekm`g,

@esdýg

klsuctmr cm ecustrmel `d cm píbelm sebuedltd, Dc èspsetev nprdl`d ulm omsd (=%# ulprtmueccs (?%# ul sprtd ulevdrsmc (;% dxtrm l nermjustd (0% `s pmrds `d dspebmsudms (4 1% pmrm dc prtmueccms,

Cm omsd dstí nltm`m dl dstd sprtd ulevdrsmc dxtrm dl dc sprtd ulevdrsmc dxestdltddl cm níquelm, Cm omsd dstí msdburm`m l dc trlecc (2%, Tl orm (8%# msdburm` l ulmpmcmlm nmlumc mjustmocd (5%# dstmoecem cm lstruel,

Cm ueccm dstí setum`m sord ul pmr `d dspebms udms dl dc prtmueccms, Tl eníl (=;%nmltedld cm ueccm dl su cubmr, Dc prtmueccms tedld rees qud pdrnetdl dc nltmjd `dueccms ̀ d ̀ edrdltds teps, Jult l dc ̀ espsetev vedldl ̀ s pmrds ̀ d dspebms (0 4 nn%,

Dc prtmueccms (?% sd `dscem sord cm omsd (=%# qud tedld supdreds VPD m l `d nelenemrcm reel, Cms ueccms tedldl cms mrms rdtem`ms, Cm prulè`m` `dc rdtem` sd mjustml cm tudrm qud m dl dc sprtd ulevdrsmc reltmc,


kTkhECCM[ VM_M NgC@T_M_

Mcm kukheccms kgl ulm sdpmrmkeûl dltrd cgskdltrgs `d cgs mbujdrgs `d buîm `d ?0# ;6g ;8 nn, Lg m`dkum`g pmrm kukheccms sel

mbujdrgs `d buîm,

DCENELMkEûL @D VELPT_M DL hgJM[ VD_ECM@M[



=;=

Vmrm rdùker dc dnomcmjd mul nîleng# lg sd ngltml cms`gs rud`ms (==%, Ngltmrcgs bgcpdml`g sumvdndltd kgl ul nmrtec cg, Msdburmrsd `d qud hmy ul sgpgrtd pcmlg `domjg `dc mpgyg,

Ttecezmr dc pmr `d dspebms quddlkmjml dl dc èíndtrg `dc grekeg `dc kukheccg y ngltmrcmsdl cgs `gs grekegs qud sd

m`mptml m cm kukheccm, Kgnpre. ner cms dspebms kgl ulm tdlmzmd eltrgùkercms kgnpcdtmndltddl cgs grekegs,

Ngltmr dc ormzg (8% kgl cm pmcmlkm nmlumc (5% y cm tudrkm(=?%, Mjustmr cm pmcmlkm m cm pgsekeûl nís kglvdledltd,

Ngltmjd `dc èspgsetevg

Kgltrgc `d cm nudcm `d rdktekmr

kltrcmr qud cm nudcm `d rdtemr sdmdxmtmndltd erucmr qud cm supdred ̀ drdtem` dstå pcmlm, Dl ms lddsmre#

mjustmr l dc rdtem`r PP.46 Prnd,

[gpgrtd ulevdrsmc dxestdltd (M%



=;?

Ngltmjd y mjustd `dc èspgsetevg

Ngltmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc dxtrm (;% dl cm omsd hgrezgltmc

y dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc grebelmc (qud dl cms níquelms `d ng.`dcgs mltdregrds lg tedldl dc

nekrgmjustd% dl cgs nmlbuetgsvdrtekmcds,

Aejmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc vdrtekmc m ulgs ?4 nn `d cm nudcm, Dstg vmcd pmrm cms nud. cms `d ?46 nn `d èíndtrg,Vmrm nudcms `d èíndtrg nís pdqudýg# hmy qud rdùker cmèstmlkem,

Eltrgùker cm omsd (=% dl dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc vdrtekmc hmstmqud rgkd cm pmtm `dc sgpgrtd(m%, @djmr qud cm pmrtd eldregr (o% `d cm omsd `dskmlsd sgorddc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc hgrezgltmc,Dl dstm dtmpm# dc ormzg (8% hm

`d dstmr elmktevg,

Kgcgkmr cm kukheccm dl dc pgrtmkukheccms y dc eníl cg nmltdl`rí dl su seteg,

Kgcgkmr dc pgrtmkukheccms (?% dldc kdltrg `d cm omsd (=% `d ng`gqud cm kukheccm qud`d ceord `d cm nudcm, Mjustmr dc sgpgrtdulevdrsmc (;% kgl dc nekrgmjustd(0% `d nmldrm qud cm kukheccm rgkd cebdrmndltd cm nudcm,

Mjustmr cm prgulè`m` `dc rdk.tekm`g (våmsd momjg% magjml`gdc nekrgmjustd (0% y `dspcmzml`gdc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc hmkem cm ní.quelm, Msdburmr kgl cm rud`m# k,

Lgtm Dnpdzmr kgl ulm prgulè`m` `d rdkteekm`g `d 6#64 nn, Dstg kgrrds.

pgl`d m ul berg `dc nekrgmjustd (0% `d ulm nmrkm, [e ds ldkdsmreg# elkrdndltmr

cm prgulè`m` `d rdkteekm`g hmkedl`g bermr cm tudrkm gtrm nmrkm,

Elngvecezmr cm omsd kgl dc tgr. leccg (2% y dstmoec ezmrcm jml`gdc ormzg (8% `d nmldrm qud cm omsd qud`d rnd sel lelbúl judbg dl dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc hgrezgltmc, Cgs `gs sgpgrtds

ulevdrsmcds pg`ríl trmomjmr mhgrm mc ulîsglg y hmkdr dstmocd tg`g dc kgljultg,



=;;

Mcmr cm kukheccm ngvedl`g dc pgrtmkukheccms `d mrreom y momjg`d nmldrm qud kuorm dc mlkhgtgtmc `d cm kukheccm,

Ngvdr brmùmcndltd dc pgrtmkukheccms `d cm`g m cm`g# mc tednpgqud sd `dspcmzm hmkem mrreom y momjg dltrd cgs tgpds ezquedr`g

y `drdkhg `d cm omsd,

Bermr dc pgrtmkukheccms =86¶, Kgltelumr mcml`g, Ngvdr dc pgrtmkukheccms dltrd cgs tgpds ezquedr`g y `drdkhg `d cm omsd, Mhgrm cm kukheccm dl sutgtmce`m` `dodrí dstmr hgngbåldmndltd mcm`g,

Lgtm Dc ngvenedltg hmkem momjg y mrreom hm `d rdmcezmrsd sel djdrkdr `dnm.

sem`m prdseûl, Ngvdr dc pgrtmkukheccms kgl omstmltd rmpe`dz mc elmc `dc me cm`g ‛mprgxenm`mndltd ulm kmrrdrm pgr sdbul`g‛ y sd gotdl`rí cm supdreked nís

cesm, Kgltelumr dc me cm`g hmstm qud kmse lg sd dceneld mkdrg,

_dùkkeûl níxenm `dc brgsgr `d cm kukheccm

Cm ueccm l m `d rdtemrsd tmltms vdds qud sd vudcvm `dnmsem` `dcbm` pedr`m surdsestdlem, Dc brsr l m `d rdùersd nís `d 6#; nn `dc rebelmc, Tl rdtem` lrnmcrdùd dc brsr dl 6#64 nn, Dst seblem qud sd pud`d mcmr ulm ueccm 1 vdds mltds`d qud sd vudcvm `dnmsem` `dcbm`,

Msdltm`g

Cm rdomom# qud pdrnmldd dl dc cm` `dc oesdc# m `d dcenelmrsd pr msdltm` m nml mc.m`m dl cs èss `d udr, Nmltdldr sednprd cm ueccm `d nmldrm qud dc ès berd dlsdlte` pudst mc rtd, Msdltmr cm mrm dc oesdc mctdrlmtevmndltd dl dc ès `d msdltm`brml`d dl dc pdqud ès pdrcm`# t` c qud pdrnetm dc pdrc `d cm ueccm# mstmqud `dsmpmrdm cm rdomom, Tl c oedl msdltm` `djm ulm supdred nís cenpem cesm dl cmnm`drm ùrm nís cm mbu`dm `dc uecc,

Mecm`g

Lgtm Tlm vdz sd hm mecm`g cm prendrm kukheccm# pg`rí

me cmrsd cm sebuedltd nmltdledl`g dc nesng mjustd,



mr



=;1

_ar tt.46

@esdýg

Dstd rdtem`r úle pmtdltm` rdtemcm nudcm `djíl`cm pdrdtmndltd erucmr pcmlm mc nltmrc dl cm níquelm, Dc rdte.m` dstí buem` pr dc sprtd ulevdrsmc(=%# qud tmnoeål buîm dc èspsetev, Dstbmrmltem qud cm supdred `d cm ped`rm sdmpmrmcdcm m cm drrmnedltm nltm`m dl dcèspsetev,

Cm drrmnedltm tedld ul èspsetev `dmvmld elrprm` (?% pmrm ltrcmr .n`mndltd cm pultm ̀ d rtd ̀ dc ̀ emnmltd(;% dl cm nudcm, [d pud`d otdldr cm prulè`m` `d rtd `dsdm`m ndèmltd ulm dsmcm(0% dl dc sprtd ulevdrsmc, Tlm prulè`m` mprpem`m sd dludltrm dltrd 6#?4 6#24 nn,

Dc c rtmltd lsestd `d pdquds brmls `d èmnmltd elrustm`s dl ul ecel`r `dord, Cs brmls dstíl cm`s errdbucmrndltd n cms –buel`ms dl ulm tmrtm„, @urmltddc us# sd `dsbmstm dc ord ocml` `djml` mpmrddr cs brmls `d èmnmltd, Cs brmls

qud sd `dsbmstml `dspuås `d mcbúl tednp sl rddnpcmm`s pr trs ludvs, Dstd èsdprprelm ulm cmrbm ve`m útec mc c,

Lgtm Cgs prgpedtmregs `d cms níquelms nís mltebums# qud

tedldl sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc sel

nekrgmjustd# `dodríl mjustmr

cm prgulè`m` nmlumcndltd,


• _dktekm cm nudcm dxmktmndltd kerkucmr

y pcmlm,

• Tl èspgsetevg `d mvmlkd elkgrpgrm`g y

`d íkec nmldjg `djm ulm supdrked cesm dl

cm nudcm,

• Mc mvmlzmr dc èmnmltd nís rípe`mndltd#

sd pud`d `djmr ulm supdrked nís brudsm y mundltmr cm tmsm `d dcenelmkeûl `d mkdrg`d cm nudcm `d rdktekmr,

• Mjustd kûng`g `d cm prgaulè`m` `d

kgrtd ndèmltd dc nekrgmjustd `dc sgpgrtdulevdrsmc,



=;2

Mjustmr cm mcturm `dc sgpgrtdulevdrsmc pmrm pg`dr kgcgkmr dc rdktekm`gr,

Vrdseglmr dc rdktekm`gr hmkemdc sgpgrtd (4%, Aejmr kgl cm rud`m`d sdbure`m` (1%,

Vgldr dl nmrkhm cm níquelm y ccdlmr cm kuodtm `d mbum,

Kglgrnm`g `d cm nudcm `d rdkteekm`g

Omjmr dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc kgldc nekrgmjustd (0% hmstm qud dc cg `d kgrtd tgqud dc pultg nís mctg `d cm nudcm,

@dtdldr cm níquelm, Ngvdr dc cg `d kgrtd cmtdrmcndltdkgl ulm `d cms rud`ms (?% pmrm

smkmrcg `d cm nudcm,

Mjustmr cm prgulè`m` `dkgrtd `dsdm`m (m% dcdvml`g dc nekrgmjustd qud sd brm`úm km`m6#?4 nn,

Vrdseglmr hmkem momjg pmrmqud dc nekrgmjustd vudcvm m

mpgymrsd dl dc nmlbuetg (8%,Ocgqudmr kgl cgs `gs tgrleccgs`d sdbure`m` (2%,

Vgldr cm níquelm dl nmrkhm, Mvmlzmr cm pultm `d kgrtd

berml`g cms `gs rud`ms (?% mctdrlmtevmndltd, Ttecezmr mprgx,56 sdbul`gs pmrm ngvdr pgr

cm nudcm,

• Cm prgaulè`m` `d kgrtd níxenm `d 6#24 nn,

• Lg mvmlzmr `dnmsem`g `dspmkeg pmrm dvetmr veormkeglds,

• _dkteaekmr cm nudcm tml prgltg sd lgtd amctm `d rd`gl`dz, [d elkrdndltm

msî cm ve`m útec `d cm nudcm, Elkcusg dc nís pdqudýg `ddktg `d rd`gl`dz

elkrdndltmrí mutgnítekmndltd se sd sebud trmomjml`g,• Dc nmtdremc `d orglkd dltrd cgs brmlgs `d èmnmltd dl cm pultm `d kgrtd

sd bmstmrí elndèmtmndltd m ul levdc justg pgr `domjg `d cms pultms `d

èmnmltd, Mulqud pud`m pmrdkdr qud cm pultm `d kgrtd dstí `ddktugsm#

sd trmtm `d mcbg lgrnmc,

[d pud`d rdktekmr cm nudcm kgl nmygr rmpe`dz se sd mvmlzm cm

hdrrmnedltm nís rípe`g, Ttecezmr ;6 sdbul`gs pmrm kruzmr cm nudcm, Ttecezmr ulm prgulè`m` `d kgrtd níx, `d 6#?4 nn,



=;8

Vr ra sV.146

Lgtm Vmrm gotdldr ulm nudcm kgl

ulm rd`gl`dz dxmktm# ds ldkdsmreg

utecezmr dc rdktekm`gr PP.46,

Vrgped`m`ds `d cms nudcms `d rdktekmr

@e l sdleccd: ulm nudcm `d rdtemr rdrebdrm`m pr mbum sd lstrud pmrm trmomjmrl rmpe`d prprelmr ulm supdred omstm dl cm drrmnedltm rdtemr nís cdltmndltdpmrm `djmr ulm supdred nís cesm, Tlm ped`rm `d mcm` rípe` ds –sumvd„# c qud seblemqud sus brmls dstíl cebdrmndltd ule`s m cm nudcm, Cs brmls vedjs `dsbmstm`s sd

`dsprdl`dl íecndltd `djml` qud surjml trs ludvs mbu`s, Tlm nudcm pmrm mcm`l ds –nís ̀ urm„# l c qud sd quedrd ̀ der qud sus brmls dstíl ule`s nís udrtdndltdm cm ped`rm, Cms nudcms ùrms sd `dsbmstml ndls qud cms ocml`ms,

Cm nudcm ̀ d mcmr Prnd m se` ̀ dsmrrccm`m dspdemcndltd pmrm ul mcm` rípe` sel quddcc rdùl`d dl pdrjuee `d su ve`m útec, Pedld ul brml `d tmnm ??6, Vud`dl moremrsdnudcms l brml nís l# pdr su ellvdledltd ds ul pdr ddt `d mcm`# qud dxebdtmnoeål nís tednp, L ds pseocd otdldr cms `s vdltmjms (mcm` rípe` cm supdrednís cesm% l cm nesnm nudcm,

Ddtumr dc prendr rdtem`# dl dc qud sd rnm cm drrmnedltm# l ulm nudcm íspdrm `dmcm` rípe` `dspuås sustetuercm pr trm nís lm cdltm pmrm otdldr ulm supdrednís mlm`m, Dst# sel dnomrb# ds ul trmomj tdès mr, M`dnís `dc ellvdledltd `dtdldr qud trmomjmr l `s nudcms `s níquelms# sdrîm lddsmre tdldr qud mjustmr `svdds dc èspsetev# m qud cs èíndtrs `d cms `s nudcms l sl dxmtmndltd ebumcds,


Dstm nudcm ds `d kmrourg `d secekeg, Pedldul cm`g `d brmlg nuy lg y gtrg `d brmlg

brudsg,

• Dc cm`g lg servd pmrm rdktekmr kgl

nmygr lurm,

• Dc cm`g omstg rdstmurm cm nudcm pmrm

rdktekm`g rípe`g lgrnmc

• _dmktevm cm nudcm dnpmstm`m,



=;5

Vrgped`m`ds `d cm nudcm `d rdktekmr y `d cm ped`rm `d rdktekm`g Pgrndi

Cm nudcm rebelmc Prnd cm nudcm Ocmstld [ecel `d Prnd dstíl lstrue`ms pmrmsdr trmtm`ms l cm ped`rm `d rdtem` mnoemr sus prped`m`ds `d rdtem` rípe`m rdtem` l# ds `der# mcm`, Cms vdltmjms `d dst sl ovems, Tstd` pud`d# m cm vd#mdr dc prendr rdtem` rípe` dc mcm` dl cm nesnm nudcm l cm nesnm níquelm l dc nesn mjustd `dc èspsetev, M`dnís# mc sdr ul nåt` nu rípe`# sd otedld ulc pdrdt pudst qud dc rdtem` l sd md dxmtmndltd dl cm nesnm pseel quddc prendr rdtem`,

Cm rdbucmel `d cm ùrdm `d cm nudcm sd md prdselml` dc cm` l `d cm ped`rm `drdtem`# c qud md qud uleld n ulm nudcm `d brml l (mprx, brml =666%,

Dl cm nudcm Jmpmldsd Rmtdrstld# dc cm` l ̀ d cm ped`rm ̀ d rdtem` sd usm pmrm cenpemrcm supdred,

_dktekmr cm hdrrmnedltm`d cm nmldrm hmoetumc, Cmburm nudstrm ulm kukheccm pmrm kdpeccg dl dc èspgsetevg`d cg rdktg [D.21,

_dbucmr cm nudcm prdseglml`g dc cm`g lg sgord cm nudcm ùrmltd ?6‛;6 sdbul`gs, Ttecezmr ulm prdseûl mctm,

_dktekmr gtrm vdz djdrkedl`gulm cebdrm prdseûl sgord cm nudcm mjustm`m, Cm kukheccm pmrmkdpeccg pdrnmldkd dl cm nesnm pgsekeûl dl dc èspgsetevg,

Aulkeglmnedltg

Vrdseglmr dc cm`g omstg `d cm ped`rm `d rdktekm`g sgord cm nudcm ùrmltd ?6‛;6 sdbul`gs y ngvdrcmtrmlsvdrsmcndltd sgord cm nesnm, Åstm rdkupdrmrí

mhgrm cm kmpmke`m` `d rdktekm`g rípe`g,

_dpgldr cm nudcm pmrm dc rdkteekm`g rípe`g lgrnmc

Lgtm Lg `djmr qud cm ped`rm `d rdkteekm`g `dskmlsd èrdktmndltd sgorddc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc puds pg`rîm prgvgkmr su `dsbmstd, Ttecezmr cm ped`rm

`d rdkteekm`g kgl cms nuýdkms `dskmlsml`g sgord dc sgpgrtd ulevdrsmc#

sdbúl cm eburm,



=06

mnr Rn.?66Dc pmtdltm` MlbcdNmstdr tedld `s ulelds: pud`d utecemrsd pmrm mjustmr dc èspsetev mcm nudcm `d nmldrm qud åstm cmord cm drrmnedltm mc ílbuc `d rtd `dsdm` `ds`d =6¶ m24¶# pud`d usmrsd tmnoeål pmrm ndèr umcquedr ílbuc `d rtd dxestdltd dl ulm drrm.nedltm, Dstm buîm ̀ d ílbucs m se` ̀ esdm`m pmrm trmomjmr dl nudcms ̀ d umcquedr ̀ eíndtr#`ds`d ?46 nn mstm =46 nn, [d otedld ul mjustd dxmt el`dpdlèdltdndltd `dc brm``d `dsbmstd `d cm nudcm, Dc MlbcdNmstdr tedld `s enmlds pmrm ulm n`m jmel m cmmrmsm `d cm níquelm (sc dl Prnd P.2%,

Kgnpdlsm`gr `d èíndtrg Vud`d mjustmrsd sdbúl dc èíndtrg `d cm nudcm m eltdrvmcgs `d 4 nn,

Mjustm`gr `d ílbucgsVud`d mjustmrsd m kumc.quedr ílbucg `d =6¶ m 24¶kgl ulm dxmktetu` `d =¶,

Enmlds (hmy ?% Vmrm cm jmkeûl`dc MlbcdNmstdr mc sgpgrtd `d cm hdrrmnedltm,

[urkgs pmrm ndèkeûlVmrm ndèr ul ílbucg`d kgrtd dxestdltd,



=0=

Mjustd `d ulm kukheccm pmrm kdpec cg kgl ul ílbucg `d kgrtd `d ?4¶ dl ulm nudcm `d ?46 nn,

Dc nesng ílbucg `d kgrtd dl ulm nudcm `dsbmstm`m m =86 nn, Dc `dsbmstd sd kgnpdlsm mjustml`g

dc kgnpdlsm`gr `d `eíndtrgs mc `d cm nudcm,

Kgnpdlsm`gr `d `eíndtrg




=0?

Mjustd `d ulm buoem `d tgrldmr kudlkgs m ul ílbucg `d kgrtd `d 04¶ dl dc èspgsetevg [Q@.=84, Dc èíndtrg `d cm nudcm ds `d ??4 nn,

Ndèkeûl `dc èíndtrg `d cm nudcm

kuml` sd mjustm dc npdlsm`r `d èíndtrs pmrm qud rrdspl`m mc èíndtr `d cmnudcm# l ds lddsmre ndèrcm, Dl dc rtuc `d cm níquelm m ulm dsmcm qud elèm dcèíndtr dl necîndtrs# qud pud`d trmlsdrersd íecndltd mc npdlsm`r ̀ dc MlbcdNmstdr,Dst sc ds pseocd dl dc n`dc Prnd P.2,

Cm dskmcm nudstrm qud cm nudcmtedld ul èíndtrg `d ?;6 nn,

Dc kgnpdlsm`gr `d èíndtrg sd mjustm m ?;6 nn,



=0;

Ndèkeûl ̀ dc ílbucg `d kgrtd ̀ d ul kukheccg, Ndèkeûl ̀ dc ílbucg `d kgrtd ̀ d ulm buoem`d tgrldmr kudlkgs,

Ndèkeûl `dc ílbucg `d kgrtd



=00

bî pr rr r tts.=66Cm buîm pmrm drrmnedltms `d trldm` pmtdltm` ds cm cmvd `dc Nåt` `d mcm` Prndpmrm drrmnedltms ̀ d trldm` ̀ d nm`drm, Åstd pdrnetd rdmr rdprùer dxmtmndltd dc c`d sus buoems `d udls buoems `d pdrcmr# m`dnís `d sus rnlds pcmls u vmcm`sl c rdt urvm`, Prmomjm ljultmndltd l dc èspsetev pmrm buoems [Q@.=84 dc èspsetev nucteus [Q[.46,

[Q@.=84

[Q[.46

Aulkeglmnedltg

Prds mtrds ̀ dtdrnelml cm rnm `d ulm buoem: dc mjustd ̀ dc ̀ espsetev (J[%# cm prtuodrml.

em (V% cm èstmlem dltrd dc sprtd ulevdrsmc cm ped`rm (ree M O%, Mc ltrcmr dstsmtrds rdpdtercs m`m vd qud sd mcm# sd otedld ulm rdprùel dxmtm `d cm rnm dc ílbuc `d rtd dl m`m msel,

MJT[P D @D @E[Vg [E PE Qg > J[

V_gPTOD_MLkEM > V

@E[PMLkEM hM[PM CM VED@_M

[Q@.=84 [Q[.46



=04

Kmrm ?

Dstm mrm tedld tpds pmrm cms prtuodrmlems rdndl`m`ms`d cm drrmnedltm dl dc `espsetev (V%,

Kmrm =

Dc sprtd ulevdrsmc tedld `s rees# M O, Dc tep `d drrmnedltm dc pdrc rdqudre``de`dl dc ree qud sd `dod usmr,

@eskgs `d kgltmktg ndtícekgs

Grekegdxtdregr

Grekeg eltdregr

_mlurms `d nd`ekeûl`dc ílbucg `d kgrtd

Eníl `d

mcnmkdlmnedltg

Eníl `d mcnmkdlmnedltg



=01

Agrnms y ílbucgs `d kgrtd sdcdkkeglm`gs

Dxestdl nuctetu` `d moremltds `d drrmnedltms `d trldm`# pr c qud cms rnms csílbucs `d rtd vmrîml lse`drmocdndltd, Vr djdnpc# dxestdl rnlds `d trldm`rdmcem`s dl íorems l ílbucs `d rnl `d dltrd =4¶ ;6¶ ílbucs `d rtd qudvmrîml dltrd ?4¶ 06¶, Cms buoems `d udls rdmcem`ms dl íorems tedldl ul ílbuc `drtd `d dltrd ;6¶ 16¶, Dstm mnpcem bmnm `d rnms ds dc ntev pr dc qud Prnd mstmdc nndlt l m rdmcem` rdndl`mel mcbulm sord dc mjustd `d cm rnm dc ílbuc`d rtd, Dl cubmr `d dcc# dns rde` cm tålem `djm` qud m`m usumre dlltrmrm cmbdndtrîm (ds ̀ der# cm rnm dc ílbuc ̀ d rtd% qud ndjr sd m`mptmom m m`m lddse`m`,

[el dnomrb# `dspuås `d modr mocm` l nus trldrs `d t` dc nul`# mrmvdns cm lddse`m` `d mu`mr m mjustmr `d rnm rípe`m dc èspsetev# mlsdjmr sordmcbulms rnms ílbucs ̀ d rtd nís m`dum`s, Dc mjustm`r ̀ d drrmnedltms ̀ d trldm``d Prnd rdd mnoms sms,

Dc um`r `d sdcdel `d cm píbelm sebuedltd nudstrm bdndtrîms rdndl`m`ms pr tr.ldrs dxpdrts rdle`s tmccdrds `d trldm` `d t` dc nul` (p, dj, krmt [uppcedsdl DD,TT, @rdsdcstuod Ldmrstdelm dl Mcdnmlem%,

ym qud ulm drrmnedltm pud`d tdldr ul lúndr ecenetm` `d noelmelds `d rnms ílbucs `d rtd# cms drrmnedltms ludvms tedldl ulm rnm nís ndls èsteltm dl n.pmrmel l cms rnms `dc um`r, Msî puds# prendr sd `dod lrnmr su drrmnedltmsdbúl ulm `d cms rnms `d dstd um`r, Vstdrerndltd# sd p`ríl rdmcemr cs sebuedltdsmcm`s `d rnm íec dl ndls `d ul nelut,

Dtequdtms `d pdrc

Mltmr cs mjustds dl ulm dtequdtm ̀ d pdrc qud sd sunelestrm jult l dc mjustm`r PP[.=66 cmr dl cm vercm `d cm drrmnedltm, Mrm dstíl rdbestrm`s cs trds mtrds sd p`rírdprùer l dxmtetu` m`m vd,

[ubdrdlkem M`hdrersd m cm grnm sdcdkkeglm`m, Kmnoemr cm grnm# elkcusg

cebdrmndltd# rdquedrd `dèkmr ul tednpg elldkdsmreg m dstm cmogr, [e sd ldkdsetm

ulm grnm èdrdltd pmrm ul tepg `d trmomjg èdrdltd# sd rdkgnedl`m kgnprmr

gtrm hdrrmnedltm mèkeglmc y nmltdldr ulm grnm úlekm pdrnmldltd# dl cubmr

`d kmnoemrcm km`m vdz qud sd kmnoem `d tmrdm, M cmrbg pcmzg# dstg cd mhgrrmrí

nukhg tednpg y tmnoeål èldrg, [us hdrrmnedltms ùrmríl tg`m cm ve`m# mc sûcg

tdldr qud rdtgkmr dc ecg mc mecmr,



=02

kum`r `d sdcdel `d PP[.=66

Buoems `d kudlkgs

= ν>04° J[ ?

V 14

Grekeg M

Vdrc dstíl`mr, [ûcg mcms cebdrmndltd

dl dkhm, Vmrm tgrldrgs `d tg`gscgs levdcds `d dspdkemcezmkeûl,

? ν>04°

Vdrc ercml`ås, Mcms dl dkhm,

Ngvdr cm hdrrmnedltm dl

vmevål =86º `d cm`g m cm`g

; ν>06°

J[ ?

V 24

Grekeg M

Kgl mcms dl dkhm cmrbm,

_dcmtevmndltd mbrdsevg, Vmrm

tgrldrgs `d levdc prgadseglmc,

0 ν>44°

J[ 0

V 14

Grekeg M

Dc nmygr ílbucg `d kgrtd ds

rdkgndl`mocd pmrm tgrldmr

kudlkgs prgaul`gs,

4 ν>16°

J[ 1

V 24

Grekeg M

Agrnm `d tepg –Dccswgrth„,

Mcms prglulkem`ms kglvdxms,

Buoems `d pdraecmr

= ν>;6°

J[ ?

V 44

Grekeg O



`d levdc prgadseglmc,

? ν>04°J[ ?V 14

Grekeg M

Vdrc dstíl`mr, Vmrm tgrldrgs `d

tg`gs cgs levdcds `d dspdkemcezmkeûl,

Agrnglds

=

Aecgs rdktgsJ[ ?6¶

V 14

Grekeg O




?

Aecgs rdktgs

J[ ?6¶V 44

Grekeg O

Vmrm mnpcem mpcekmkeûl,Nís aíkec `d kgltrgcmr qud


;


V 24

Grekeg O




0


V 14

Grekeg O

Vmrm mnpcem mpcekmkeûl,

Nís aíkec `d kgltrgcmr qud




=08

n tri Cm nudcm rebelmc Prnd sd m `dsmrrccm` l dc pms `d cs ms pmrm noelmr ulmdcenelmel dm `dc mdr# ul mmom` supdremc pcml ulm cmrbm ve`m útec, kn dsenpseocd qud ulm nudcm elrprd ulm dcenelmel `d mdr nís rípe`m ul mmom` su.pdremc nís l# dns ̀ dsmrrccm` ̀ s nudcms pelmcds pmrm smtesmdr cms lddse`m`dsdspdemcds: cm nudcm Ocmstld [ecel cm nudcm lm Jmpmldsd Rmtdrstld, Dc nmlumc `delstruelds dstí omsm` dl cm nudcm rebelmc Prnd# pdr tmnoeål ds mpcemocd m cm nudcmOcmstld [ecel, Cm nudcm Jmpmldsd Rmtdrstld tedld ulm npseel ̀ edrdltd# mc dstmrdm pmrm rdmr supdreds nís lms, Pedld ulm mpme`m` `d dcenelmel `d mdr cenetm`m l pud`d usmrsd pmrm lrnmr drrmnedltms,

Nudcm grebelmc Pgrndi [B.?46 y [B.?66

Ds dstíl`mr dl cs n`dcs P.2 ?666 ([B.?46% cs n`dcs P.; =?66 ([B.?66%, Mptm

pmrm t` tep `d drrmnedltms mdrs# elcue` h[[, _dtem dmndltd mc tednp qudprprelm ul mmom` l mc oesdc, Dc tmnm `d brml ds ??6, Tlm nudcm qud elrprm`s melds `d rtd èdrdltds, Dl su lèel `d brml ??6 lrnmc# pud`d rdtemrsdl cm ped`rm ̀ d rdtem` [V.146 pmrm qud mtúd n ulm nudcm ̀ d brml =666, Åstm dsulm brml vdltmjm# m qud pud`d rdmcemr mcm` l l dc nesn mjustd `d èspsetev qudsd usm pmrm dc lrnm` eleemc `d cm drrmnedltm l cm nudcm dl su lèel lrnmc `dbrml ??6, Mrrd tednp dc èldr `d ulm nudcm dxtrm,

Ocmkistgld [ecekgl [O.?46 `d Pgrndi

[c èspleocd pmrm cs n`dcs P.2 ?666 ([O.?46%, [d m `dsmrrccm` pmrm mdr h[[ tr mcdmelds dspdemcds, [u rípe`m dcenelmel `dc mdr rdsuctm ulm vdltmjm dspdemc.ndltd mc rdtemr drrmnedltms l ulm supdred `d oesdc mnpcem# uml` cm prdsel `drdtem` dstí cenetm`m (pr djdnpc# ueccms `d dpeccm`rms rnlds `d trldm`%, Dc[O.?46 l rdd ulm dcenelmel rípe`m `d mdr dl mdr mc mrol rèlmre, Cm nudcmOcmstld [ecel `d Prnd tmnoeål pud`d rdtmr mrour `d tulbstdl, Dc tmnm `dbrml ds ??6# n cm nudcm rebelmc Prnd [B.?46, Brmems m sus brmls mcm`s rd.cmtevmndltd pdquds# cm nudcm Ocmstld dcenelm dc mdr ùr l dmem elcus lulm omjm prdsel `d rdtem`, Mc ebumc qud cm nudcm rebelmc Prnd# cm nudcm Ocmstld

[ecel `d Prnd pud`d rdtemrsd l cm ped`rm `d rdtem` [V.146,

Jmpmldsd Rmtdrstgld [J.?46 y [J.?66 `d Pgrndi

Dstí èspleocd pmrm cs n`dcs P.2 ?666 ([J.?46% cs n`dcs P.; =?66 ([J.?66%, Dctmnm ̀ d brml ds 0666 cm nudcm rdd ul mmom` oreccmltd mse sel rmlurms veseocds, [dm `dsmrrccm` pmrm mcmr drrmnedltms nmlumcds# `l`d cm rnm dc ílbuc `d rtd mdstíl dstmocde`s pdr lddsetml ulm supdred dxtrm lm, E`dmc pmrm drrmnedltms ̀ d tmccm#ueccs# tejdrms# ueccms pmrm dpecc rnlds pmrm nm`drm, Cm supdred qud `djm cmnudcm Jmpmldsd Rmtdrstld ds tml lm qud cm drrmnedltm l `dod msdltmrsd dl dc ̀ es ̀ dmsdltm` ̀ d udr, Majmr cm prdsel mc lmc ̀ dc mcm` pmrm otdldr ulm supdred nís lm,

[d `dod cenpemr cm supdred `d cm nudcm `d cms pmrtîucms `d mdr mprx, m`m nelutl dc cm` l `d cm ped`rm `d rdtem` [V.146, L usmr dc cm` bruds `d cm ped`rm `drdtem` l cm nudcm Jmpmldsd Rmtdrstld,



=05

` r pracm.=?6Dc ès `d msdltm` dcenelm cm rdomom pucd dc eltdrer `d cms buoems drrmnedltms dl Q,Pedld `s èss eltdrmnoemocds# ul l ul rmè `d ; nn tr l ulm pultm `d 16¶,

hm ul ljult `d pdrcds dstrds pelmcds (CM.=?0% l ul rmè `d ? nn ulmpultm `d 04¶,

[ujdtmr cm hdrrmnedltm `d grnmqud dc kmlmc dstå tmlbdltd mc èskg,

@eskgs eltdrkmnoemocds, Dskmcmkgnpcdtm,

[d pud`d ngltmr ul èskg dxtrm se `dsdm èspgldr `d mnogs judbgs,

Dc èskg `d msdltm`g `d kudrg pdrcm`g CM.=?6 ds mptg pmrm tg`gs cgs tmnmýgs `d buoems, Dc mnpceg dspmkeg dltrd cgs èskgs pdrnetd msdltmr elkcusg cms buoems `d `dsomstd(tmnmýg mquî ;? nn%,

Dl dc kmsg `d cms nekrghd. rrmnedltms# sd pud`d usmr ulèskg kgl ulm pultm, Dskmcm ?#4:=,



n

r



=4?

Nvenedlt ̀ dc djd `dc ntr

Dlbrmlmjds rdùktgrds

Cm rdùel `d cms rdvcuelds `dc ntr m cm nudcm sdotedld ndèmltd dc èspsetev `d reel dspdemc `dPrnd, kumltm nís mrbm sd mpcem m cm nudcm# nís sdprdselm dc djd `dc ntr ltrm cm rud`m `d reel `dbnm qud dvetm `dscemnedlts, Dc èsd# qud dstí pmtdl.tm` dl [udem# Mcdnmlem# _del Tle` Dstm`s Tle`s#ds sdlecc# mocd l rdquedrd nmltdlenedlt, Cm rud`m`d reel m `d prtdbdrsd `dc mbum# brmsm sdrrîl qudpud`dl musmr dc `dscemnedlt `dc djd `dc ntr,

[e cm níquelm sd bumr`m dl ul tmccdr pcvredlt# tdl`rí quduorersd m l `d dvetmr qud dc sdrrîl pdldtrd dl cm nesnm,Prnd pud`d prprelmr m pdteel ulm uoedrtm dspdemc`d mcb`l,

Kuodtm `d mbum

Qmîd cenped cm uodtm ̀ d mbum m eltdrvmcs rdbucmrds m l`d dvetmr qud pmrtîucms `d `dsbmstd `d cms drrmnedltms `d cm nudcm rndl ulm nmsm npmtm dl dc l` `dcrdepedltd, L vmîd cs rdseùs dl dc `dsmbód puds# sesd sceèml# pud`dl musmr procdnms dl cms tuodrîms,

Nmltdldr cm nudcm dl oudl dstm`g

Mltds `dspuås# t`ms cms nudcms ‛tmlt dl sd ndl únd`‛ sd ̀ drnml, Ds eldvetmocd, kl dc rdtem`rPrnd ustd` p`rí nmltdldr cm nudcm dl oudl dstm`,Qåmsd dc mpîtuc PP.46, Ds nís íec rdtemr ulm nudcmpcmlm erucmr# m`dnís sd otedld ul ndjr rdsuctm`,

Lgtm Tl pdqudýg `ddktg `d rd`gl`dz mundltm mutgnítekmndltd se sd sebud

rdkteekml`g# ym qud cm hdrrmnedltm tedl`d m pdldtrmr dl dc pultg nís omjg `d

cm nudcm, Pml prgltg sd `dskuorm dc prendr seblg `d `dgrnmkeûl# sd tdl`rí

qud rdkteekmr elndèmtmndltd cm nudcm, Cm nudcm ùrmrí nís tednpg se sd

rdkteekm ul pgkg m eltdrvmcgs rdbucmrds qud se se rdkteekm eltdlsmndltd `d vdz

dl kuml`g,



=4;

_dmvevmr cm nudcm

Cm mpme`m` rdtem`rm `d ulm ped`rm pud`d èsneluerse sd trmomjm ul mdr ùr sord t` dc ml `d cm nudcm l omjm prdsel (pr djdnpc mcm` `d ulm ueccm `ddpeccm`rm%, Cm nudcm pud`d rdmtevmrsd dl uls ps sd.bul`s prdselml` cm mrm omstm ̀ d cm ped`rm ̀ d rdtem`Prnd ltrm cm nudcm, [d `dsprdl`dl dltlds cs brmls`dsbmstm`s `djml` mc `dsuoedrt brmls ludvs,

Kmnoeg `d nudcm

Qe`m útec `d cm nudcm

Ds èîec (dl rdmce`m` enpseocd% prd`der dc lúndr `d pdrmelds `d rms l cms qudsd pud`d trmomjmr l ulm nesnm nudcm, @dpdl`d `d cms drrmnedltms qud sd mcdl `d cmùrmel ̀ d m`m mcm`, kn djdnpc# pud`d ndlelmrsd qud ul mcm`r prdselmc mmcm` ?666 ueccs `d us `nåste dl cm ped`rm `d ?46 nn# moeål`sd `dsbmstm`ùrmltd dstd tednp m ?66 nn, [e sd rnml buoems dl mdr h[[# cm nudcm sd `dsbmstmrínís rípe`mndltd, Mc mcmr ulm drrmnedltm m rnm`m# dc `dsbmstd `d cm nudcm ds nun`drm`,

_dndl`mns qud cm nudcm sd mnoed mltds `d qud sd `dsbmstd `dnmsem`, L sd `dodpdrneter qud su èíndtr sdm eldrer m mprx, =86 nn pmrm bmrmltemr ul rdtem` smtes.mtre, Cm nudcm nís pdqudm `d P.; l `dod sdr eldrer m =46 nn,

Enpgrtmltd [e cm nudcm tedl`d m pdr`dr dc rdkteekm`g# utecezmr dc rdkteekm`gr

PP.46, Dstg prgcglbmrí cm ve`m útec `d cm nudcm,

Enpgrtmltd Dc rdkteekm`g dl su grnm elmc `d ulm buoem `d tgrldmr `dsbms.

tmrí ulm rmlurm `d cm nudcm se cm hdrrmnedltm sd nmltedld dl dc nesng pultg,Vgr dccg# kglvedld ngvdr cm hdrrmnedltm trmlsvdrsmcndltd sgord cm nudcm pmrm

mprgvdkhmr dc mlkhg tgtmc y èstreouer dc `dsbmstd,

@dsngltmjd: Bermr kgl cm nmlg cm nudcm `d rdktekmr dl sdlte`g hgrmreg y cm tudrkm `d mrml`dcmDzyCgki sd magjmrí mutgníte.kmndltd,

Ngltmjd: Kgcgkmr cm nudcm `d rdktekmr dl dc djd y bermr kgl cm nmlg cm tudrkm DzyCgki dl sdlte`g mltehgrmreg, @urmltd dc mcm`g# cm nudcm sd mprdtmrí mu.tgnítekmndltd mc pmr m`dkum`g,Lg hmkd mctm usmr hdrrmnedltms,



=40

Kgjeldtds

Dc djd prelepmc berm dl jeldtds `d lcl dspdemcds, hml se` èsdm`s pmrm ul judbrmèmc `d 6#=‛6#? nn, Dstd judb l elaud dl dc ber `d cm nudcm# m qud cm mrbm sd djdrdsednprd mem momj, Cs jeldtds vedldl dlbrmsm`s ̀ d íorem, _dndl`mns vcvdrcsm dlbrmsmr mprxenm`mndltd ulm vd pr m, Tteced umcquedr tep `d –brmsm pmrm jeld.tds `d ocms„, @dsnltd cm nudcm terd `dc djd prelepmc mem mudrm jult l dc ès `dmsdltm` mpcequd brmsm dl dc djd dl cs jeldtds,

Kûng rdsgcvdr pgseocds prgocdnms

Ludstrms níquelms ml se` morem`ms l dc nmr ue`m` promns m`m ulm `d dccmspmrm mdr cs rdmjustds lddsmres mltds `d qud sdm mprom`m pmrm smcer `d íorem, [eldnomrb# ̀ ds`d cm íorem mstm qud ccdbm m ustd`# cm níquelm md ul cmrb rdrre` sorddc qud l tdldns lelbúl ltrc, Vr dstm rml# cd pdèns qud supdrvesd qud cm níquelml mm sure` lelbúl `m ùrmltd dc vemjd, [e msî udrm# nulîqudc elndèmtmndltd mc

ldselmre, M ltelumel cd nstrmns ulm cestm `d pseocds procdnms qud ustd`promocdndltd p`rí scuelmr pr sî nesn, [e l udrm msî# plbmsd dl ltmt l dcldselmre Prnd ludstr mbdltd lmelmc,

Nudcm `dskdltrm`m

Cm nudcm m `d bermr dltrm`m (`d mrreom m momj% `dltr `d ul nmrbdl `d ½6#? nn (ttmc `d6#0 nn%, Cm tcdrmlem mxemc (cmtdrmc% (qud l elaud `d lelbulm nmldrm dl dc rdsuctm` `dcmcm`% ds `d ul níxen `d ½6#4 nn (ttmc `d =#6 nn%,

=, [e dc `dsbmstd sordpmsm dstms tcdrmlems# nprudod qud lsd mm òcm` dc djd, [ustetúmc dl ms lddsmre,

?, [e cm nudcm sd m `dsbmstm` `d nmldrm `dsebumc `dspuås `d ul pdre``d us# se sd `dsdm ulm tcdrmlem eldrer m cm ndlelm`m# rdtemrcmrdstmurml` su rd`l`d l dc rdtem`r Prnd PP.46,

Dc èskg `d msdltm`g `d kudrg tedld ul –bgcpd„

Dc ̀ es ̀ d msdltm` ̀ d udr lstm ̀ d ulm term ̀ d udr dlcm`m m ulm ccmltm ̀ d pcíste,Dstm term tedld ulm jultm dlcm`m qud dl íorem sd cejm mstm dc levdc `dc udr, @dspuås

`d mcbúl tednp `d us# dc udr sd m ulè`# cm jultm dlcm`m pud`d sordsmcer `d cmsupdred ̀ dc udr, Dstm ̀ dcbm`m mpm ̀ d cm pud`d dcenelmrsd íecndltd uteceml` pmpdc`d cejm nltm` sord ul pd`m `d nm`drm,



=44

Dc ngtgr berm pdrg lg cm nudcm

@dsnltd dc ès `d msdltm` vdrequd qud dc djd `dc ntr l dstå rdsomcml` sordcm rud`m `d bnm, [e udrm dstd dc ms# cm musm pud`d sdr mbum mdetd sord cm rud`m `dbnm qud sd mm rnm` sord åstm ulm mpm `d sdrrîl,

• Cenped dc djd `dc ntr l ul èscvdltd `d brmsm#

pr djdnpc bmscelm,

• _dmvevd cm supdred `d bnm rmspml` l pmpdc `dcejm ùrmltd mcbuls sdbul`s l dc ntr dl nmrm,Dnpedd djdredl` ulm cebdrm prdsel munåltdcmp m p mstm qud dc djd `djd `d rdsomcmr, [e ustd``dtedld dc ber `d cm nudcm# sd pmrmrí tmnoeål dc djd `dtrmlsnesel,

Dl cs n`dcs sel DC# `dodrí npromr qud cm tudrm `d cm nudcm `d rdtemr dstårrdtmndltd mprdtm`m, @d c ltrmre# mpreåtdcm bcpdml` cebdrmndltd ulm ccmvd `d =5nn vmrems vdds l ul nmrtecc, Cm tudrm tedld ulm rsm m cm `drdm,

[ubdrdlkem Tlm ul`m `d mcbg`ûl enpe`d

cm mkunucmkeûl `d sdrrîl (píbelm =16%,

Dc ngtgr sd kmcedltm

Dc mcr `dsmrrccm` pr ul ntr nlíse ds lse`drmocd9 elcus mcmlm su nmrmcdltmnedlt dl rmcdltî, Ludstrs ntrds ml se` ̀ esdm`s pmrm ulelmr ltelumndltd(dxdpt n`dc P.; qud dstí mcucm` pmrm ;6 neluts'rm% l dxestd redsb `d sord.mcdltmnedlt, Dc mescmnedlt dcåtre dstí mcucm` pmrm tdnpdrmturms `d mstm =;4 ¶k#l ul mnpce nmrbdl ltrm sordmcdltmnedlts,

Dst seblem qud cm tdnpdrmturm supdremc `dc ntr pud`d ccdbmr m sdr omstmltd mctm# mprx,26 ¶k# c qud seblem qud ustd` sd qudnmrí se c tm, Dstm tdnpdrmturm ds lrnmc lsupld lelbúl redsb `d sordmcdltmnedlt,



c tri



=48

Ng`dcgs

Prnd rdd `s n`dcs# P.2 (qud rddnpcmm mc n`dc ?666% P.;# (qud rddnpcmm mcn`dc =?66%, Dc n`dc P.2 ds dc nstrm` m c cmrb `d t` dstd nmlumc, Mnos utecemlcm nesnm bmnm `d èspsetevs `d rdtem` mdsres, _dndl`mns dc n`dc nísbrml`d P.2 pmrm mcmr ueccms `d dpeccm`rm l dc ̀ espsetev [Qh.;?6 nltmr ueccs`d ncùrmr dl dc èspsetev [QV.86# m`dnís ̀ d pmrm drrmnedltms ̀ d trldm` ̀ d nm`drmdms `d h[[,

Pgrndi P.2 Pgrndi P.;

kmrmsm Mdr sc`m` ̀ d ; nn Vcíste MO[

Nudcm rebelmc ∄ ?46Ò46 nn ∄ ?66Ò06 nn

@es `d msdltm` `d udr ∄ ??6Ò;= nn ∄ =04Ò?1 nn

Mpcmnedlt rípe` pmrmdc ès `d msdltm`

[î L

N g t g r ?;6 Q =~ 46 h ?66 R (ptdlem% =?6 R (ptdlem%

ulelmnedlt kltelu ;6 nel,'rm

Qdce`m` 56 r,p,n, =?6 r,p,n,

Mll`

Mct

?26 nn?46 nn;?4 nn

?;6 nn?66 nn?16 nn

Msm `d trmlsprtd [î L

Eníl dl cm uodtm ̀d mbum [î L

Oml`djm mèelmc pmrmcm uodtm `d mbum

[î L

Vds dxc, dnomcmjd =0#4 b 2#0 b



=45

@espgsetevgs `d rdktekm`g

[QN.04

@espgsetevg pmrmkukheccgs

Vmrm cm nmygr pmrtd `d kukheccgs, Cglbetu` `d

hgjm nîl, 16 nn, Omstrdlds `d ? dnpuýmùrms

6#?6 ib

[QN.=06

@espgsetevg pmrmkukheccgs cmrbgs

Dstmoecezml cms hgjms ̀ dcbm`ms,

Cglbetu` `d hgjm nîl, =16 nn,

6#?2 ib

[QX.=46

@espgsetevg pmrmtejdrms

Vmrm tejdrms y kezmccms, Pmnoeål pmrm kukheccms

`d kdpeccm`grm dcåktrekm pgrtítec,

6#0; ib

[QM.=26

@espgsetevgpmrm mzudcms `d

kmrpeltdrg

Vmrm mzudcms `d kmrpeltdrg y `d tmccestm, Pmnmýg

níx, =26 nn,

6#=1 ib

[Q[.;?

@espgsetevg pmrmhdrrmnedltmskgrtms

Vmrm hdrrmnedltms `d nmlbg rdktg hmstm

04 nn `d cglbetu`, Pmnoeål pmrm hdrrmnedltms

`d tmccm dcåktrekms, Mlkhg níx, ;? nn,

6#65 ib

[Q@.=84

@espgsetevg pmrmbuoems

Vmrm buoems `d tgrldmr dl grnm `d sdneculm,

Buoems ̀ d kgèccg'kgltrmkgèccg y hdrrmnedltms

dl Q kurvm`ms, Mlkhg níx, ?4 nn, Pmnoeål

pmrm kukheccms `d tgrldmr,

6#06 ib

[Q[.46

@espgsetevgnucteusg

Vmrm grnglds `d tgrldm`g# hdrrmnedltms pmrm

trglzmr y ogr`dmr y buoems `d `dsomstd, Buoems

`d tmccm kgl nmlbg rdktg hmstm 46 nn `d

mlkhg, Agrnglds ̀ d tmccm,

6#?1 ib

[Q@.==6

[gpgrtd `dhdrrmnedltm

Vmrm dskgpcgs ̀ d tgrldm`g# ̀ dstgrleccm`grds#

rmsqudtms `d domlestm# hdrrmnedltms `d

vmkem`g y kukheccms pmrm omstrål,

6#?2 ib

[D.21

@espgsetevg pmrmcg rdktg

Vmrm kukheccms pmrm kdpeccg y grnglds pmrm

nm`drm, Mceldm mutgnítekmndltd cm hdrrmnedltm

dl su cm`g pcmlg supdregr, Kgl tgpds `d

sdbure`m`, Mlkhg níx, 21 nn,

6#;2 ib

[QH.;?6

@espgsetevg pmrmkukheccms `dkdpeccm`grm

Vmrm kukheccms H[[ `d kumcquedr cglbetu`,

Mlkhg nîl, =; nn, Pmnoeål pmrm hgjms

`d bueccgtelm m elbcdtd,

=#84 ib

[QV.86

@espgsetevg pmrmkukheccgs `dngcùrmr

Macm kumcquedr nmrkm y grnm ̀ d kukheccms `d

ngcùrmr kgl èstmlkems `d ?0# ;6 g ;8 nn

dltrd cgs kdltrgs `d greakegs buîm, Mlkhg níx,

=66 nn,

=#?? ib

@O[.??

Mkkdsgreg mcm`gr`d orgkms

Macm orgkms pmrm pultms `d 0 kmrms kgl cmníxenm prdkeseûl y dakmkem, Dc prgùktg elkcuyd

elstrukkeglds el`dpdlèdltds,

;#;6 ib



=16

PP.46

_dktekm`grKgl mvmlkd pgr tgrleccg, _dkteakm cm nudcm

dxmktmndltd kerkucmr y pcmlm,

6#?1 ib

[V.146

Ved`rm `drdktekm`g

Vmrm rdomjmr cm nudcm m ul brmlg nís alg,

Pmnoeål pmrm rdmvevmr ulm nudcm dnpmstm`m,

6#06 ib

RN.?66

MlbcdNmstdrVmrm ajmkeûl y ndèkeûl `d kumcquedr ílbucg `d

kgrtd `d =6¶ m 24¶, Vmrm kumcquedr èíndtrg `d

ped`rm `ds`d ?46 nn m =46 nn,

6#61; ib

PP[.=66

Mjustm`gr `dhdrrmnedltms `dtgrldm`g

_dprgùkd dxmktmndltd cm grnm y dc ílbucg

`d kgrtd `d sus buoems y grnglds kuml`g sd

utecezm dc [Q@.=84 y dc [Q[.46,

6#=5 ib

VC.6=

Dtequdtms `d pdrcJudbg `d 5 dtequdtms mèkeglmcds pmrm mlgtmr

cms bdgndtrîms dl sus buoems y grnglds,

6#6= ib

VM.26

Vmstm `d msdltmrVmrm cgs ̀ eskgs ̀ d msdltm`g ̀ d kudrg, 6#65 ib

CM.=?6

@eskg `d msdltm`g`d kudrg pdrcm`g

Vmrm dc msdltm`g y puce`g eltdregr `d buoems

y hdrrmnedltms dl Q, Kgl èskgs `d kudrg

eltdrkmnoemocds, Tlg kgl rmèg `d ; nn y gtrg

kgl pultm `d 16¶,

6#?1 ib

CM.=?0

Judbg `d èskgsdstrdkhgsgpkeglmcds

Tlg kgl rmèg `d ? nn y gtrg kgl pultm `d

04¶,

6#618 ib

NH.;86

Aul`mVmrm prgtdbdr cm níquelm ̀ dc sdrrîl, 6#=4 ib

HO.=6

Nmlumc–_dkteakm`g y macm`g mc mbum `d hdrrmnedltms

`d kgrtd„,

6#;4 ib

@Q@.=,=

Dc @Q@ `d Pgrndi–Macm`g `d hdrrmnedltms kgrtmltds kgl dc

nåtg`g Pgrndi„

6#65 ib

PLP.;66

Kmjm `d

elstrukkeglds `dtgrldrg

Kgltedld dc vî`dg PLP @Q@ y ul nmlumc

`dtmccm`g, Nudstrm kûng kglgrnmr# macmr y

msdltmr tg`ms cms hdrrmnedltms `d tgrldm`g,

6#26 ib

OBN.=66

Judbg `d ngltmjddl rdktekm`grm`d omlkg

Vmrm usmr cgs èspgsetevgs `d hdrrmnedltms `d

tgrldm`g [Q@.=84# [Q[.46 y dc sgpgrtd `d

hdrrmnedltm [Q@.==6 dl ulm rdkteakm`grm ̀ d

omlkg,

6#86 ib

Mkkdsgregs



=1=

[B.?46

Nudcm grebelmcVmrm dc ng`dcg P.2, ∄ ?46Ò46 nn,

@dsmrrgccm`m pmrm kgnoelmr ulm dcenelmkeûl

dakmz `d mkdrg# ul mkmom`g supdrakemc pcmlg

y ulm cmrbm ve`m útec,

4#61 ib

[B.?66

Nudcm grebelmc

Vmrm dc ng`dcg P.;, ∄ ?66Ò06 nn,

@dsmrrgccm`m pmrm kgnoelmr ulm dcenelmkeûldakmz `d mkdrg# ul mkmom`g supdrakemc pcmlg

y ulm cmrbm ve`m útec,

?#16 ib

[O.?46

Ocmkistgld[ecekgl

Vmrm dc ng`dcg P.2, ∄ ?46Ò46 nn, Grdkd ulm

dcenelmkeûl rípe`m ̀ d mkdrg H[[# mcdmkeglds

dspdkemcds y hdrrmnedltms kgl ulm zglm `d

oesdc mnpcem, Pmnoeål pud`d rdtgkmr kmrourg,

Brmlg ??6,

0#?; ib

[J.?46

JmpmldsdRmtdrstgld

Vmrm dc ng`dcg P.2, ∄ ?46Ò46 nn,

Vrgpgrkeglm ul mkmom`g supdrakemc dxtrm alg

pmrm hdrrmnedltms nmlumcds qud ldkdsetml ulmdcenelmkeûl nîlenm ̀ dc mkdrg,

4#?; ib

[J.?66

JmpmldsdRmtdrstgld

Vmrm dc ng`dcg P.;, ∄ ?66Ò06 nn,

Vrgpgrkeglm ul mkmom`g supdrakemc dxtrm alg

pmrm hdrrmnedltms nmlumcds qud ldkdsetml ulm

dcenelmkeûl nîlenm ̀ dc mkdrg,

?#26 ib

Nudcms



ÎL@EkD @D V_g@TkPg[

·]uå `espsetev usmr7 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 08

CM.=?6 @es `d msdltm` `d udr pdrcm` ,,,,,,,=05

[O.?46 Prnd Ocmstld [ecel ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=08

[D.21 @espsetev pmrm c rdt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,==2

[B.?46 Nudcm rebelmc Prnd ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=08

[J.?46 Prnd Jmpmldsd Rmtdrstld,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=08

[V.146 Ved`rm `d rdtem` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=;8[QM.=26 @espsetev pmrm mudcms `d mrpeltdr ,,,,,,,,1;

[Q@.==6 [prtd `d drrmnedltm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,==?

[Q@.=84 @espsetev pmrm buoems,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2?

[QH.;?6 @espsetev pmrm ueccms `d dpeccm`rm,,,=?4

[QN.04 @espsetev pmrm ueccs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,4?

[QN.=06 @espsetev pmrm ueccs cmrbs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,45

rectificado y afilado al agua de herramientas de corte

Documents