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<Reference>October 29, 2011

Tokyo Electric Power Company

Recovery and processing of radioactive Recovery and processing of radioactive accumulated water at Fukushima Daiichi accumulated water at Fukushima Daiichi

Nuclear Power StationNuclear Power Station

-- Water processing facility (removal of Water processing facility (removal of radioactivity) radioactivity) --

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Overall structure of water processingOverall structure of water processing

Installed to account for the risk of environmental pollution by leakage and radiation exposure by the large quantity of highly radioactive accumulated water

Prevent leakage of accumulated water → transfer and store radioactive substances

Prevent dispersion of radioactive substances → absorb and immobilize or condense

Mitigate generation of accumulated water → re-circulate

Reactor Building

Waste vessel, waste sludge etc

Mid – low level tank

Turbine Building

Water pool tank Water circulation

Cesium adsorption apparatusand 2nd cesium adsorption

apparatus

Decontamination apparatus

Desalination system-Reverse Osmosis (RO)-evaporative concentration

“remove radioactive substances”

“Desalination”

Oil separator

Process Main BuildingHigh Temperature Incinerator Building

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Cesium adsorption apparatus (Cesium adsorption apparatus (KurionKurion))

Cesium adsorption facility decontaminates by three kinds of adsorption towers.There are 4 series. By adjusting pumps to the apparatus, pumps of each series

and valves, the processing volume can be adjusted between 15m3/h and 50m3/h. (can be operated with low processing volume, below 20m3/h with 1 series operation)

ＳＭＺ skid(For removal of oil and technetium)

Ｈ skid(For removal of cesium)

ＡＧＨ skid(For removal of iodine)

Pump

Pump

Pump

Cesium adsorption tower (vessel)

Cesium adsorption tower (vessel)

Cesium adsorption tower (vessel)

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2nd Cesium adsorption apparatus (SARRY)2nd Cesium adsorption apparatus (SARRY)

2nd Cesium adsorption apparatus decontaminates by two kinds of filters and adsorption tower. There are 2 series. By adjusting pumps of each series and valves, the processing volume

can be adjusted between 25m3/h and 50m3/h.

Exit

Filter(For removal of oil etc)

Cesium adsorption tower

Entrance

Media filter (for prevention of spillage

of absorbent)

Pump

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Immobilization and condensation of radioactive Immobilization and condensation of radioactive substancessubstances①① (adsorption tower)(adsorption tower)Removal by adsorption towerRemove radioactive substances and contaminants by coursing accumulated water

through adsorption tower filled with absorbentAs a basic design, zeolite is used as absorbent to remove oil, technetium (Tc), cesium

(Cs) and iodine (I). Purify water by using ion-exchange effect of zeolite and absorbing radioactive

substances such as cesium. Zeolite is a generic term for those with relatively large voids in the crystal structure

of aluminosilicate. Inorganic materials and have excellent resistance to radiation. Using zeolite proven at Three Mile power station in the U.S. and improved zeolite.

・The structure of zeolite is, (i) aluminum (valence +3) and silicon (+4 valence) share oxygen (valence -2) with each other, (ii) around the silicon is electrically neutral, (iii) around aluminum is valence -1, (iv) to neutralize this negative charge, cations can enter the framework.

・Different cations are likely to be captured by different composition and spatial structure. Use zeolite that selectively captures Cs+.

Example of zeolite

Cs+

Cations in the framework is replaced with Cs.

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Shielded container（Thickness: 178mm）

Radioactive waste (Waste vessel)Radioactive waste (Waste vessel)

Radioactive-removed adsorption towers (vessels) are utilized as

containers for storage containers for radioactive waste including

adsorbed radioactive materials.

Stored in waste vessels (iron containers) + concrete containers

In addition, radiation dosage is reduced by sandbags at the

storage area.

Removal of radioactive materials and salt is smoothly carried out by

circulating injection cooling operation and the vessel replacement

interval is extended. The occurrence rate of amount of waste

materials is reduced.

Purifie

d wate

r displacem

ent/

Dryin

g treatm

ent

Concrete box culvert（Thickness: 200mm）

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Decontamination instrumentsDecontamination instruments（（ArevaAreva））

Decontamination instruments are composed of pressure floatation device (removal of oil,

etc.), coagulation settling facility (multi-flow, acti-flow) and disk filter (prevention of outflow

of suspended solids, etc.), and can do bypass operation of the individual instrument,

depending on conditions of decontamination and instruments.

The instruments are automatically in a standby mode when the inflow disappears, and

start the process when a certain amount of inflow comes.

Waste liquid tank Waste liquid harvesting tankPrimary reaction vessel

Aggregationvessel

Injectionvessel

Maturationvessel

Settlingvessel

Pressure floatation device（DAF)

High Speed Coagulation Settling Facility（multi-flow）

Secondaryreaction vessel

Disk filter

※1

Waste liquid treatment water tank

※1

From cesium adsorptionapparatus

To SPT(B) tank

※２

※２

Exhaust filter

Exhaust fan

Super High Speed Coagulation Settling Facility（acti-flow）

To outside

Ｐ

Waste liquid pump

Ｐ

Waste liquid transfer pump

Ｐ

Waste liquid treatment water transfer pump

Aggregationvessel

Injectionvessel

Maturationvessel

Settlingvessel

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Immobilization and condensation of radioactive Immobilization and condensation of radioactive substancessubstances ②② (coagulation settling)(coagulation settling)Removal by coagulation settlingAdsorb radioactive substances such as cesium (Cs) by adsorbent solution and settle

out by flocculant. Separate into the sunken waste sludge and treated supernatant water and discharge only supernatant water. The adsorbents are examined and selected from proven adsorbents in Areva The optimal flocculants are selected and blended by water treatment technology

and experience of Veolia and experiments.

Example of contaminated substance (Flock)

Experimental example of coagulation settlingDifferences of settling status with following flocculants indicated by the elapsed time differences against the same contaminated substance ①： Only inorganic flocculant②： Inorganic and organic flocculants ③： ② and silicate flocculant

After 8 secondsAfter 3 seconds

FlockPolymer

Micro sand

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Radioactive waste (Waste sludge)Radioactive waste (Waste sludge)

Waste sludge is temporarily stored in the radioactive waste (pellet) storage in the process main building.Store in the pellet storage in the basement of the building (of 1m thick concrete).

(approx. 580m3 as of Oct 25) It is assumed that there is no discharge of the waste sludge to outside of the building

because the pellet storage has no direct contact surface to the ground and walls and floor of the building are located around the storage.

The waste sludge will be transferred and stored in the iron tank (25mm thick) installed in the cell room (of 1m thick concrete) of sludge storage facility under construction in the future. [Storage capacity 630m3 No expansion plan]

Iron storage tank for sludge in progress(External appearance)

Iron storage tank for sludge in progress(Inside)

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Transition of the water treatment facility (1/4) Till Transition of the water treatment facility (1/4) Till adoption decision of the apparatusadoption decision of the apparatus March 11 Inflow of seawater March 24 3 workers from the cooperating companies who were engaged in the cable installation

work on the first floor and in the first basement of the turbine building, Unit 3 were exposed to over 170 mSv of radiation. (Because they worked with their feet soaked in high-dose contaminated water)

March 24～27 Conducted sampling of the accumulated water of Unit 1 to 4. Existence of high-dose radiation was verified from the result of analyses. Started consideration of the removal.

In early April Suggestion from Areva→ Decided adoption of decontamination instruments by the prospect for commencement of operation in a short period, decontamination capability based on the experience and the processable water quantity and so on.

In mid-April Suggestion from Kurion→ Planned to purchase only cesium adsorbent at first, but decided adoption of complete set of the cesium adsorption apparatus by introduction from EPRI and domestic company.

In early May Suggestion from TOSHIBA→ Decided introduction of 2nd cesium adsorption apparatus to treat a large volume of contaminated water promptly and to increase the processable capacity of the water treatment facility.

KurionCesium adsorption apparatus

June 8, 2011Photo by TEPCO

ArevaDecontamination instruments(pressure floatation device)

June 1, 2011Photo by TEPCO

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April 30 Decided installation of the water treatment facility composed of oil separation apparatus, cesium adsorption apparatus, decontamination instruments and water desalinations (RO) and started construction

June 14 Start of test operation June 17 Start of operation

H skid(Cesium adsorption tower)

June 6, 2011Photo by TEPCO

Disk filter(Decontamination instruments)

June 5, 2011Photo by TEPCO

Super high speed coagulation settling decontamination facility(Decontamination instrument)

June 15, 2011Photo by TEPCO

Reaction vessel(Decontamination instrument)

June 7, 2011Photo by TEPCO

Transition of the water treatment facility (2/4) Track Transition of the water treatment facility (2/4) Track record of water treatment facility installationrecord of water treatment facility installation

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Transition of the water treatment facility(3/4) Transition of the water treatment facility(3/4) --The 2nd The 2nd cesium adsorption apparatus constructioncesium adsorption apparatus construction

Vessel TransferJune 1, 2011

Photo by TEPCO

Crane for vessel replacementAugust 2, 2011

Photo by partner company

Cesium adsorption towers and media filterAugust 2, 2011

Photo by partner company

July 26: Start of installation of adsorption towers of the 2nd cesium adsorption apparatus August 16: Start of test operation August 18: Start of operation

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Transition of the water treatment facility(4/4) Transition of the water treatment facility(4/4) -- Facility Facility improvement and example improvement and example -- June 10: Leakage from the pipe connections at the Cesium adsorption apparatus were

found.→Caulked by sealant with radiation hardness.

June 17: Whole water treatment system was suspended due to the signal of the intermittent operation in the decontamination instruments.

→Change the logic at the intermittent operation. June 22: Dose of radiation were increased near the exit of AGH skid at the Cesium

adsorption apparatus→All valves were inspected. An error of the open and closed indicator was

found and modified. July 10, 12, and 13: Chemical leakage due to the damage of chemical injecting line

connection at the decontamination instruments.→Replace the connection material from vinyl chloride to stainless.

August 4 and 7: Suspension of the chemical injection pump of the decontamination instruments and automatic start failure of backup equipment.

→Change the rotations of the pump and the logic of signal of back-up equipment. September 8: Pressing an emergency stop button in mistake for an alarm of a control panel nearby it at

the 2nd Cesium adsorption apparatus→Retraining the operation procedure and precautions. Sharing the cases。

Although several failures and troubles occurred at the beginning of the operation, we achieved stable operation by taking measures to prevent a

recurrence of the troubles.

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DecontaminationDecontamination of Radioactive substancesof Radioactive substances Situation of Radioactive substances

At the development stage (From the result of analysis of Turbine building and Vertical shaft) Highly concentrated radioactive--dose level more than 1,000mSv/h

–Main nuclide----Although the concentration differs from reactors, we assume the 131I、134Cs、137Cs are main nuclide based on its concentration.

Decontamination We plan the removal of main nuclide

-Cesium level of the accumulated water is declining.-The level of concentration both consolidated and individual operations are lower than 1.0E+02Bq/cm3. It can meet the criteria to transfer to the Desalination system.-The concentration level of 2nd Cesium adsorption apparatus is declining after the decontamination.

decontamination record of cesium adoption instrument and decontamination facility

1.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

6-Jun

26-Jun

16-Jul

5-A

ug

25-

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14-

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4-O

ct

24-O

ct

day of analysis

radio

activi

ty c

oncentr

atio

n（B

q/cc）

accumulated water131I accumulated water134Csaccumulated water137Cｓ cesium absorption instrument exit131Icesium absorption instrument exit134Cs cesium absorption instrument exit137Cｓcoagulation decontamination facility exit131I coagulation decontamination facility exit134Cs

cesium adoption instrument solo operationcesium adoption instrument + decontamination facility

simultaneous operation

1.0E+02（Bq/cc）

decontamination record of 2nd cesium adoption instrument

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

15-Aug 25-Aug 4-Sep 14-Sep 24-Sep 4-Oct 14-Oct 24-Octday of analysis

radi

oac

tivi

ty c

oncentr

atio

n（B

q/ｃｃ）

2nd cesium absorption instrument entrance 131 I 2nd cesium absorption instrument entrance134Cs2nd cesium absorption instrument entrance137Cｓ 2nd cesium absorption instrument A system exit 131I2nd cesium absorption instrument A system exit134Cs 2nd cesium absorption instrument A system exit137Cｓ2nd cesium absorption instrument B system exit131I 2nd cesium absorption instrument B system exit134Cs

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Processing volume and storage volumeProcessing volume and storage volume Processing volume･･････Maximum record is up to ～71ｍ3/h（1,692m3/d）

Keep the water lever in the building by securing the amount of cooling water and processing influent water Storage Volume･･････77,000 m3 with a total btw. No.1 and No.4、17,000 m3 with a total of Process Main Building and High

Temperature Incinerator (HTI) Building (as at October 25) Storage at the building of Reactor, Turbine, Process Main and HTI. The storage volume decreased approx.94,000 m3 which was approx.120,000 m3 in late June.

The water level of the turbine building of Unit 2, 4 were kept at around OP3m.

Reactor Building

Turbine Building

Process Main Buiding

High Temperature Incinerator Building

Reactor Building

Turbine Building

Oil separator

Cesium adsorption apparatus

Decontamination apparatus

2nd Cesium adsorption apparatus

Vertical shaft No2 480/720m3/dTurbine No2 480m3/dTurbine No3 480m3/d

1,200m3/d

1,200m3/d

Waste vessel, waste sludge

etc

Desalination system-Reverse Osmosis (RO)-evaporative concentration

“Desalination”

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Water processing recordWater processing recordProcessed and desalinated approx 140,000m3 (October 25)June 14 Commenced test-run of Cesium adsorption apparatus and decontamination

apparatusJune 17 Put above apparatuses in operationAugust 16 Commenced test-run of 2nd cesium adsorption apparatus August 18 Put the above apparatus in operation

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処理量［トン］

累計処理量［トン］

processedvolume[ton]

total processedvolume [ton]

maximum daily processingvolume(spec)

７時現在

total amount：138,920 tonProcessed volume [ton]

Total volume [ton]

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The status of water processing and future policyThe status of water processing and future policyWater level in buildings and processing volume

Water level in Turbine Building is on a declining trend and maintaining around OP3m.Water levels in Process Main Building and High Temperature Incinerator Building are stable. Processing around 50m3/h.

In order to suppress generation of radioactive waste, our policy for the moment is to mainly use 2nd cesium adsorption facility and use Cesium adsorption facility as backup on a standalone basis. Coagulator is further backup.

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3800－２号T/B水位－３号T/B水位－プロセス建屋水位－HTI水位□は実績

T/B建屋水位（ＯＰ）プロセス，HTI建屋水位（ＯＰ）

10/18～19電源切替に伴う水処理装置停止（KURION ＆SARRY）

Water level trend in Turbine Building of Units 2 and 3, Process Main Building and Miscellaneous Solid Waste Volume Reduction Treatment Building

Water level in Process Main Building and Miscellaneous Solid Waste Volume Reduction Treatment Building（OP）

Process Main Building

Turbine Building, Unit 2Turbine Building, Unit 3

Miscellaneous Solid Waste Volume Reduction Treatment Building

Water level in Turbine Building （OP）

10/18～19Stopped water processing facility due to switching the electricity source Actual

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Future facility measures for water processingFuture facility measures for water processing Corrosion protection

Installation of sacrificial electrodes, the implementation of anti-corrosive paint, evaluation of corrosion and installation.

Although demineralization is progressing, evaluate the design to confirm whether the facility withstands future use and conduct repair work.

Measures for hydrogen gas Hydrogen gas is generated by water radiolysis.

⇒Installation of exhaust ventilation, scavenging facility (e.g. compressors), drying and replacement Measures for radioactive substances

In order to remove radioactive substances further, we are studying and selecting new processing equipments.

Exhaust ventilation apparatus, decontamination facility

Compressor, decontamination facility