records of the general conference fourth extraordinary...

Records of the General Conference

Fourth Extraordinary Paris, 23 November to 3 December 1982Session

Volume 1

Resolutions

United Nations Educational;Scientific andCultural Organization

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Note on the Records of the General Conference

The Records of the fourth extraordinary session of the General Conference are printed in three volumes:

The present volume, containing the resolutions adopted by the General Conference and the list of officers ofthe General Conference and of the Commissions and Committees (Volume 1);

The volume Reports, which contains the reports of the Commissions (Volume 2);

The volume of Proceedings, which contains the verbatim records of plenary meetings, the list of participantsand the list of documents (Volume 3).

Note on the numbering of resolutions

The resolutions have been numbered serially. It is recommended that references to resolutions be made inone of the following forms:

‘Resolution 2/07 adopted by the General Conference at its fourth extraordinary session’; or, ‘4XC/Resol-ution 2/07’.

Published in 1983 by the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,7 place de Fontenoy, 75700 ParisPrinted by Imprimerie des Presses Universitaires de France, Vendôme

ISBN 92-3-102094-3Arabic edition: 92-3-502094-8Chinese edition: 92-3-602094-1French edition: 92-3-202094-7Russian edition: 92-3-402094-4Spanish edition: 92-3-302094-0

© Unesco 1983 Printed in France


Records of the General ConferenceFourth extraordinary session, Paris, 1982 4XC

4XC/Resolutions Corr.Paris, 18 January 1983

Volume 1. Resolutions

CORRIGENDUM

Page 64 - Annex 1.2: Amendments to be made to the text of Major Programme XIII,‘Peace, international understanding, human rights and the rightsof peoples’, contained in documents 4XC/4 and 4XC/4 Annex II

Replace the text of paragraph 13064 by the following text:

‘The second subprogramme (The effective exercise of human rights in specific socialand economic situations) will aim to examine the problems raised by the effectiveexercise of human rights when confronted by obstacles related to the social andeconomic context or to the living conditions of certain disadvantaged social catego-ries or groups, and to examine such measures for their application as may seemnecessary and compatible with the principle stated in Article 30 of the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights.’


Records of the General ConferenceFourth extraordinary session, Paris, 1982 4XC

4XC/Resolutions Corr. 2Paris, 24 February 1983

Volume 1. ResoiutionsCORRIGENDUM 2

Page 70.1 Credentials

Resolution 0.12, first and third columns:Replace ‘Afghanistan’ by ‘Democratic Republic of Afghanistan’ and ‘Iran’ by ‘IslamicRepublic of Iran’

Page 80.2 Communications received from Member States invoking the provisions ofArticle IV.C, paragraph 8(c), of the Constitution

Resolution 0.21, second preambular paragraph:Replace ‘Dominican Republic’ by ‘Central African Republic’

Page 53Resolution 2/15 Chapter XV ‘Programme Support’

Section XV.4 Public Information:In subparagraph 6 (a), delete the words ‘as economically as possible’


Contents

Organization of the session, tributes and thanks

0.1 Credentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.2 Communications received from Member States invoking the provisions of Article IV.C, paragraph 8(c), of

the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.3 Adoption of the agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.4 Composition of the General Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.5 Organization of the work of the session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.6 Admission to the session of observers from international non-governmental organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.7 Tributes and thanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989

A1/01 World problems and the lines of emphasis of the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

B2/01 Major Programme I: ‘Reflection on world problems and future-oriented studies’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142/02 Major Programme II: ‘Education for all’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162/03 Major Programme III: ‘Communication in the service of man’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182/04 Major Programme IV: ‘The formulation and application of education policies’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212/05 Major Programme V: ‘Education, training and society’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232/06 Major Programme VI: ‘The sciences and their application to development’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252/07 Major Programme VII: ‘Information systems and access to knowledge’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282/08 Major Programme VIIL ‘Principles, methods and strategies of action for development’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302/09 Major Programme IX: ‘Science, technology and society’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332/10 Major Programme X: ‘The human environment and terrestrial and marine resources’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352/11 Major Programme XI: ‘Culture and the future’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392/12 Major Programme XII: ‘The elimination of prejudice, intolerance, racism and apartheid’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422/13 Major Programme XIII: ‘Peace, international understanding, human rights and the rights of peoples’ . . . . . 462/14 Major Programme XIV: ‘The status of women’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502/15 Chapter XV: ‘Programme support’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

C3/01 Resource indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

D4/01 Methods of work of the General Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

E5/01 Future presentation of C/5 documents 57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Annexes

Annex I: Amendments to be incorporated in document 4XC/4 Approved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611. Amendments to be made to the text of Major Programme III, ‘Communication in the service of man’,

contained in documents 4XC/4 and 4XC/4 Annex II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612. Amendments to be made to the text of Major Programme XIII, ‘Peace, international understanding,

human rights and the rights of peoples’, contained in documents 4XC/4 and 4XC/4 Annex II . . . . . . . . . 64Annex II: List of officers of the General Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65


0.1 Credentials


0.11 The General Conference, at its first plenary meeting, on 23 November 1982, set up a CredentialsCommittee consisting of representatives of the following Member States: Bulgaria, China, Gabon,Haiti, Iraq, Nepal, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United States of America and Zambia.

0.12 On the report of the Credentials Committee or on the reports of the Chairman specially authorizedby the Committee, the General Conference recognized as valid the credentials of:

(a) The delegations of the following Member States:

AfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAngolaAntingua and BarbudaArgentinaAustraliaAustriaBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelgiumBeninBhutanBoliviaBotswanaBrazilBulgariaBurmaBurundiByelorussian Soviet

Socialist RepublicCanadaCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadChile

ChinaColombiaComorosCongoCosta RicaCubaCyprusCzechoslovakiaDemocratic KampucheaDemocratic People’s

Republic of KoreaDemocratic YemenDenmarkDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEthiopiaFinlandFranceGabonGambiaGerman Democratic

RepublicFederal Republic

of Germany

GhanaGreeceGrenadaGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHondurasHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyIvory CoastJamaicaJapanJordanKenyaKuwaitLao People’s

Democratic RepublicLebanonLesotho

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0.2

Liberia PolandLuxembourg PortugalMadagascar QatarMalaysia Republic of KoreaMaldives RomaniaMali RwandaMalta Saint LuciaMauritania San MarinoMauritius Saudi ArabiaMexico SenegalMonaco SeychellesMongolia Sierra LeoneMorocco Socialist People’s LibyanMozambique Arab JamahiriyaNamibia Socialist Republic ofNepal Viet NamNetherlands SomaliaNew Zealand SpainNicaragua Sri LankaNiger SudanNigeria SurinameNorway SwazilandOman SwedenPakistan SwitzerlandPanama Syrian Arab RepublicPeru ThailandPhilippines Togo

(b) The observer from the following non-Member State:

Holy See

TongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyUgandaUkrainian Soviet

Socialist RepublicUnion of Soviet

Socialist RepublicsUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Kingdom of Great

Britain and NorthernIreland

United Republic ofCameroon

United Republic ofTanzania

United States of AmericaUpper VoltaUruguayVenezuelaYemenYugoslaviaZaireZambiaZimbabwe

Communications received from Member Statesinvoking the provisions of Article IV.C,paragraph 8(c), of the Constitution

At its first and fifth plenary meetings, on 23 and 25 November 1982, the General Conference decided,after considering the report of the Executive Board on communications received from MemberStates invoking the provisions of Article IV.C, paragraph 8(c), of the Constitution (4XC/8 andAdd.1 and 2 and Corr.) and in pursuance of Article IV.C, paragraph 8(c), of the Constitution, topermit the Member States referred to in document 4XC/8 and Add.1 and 2 and Corr. to take partin the voting at the fourth extraordinary session.

0.21 The General Conference, 1

Having examined document 4XC/8 and Add.1,Having examined the communications received from Bolivia, Chad, the Comoros, the Dominican

Republic and Lebanon,Considering that in the case of these Member States the failure to pay arrears of contributions is

due to circumstances beyond their control,

1. Resolution adopted at the first plenary meeting, on 23 November 1982.

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Decides, by virtue of the powers vested in it by Article IV.C, paragraph 8(c), of the Constitution, toauthorize those Member States to take part in the voting.

0.22 The General Conference, 1

Having examined document 4XC/8 Add.2,Having examined the communication received from Sierra Leone,Considering that the failure of Sierra Leone to pay arrears of contributions is due to circumstances

beyond its control,Decides, by virtue of the powers vested in it by Article IV.C, paragraph 8(c), of the Constitution,

to authorize Sierra Leone to take part in the voting.

0.3

0.4

Adoption of the agenda

At its first plenary meeting, on 23 November 1982, the General Conference, having considered therevised provisional agenda prepared by the Executive Board (4XC/l Rev.), adopted the followingamended agenda:

1. Opening of the session by the head of the del-egation of Yugoslavia.

2. Establishment of the Credentials Committee andReport of the Committee to the General Con-ference.2.1. Report by the Executive Board on com-

munications received from Member Statesinvoking the provisions of Article IV.C,paragrah 8 (c), of the Constitution.

3. Adoption of the agenda.3.1. Approval of the provisional agenda.3.2. Supplementary items.2

4. Establishment of the General Committee.5. Admission of observers of international non-

governmental organizations.6. Organization of the work of the session.7. Draft Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989.8. Financial problems connected with the triennial

programme and budget for 1981-1983 (if necess-ary).3

9. Closure.

Composition of the General Committee

On the report of the Nominations Committee, which had before it the proposals made by theExecutive Board, and after suspending Rules 25, paragraph 1, 30, paragraph 1, 34, paragraph 1,and 38, paragraph 1, of its Rules of Procedure for the duration of its fourth extraordinary session,in order to increase the number of its Vice-Presidents from 15 to 32, the General Conference at itsfirst plenary meeting, on 23 November 1982, elected its General Committee4 as follows:

President of the General Conference: Mr Ivo Margan (Yugoslavia).Vice-Presidents of the General Conference: the heads of the delegations of the following Member

States:

Angola BrazilBangladesh ChinaBarbados CubaBotswana Democratic Yemen

FranceGabonIndiaIraq

1. Resolution adopted at the fifth plenary meeting, on 25 November 1982.2. No supplementary items were added to the agenda.3. This item was deleted by the General Conference.4. The complete list of elected officers of the General Conference is shown in Annex II of this volume.

9



Italy New ZealandJapan NigerKenya NigeriaLebanon PakistanMadagascar PanamaMorocco RomaniaNetherlands Saudi Arabia

Sierra LeoneSwedenUnion of Soviet

Socialist RepublicsUnited States of AmericaUruguayZambia

Chairman of Commission I: Mr Iba Der Thiam (Senegal).Chairman of Commission II: Mr Charles Hummel (Switzerland).Chairman of the Credentials Committee: Mr Krishna Raj Aryal (Nepal).Chairman of the Nominations Committee: Mr Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez (Guatemala).Chairman of the Headquarters Committee: Mr Abdellatif Rahal (Algeria).Other members of the General Committee: Mr Gonzalo Abad Grijalva (Ecuador); Mr Beshir

Bakri (Sudan); Mr Erdal Inönü (Turkey); Mr Peter Nagy (Hungary) (replacing Mr JózsefHerman); Mr Fernand Tanguay (Canada).

0.5 Organization of the work of the session

0.51 At its second plenary meeting, on 23 November 1982, on the recommendation of the GeneralCommittee, the General Conference approved the plan for the organization of the work of thesession submitted by the Executive Board (4XC/2 and Add. Rev. and Corr.), as amended.

0.52 The General Conference also appointed the following Member States to form the Drafting andNegotiation Group:

AlgeriaAustriaBrazilBulgariaChileChinaCubaDenmarkGerman Democratic

Republic

Federal Republic ofGermany

FranceGhanaIndiaJapanJordanMexicoMozambiquePakistan

Socialist People’s LibyanArab Jamahiriya

TogoTunisiaUnion of Soviet

Socialist RepublicsUnited States of AmericaUpper VoltaZaire

0.6 Admission to the fourth extraordinary sessionof observers from internationalnon-governmental organizations

0.61 At its second plenary meeting, on 23 November 1982, the General Conference decided to admit asobservers the representatives of three international non-governmental organizations in Category C:the World Press Freedom Committee, the International Press Institute and the CommonwealthPress Union.

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0.7 Tributes and thanks0.71 The General Conference,

Considering that completion of the work of its fourth extraordinary session in the very short timeallowed to it has called for exceptional efforts on the part of all those who bore responsibilityfor the successful carrying out of that work,

1. Offers its warmest congratulations to the President of the Conference, to the Chairmen andmembers of the Commissions, Committees and Working Groups and to the Director-Generaland the Secretariat for the exemplary manner in which they have carried out their respectiveresponsibilities under often very trying conditions;

2. Expresses in particular its profound gratitude to Mr Iba Der Thiam (Senegal) for the untiring energyand unfailing dedication he has shown throughout the session, both as Chairman ofCommission I and as head of the Working Group set up by the General Committee of theGeneral Conference, which was able to reconcile the various draft resolutions and produce aconsensus.

1. Resolution adopted at the seventeenth plenary meeting, on 3 December 1982.

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A1/01 World problems and the lines of emphasis of the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-19891

The General Conference,Recalling that, in accordance with 21C/Resolution 100, ‘the planning process should start with an

analysis of global problems’,1. Notes with satisfaction that such an analysis is contained in the first part of document 4XC/4

submitted to it by the Director-General, entitled ‘World problems and the lines of emphasisof the Medium-Term Plan (1984-1989)‘, and that this analysis, read with the Constitutionof Unesco, provides the conceptual grounding for the five tasks and thirteen major programmesproposed in the Draft Medium-Term Plan;

2. Congratulates the Director-General on having prepared a text whose quality and scope haveattracted unanimous commendation in the course of the debates and bear witness to Unesco’sability to exercise to the full its intellectual role as a meeting-place of ideas and a focus ofreflection in the service of the international community;

3. Considers that the problems to which attention is drawn in that analysis reflect the concerns ofthe international community and the aspirations of the various peoples of the world;

4. Emphasizes the usefulness of the approach adopted which, by drawing on several different levelsof reflection, enables an analysis to be made both of the economic aspects of the contemporarysituation, including the structure and the disarray of the international economic system,and of the manifold changes affecting the various societies in regard to social structures orindividual behaviour, and such cultural factors as the desire to preserve identity despite thetrends in the direction of increasing uniformity;

5. Considers that this approach makes it possible for the analysis to take an overall view of thechallenges facing mankind today and to set the various problems referred to in a coherentand correct general context;

6. Emphasizes that the analysis, taking account of the major development represented over the pastfew decades by the emergence of new nations, rightly highlights the tendency for all humanactivities to take place in a context now expanding to worldwide scale;

7. Notes the value and correctness of the analyses which show that the globalization of exchangesand relations, the increase of interdependency and its extension to all aspects of the life ofsocieties, the increase in the number of institutions for consultation and co-ordination andof arrangements for co-operation exist side by side with disparities between countries andwithin countries and grave antagonisms in international life;

8. Endorses the idea that the present problems of the world call for global, concerted actionthroughout the planet, taking account of the interests of the different societies, whether theybe regarded as industrialized or developing;

1. Resolution adopted at the seventeenth plenary meeting, on 3 December 1982.

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9. Expresses its entire agreement with regard to the emphasis which, when the challenges of thecontemporary world are considered, should be placed upon the very disquieting situationof hundreds of millions of human beings suffering from poverty, hunger, sickness, illiteracyor unemployment;

10. Considers that these problems cannot be separated from the constraints weighing on thedeveloping countries under the present international economic system, which restrict theeffectiveness of the efforts they are making to improve the welfare of their peoples;

11. Emphasizes the central place which has rightly been given, in the analysis of worldproblems, to the need to promote peace at a time when the arms race is still swallowing upimmense resources and is threatening mankind with extremely serious dangers;

12. Reaffirms that a just and lasting peace is inseparable from respect for human rights andfundamental freedoms, the right of peoples to self-determination, and recognition of theirequal dignity;

13. Emphasizes that, within this context, the freedom of individuals and the freedom of peoples aretwo aspects of a single reality;

14. Recalls the need to devote vigilant attention to the adverse impact of human activities on thenatural environment, and the serious and sometimes irreversible damage which threatens thebalance of the biosphere, and emphasizes that solutions to these problems cannot be workedout and put into effect in the absence of a global ethic whereby solidarity among all peoplealive today, and between the present generation and future generations, may be made toprevail over the logic of power and short-term interests;

15. Observes that the text of the first part of the Plan shows most convincingly how Unesco’s fieldsof competence occupy a central place among the problems of the contemporary world, a placewhere changes of decisive significance for the future of mankind are occurring;

16. Stresses, accordingly, that science and technology constitute essential aspects of contemporaryproblems and are determining factors for the progress of societies; that communication andinformation perform functions that are vital for all societies and for relations between peoples;that the continuity and renewal of every society depend on education, with its twofold functionof social reproduction and innovation; that all the problems of today’s world include culturalimplications; and that culture is both a dimension and a goal of development;

17. Considers that for this reason it is, more especially, in culture, understood in its broadest sense,that valid responses should be sought to the manifold challenges of the contemporary world,and that the endeavour to seek them constitutes a profession of faith in man and in his abilityto build a future characterized by peace, justice and solidarity;

18. Approves the five tasks of Unesco as set out in paragraph 187 of the first part of the Plan, andthe structure consisting of fourteen major programmes’ which fits into this general framework,and considers that this structure, all the components of which are logically interconnected,provides the Plan with its coherence, on the basis of an intersectoral and interdisciplinaryapproach,

19. Emphasizes that the analysis of world problems carried out by the Director-General thus givesthe whole Plan its unity of inspiration and confers on it its capacity to provide effectiveguidance for the Organization’s action to ensure the progress of all peoples.

B

2/01 Major Programme I ‘Reflection on world problems and future-oriented studies’2

The General Conference,Recalling that, in accordance with 21C/Resolution 100, ‘the planning process should start with an

analysis of global problems’,

1. The General Conference decided (see Resolution 2/14) to establish a Major Programme XIV entitled ‘The status of women’in addition to the thirteen major programmes originally proposed.

2. Resolution adopted on the proposal of the Working Group set up by the General Committee of the General Conference,at the seventeenth plenary meeting, on 3 December 1982.

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B Major Programmes

1. Emphasizes that the analysis which has been carried out by the Director-General in pursuance ofthis directive and which is set out in the first part of document 4XC/4, entitled ‘World problemsand the lines of emphasis of the Medium-Term Plan (1984-1989)‘, has made it possible torelate the Plan to an overall view of present world realities and their likely future developmentand to propose Unesco’s essential tasks in the years 1984-1989, as well as the broad lines ofaction to be followed during this period;

2. Notes that the importance of searching reflection on world problems in the planning of theOrganization’s activities is thus clearly shown;

3. Recalls that the Executive Board, at its 113th session, considered it necessary ‘that the Organ-ization make a thorough study, within the framework of the Medium-Term Plan, of the variousaspects’ of world problems ‘and also of their links and interactions and their likely futuredevelopment’;

4. Endorses the view that one of Unesco’s tasks should be ‘to contribute to a continuing study ofpresent world problems so as to create a greater awareness of the common destiny whichnow unites individuals and peoples alike’;

5. Emphasizes that this task is in keeping with Unesco’s intellectual function and the role that theOrganization’s Constitution ascribes to knowledge as a means of ensuring the progress ofmankind towards intellectual and moral solidarity and towards peace and respect for humanrights;

6. Notes that the very multiplicity of studies being conducted on world problems throughout theworld, the diversity of the concerns that motivate them and the interpretations to which theygive rise, as well as the unequal distribution of such studies among the different countries andregions, call for a comprehensive effort of reflection, carried out on the basis of responsivenessto the different intellectual currents and to the various sensitivities that make themselves feltwithin the international community;

7. Considers, therefore, that it is vital for Unesco to continue to play its role as a laboratory of ideasin the service of the international community and increasingly to contribute to the promotionof reflection which, while taking account of cultural diversity, will make it possible to bringabout a shared understanding of the problems facing mankind;

8. Considers it necessary that, in its forward-looking dimension, this process of reflection shouldtake account of the importance of cultural factors and seek to situate the evolution of education,science, culture and communication within the global context of the evolution of societies;

9. Recognizes that the primordial need stemming from the carrying out of future-oriented studies onworld problems is to pursue educational activity designed to bring knowledge to individualsand communities, and to facilitate at those levels the changes in attitude and behaviourrequired to deal with the problems identified by the studies;

10. Stresses that the studies envisaged should thus make a substantial and specific contribution toforward-looking thinking in the world and should contribute directly to the medium-termplanning of the Organization’s activities, particularly as regards possible adjustments to thePlan for 1984-1989 and the preparation of the third Plan beyond 1990;

11. Approves the lines of emphasis of Major Programme I, ‘Reflection on world problems andfuture-oriented studies’, and invites the Director-General to base the biennial planning of theOrganization’s activities for the period 1984-1989 on the following programmes:11.1 Programme I.1 ‘Studies and research on world problems’

(a) the object of which is to enable the Organization to keep track of developments inworld problems:(i) by examining the most notable work carried out in the world as regards

analysis of the present situation and the future;(ii) by carrying out diversified consultations;(iii) by endeavouring to ensure the better integration of the educational, scientific,

cultural, communication and information dimensions in the overall analysisof world problems,

(b) and which consists of three subprogrammes concerned with:(i) The collection, examination and circulation of information on world problems

and their likely development;

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(ii) The social and cultural dimensions of world problems, with particular emphasison the part to be played by education, science, culture and communication insolving such problems;

(iii) Research on the integration of social and cultural factors into quantitativework;

11.2 Programme I.2 ‘Internationalfuture-orientedstudy’, the aim of which is the preparationof a study which, based on an analysis of major current world problems and theidentification of problems that might emerge during the next few years, would make itpossible to propose different hypotheses as to how these problems might develop, takingparticular account of social and cultural aspects, and to formulate suggestions on thecourse of action that Unesco might adopt in the context of its third Medium-TermPlan;

12. Recommends that the Director-General ensure, during the preparation of the biennial pro-grammes for the period 1984-1989, that the activities foreseen under this major programme:

(a) are conceived in a spirit of objectivity, pluralism and independence, taking fully into accountexisting studies and the diversity of cultural approaches, while drawing inspiration from thegreat ideals of Unesco: the strengthening of peace, the promotion of development, respect forhuman rights-the rights of each and every person, understanding between peoples and theprogress of mankind towards intellectual and moral solidarity;

(b) draw upon, in an interdisciplinary and intersectoral approach, the resources of the social andhuman sciences and include the dimension of philosophical reflection;

(c) call widely upon the intellectual communities and the organizations that represent them, andare based on opinions and contributions gathered from all regions.

2/02 Major Programme II ‘Education for all'1

The General Conference,Recalling that, in the words of Unesco’s Constitution, ‘the Organization will: . . . give fresh impulse

to popular education and to the spread of culture . . . by instituting collaboration among thenations to advance the ideal of equality of educational opportunity without regard to race,sex or any distinctions, economic or social’,

Noting that the analysis of world problems set out in the first part of document 4XC/4 has revealedthat, although education is recognized as a fundamental right of every individual, proclaimedby the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and a prerequisite for social progress, greatdisparities persist in the world in education despite the progress made; and that thedemocratization of education and full exercise of the right to education have by no meansbeen achieved everywhere,

Underlining the seriousness and extent of the problem of illiteracy, which affects mainly thedeveloping countries but has not been entirely solved in many industrialized countries,

Emphasizing that inequality of access to and opportunities to succeed in education penalizes mainlygirls and women, together with certain disadvantaged circles or groups, and emphasizing alsothat this inequality may have social or family origins,

Considering that one of Unesco’s principal tasks, as part of the fundamental role assigned to it byits Constitution and in the light of the analysis of world problems, is to help to create the rightconditions for the widest possible participation by individuals and groups in the life of thesocieties to which they belong,

Emphasizing that it is incumbent upon Unesco, to that end, to act without delay with a view toeradicating illiteracy through universal access to primary education and through adulteducation, and to promote the development and democratization of education,

Recalling the Convention and Recommendation against Discrimination in Education adopted bythe General Conference at its eleventh session, especially their provisions concerning theelimination and prevention of all discrimination and concerning the formulation, development

1. Resolution adopted on the report of Commission I at the sixteenth plenary meeting, on 3 December 1982.

16


B Major Programmes

and application of national policies designed to promote equality of opportunity andtreatment in education,

Recalling also the Recommendation on the Development of Adult Education adopted at itsnineteenth session,

Recalling its resolution 21C/100 on the preparation of the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989 andPart I of the Annex thereto concerning education, 21C/General Resolution 1/01 on educationand 21C/Resolution 1/07 on the major project on education in Latin America and theCaribbean,

Noting that the Member States have reaffirmed the importance of realization of the right toeducation at numerous intergovernmental conferences on the subject organized by Unesco,including the International Conference on Education at its 37th and 38th sessions, theRegional Conferences of Ministers of Education of the Arab States (Abu Dhabi, 1977),Asia and Oceania (Colombo, 1978), Latin America and the Caribbean (Mexico City, 1979),the Europe region (Sofia, 1980) and Africa (Harare, 1982),

Considering that the achievement of education for all should be a fundamental objective ofUnesco’s action in the realm of education and a major element of the Organization’sprogramme,

1. Stresses the urgency of making education generally accessible, the first requirement for whichconsists in the development and renewal of primary education-the content of which must bestrengthened in order to contribute more effectively to the full development of the person-ality-side by side with the intensification of literacy teaching for adults;

2. Attaches great importance, in the implementation of this major programme, to the continuationof efforts to promote international and regional co-operation and technical co-operationamong developing countries and to the strengthening of local capacity to overcome problemsthat are regionally and culturally specific;

3. Approves the lines of emphasis of Major Programme II, ‘Education for all’, and invites theDirector-General to base the biennial programming of activities for the period 1984-1989on its constituent programmes:3.1 Programme II.1 ‘Promotion of general access to education: development and renewal

of primary education and intensification of the struggle against illiteracy’(a) which is based on a global strategy designed to stem illiteracy at its source by enrolling

all children in schools and at the same time intensifying the literacy training of adults,(b) and which comprises four subprogrammes:

(i) Better understanding of the problem of illiteracy;(ii) Assistance for the framing and implementation of national, regional and

international strategies for the promotion of general access to primaryeducation and its renewal and for the eradication of illiteracy;

(iii) Training of literacy personnel;(iv) Promotion of the struggle against relapse into illiteracy and of educational

activities to help young school-leavers into employment;3.2 Programme II.2 ‘Democratization of education’

(a) which aims to promote:(i) study of the necessary conditions for, and the adoption of legislative, admin-

istrative, financial, social and educational measures needed to ensure, equalityof access and of prospects of success in education;

(ii) the establishment of greater continuity between the various parts of educationsystems and the diversification of educational action within a framework oflifelong education,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Standards and general measures at the national and international levels;(ii) Study of the various aspects of the democratization of education;(iii) Action to achieve better co-ordination between formal and non-formal edu-

cation and greater continuity between the various parts of the educationsystem;

(iv) Promotion of early childhood education;

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3.3 Programme II.3 ‘Adult education’(a) which aims to promote the development of such education, taking account of the

roles it is called upon to play within the framework of lifelong education,(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:

(i) Adult education and work;(ii) Adult education and the exercise of civic rights and responsibilities;(iii) Adult education, leisure time and culture;(iv) Education and later life;

3.4 Programme II.4 ‘Equality of educational opportunity for girls and women’(a) which has been designed as a framework for the various actions undertaken to

promote effective equality of access and prospects of success between the two sexesat all levels and in all types of education as well as the role of women in education,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Identification of obstacles to educational equality between men and women;(ii) Promotion of general access to education for girls and women;(iii) Promotion of equal access for girls and women to scientific studies and to all

levels of technical and vocational education;(iv) Educational role of women in society;

3.5 Programme II.5 ‘Extension and improvement of education in rural areas’(a) whose object is to contribute to the elimination of inequalities in access to education

and to the raising of the standard of educational services in rural areas,(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:

(i) Extension of education in rural areas;(ii) Improvement of the standard of education in rural areas;(iii) Improved contribution of education to the development of rural areas;

3.4 Programme II.6 ‘Promotion of the right to education of particular groups’(a) which aims to promote specific educational measures to overcome the obstacles

encountered by certain groups in the exercise of their right to education,(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:

(i) Action on behalf of disabled persons;(ii) Action on behalf of refugees and national liberation movements;(iii) Action on behalf of migrant workers and their families.

2/03 Major Programme III 'Commnnication in the service of man'1

The General Conference,Recalling that the analysis of world problems set out in the first part of document 4XC/4 has

highlighted the widespread concern relating to communication between people and betweencultures, especially as regards the changes under way and the prospects opened up by the newtechnologies; the impact of communication on education, science and culture and theopportunities it provides for their development and, in general, the development of societies;the great disparities that exist between countries as well as within countries as regardscommunication; and the obstacles encountered by individuals and groups in obtaining accessto all sources of information and in expressing their own points of view,

Reaffirming that it is incumbent upon Unesco, in accordance with the provisions of its Constitution,to foster ‘the free exchange of ideas and knowledge’; to encourage ‘the mutual knowledge andunderstanding of peoples, through all means of mass communication’ and to recommend‘to that end . . . such international agreements as may be necessary to promote the free flowof ideas by word and image’,

Reaffirming also the need to strengthen peace and international understanding, to promote humanrights and to counter racialism, apartheid and incitement to war through a free flow and a

1. Resolution adopted on the report of Commission I at the sixteenth plenary meeting, on 3 December 1982. This resolutionwas accompanied by an annex indicating the amendments to documents 4XC/4 and 4XC/4, Annex II, proposed by theWorking Group of Commission I on Major Programme III. The text of these amendments, which will be incorporatedin document 4XC/4 Approved, is reproduced in Annex I(1) to this volume.

18


B Major Programmes

wider and better balanced dissemination of information and recalling all the basic provisionsof the Declaration on Fundamental Principles concerning the Contribution of the Mass Mediato Strengthening Peace and International Understanding, to the Promotion of Human Rightsand to Countering Racialism, Apartheid and Incitement to War (Paris, 1978),

Reaffirming finally that it is incumbent upon Unesco and its Member States to assist in:(a) facilitating access by the public to information through the diversity of the sources and means

of information;(b) guaranteeing journalists the freedom to report and the fullest possible facilities of access to

information;(c) establishing a new equilibrium and greater reciprocity in the flow of information and

correcting inequalities in the flow of information to and from developing countries, andbetween those countries;

(d) the securing by the developing countries’ mass media of the conditions and resources enablingthem to gain strength and expand, and to co-operate both among themselves and with themass media in the developed countries;

(e) eliminating the obstacles to the circulation of messages and the exchange of books, news andprogrammes,

Recalling the Agreement for Facilitating the International Circulation of Visual and AuditoryMaterials of an Educational, Scientific and Cultural Character (Beirut, 1948); the Agreementon the Importation of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Materials (Florence, 1950); theDeclaration of Guiding Principles on the Use of Satellite Broadcasting for the Free Flow ofInformation, the Spread of Education and Greater Cultural Exchange (Paris, 1972); theProtocol to the Agreement on the Importation of Educational, Scientific and CulturalMaterials (Nairobi, 1976) and the Declaration on Fundamental Principles concerning theContribution of the Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and International Understanding,to the Promotion of Human Rights and to Countering Racialism, Apartheid and Incitementto War (Paris, 1978),

Recalling 21C/Resolution 100 on the preparation of the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989 andPart V of the Annex thereto concerning communication, and 21C/General Resolution 4/01on the programme for culture and communication,

Recalling 21C/Resolution 4/19 on the International Commission for the Study of CommunicationProblems; 21C/Resolution 4/20 on the application of the Declaration on FundamentalPrinciples concerning the Contribution of the Mass Media to Strengthening Peace andInternational Understanding, to the Promotion of Human Rights and to CounteringRacialism, Apartheid and Incitement to War; 21C/Resolution 4/21 on the InternationalProgramme for the Development of Communication; and 21C/Resolution 4/22 on internationaltelecommunication tariffs,

Recalling the London Declaration and the general recommendation adopted by the World Congresson Books (London, 1982) and emphasizing the role of books and the written word in thedevelopment of communication between people and in the service of man,

Noting that the objective of Major Programme III, ‘Communication in the service of man’, is basedon the principles set forth in the Constitution and on the provisions of the internationalinstruments and resolutions adopted by the General Conference,

1. Approves the general line of emphasis of Major Programme III, ‘Communication in the serviceof man’-as clarified by the Director-General in his various statements-which is to contributeto the establishment of a more equitable situation in the field of communication and the media,encouraging, inter alia, the growth of the developing countries’ own capacities, in particularby the strengthening of infrastructures and the training of personnel;

2. Considers that one of the main objectives of this major programme is to reinforce and intensifythe development of communication infrastructures, networks and resources at local, national,regional and world level, thereby encouraging a free flow and a wider and better balanceddissemination of information;

3. Places great hopes in the continuation and reinforcement of the International Programme for theDevelopment of Communication (IPDC) and launches a new appeal to Member States, inter-national governmental and non-governmental organizations, professional circles and other

19



sources of financing to increase their contribution to IPDC by making greater funds availableto it, as well as more personnel, equipment, technologies and training facilities;

4. Notes that Major Programme III provides a framework for strengthening the bases upon whicha new world information and communication order conducive to a free flow and a wider andbetter balanced dissemination of information might be established;

5. Emphasizes the need to maximize the practical benefit of Unesco programmes to the media ofdeveloping countries by, among other things, further developing concepts and promotingresearch in the field of communication development;

6. Invites the Director-General to base the biennial programming of activities for the period 1984-1989 on the constituent programmes of Major Programme III, ‘Communication in theservice of man’:6.1 Programme III.1 ‘Studies on communication’

(a) which aims at furthering knowledge and improving understanding of the communi-cation process, particularly at the international level, taking account of the rapiddevelopment of technologies and having regard to the analyses submitted by theInternational Commission for the Study of Communication Problems:(i) by stimulating and seeking to co-ordinate the development of research which

is more relevant to different situations;(ii) by facilitating exchanges of information and comparisons of experiences among

researchers;(iii) by strengthening co-operation between the research institutions of different

countries;(iv) by ensuring a wide dissemination of the results obtained,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Development of research;(ii) The right to communicate, access to and participation in communication, and

the communicator’s responsibilities, having regard to the role therein of bothpublic and private media;

(iii) Methods for the planning, programming and financing of communication;6.2 Programme III.2 ‘Free flow and wider and better balanced dissemination of information:

increased exchanges of news and programmes’(a) which aims at stimulating increased international consultation and co-operation among

the public or private bodies responsible for communication in order to foster a freeflow and a wider and better balanced dissemination of information, more especially:(i) by helping to eliminate the obstacles to the flow of messages and exchanges of

books, news and programmes;(ii) by strengthening the machinery for exchange and stimulating co-production

ventures;(iii) by fostering the contribution of the media to the elucidation of major world

problems, especially mutual understanding among nations, disarmament andpeace;

(iv) by seeking to promote the creative use of the means of communication and,to this end, stimulating close and active co-operation with, more especially, theeducation system and scientific and cultural institutions,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Elimination of obstacles to the flow and exchange of books, news and

programmes;(ii) Strengthening of the machinery for exchange and international co-operation;(iii) Contribution of the media to mutual respect, international understanding, respect

of human rights and peace, and to the elucidation of major world problems;(iv) Contribution of the media to promoting equality between women and men

and strengthening women’s access to and participation in communication;6.3 Programme III.3 ‘The development of communication’

(a) one of whose main instruments is the International Programme for the Developmentof Communication and which seeks:

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B Major Programmes

(i) to stress the importance of communication in development and to increase itsshare, which is considered insufficient, in development plans;

(ii) to strengthen national capacity to create, produce, disseminate and exchangemessages, books and andio-visual programmes by creating new infrastructures;

(iii) to develop among the public, and especially young people, an active, informed,objective and responsible attitude towards the media;

(iv) to foster recognition of the function the media can perform in scrutinizing allactions which might lead to abuses of power,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Formulation of communication policies which can as far as possible be

included in national development plans and conform to the cultural identityof the people involved;

(ii) Acquisition of appropriate plant and equipment and endogenous productionof equipment;

(iii) Training and further training of all communication personnel;(iv) Endogenous production and the dissemination of printed materials, programmes

and messages;(v) Action to promote books and reading;(vi) Action to promote the cinema, photography and the audio-visual media;(vii) Education of users;

7. Recommends that the Director-General ensure, during the preparation of the biennial programmesfor the period 1984-1989, that the activities foreseen under this major programme:

(a) emphasize the need for a diversity of solutions to the problems of communication, safeguardingpluralism, to match the needs and values of each people;

(b) encourage the free flow and a wider and better balanced dissemination of information andenhance the capacity of those working in the media to contribute fully to an increase ininternational mutual understanding;

(c) positively promote the elimination of imbalances in nations’ communication capacities,infrastructures and expertise, particularly through appropriate training, while acknowledgingthe inalienable right of nations to determine their own priorities within an overall developmentprogramme;

(d) include inter alia research and studies on those areas most closely related to matters mentionedin (a), (b) and (c) above;

(e) continue to be implemented in co-operation with the United Nations and its specializedagencies.

2/04 Major Programme IV ‘The formulation and application of education policies’1

The General Conference,Recalling that it emerges from the analysis of world problems set out in the first part of

document 4XC/4 that, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, which statesthat the Organization shall ‘maintain, increase and diffuse knowledge’, one of the main tasksof Unesco is to contribute to the strengthening of capacities for producing and utilizingknowledge,

Considering that this task corresponds to one of the fundamental missions of Unesco, which is topromote the development of education,

Considering that the ever more rapid pace of social change, the speed of progress in knowledge andthe profound transformations in the means of communication call for more dynamicdevelopment and an increased capacity for innovation in education systems,

Considering that the complex tasks devolving upon education in the modern world require theformulation of long-term education policies such as will ensure coherence between many andvaried objectives,


21



Further considering that these tasks also call for the improvement and strengthening of the means ofimplementing such policies and, to this end, the development of the educational sciences andthe systematic application of their findings,

Believing that, in respect of education, Unesco should continue to promote research, to facilitateintellectual co-operation and the exchange of ideas and information at the international leveland to place its experience at the disposal of its Member States,

Noting that, at recent sessions of the International Conference on Education, as well as at theregional Conferences of Ministers of Education organized by Unesco, Member States haveattached great importance to regional and international co-operation aimed at strengtheningnational capacities with regard to the formulation of education policies and educationalplanning, administration and management, the improvement of educational content, methodsand materials and the training of personnel,

Further noting that, at those conferences, Member States have also underlined the importance ofthe development of exchanges of information, documentation and experience and stressedthe need to promote educational research and innovation with a view to ensuring continuousimprovement in the quality of education and greater efficiency of education systems,

Recalling the Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers adopted by the Special Inter-governmental Conference on the Status of Teachers (1966),

Recalling the relevant provisions of 21C/Resolution 100 on the preparation of the Medium-TermPlan and of Part I of the Annex thereto concerning education, as well as 21C/GeneralResolution 1/01 on education,

Recalling also Recommendation No. 71 concerning the problem of information at the national andinternational level which is posed by the improvement of educational systems and Recommen-dation No. 72 concerning the improvement of the organization and management of educationsystems as a means of raising efficiency in order to extend the right to education, adopted bythe International Conference on Education at its 36th and 37th sessions respectively,

Considering the need to pursue efforts to ensure general access to education and to promote thedemocratization of education so that it will take account of the aspirations of the variousgroups and of the needs of social progress,

Convincedof the need to develop the educational sciences as instruments for understanding the complexproblems of education and as factors in the improvement and renewal of education systems,

Approves the lines of emphasis of Major Programme IV, ‘The formulation and application ofeducation policies’, and invites the Director-General to base the biennial programming ofactivities for the period 1984-1989 on the constituent programmes:1.1 Programme IV.1 ‘Contribution to the formulation and application of education policies

and strengthening of national capacities with regard to educational planning, management,administration and economics’(a) which is aimed at strengthening national capacities with regard to educational

policies, planning, administration and financing by encouraging consultation andco-ordination and the exchange of experience in these fields and by helping toensure the training of educational planners,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Promotion of education policies;(ii) Improvement of educational planning, administration and management;(iii) Resources for education;

1.2 Programme IV.2 ‘The educational sciences and their application to the renewal of theeducational process’(a) which is aimed at encouraging the development of research in the various educational

sciences so as to establish a sound basis for efforts to improve and renew educationand the various components of the education system,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Promotion of studies and research and innovations in the educational sciences

and educational innovations;(ii) The improvement of the content of education;(iii) Improvement of educational methods;

22


B Major Programmes

1.3 Programme IV.3 ‘Policies and methods for the training of educational personnel(a) which is aimed at encouraging the formulation of integrated pre-service and

in-service training policies for the various categories of educational personnel andat promoting innovations in this field,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Integrated training policies and plans and the status of educational personnel;(ii) Improvement of the pre-service and in-service training of educational personnel;

1.4 Programme IV.4 ‘Means and infrastructures-information systems, educational facilitiesand educational industries’(a) which is aimed at helping Member States to design and establish infrastructures

suited to their specific needs and vital to the smooth running of an education system,(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:

(i) Development of exchanges of information on education;(ii) Design and establishment of educational infrastructures and facilities;(iii) Development of educational industries.

2/05 Major Programme V ‘Education, training and society’1

The General Conference,Noting that the analysis of world problems set out in the first part of document 4XC/4 has brought

out, on the one hand, the role which devolves upon education in the transmission of thecultural heritage and in the quest for progress by each society, in accordance with its inherentgenius and, on the other hand, the relations which link education with other major aspectsof the life of society, and also the contribution which education can make to the solution ofworld problems,

Observing that this analysis, the replies from the Member States to the questionnaire which was sentto them with a view to the preparation of the Medium-Term Plan and the recommendationsof the recent intergovernmental conferences on education organized by Unesco have stressedthat education should ensure both the full development of the individual and his harmoniousintegration into society and that it should provide a preparation for working life and for theexercise of the rights and responsibilities of citizenship,

Noting that they have also brought out the special importance of the relations between educationand various aspects of the life of society, such as culture, ethical values, communication,science and technology and the world of work,

Recalling that the importance of the manifold links between education and the various aspects ofthe life of society was likewise underlined in Part I (Education) of the Annex to 2lC/Resol-ution 100 on the preparation of the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989, and that these linkswere also mentioned in the relevant paragraphs of 2lC/General Resolution 1/01 on educationas well as in 21C/Resolution 1/07 on the major project on education in Latin America andthe Caribbean,

Emphasising the greater role which higher education can play in economic and social progress andin the solution of world problems, and noting the interest shown in the development of highereducation by all the Member States, and particularly by the developing countries, an interestevidenced both by the recommendations of recent regional Conferences of Ministers ofEducation and by the adoption of a number of regional conventions on the recognition ofstudies, diplomas and degrees in higher education,

Emphasizing moreover the importance of physical education and sport for the education of theindividual and for the promotion of values essential for the progress of societies,

Recalling the Recommendation on Education for International Understanding, Co-operation andPeace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms adopted by theGeneral Conference at its eighteenth session,

Recalling the Revised Recommendation concerning Technical and Vocational Education alsoadopted at its eighteenth session; the importance of technical and vocational education as a

1. Resolution adopted on the report of Commission I at the sixteenth plenary meeting. on 3 December 1982.

23



prerequisite for economic and social development; the need for its close link with the worldof work, which should lead to greater attention to part-time and co-operative education andtraining, and to improving the status of technicians; and the need for the close inter-relationship between technical and vocational education and the teaching of science andtechnology to be further developed,

Recalling the International Charter of Physical Education and Sport adopted by the GeneralConference at its twentieth session,

Recalling Recommendation No. 73 on the interaction between education and productive workadopted by the International Conference on Education at its 38th session,

1. Notes with satisfaction that Major Programme V, ‘Education, training and society’, whileincluding important innovations, is of such a nature as to ensure the continuity of Unesco’saction in the field of education;

2. Approves the lines of emphasis of Major Programme V, ‘Education, training and society’, andinvites the Director-General to base the biennial programming of activities during the period1984-1989 on its constituent programmes:2.1 Programme V.1 ‘Education, culture and communication’

(a) which aims:(i) to promote the role of education in the transmission of the cultural heritage

and renewal of knowledge and values, while assigning a due place to actionin the field of ethical education;

(ii) to help make sure that children, adults and educators are trained in the useof the resources provided by the media and in the critical interpretation of theirmessages,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Education, culture and languages of instruction;(ii) Education and communication;

2.2 Programme V.2 ‘Teaching of science and technology’(a) the aim of which is to develop and improve, at all levels, the teaching of science

and technology as an integral part of contemporary culture and an essential factorin progress and development,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Development of school and out-of-school teaching of science and technology;(ii) Dissemination of scientific and technological knowledge;

2.3 Programme V.3 ‘Education and the world of work(a) the aim of which is to strengthen the linkage between education and the world of

work so as to ensure both the full development of the human personality and apreparation for active life and work:(i) by assigning an appropriate place to work in educational activities, and

especially in general education;(i) by developing technical and vocational education,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Promotion of interaction between education and productive work;(ii) Relations between education and employment;(iii) Expansion and improvement of technical and vocational education;

2.4 Programme V.4 ‘Promotion of physical education and sport’(a) the aim of which is to ensure, in the context of lifelong education, a suitable place

in school and out-of-school education for physical education and sport, as afundamental right for all and as an essential factor in the balanced development ofthe personality and the preservation of health in the conditions of life characteristicof contemporary societies,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Development of physical education and sport under the International Charter

of Physical Education and Sport;(ii) Encouragement for youth movements;(iii) Development of sport for all;

24


B Major Programmes

2.5 Programme V.5 ‘Higher education, training and research(a) which constitutes a general framework for the different activities related to higher

education in Unesco’s various fields of competence,(b) the aim of which is to promote the full contribution of higher education:

(i) to the advancement of society, by better adaptation of the organization andthrust of teaching, training and research to society’s specific needs;

(ii) to the development of education systems,(c) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:

(i) Development and improvement of higher education for the advancement ofsociety;

(ii) Research and training with a view to the development of education;2.6 Programme V.6 ‘Action with a view to better integration of training and research

activities’(a) which has been designed in conjunction with the various major programmes

comprising training and research activities,(b) which aims to promote an approach tending towards the gradual harmonization of

research activities and training activities, with a particular view to ensuring theoptimal use of available resources,

(c) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Analysis of data on needs, trends and available resources in the field of

training and research;(ii) Promotion of interdisciplinary training and research in Unesco’s fields of

competence;(iii) Promotion of integrated training and research policies.

2/06 Major Programme VI ‘The sciences and their application to development”

The General Conference,Recalling that the analysis of world problems set out in the first part of document 4XC/4 has brought

out the fact that the development of science and technology is the result of a set of complexinteractions between, on the one hand, the need fo find scientific and technological solutionsto economic and social problems and, on the other, efforts to train researchers and specialistsand organize scientific research and experimental development programmes,

Also recalling that because of the complex nature of social problems, it is necessary for each countryto analyse these problems in terms of their historical and cultural dimensions in order to workout appropriate solutions to them,

Recalling furthermore that this analysis has shown that, despite the considerable progress in thesciences and their applications, many peoples still do not have access to the possibilities thusafforded for improving their living conditions, and that there are still great disparities betweennations in regard to scientific and technological development,

Convinced of the need to base scientific and technological development on countries’ own capabilities,which must be strengthened,

Considering the importance of scientific and technological co-operation for the advancement ofknowledge and for understanding among men and the maintenance of peace,

Considering that it is important to the social sciences themselves to have the possibility of carryingout comparative analyses based on broad exchanges of experience among countries andwithin the framework of international co-operation,

Considering that Unesco, by virtue of its constitutional mandate, the experience it has acquired andits special links with the international scientific and technological community, has a leadingrole to play within the United Nations system in fostering the advancement of science andtechnology and their application to development,

Recalling that Unesco is the only organization in the United Nations system which has been given theresponsibility of developing the social and the human sciences as scientific disciplines,


25



Reaffirming that it is incumbent on Unesco, on the one hand, to support national endeavours toestablish and develop training and scientific and technological research institutions andactivities and, on the other, to broaden international co-operation in the natural sciences, thesocial and human sciences and the engineering sciences in order to serve the purposes ofendogenous development, in accordance with one of Unesco’s fundamental missions derivedfrom its Constitution and expressed in the first part of document 4XC/4 in the followingterms: ‘to assist in strengthening problem-solving capability by fostering . . . the advancementof science, by increasing and developing the creative potential, both scientific and technological,of all peoples . . . by developing research and training infrastructures and by promoting thefree flow of knowledge and know-how’,

Recalling 21C/Resolution 100 on the preparation of the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989 andParts II and III of the Annex thereto concerning the natural sciences and the social sciencesand 21C/General Resolution 2/01 on the programme for natural sciences and their applicationto development and 21C/General Resolution 3/01 on the programme for social sciences andtheir applications,

Recalling the recommendations of the Conferences of Ministers Responsible for the Application ofScience and Technology to Development organized in the various regions and the relevantrecommendations of the Programme of Action adopted by the United Nations Conferenceon Science and Technology for Development (Vienna, 1979),

1. Notes with satisfaction the innovation consisting of bringing together under Major Programme VIthe areas relating to the natural sciences, the social and human sciences and technology, andconsiders that this association should be conducive to greater interaction between disciplineswhile taking account, in respect of operational activities and international co-operation, of thespecific characteristics of each of these fields of knowledge;

2. Approves the lines of emphasis of Major Programme VI, ‘The sciences and their application todevelopment’, and invites the Director-General to adopt the following programmes as thebasis for biennial programming for the period 1984-1989:2.1 Programme VI.1 ‘Research, training and international co-operation in the natural

sciences’(a) the aims of which are:

(i) to strengthen national research potential in the natural sciences and to improvethe institutional infrastructures thereof;

(ii) to develop university and postgraduate training programmes, adapting them tospecific needs and conditions;

(iii) to broaden international co-operation and to employ the most dynamic andefficient forms of co-operation,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Strengthening of national research potential and improvement of infra-

structures;(ii) University and postgraduate training, with special efforts aimed at increasing

the participation of women;(iii) Development of regional and international co-operation;

2.2 Programme VI.2 ‘Research, training and international co-operation in technology and theengineering sciences’(a) the aims of which are:

(i) to improve institutional infrastructures and technological facilities and tostrengthen the potential for research and technological adaptation;

(ii) to adapt training programmes for engineers and technicians both to socio-economic needs and conditions and to new technological trends and the newrequirements of the professions;

(iii) to develop international co-operation and to seek the most efficient forms ofcollaboration,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Strengthening of national potential for research and technological adaptation,

and improvement of infrastructures and technological facilities;

26


B Major Programmes

(ii) Training of engineers and technicians, with special efforts aimed at increasingthe participation of women;

(iii) Development of regional and international co-operation;2.3 Programme VI.3 ‘Research, training and international co-operation in key areas in

science and technology’(a) the purpose of which is:

(i) to contribute to the dissemination of new technologies in informatics, appliedmicrobiology and biotechnology and energy and to efforts to assess their conse-quences, and to make any necessary adaptations and adjustments;

(ii) to strengthen the training of the specialists and technicians concerned and tocreate conditions favourable to research;

(iii) to develop exchanges of specialized information,(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:

(i) Informatics;(ii) Applied microbiology and biotechnology;(iii) Renewable energy;

2.4 Programme VI.4 ‘Research, training and international co-operation in the social andhuman sciences’(a) the aims of which are:

(i) to strengthen national research potential in the social and human sciences andimprove the corresponding infrastructures;

(ii) to introduce training and research programmes at university and postgraduatelevels, adapting them to specific needs and conditions;

(iii) to broaden subregional, regional and international co-operation, seeking outthe most efficient forms thereof,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Strengthening of national potential for university and postgraduate training and

research with special efforts aimed at increasing the participation of women;(ii) Regional and subregional co-operation;(iii) Development of interregional and international co-operation;

2.5 Programme VI.5 ‘Research, training and regional and international co-operation in somekey areas in the social and human sciences’(a) the aims of which are:

(i) to strengthen national, regional and international training and research potentialin key areas of the social and human sciences (history, anthropology, geography,linguistics and the management sciences);

(ii) to develop university and postgraduate training programmes;(iii) to stimulate research on issues which are of theoretical and practical importance

and which call for a high degree of multidisciplinarity or interdisciplinarity,(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:

(i) Development of a number of disciplines in the social and human sciences;(ii) Research and co-operation in key areas;(iii) Management, work and leisure activities;(iv) Interdisciplinary co-operation for the study of man;(v) Studies on the status of women and development of new approaches;

3. Recommends that the Director-General, during the preparation of the biennial programmes forthe period 1984-1989, place special emphasis on:

(a) the application of science and technology to development, through the implementation andstrengthening of major regional projects, especially those approved by the General Conferenceat its twenty-first session;

(b) the development of the various disciplines of the social and human sciences, with a view toenhancing their contribution to society, while encouraging interdisciplinary exchanges andmultidisciplinary studies;

(c) the promotion of basic research and of applied research activities reflecting national needs,both in the natural sciences and in the social and human sciences;

27



(d) research priorities which should be oriented towards solving basic global problems as pre-sented in Major Programme I, ‘Reflection on world problems and future-oriented studies’, inparticular for the benefit of developing countries;

(e) the development of international co-operation in all areas of the natural sciences, the socialand human sciences and technology, both between researchers in the industrialized countriesand between them and those of the developing countries; and also co-operation betweenresearchers in the developing countries, particularly by encouraging co-operation betweenresearchers in countries and groups of countries which have the same problems and comparablebiogeographical, economic and cultural characteristics;

(f) the role of the Organization in the key areas of science and technology, in particular with aview to helping Member States to choose the technologies best suited to their needs and todevelop activities relating to training, the exchange of information and the spread of tech-nological innovations;

(g) the further improvement of co-ordination of the Organization’s activities with the work ofother bodies of the United Nations system in carrying out scientific programmes and projects,with a view to strengthening Unesco’s leading role in the development of international scien-tific co-operation;

(h) increasing the availability of training fellowships for students from the least developedcountries;

(i) the application of science and technology to development, through the implementation ofappropriate technology pilot projects in less developed countries, to act as training schemesfor technicians and skilled craftsmen.

2/07 Major Programme VII ‘Information systems and access to knowledge’1

The General Conference,Recalling that the analysis of world problems set out in the first part of document 4XC/4 highlighted

the essential role of specialized information, particularly in science and technology, in thebroadening of learning and the acquisition and mastery of knowledge and skills; together withthe importance of systems and services responsible for the collection, flow and distribution offactual, numerical and bibliographical data for a variety of users,

Recalling also that this analysis brought out the need to create conditions that would give everysociety freer and wider access to information, especially scientific and technical information,and to the data needed for its development and for the progress of peoples, by improving thecompatibility and interconnection of information systems and by setting up in all countriesand at regional level infrastructures, information networks and data banks capable of handlingall the information essential to scientific, technical, economic, social and cultural activities,

Recalling likewise that the continuity and effectiveness of governmental and administrative action,together with research in a great many fields, depend on well-organized archive services andinstitutions and that the rational organization of libraries makes a significant contribution tothe quality of education at all levels (primary, secondary and higher) and furthers lifelongeducation,

Recalling, in consequence, that each country should pay due attention in its economic, scientific andcultural development effort to the development of its networks of archive and documentationservices,

Considering that Unesco must continue its efforts relating to scientific and technical information,libraries, documentation and archives, which led initially to the establishment of the inter-governmental UNISIST Programme, in accordance with resolution 2.13 adopted by the GeneralConference at its seventeenth session, and subsequently to the establishment of the GeneralInformation Programme, in accordance with resolution 5.1 adopted by the General Confer-ence at its nineteenth session,

Recalling resolution 100 on the preparation of the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989 and resol-


28


B Major Programmes

ution 5/04 on the General Information Programme and UNISIST, adopted at its twenty-firstsession,

Recalling the Programme of Action adopted by the United Nations Conference on Science andTechnology for Development (Vienna, 1979), which was approved by the General Assemblyof the United Nations at its thirty-fourth session, and, in particular, the recommendationsrelating to the establishment of a world scientific and technical information network,

Recalling the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Conference on Scientific and TechnologicalInformation for Development (UNISIST II, Paris, June 1979) relating to strategies for actionat the national, regional and international levels,

Recalling the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Council for the General InformationProgramme adopted at its third session (Paris, October 1981), and relating to preparation ofthe Draft Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989 as regards the General Information Programme,

Recalling the efforts made to improve and expand the library, archive and documentation servicesof Unesco, for the benefit of both the Secretariat and the Member States,

Recalling that the documentary software packages produced by the Unesco Secretariat for its ownneeds have been placed at the disposal of Member States and have successfully enabled themto set up or improve their information services,

Considering that, in line with the proposed strategy for action, it is incumbent upon Unesco to makean essential contribution both to the reinforcement of national capacities for masteringinformation for development and to the establishment of a flexible, evolutive world networkbased on compatible national, regional and international information systems and servicescovering the various branches of knowledge, thereby providing all the Member States withaccess to information,

Considering, furthermore, that Major Programme VII, ‘Information systems and access to knowledge’,which is largely made up of elements taken from the General Information Programme andUNISIST, should play an essential part in harmonizing information systems and serviceswithin the United Nations system,

I. Approves the lines of emphasis of Major Programme VII, ‘Information systems and access toknowledge’ and invites the Director-General to base the biennial programming of the Organ-ization’s activities for the period 1984-1989 on the constituent programmes:1.1 Programme VII.1 'Improvement of access to information: modern technologies, stan-

dardization and interconnection of information systems’(a) which contributes-by encouraging the creation and application of technical and

normative methodologies and tools and the use of new computer and telematicstechnologies in information handling, including the application of the appropriatesoftware-to the establishment of data bases and banks in the various countries andregions and of compatible, interconnected information systems,

(b) and which comprises three subprogrammes:(i) Development of tools for the processing and transfer of information;(ii) Development and use of data bases through the application of modern

technologies and normative tools;(iii) Exchange and flow of information; regional and international co-operation

among Member States and with the organizations of the United Nationssystem;

1.2 Programme VII.2 ‘Infrastructures, policies and training required for the processing anddissemination of specialized information’(a) which has as its object the establishment and consolidation of library, archive,

documentation, analysis and referral services and numerical and bibliographicaldata banks, together with the preparation of training programmes for informationspecialists and users, so that all countries may make full use of the informationavailable locally and take advantage of the resources of the various regional andinternational information services and systems,

(b) and which comprises two subprogrammes:(i) National information policies and infrastructures;(ii) Training of information personnel and information users;

2 9



1.3 Programme VII.3 'Unesco information and documentation systems and services’(a) which deals with the collection, organization and presentation of information in

the Organization’s spheres of activity and the preparation of documentary softwarepackages and their distribution to Member States and within the Secretariat,

(b) and which comprises two subprogrammes:(i) Development of the documentation, library and archive services of Unesco;(ii) Development of the specialized information systems of Unesco;

2. Recommends that the Director-General, during the preparation of the biennial programmes forthe period 1984-1989, pay particular attention to:

(a) the implementation of strategies that further the establishment and development in eachcountry of data bases and banks and, more generally, information systems and services suchas will increase national capacities for the collection, processing and distribution of information;

(b) the inter-linking of modern means of information with traditional means, which need to bepreserved;

(c) the strengthening of regional and international co-operation in the matter of exchangingspecialized information and providing access to it;

(d) the introduction and use of new information and communication technologies making foreasier access to, and full utilization of, information, particularly in the developing countries;

(e) the continuation of efforts inter alia to promote archive and library services of all kinds,e.g. school, public and university libraries, so as to preserve a proper balance within the GeneralInformation Programme between the different fields of information;

(f) the adoption of approaches that take into account the needs of users and the diversesituations that exist;

(g) the continuation and strengthening of the efforts being made in the sphere of theoretical andpractical training for information specialists and users;

(h) Unesco’s role in the design and setting up of a world scientific and technical informationnetwork based on compatible national, regional and international systems.

2/08 Major Programme VIII 'Principles, methods and strategies of action for development'1

The General Conference,

I

Noting the importance of development problems in the analysis of world problems set out in thefirst part of document 4XC/4 and the extreme urgency of finding the necessary solutionsthereto,

Observing that this analysis is concerned with questions relating to the ultimate aims of developmentand the interrelationships between its different aspects-in particular the significance ofdevelopment for attaining other goals, including peace-and also to the formulation andimplementation of the policies for achieving it,

Emphasizing the universal significance of the problems of development, which concern each andevery society, whether in industrialized or in developing countries,

Convinced that the stock of acquired knowledge, learning and know-how and the world’s vastpotential of human, material and natural resources could be placed in the service of mankindas a whole, in the context of a renewed conception of development and of internationalco-operation based on interdependence and the values of solidarity,

Reaffirming in this connection that genuine development is a multi-faceted endeavour requiringco-ordinated, determined and sustained effort both among and within nations, which mustincorporate all aspects of life and be centred upon man as the agent and beneficiary ofdevelopment,

Emphasizing in this regard the crucial importance of the cultural dimension of development, in


30


B Major Programmes

particular that of the cultural identity and cultural values which underlie each people’sconception of its future and which provide the driving force for its development,

Recalling that the objectives and measures envisaged in the International Development Strategyfor the Third United Nations Development Decade relate both to the formulation andimplementation of national development policies and to the introduction of structuraladjustments at the international level with a view to the establishment of a new internationaleconomic order,

Considering that, to ensure the success of this undertaking, co-ordination and rationalization ofthe tasks devolving upon the institutions which are competent in, and actually involved in,furthering this aim are indispensable,

Recalling its General Resolution 9.1 adopted at its twenty-first session, in particular paragraph 3thereof, concerning Unesco’s contribution to the establishment of a new internationaleconomic order and to the achievement of the objectives of the International DevelopmentStrategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade,

Emphasizing again the major role of education, science, culture, communication and the socialand human sciences both in promoting integrated development and in building the inde-pendent foundations on which each country will be able to exercise control over its owndevelopment,

1. Expresses its profound concern at the inadequate financial commitment to development at theinternational level;

2. Acknowledges the close connection between development and the questions of the preservationof peace, the halting of the arms race and disarmament, which latter, if achieved, wouldallow Member States to set free enormous material resources which could be used to provideaid for development for the benefit of developing countries, as is provided for byresolution 3093(XXVIII) of the United Nations General Assembly,

3. Expresses furthermore its conviction that international co-operation for development should bebased on interdependence and the values of solidarity and that, to this end, its action, whilereflecting an overall view of problems, should be guided at all times by respect for nationaldevelopment choices;

4. Approves the lines of emphasis of Major Programme VIII, ‘Principles, methods and strategiesof action for development’, and invites the Director-General to take the following programmesas the basis for the biennial programming for the period 1984-1989:4.1 Programme VIII.1 ‘Study and planning of development’

(a) the aims of which are:(i) to provide answers to development problems as they arise at the international

level or within different societies, by seeking to clarify the interrelationsbetween the various factors, variables and dimensions of development;

(ii) to highlight the obstacles or constraints of internal or external origin whichhamper the development process;

(iii) to translate the results of studies into action by devising appropriate planningand evaluation methods which would facilitate the framing and implementingof integrated development policies, and by training the national personnelrequired for this purpose,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Development and international relations;(ii) Development, population, environment and technological progress;(iii) Development processes;(iv) Development planning and evaluation;

4.2 Programme VIII.2 ‘Co-operation with Member States with a view to identifying priorityprojects for development’(a) the purpose of which is, by grouping together study activities and consultative

services as a coherent whole and on an interdisciplinary and intersectoral basis,to undertake, at the request of Member States, diagnoses of situations, the identi-fication and drawing up of priority projects within Unesco’s fields of competenceand the formulation of requests to be submitted to various funding sources,

31



(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Country profiles and studies;(ii) Project identification and preparation;

4.3 Programme VIII.3 ‘Implementation of action for development’(a) the aims of which are:

(i) to mobilize financial resources for projects to be carried out in MemberStates in the Organization’s fields of competence;

(ii) to mobilize human resources through the implementation of an integratedtraining programme based on developing the system for awarding andadministering study and professional development fellowships and throughthe strengthening of activities designed to promote the awareness and partici-pation of populations, especially young people, in development actions;

(iii) to associate the Organization with the execution, in co-operation with MemberStates, of pilot projects chosen for their innovative character and multipliereffect,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Mobilization of financial resources;(ii) Mobilization of human resources;(iii) Implementation of pilot projects;

5. Recommends that the Director-General, during the preparation of the biennial programmes andbudgets for the period 1984-1989, lay particular stress on:

(a) strengthening of the links between the conceptual and operational aspects of the Organ-ization’s action so as to ensure both its relevance and its efficiency;

(b) the adoption of measures that will meet the requirements of an interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral approach;

(c) the establishment of organic links with the subprogramme ‘The cultural dimension ofdevelopment’ under Major Programme XI, ‘Culture and the future’, and with the sub-programme ‘Planning and integrated management of urban systems as ecosystems’ underMajor Programme X, ‘The human environment and terrestrial and marine resources’;

(d) the need to carry out development studies with their practical application constantly in mind;(e) the strengthening of action designed to create awareness among young people, to mobilize them

and to promote the effective participation in development with a view to making a practical andoriginal contribution to the preparations for and celebration of International Youth Year(1985), and to taking any appropriate follow-up measures;

(f) the implementation of priority actions on behalf of the least developed countries;(g) the continuation of efforts to promote technical co-operation among developing countries;(h) the need to ensure even closer co-ordination between Unesco and funding sources in

diagnosing situations, identifying and preparing priority projects and formulating requests,and to ensure strict respect for the field of competence and role of each body concerned;

(i) the encouragement of initiatives likely to be conducive, in a spirit of mutual respect andequality, to co-operation between industrial&d and developing countries;

6. ConJirms the terms of resolution 7/09 adopted at its twenty-first session, which invites theDirector-General, in subparagraph (d) of the operative paragraph, ‘to foresee in the RegularBudget for the next biennium (22C/5) specific allocations for urgent and priority needsexpressed by Member States, particularly to initiate development actions while moresubstantial financing is sought from extra-budgetary sources’;

7. Recommends that the Director-General apply the provisions referred to in paragraph 5 abovefor the programming of activities under the subprogramme ‘Implementation of pilot projects’in future biennial programmes and budgets;

II

Recalling the United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries held in Paris at UnescoHeadquarters from 1 to 14 September 1981 and the Substantial New Plan of Action forthe 1980s for the Least Developed Countries adopted by that conference,

3 2


B Major Programmes

Noting with appreciation the initiative taken by Unesco in organizing a meeting of senior officialsof the Ministries of Education of the Least Developed Countries held in September 1982 todiscuss their educational needs and priorities,

Noting the major role of education, science, culture, communication and the social and humansciences both in promoting development and in building the capability of countries in general,and of the least developed countries in particular, to mobilize their own resources,

Emphasizing that one of the main thrusts of Unesco’s Medium-Term Plan has been to strengthenthe indigenous capability of the Member States to solve their own problems by strengtheningthe means at their disposal by abolishing illiteracy and promoting education, by increasingand developing the creative potential, both scientific and technological, and by developingresearch and training infrastructures,

Noting with great concern that the least developed countries are lagging farther behind in their overalldevelopment,

Reaffirming that there is an immediate need for a greatly expanded programme including a majorincrease in the transfer of additional resources to meet the critical needs of the leastdeveloped countries,

Appreciating the approach taken to reflect the spirit of the Substantial New Plan of Action forthe 1980s in the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989,

8. Notes the Director-General’s intention to consider the possibility, in future biennial programmesand budgets, of assigning to programmes and activities connected with the least developedcountries the place that those countries deserve;

9. Launches an urgent appeal to the international community to increase its aid to the leastdeveloped countries, especially by means of extra-budgetary funds.

2/09 Major Programme IX ‘Science, technology and society”

The General Conference,Recalling that the analysis of world problems set out in the first part of document 4XC/4 has

highlighted the considerable progress made in scientific knowledge and the increasingly exten-sive applications thereof, particularly in several key fields in which the findings of fundamentalresearch are closely linked with the emergence of technological innovations,

Further recalling that this analysis has brought out the magnitude of the work which remains to bedone in order to place science and technology fully at the service of the development ofsocieties and the welfare of mankind,

Reaffirming that it is Unesco’s responsibility to help to achieve better management of theapplications of science and to promote a form of technological development that correspondsto each society’s needs and specific circumstances,

Recalling its resolution 21C/100 on the preparation of the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989 andPart II of the Annex thereto concerning the natural sciences and 2lC/General Resolution 2/01on the programme for natural sciences and their application to development,

Recalling the recommendations of the Regional Conferences of Ministers on the Application ofScience and Technology to Development organized for Latin America (CASTALA, Santiagode Chile, 1965), for Asia (CASTASIA, New Delhi, 1968), for Europe (MINESPOL, Paris,1970), for Africa (CASTAFRICA, Dakar, 1974), for the Arab states (CASTARAB, Rabat,1976), for Europe and North America (MINESPOL II, Belgrade, 1978) and for Asia and thePacific (CASTASIA II, Manila, 1982) and the relevant recommendations of the Programme ofAction of the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development(Vienna, 1979),

Noting that Major Programme IX ‘Science, technology and society’, lies at the crossroads ofUnesco’s scientific and technological activities, and that it should contribute to the elucidationof the relationship between science, technology and society, to a better understanding ofscientific and technological progress and to the formulation and implementation of scienceand technology policies geared to satisfying the needs and aspirations of populations,


3 3



1. Approves the lines of emphasis of Major Programme IX, ‘Science, technology and society’, andinvites the Director-General to base the biennial programming for the period 1984-1989on the following programmes:1.1 Programme IX.1 ‘Study and improvement of the relationship between science, technology

and society’(a) which is aimed at:

(i) a better understanding of the process of acquiring, disseminating and applyingnew knowledge;

(ii) promoting its social and cultural integration;(iii) shedding light on the relationships between science, technology and society in

various social, economic and cultural contexts;(iv) increasing public understanding of science and technology and encouraging

the assimilation and dissemination of scientific and technological knowledge;(v) creating awareness of the role and social responsibility of scientists in the

struggle for the strengthening of peace, for disarmament and for the preventionof a nuclear catastrophe,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Study of the phenomenon of science and technology, its general evolution and

its relations with society;(ii) Participation of scientists, engineers, technicians and the public in setting

priorities for and evaluating the effects of scientific and technological progress;(iii) Science and technology extension work and making the public aware of what

science and technology have to offer;1.2 Programme IX.2 ‘Science and technology policies’

(a) which contributes to the formulation of science and technology policies based onthe needs and aspirations of societies and to the selection and adaptation oftechnologies in the various production sectors,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Analysis of national experience and exchange of information relating to science

and technology policy;(ii) Formulation of science and technology policies at the national, regional and

world level;(iii) Refinement of the methods, know-how and techniques needed to manage

national scientific and technological development;(iv) Training the skilled personnel needed for the planning and management of

national scientific and technological development;2. Recommends that the Director-General, during the preparation of the biennial programmes for

the period 1984-1989, place particular emphasis, on:(a) the utilization of the social sciences in the analysis and evaluation of the consequences of

technological innovations, taking ethical aspects into consideration;(b) the strengthening of activities aimed at increasing understanding of science and technology

by all sectors of the public, and in particular the adaptation of science extension work to theway of thinking specific to each culture and to the needs and level of each sector of thepublic;

(c) the need to base science and technology policies on the needs and aspirations of the societiesthat they are intended to serve, taking account of social, economic and culturalcircumstances;

(d) the need to co-ordinate the studies on technological development and culture foreseen underProgramme IX.1, ‘Study and improvement of the relationship between science, technologyand society’, and those to be carried out under subprogramme (ii), ‘Study of the relationshipbetween culture and techno-industrial development’ of Programme XI.2, ‘Cultural identityand intercultural relations’;

(e) the role of such policies in the choice of production technologies to be employed in thevarious sectors of the economy, in regard both to the promotion of new, high-impacttechnologies and the reinstatement of appropriate technologies and local know-how;

34


B Major Programmes

(f) the strengthening of regional and international co-operation in this field, particularlyco-operation among developing countries;

(g) efforts to ensure the participation of women in all activities.

2/10 Major Programme X ‘The human environment and terrestrial and marine resources'¹

The General Conference,Recalling that the analysis of world problems set out in the first part of document 4XC/4 has high-

lighted the widespread concern about the use and management of natural resources and theimpact of human activities on the environment,

Further recalling that this analysis has brought out the links that exist between, on the one hand,the choice of ways of turning natural resources to account and, on the other, the adoption of ageneral environmental ethic aiming for a wise use of these resources and the preservation of aheritage common to all mankind for present and future generations,

Reaffirming that it is incumbent upon Unesco to contribute to the management of the environmentand the rational management of natural resources, in accordance with one of the essentialtasks set out in the first part of document 4XC/4, which is ‘to facilitate the changes and thetransitions that are now recognized as necessary by the international community as a whole, infields where the convergence of aspirations gives rise to a broad consensus’,

Recalling 21C/Resolution 100 on the preparation of the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989 andPart II of the Annex thereto concerning the natural sciences, 21C/General Resolution 2/01 onthe programme for natural sciences and their application to development and 21C/GeneralResolution 3/01 on the programme for social sciences and their applications,

Recalling the recommendations of the Board of the International Geological Correlation Programme(IGCP), of the Intergovernmental Council of the International Hydrological Programme(IHP) and the International Conference on Hydrology and Scientific Bases for RationalManagement of Water Resources, of the International Co-ordinating Council of the Pro-gramme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB) and the MAB International Conference-Exhibit,and of the Assembly and the Executive Council of the Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission (IOC),

Recalling the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education(Tbilisi, 1977),

Also recalling, in the context of the relationship between the environment and development, theparticular importance of the rational management of natural resources, and, consequently, ofsurveying and evaluating these resources,

Considering that the worldwide scale of the problems of the environment and of the use ofnatural resources necessitates the strengthening of international scientific and technologicalco-operation,

Considering also the important initiative taken by the International Union for Conservation ofNature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP) and the World Worldlife Fund (WWF), in co-operation with FAO and Unesco, inlaunching the World Conservation Strategy,

Considering that Unesco, by virtue of the mission conferred on it by its Constitution, the experienceit has acquired and the special relationship it enjoys with the scientific communities, has afront-rank role to play within the United Nations system in the promotion of internationalscientific and technological co-operation,

Considering that education has a substantial contribution to make to the formulation and implemen-tation of solutions to environmental problems and problems concerning the use of naturalresources, by arousing widespread awareness of these problems, by making available theknowledge necessary for understanding them, and by promoting the adoption of suitablepatterns of behaviour in daily and professional life,

Noting that Major Programme X, ‘The human environment and terrestrial and marine resources’,covers fields of the utmost importance for all Member States in which Unesco has demon-


35



strated its effectiveness, in particular through the implementation of the intergovernmentalscientific programmes (IGCP, IHP, MAB) and the programmes in the field of marine sciences,those of the IOC in particular,

1. Deems necessary the continuation and strengthening, in the framework of this major programme,of the intergovernmental scientific programmes (IGCP, IHP, MAB), the programmes in thefield of marine sciences, particularly those of the IOC, and the current major regional projectson natural resources (geology for development in Africa; the rational utilization and theconservation of water resources in rural areas in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, andthe Arab States; research, training and demonstration applied to the integrated managementof humid tropical zones; research, training and demonstration for the integrated managementof arid and semi-arid regions; research and training leading to the integrated management ofcoastal systems);

2. Approves the lines of emphasis of Major Programme X, ‘The human environment and terrestrialand marine resources’, and invites the Director-General to base the biennial programming forthe period 1984-1989 on the following programmes:2.1 Programme X.1 ‘The earth’s crust and its mineral and energy resources’

(a) which, through the International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP), con-tributes to a better knowledge of the earth’s crust, the training of specializedpersonnel, the strengthening of the research institutions and laboratories needed forthe systematic surveying and rational utilization of mineral and energy resources ofthe lithosphere, by calling upon more active international co-operation in the earthsciences,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Spatio-temporal geological correlation;(ii) Geology for economic development;(iii) Geology for land-use planning;(iv) Interdisciplinary research on the earth’s crust;(v) Processing and dissemination of data relating to the earth sciences;(vi) Training of specialized personnel, with special attention to ensure the training

of women specialists;2.2 Programme X.2 ‘Natural hazards’

(a) the purpose of which is to develop the scientific knowledge and technical meanswhereby natural hazards can be assessed and predicted and to foster the adoption ofmeasures likely to mitigate their effects,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Development of scientific and technical knowledge with a view to a better

assessment of natural hazards and to their prediction;(ii) Mitigation of risks arising from natural hazards;

2.3 Programme X.3 (Water resources’(a) of which the main instrument of action is the International Hydrological Programme

(IHP) and which contributes:(i) to the growth of endogenous scientific and technical potential;(ii) to the progress of research and the development of information networks;(iii) to a rational utilization of water resources that is based on the choice of the most

appropriate technologies and takes account of biogeographical and socio-economic conditions,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Improvement of understanding of hydrological processes;(ii) Development of scientific and technical knowledge with a view to the assessment,

planning and management of water resources;(iii) Training of specialists, with special attention to ensure the training of women

specialists;2.4 Programme X.4 ‘The ocean and its resources’

(a) which is largely carried out by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission(IOC),

36


B Major Programmes

(b) the aim of which is to foster international co-operation for marine scientific researchand ocean services as a basis for increased use and better management of marineresources and the protection of the marine environment, and to assist in the formu-lation of national marine science policy and co-ordination mechanisms, especially inview of the recent adoption of the Convention on the Law of the Sea,

(c) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Promotion of scientific investigation of the ocean and its resources;(ii) Development of scientific knowledge with a view to the rational management of

marine systems;(iii) Ocean services, provision of oceanographic data, information, charts and

warnings;(iv) Strengthening of national and regional capacities for marine research, ocean

services and training;(v) Strengthening of international oceanographic co-operation and formulation of

intergovernmental policies;2.5 Programme X.5 ‘Management of coastal and island regions’

(a) which aims, in particular through international co-operation, to develop inter-disciplinary approaches for ensuring better management by Member States of theircoastal and island systems,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Development of syntheses of knowledge relating to interactions between

terrestrial and marine environments in coastal and island systems;(ii) Establishment of the basis for the integrated management of coastal zones;(iii) Establishment of the basis for the integrated management of islands;(iv) Training of specialists;

2.6 Programme X.6 ‘Lund-use planning and terrestrial resources’(a) which will be carried out essentially within the framework of the Intergovernmental

Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB), major components of which areincluded in Programmes X.5, X.7, X.8 and X.9,

(b) the object of which is, by using to the best advantage the opportunities afforded byinternational co-operation and taking account of the distinctive character of localsituations, to develop the scientific bases of integrated land-use planning, to trainthe necessary personnel and to improve the corresponding structures for research,training and information exchange in a variety of representative ecological andsocio-economic situations,

(c) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Promotion of international and interdisciplinary co-operation in the field of

land-use planning and terrestrial resources;(ii) Integrated land-use planning and the utilization of resources in humid and

sub-humid tropical regions;(iii) Integrated management and rural development. of arid and semi-arid zones;(iv) Integrated land-use planning and continuous monitoring in the temperate and

cold zones;(v) Training of specialists and technicians, with special attention to ensure the

training of women specialists, and testing of new systems of instruction inland-use planning;

(vi) Dissemination of information on the various aspects of land-use planning andinnovations in this field;

2.7 Programme X.7 'Urban systems and urbanization’(a) the aim of which is to develop scientific knowledge and methods relating to the

planning of towns, with a view to their improved management:(i) by promoting close co-operation between specialists in systems analysis, in

land-use planning and in the social and human sciences;(ii) by training of the personnel needed for carrying out studies and implementing

interdisciplinary and integrated projects;

3 7



(iii) by associating local populations in decision-making concerning their environ-ment,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Planning and integrated management of urban systems as ecosystems;(ii) Training in the planning and management of urban systems;(iii) Promotion of public awareness of the problems of urbanization;

2.8 Programme X.8 ‘The natural heritage’(a) which encourages the preservation of natural sites and contributes to the maintenance

of the genetic variety of animals and plants, through the development of a worldwidenetwork of biosphere reserves and the implementation of conventions such as theConvention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Establishment of systematic inventories of the natural heritage and research

concerning its preservation;(ii) Preparation and application of international instruments for the preservation

and enhancement of the heritage;(iii) Development of the international network of representative ecological areas;(iv) Training of specialists, with special attention to ensure the training of women

specialists;2.9 Programme X.9 ‘Environmental education and information’

(a) which aims to:(i) introduce and extend environmental education in all types and at all levels of

education;(ii) devise appropriate educational material based on research findings and exper-

ience gained;(iii) define and co-ordinate university, school and non-formal education and

information on the environment;(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:

(i) Production and dissemination of scientific information on the environment;(ii) Development of general environmental education;(iii) Promotion of awareness of environmental problems in vocational training;

3. Recommends that the Director-General, during the preparation of the biennial programmes forthe period 1984-1989, place particular emphasis on:

(a) the strengthening of the interdisciplinary approach, notably through appropriate contributionby the social and human sciences to the different programmes, in particular through researchon societal processes, mechanisms and institutions involved in the process of environmentaldegradation;

(b) research and training in each of the specialized fields of the utilization and management ofnatural resources;

(c) increased participation by the developing countries in the activities of the intergovernmentalscientific programmes (IGCP, IHP, MAB), and the programmes of the IntergovernmentalOceanographic Commission (IOC);

(d) the directing of activities towards solving specific problems facing the different regions, especiallyin the tropical and subtropical zones and the arid zones;

(e) the strengthening of activities envisaged under Programme X.4, ‘The ocean and its resources’,taking account of the prospects opened up to all countries by the development of marineresources and by the provisions of the new Convention on the Law of the Sea;

(f) co-ordination between the activities envisaged under Programme X.8, ‘The natural heritage’,and those proposed within the framework of Programme XI.1, ‘Cultural heritage’.

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B Major Programmes

2/11 Major Programme XI 'Culture and the future'¹

The General Conference,Recalling that the analysis of world problems set out in the first part of document 4XC/4 has high-

lighted the role of culture in the contemporary world, the problems of which-but equally thepromises-take on their full significance when viewed in a cultural perspective,

Recalling furthermore that this analysis has stressed the fundamental character of cultural identity,conceived as the living nucleus of the individual and collective personality, at once the key tothe fulfilment of individuals and the mainspring of the liberation of peoples, and that it hasalso highlighted the need to preserve and promote cultural diversity in the face of growingtendencies towards uniformity of behaviour and standardization of life-styles,

Convinced that the receptivity of cultures to one another is a prerequisite for the enrichment andvitality of cultural identities,

Convinced also that international cultural co-operation is an essential factor in bringing about arapprochement between men, mutual understanding between peoples, co-operation betweennations and the strengthening of peace, if it is based on the effective recognition of the equaldignity of all cultures, on respect for the independence and sovereignty of all countries andnon-intervention in their internal affairs, and on the quest for reciprocity of exchanges,

Emphasizing furthermore the central place of culture at the core of development processes, of whichit constitutes at once the source, the driving force and the ultimate goal,

Reaffirming the need to incorporate cultural data in economic and social development strategies andto redefine the aims of growth in terms of cultural and human development,

Taking note of the main findings of the second World Conference on Cultural Policies (MexicoCity, 1982) with regard to the analysis of the fundamental problems of culture in the contem-porary world and the quest for possible solutions to them, and recalling the principles set forthin the Mexico City Declaration on Cultural Policies,

Considering that Unesco, by virtue of the role assigned to it by its Constitution, the experience thatit has acquired and its special links with the world intellectual and artistic community, has akey role to play in the renewal of cultural life, so that culture may be an essential componentof the life of individuals and the development of societies as well as the basis for new forms ofco-operation between peoples,

Recalling 21C/Resolution 100 on the preparation of the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989 andPart IV of the Annex thereto concerning culture, and 21C/General Resolution 4/01 on theprogramme for culture,

Considering that the Organization has the task of promoting the application of the internationalstandard-setting instruments adopted by the General Conference with a view to safeguardingthe cultural heritage, namely: the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in theEvent of Armed Conflict (1954), the Recommendation on International Principles Applicable toArchaeological Excavations (1956), the Recommendation concerning the Most Effective Meansof Rendering Museums Accessible to Everyone (1960), the Recommendation concerning theSafeguarding of the Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites (1962), the Recommen-dation on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer ofOwnership of Cultural Property (1964), the Recommendation concerning the Preservation ofCultural Property Endangered by Public or Private Works (1968), the Convention on the Meansof Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of CulturalProperty (1970), the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heri-tage (1972), the Recommendation concerning the Protection, at National Level, of the Culturaland Natural Heritage (1972), the Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding and Contem-porary Role of Historic Areas (1976), the Recommendation concerning the InternationalExchange of Cultural Property (1976), the Recommendation for the Protection of MovableCultural Property (1978) and the Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding and Preser-vation of Moving Images (1980),


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Recalling previous resolutions in which it has called for international solidarity to help safeguardcertain outstanding historical monuments, areas and sites regarded as essential elements in thecommon heritage of mankind,

Recalling 20C/Resolution 4/7.6/5 and 2lC/Resolution 4/09 concerning the Statutes and Activitiesof the Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to itsCountries of Origin or its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation,

Recalling the Recommendation on Participation by the People at Large in Cultural Life and theirContribution to it (Nairobi, 1976), based on the general principle embodied in Article 27 ofthe Universal Declaration of Human Rights, according to which ‘everyone has the right freelyto participate in the cultural life of the community’,

Recalling the Recommendation concerning the Status of the Artist (Belgrade, 1980) and the referencein the Mexico City Declaration on Cultural Policies to freedom of opinion and expression asbeing essential for the creative activities of artists and intellectuals,

Recalling the London Declaration and the general recommendation adopted by the WorldCongress on Books (London, 1982) and emphasizing the role of books and the written wordin cultural development and exchanges between cultures,

Recalling the Declaration of the Principles of International Cultural Co-operation (1966), whichaffirms that cultural co-operation is a right and a duty for all peoples and all nations,and 20C/Resolution 12.1 and 21C/Resolution 12.1, which stress the role of cultural andscientific co-operation on an equal and mutually beneficial footing as an important factor forthe strengthening of peace, friendship and mutual understanding among the peoples,

Recalling the recommendations adopted by the various intergovernmental conferences on culturalpolicies organized at the international or regional level (Venice, 1970; Helsinki, 1972;Yogyakarta, 1973; Accra, 1975; Bogota, 1978; Mexico City, 1982),

1. Approves the lines of emphasis of Major Programme XI, ‘Culture and the future’, whose keyideas-the preservation and enhancement of the cultural heritage, the promotion of culturalidentity and intercultural exchanges, the encouragement of creation and creativity, the culturaldimension of development, cultural pluralism and cultural democracy-are in keeping withthe principles set forth in the Mexico City Declaration on Cultural Policies;

2. Invites the Director-General to base the biennial programming of the Organization’s activitiesfor the period 1984-1989 on the constituent programmes of Major Programme XI:2.1 Programme XI.1 ‘Cultural heritage’

(a) which is aimed at:(i) encouraging the drawing up of inventories of, and study of, the cultural

heritage in its various forms, especially its non-physical aspects;(ii) ensuring the protection of the cultural heritage by encouraging the drafting

of appropriate legislation, the continuation of standard-setting and operationalactivities to safeguard and enhance historic monuments and sites and thedevelopment of museums;

(iii) strengthening the structures, programmes and methods for the training ofspecialized personnel;

(iv) promoting greater public awareness of the problems of safeguarding theheritage by helping people to gain a better appreciation of their own heritageand those of other peoples,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Inventories and studies of the immovable and movable cultural heritage,

including manifestations of culture specific to children;(ii) Inventories, collection and studies of the non-physical heritage;(iii) Standard-setting action for the preservation and enhancement of the heritage

and aid for the planning of safeguarding policies;(iv) Operational action for the safeguarding of the immovable cultural heritage

and its reintegration into modern life;(v) Preservation and presentation of the movable cultural heritage;(vi) Training of specialized personnel;(vii) Exchange of information and promotion of public awareness;

40


B Major Programmes

2.2 Programme XI.2 ‘Cultural identity and intercultural relations’(a) which is aimed at promoting, at one and the same time, the creative affirmation

of identities and the mutual enrichment of cultures:(i) by encouraging the study and dissemination of the ingredients of the various

cultures, including languages, history and ways of life and also the values thatthese cultures embody;

(ii) by encouraging research into the impact of technological development-inparticular the impact of the structures of the cultural industries-on culturalidentities, including manifestations of culture specific to youth;

(iii) by promoting study of the mechanisms of intercultural communication and bystrengthening exchanges between cultures so as to foster international under-standing and the construction of peace;

(iv) by endeavouring to promote ways and means of providing assistance to MemberStates for the safeguarding, collecting and conservation of ancient andcontemporary manuscripts, which are an essential component of the culturalheritage and identity of peoples;

(v) by elucidating the relationship between the values common to mankind as awhole and the values specific to the various cultural identities,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Knowledge of cultures and promotion of cultural identities;(ii) Study of the relationship between culture and techno-industrial development;(iii) Analysis and stimulation of intercultural communication;(iv) Action to promote the mutual appreciation of cultures;(v) Studies of the specificity and universality of cultural values;

2.3 Programme XI.3 ‘Creation and creativity’(a) which is aimed at:

(i) contributing to a better understanding of the situation of art in the varioussocieties and, in particular, to elucidation of the conditions conducive to thedevelopment of the process of innovation and creation, with particular regardto the protection of the rights of creative artists, the improvement of the statusof the artist and the promotion of his role in society, and measures to supportand stimulate artistic creation;

(ii) promoting the artistic appreciation and education of the public and creatingnew forms of exchanges between creative artists and society with a view tomaximizing participation in artistic and intellectual life;

(iii) developing, particularly by means of fellowships and exchanges, systems oftraining for creative and performing artists;

(iv) encouraging all forms of artistic creation (literature, theatre, music, audio-visual productions, the plastic arts, architecture, crafts, etc.), particularly thosethat are threatened by the economic and social changes affecting contemporarysocieties, and promoting the use of modern technologies for artistic creation;

(v) widening the public for modem art by facilitating the access of creative artiststo the media and cultural industries and developing contacts between artistsfrom the various geocultural areas, mindful of the need to guarantee respectfor all forms of inspiration and all artistic techniques,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Knowledge of the different fields of artistic creation; status and new roles of

the artist;(ii) Education and sensitization of the public in relation to the arts;(iii) Training of creative and performing artists and specialists;(iv) Action to promote the arts, literature and crafts;(v) Dissemination of works of modern creative art;

2.4 Programme XI.4 ‘Cultural development and cultural policies’(a) the aim of which is:

(i) to continue to clarify the concept of culture and to promote the effective

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2/12

recognition of culture as a dimension, and the ultimate goal, of developmentand, to this end, to encourage the study of the interactions between culture andcertain key development fields such as the economy, science and technology,education and communication;

(ii) to promote the effective exercise of cultural rights, especially by minorities andthe most underprivileged categories, with a view to fostering the flowering of agenuine cultural democracy;

(iii) to help Member States formulate cultural policies suited to the needs andaspirations of their peoples and to acquire the resources and personnel necessaryfor cultural development;

(iv) to encourage, to this end, the development of the potential represented bynational and regional cultural industries, both public and private, so that theymay contribute to the implementation of strategies for cultural action;

(v) to promote cultural co-operation at all levels, subregional, regional, inter-regional and international, with particular regard to co-operation amongdeveloping countries,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) The cultural dimension of development;(ii) Cultural rights and participation in cultural life;(iii) The formulation and implementation of cultural policies;(iv) Training of cultural development personnel;(v) International cultural co-operation;

3. Recommends that the Director-General, during the preparation of the biennial programmesfor the period 1984-1989, pay particular attention to:

(a) the links between Major Programme XI and the activities foreseen under other majorprogrammes and concerned with development, education and communication (especially withregard to the promotion of books and the written word), the relationship between science,technology and society, the environment and the cultural heritage, the struggle againstintolerance, prejudice, racism and apartheid, the promotion of human rights and theconstruction of peace;

(b) the important role, both actual and potential, of the crafts, which represent a valuablenational heritage and form a tangible part of historical and contemporary culture, in allaspects of cultural activity and in national development;

(c) the crucial importance of international cultural co-operation in the rapprochement of menand the strengthening of peace;

(d) the specific contribution that women make to cultural life and the need to ensure that theyoccupy their due place as the beneficiaries and agents of cultural development and inter-national cultural co-operation;

(e) the strengthening of activities to encourage cultural expression by young people and toincrease their participation in international cultural exchanges;

(f) the specific cultural situation of migrants and their families in view of the development of theircultural identity and of intercultural relations;

(g) the catalytic role that the National Commissions for Unesco and international non-governmental organizations can play in the realm of cultural co-operation;

(h) the need for a qualitative analysis of the Organization’s forms of action and modes ofintervention in the field of culture.

Major Programme XII ‘The elimination of prejudice, intolerance, racism and apartheid’¹

The General Conference,Considering that recognition of the inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all

members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,


42


B Major Programmes

Considering that all persons are entitled to equal and effective protection against discrimination onany grounds such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, nationalor social origin, wealth, birth or other circumstances,

Recalling that the analysis of world problems set out in the first part of document 4XC/4 hashighlighted the persistence of prejudice, intolerance and racism, and the dire consequences ofthe perpetuation of the oppressive system of apartheid,

Recalling that this analysis underlines the risks inherent in the many ‘racial’, ethnic, cultural,linguistic and religious conflicts appearing in the world,

Convinced that the increasing pace and number of exchanges which are a feature of the world today,putting different groups and persons into ever closer and more frequent contact, make itmore than ever necessary to strengthen mutual tolerance and the elimination of all forms ofprejudice and discrimination,

Recalling the terms of the Constitution of Unesco, according to which ‘the great and terriblewar which has now ended was a war made possible by the denial of the democratic principlesof the dignity, equality and mutual respect of men, and by the propagation, in their place,through ignorance and prejudice, of the doctrine of the inequality of men and races’,

Reaffirming, in accordance with the Preamble to the Constitution, that a just and lasting peacemust be founded, if it is not to fail, ‘upon the intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind’,

Recalling the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted and proclaimed by the GeneralAssembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1948,

Recalling further that in 1948, at its sixth session, the Economic and Social Council suggested thatUnesco ‘consider the desirability of initiating and recommending the general adoption of aprogramme of disseminating scientific facts designed to remove what is commonly known asracial prejudice’,

Recalling that, by resolution 4.1 adopted at its fourth session (1949), the General Conferenceinstructed the Director-General to study and collect scientific materials concerning questionsof race, to give wide diffusion to the scientific information collected and to prepare aneducational campaign based on that information,

Recalling resolution 3.22 adopted at its sixth session (1951), by which the General Conferenceauthorized the Director-General to undertake studies concerning the social integration ofgroups which do not participate fully in the life of the national community by reason oftheir ethnic or cultural characteristics or their recent arrival in the country,

Recalling the Recommendation and Convention against Discrimination in Education, adopted atits eleventh session, on 14 December 1960,

Considering the various declarations on questions of race and racial prejudice adopted byinternational groups or committees of experts convened by Unesco (1950,1951,1964 and 1967)and also the Athens Appeal launched in 1981,

Bearing in mind the Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice unanimously adopted at itstwentieth session (1978), on 27 November 1978,

Recalling further the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,adopted by the United Nations General Assembly by resolution 1904(XVIII) of20 November 1963,

Recalling the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,adopted by the United Nations General Assembly by resolution 2106A(XX) of21 December 1965,

Recalling the provisions of the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime ofGenocide approved by the United Nations General Assembly by resolution 260A(III)of 9 December 1948, and the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishmentof the Crime of Apartheid, adopted by the General Assembly by resolution 3068(XXVIII)of 30 November 1973,

Bearing in mind General Assembly resolutions 3057(XXVIII) of 2 November 1973 and 34/24of 15 November 1979 relating to the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and RacialDiscrimination,

Recalling resolution 36/162 adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1981on measures to be taken against Nazi, Fascist and neo-Fascist activities and all other forms

4 3



of totalitarian ideologies and practices based on racial intolerance, hatred and terror, inparticular paragraph 3 of the operative part of that resolution, which calls upon the appropriateSpecialized Agencies as well as intergovernmental and international non-governmentalorganizations to initiate or intensify measures against the ideologies and practices describedin its paragraph 1,

Recalling resolution 35/125 adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 11 December 1980on the elimination of all forms of religious intolerance and the Declaration on the Eliminationof All Forms of Intolerance and Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, adopted by theGeneral Assembly on 25 November 1981 by resolution 36/55,

Taking into account the many appeals by the authorities of all the religions in the world to put astop to religious intolerance,

Considering resolution 1978A(XVIII) of 16 December 1963, in which the General Assembly invitedthe Specialized Agencies to give the Special Committee on the Policies of Apartheid of theGovernment of the Republic of South Africa their assistance and co-operation,

Also recalling resolution 12.1 adopted by the General Conference at its nineteenth session, inparticular paragraph 15, which stresses ‘the contribution which Unesco can make to alertingworld public opinion to the problems of apartheid, racialism, colonialism and neo-colonialism,to the analysis and clarification of the historical and socio-political origins of thesephenomena and to the study of new forms of domination, inter-ethnic relations and theassimilation of minority groups’,

Recalling resolution 10.1 adopted at its twentieth session, especially subparagraph 2(a)(ii) thereof,Also recalling resolution 10.1 adopted at its twenty-first session, in particular paragraph 8(a), which

invites the Director-General ‘to continue to contribute, within the fields of competence ofUnesco, to efforts designed to eliminate colonialism, neo-colonialism, aggression, racism,apartheid, all forms of foreign domination and all forms and manifestations of racialdiscrimination, and to establish an international climate of trust and mutual understanding...‘,

Considering the specific contribution that the Organization can make to the elimination of prejudice,intolerance, racism and apartheid, in accordance with the responsibilities placed on it in thefield of education, science-including the social sciences-culture and communication,

Considering in particular the substantial scientific support that Unesco can provide to programmescarried out by the United Nations and its commissions and committees, and by the otherspecialized agencies, with a view to combating prejudice, intolerance, racism and apartheid,

Considering the catalytic role played by Unesco programmes on racism in stimulating action bynon-governmental organizations and the intellectual community to combat prejudice,intolerance, racism and apartheid,

Considering further the specific role that Unesco can play in the struggle against apartheid and inthe publication of scientific information concerning apartheid,

1. Approves the implementation of Major Programme XII, ‘The elimination of prejudice, intolerance,racism and apartheid’, and endorses the lines of emphasis of that major programme as enablingUnesco to mobilize its forces for a struggle which is of fundamental importance both for theOrganization and for its Member States as a whole;

2. Invites the Director-General to base the biennial programming for the period 1984-1989 on thethree constituent programmes of Major Programme XII:2.1 Programme XII.1 ‘Studies and research on prejudice, intolerance and racism’

(a) which is designed to promote a scientific analysis of these phenomena, and inparticular:(i) to shed light on the reasons for the emergence and spread of theories which

provide the ideological bases of prejudice, intolerance and racism;(ii) to analyse the situations in which various forms of intolerance are maintained

and reproduced, and those which, on the contrary, are conducive to toleranceand co-operation between cultural, ‘racial’, ethnic, religious or linguisticgroups;

(iii) to study the possible role of social, educational and cultural institutions, socialstandards and social usage in the perpetuation or, on the contrary, theelimination of intolerance, prejudices and racism,

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B Major Programmes

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Study of the theoretical and ideological bases of prejudice, intolerance and

racism;(ii) Concepts and models for the socio-political study of intolerance and racism;(iii) Research on policies, institutions and practices conducive to intolerance and

racism;2.2 Programme XII.2 ‘Action against prejudice, intolerance and racism in the fields of edu-

cation, science, culture and communication’(a) which, being based on the results of studies and research undertaken under Pro-

gramme XII.1, will be mainly action-oriented and will endeavour:(i) to promote the application of the standard-setting instruments intended to

counter prejudice, intolerance and racism;(ii) to strengthen the action undertaken at all levels of education with a view to

eliminating discriminatory treatment and to strengthening the spirit of toleranceand mutual respect;

(iii) to mobilize public opinion, through the use of the mass media, against prejudice,intolerance and racism;

(iv) to promote the cultural expression of all those subjected to intolerance andracism,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Standard-setting action in support of the struggle against prejudice, intolerance

and racism;(ii) Action in the field of education in support of the struggle against prejudice,

intolerance and racism;(iii) Action in the field of communication and information in support of the struggle

against prejudice, intolerance and racism;(iv) Action in the field of culture in support of the struggle against prejudice,

intolerance and racism;2.3 Programme XII.3 ‘The struggle against apartheid’

(a) which aims:(i) to help make better known the current economic and social situation in South

Africa and Namibia and its historical background;(ii) to analyse the social mechanisms by which apartheid ensures and perpetuates

political and social domination;(iii) to highlight the impact of apartheid on the situation in education, science,

culture, communication and information;(iv) to reinforce co-operation in the struggle against apartheid between Unesco, the

states concerned and the national liberation movements recognized by theOrganization of African Unity,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Historical, sociological and economic studies on apartheid;(ii) Study of the theoretical and ideological foundations of apartheid;(iii) Struggle against apartheid in education, science, culture, communication and

information;(iv) Co-operation with the national liberation movements recognized by the Organ-

ization of African Unity;3. Recommends that, during the preparation of the biennial programmes for the period 1984-1989,

the Director-General devote special attention to the problems of access to education, science,culture and information, and to the critical analysis of the ideas, beliefs and principles whichkeep alive prejudice, intolerance and discrimination towards ‘racial’, cultural, linguistic orreligious groups; and that he pay increased attention to the question of apartheid and themechanisms by which it is perpetuated.

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2/13 Major Programme XIII ‘Peace, international understanding, human rightsand the rights of peoples”

The General Conference,Recalling that, under the terms of its Constitution, the purpose of Unesco is ‘to contribute to peace

and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science andculture in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the humanrights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, withoutdistinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations’,

Emphasizing that the activities envisaged in Major Programmes I to XII, while having their ownobjectives, converge towards the attainment of the ideals of Unesco as stated in itsConstitution,

Recalling the aims of the United Nations, under the terms of its Charter, namely:‘1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective

measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression ofacts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, andin conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement ofinternational disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;

‘2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equalrights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthenuniversal peace;

‘3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic,social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect forhuman rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex,language, or religion; and

‘4. To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends’,Bearing in mind the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted and proclaimed by the

United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948,Bearing in mind also the Convention (No. 111) concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment

and Occupation adopted by the International Labour Conference of the International LabourOrganisation at its 42nd session, on 25 June 1958, and the Convention and Recommendationagainst Discrimination in Education adopted by the General Conference of Unesco at itseleventh session, on 14 December 1960,

Stressing furthermore the importance for the promotion of the freedom of peoples of the Declarationon the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples adopted by the UnitedNations General Assembly by its resolution 1514(XV) of 14 December 1960, followed in 1961by the establishment of the Special Committee of 24 to examine the application of thisDeclaration, and of General Assembly resolution 1803(XVII) dated 14 November 1962concerning permanent sovereignty over natural resources,

Bearing in mind the Declaration and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Formsof Racial Discrimination, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly by resol-ution 1904(XVIII) of 20 November 1963 and by resolution 2106(XX) of 21 December 1965respectively and, in particular, Article 7 of the Convention, relating to the measures whichstates parties undertake to adopt in the fields of teaching, education, culture and informationwith a view to combating prejudices which lead to racial discrimination and to promotingunderstanding, tolerance and friendship among nations and racial or ethnic groups,

Taking into account, moreover, the International Convenants on Human Rights adopted andopened for signature, ratification and accession by the United Nations General Assembly byits resolution 2200A(XXI) of 16 December 1966 and, in particular, Article 1, which states that

1. Resolution adopted on the proposal of the Working Group set up by the General Committee of the General Conference,at the seventeenth plenary meeting, on 3 December 1982. This resolution was accompanied by an addendum indicating theamendments to documents 4XC/4 and 4XC/4, Annex II, proposed by the Working Group concerning Major ProgrammeXIII.The text of these amendments which will be incorporated in document 4XC/4 Approved, is reproduced in Annex I(2) tothis volume.

4 6


B Major Programmes

‘all peoples have the right of self-determination’, and Article 13 of the International Covenanton Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in which ‘the right of everyone to education’ isrecognized, and Articles 18 and 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRights, which stipulate that ‘everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscienceand religion’, ‘everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference’ and‘everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression’,

Taking also into account the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning FriendlyRelations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the UnitedNations adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1970 by its resolution 2625(XXV)of 24 October 1970,

Bearing in mind the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Tortureand Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted by the UnitedNations General Assembly by its resolution 3452(XXX) of 9 December 1975, Article 5 ofwhich stipulates that: ‘The training of law enforcement personnel and of other publicofficials who may be responsible for persons deprived of their liberty shall ensure that fullaccount is taken of the prohibition against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degradingtreatment or punishment’,

Stressing the importance of the Declaration on Social Progress and Development proclaimed bythe United Nations General Assembly on 11 December 1969 by its resolution 2542(XXIV),which specifies a number of rights and liberties of peoples, of the Declaration of the Principlesof International Cultural Co-operation proclaimed by the General Conference of Unesco atits fourteenth session, on 4 November 1966, and of the Declaration on the Preparation ofSocieties for Life in Peace proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly by itsresolution 33/73 of 15 December 1978, of the Universal Declaration on the Eradication ofHunger and Malnutrition adopted on 16 November 1974 by the World Food Conference andthe Declaration on the Use of Scientific and Technological Progress in the Interests of Peaceand for the Benefit of Mankind proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly on10 March 1975 by its resolution 3384(XXX),

Considering the Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding,Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and FundamentalFreedoms, adopted by the General Conference of Unesco at its eighteenth session on19 November 1974,

Bearing in mind the Declaration on Fundamental Principles concerning the Contribution of theMass Media to Strengthening Peace and International Understanding, to the Promotion ofHuman Rights and to Countering Racialism, Apartheid and Incitement to War, adopted byacclamation on 22 November 1978 by the General Conference of Unesco at its twentiethsession,

Bearing in mind the Final Document of the tenth special session of the United Nations GeneralAssembly, which states that ‘the United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization is urged to intensify its activities aimed at facilitating research and publicationson disarmament, related to its fields of competence, especially in developing countries, andshould disseminate the results of such research’ and that ‘the General Assembly welcomesthe initiative of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization inplanning to hold a world congress on disarmament education and, in this connection, urgesthat organization to step up its programme aimed at the development of disarmamenteducation as a distinct field of study through the preparation, inter alia, of teachers’ guides,textbooks, readers and audio-visual materials’, and also considering the proclamation, by theGeneral Assembly at its twelfth special session, of the World Disarmament Campaign, whoseprogramme of action, as stated in Annex V of the Concluding Document of the session,‘should set out appropriate tasks for Unesco in its fields of competence and in co-ordinationwith the Centre for Disarmament’,

Noting that the international community has recognized the gravity of the persistence of variousforms of discrimination against women and has sought to encourage the implementation ofmeasures to improve the status of women by drawing up specific international legal instruments,in particular the Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women adopted

47



by the United Nations General Assembly by resolution 2263(XXII) of 7 November 1967and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women,which the General Assembly adopted and opened for signature by Member States byresolution 34/180 of 18 December 1979,

Considering, furthermore, Unesco’s contribution since 1966 to the United Nations Programme ofAssistance in the Teaching, Study, Dissemination and Wider Appreciation of Inter-national Law,

Recalling that 104 EX/Decision 3.3 adopted by the Executive Board of Unesco strengthened theprocedures for the examination of cases and questions which might be submitted to Unescoconcerning the exercise of human rights in the spheres of its competence,

Recalling 21C/Resolution 100 on the preparation of the Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989, andGeneral Resolutions 10.1, 11.1, 13.1 and 13.2, concerning respectively Unesco’s contributionto peace, the creation of a climate of public opinion conducive to the halting of the armsrace and the transition to disarmament, and the status of women,

Recalling 21C/Resolution 3.03, by which, among other things, it approved the content and form ofthe seven-year plan for the Development of Human Rights Teaching (1981-1987), andconvinced of the need to increase efforts to put that plan into effect,

Recalling that the analysis of world problems set out in the first part of document 4XC/4highlighted the fundamental problems faced by mankind as a result of threats to peace andthe arms race and repeated violations of the freedom of peoples and violations of humanrights, and that it pointed to the grave dangers weighing on mankind as a result of nucleararmaments, chemical and biological weapons and conventional weapons,

Considering that one of Unesco’s tasks is to contribute, in its fields of competence, to the preservationand strengthening of international peace, and that Unesco is required by its Constitution tocontribute to the discharge of that task,

Reaffirming that peace does not mean solely the absence of armed conflict, that it cannot beguaranteed in a climate of injustice and violation of human rights and that it demands aprocess of advance aimed at the construction of an international society based on justice,solidarity and mutual respect among peoples,

Reaffirming that effective respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all withoutdistinction of race, sex, language or religion is conducive to the creation of the conditionsof stability and well-being that are needed to ensure among nations peaceful and friendlyrelations based on respect for the principle of the equality of the rights of peoples and of theirright to self-determination,

Noting that the causes of discrimination against women are rooted in prejudices and culturalattitudes as well as in socio-economic structures,

1. Expresses its concern at the serious threats to peace, international security and the freedom ofpeoples today, and at the repeated violations of human rights and the rights of peoples, andalso recognizes the dangers inherent in arms races;

2. Approves the lines of emphasis of Major Programme XIII, ‘Peace, international understanding,human rights and the rights of peoples’, and invites the Director-General to base the biennialprogramming for the period 1984-1989 on the constituent programmes:2.1 Programme XIII.1 ‘Maintenance of peace and international understanding’

(a) the aim of which is:(i) to analyse the factors that may contribute to the maintenance and strengthening

of peace in the world, taking care that particular attention is given to thebalance and objectivity of such analyses, given the especially delicate natureof the questions to be examined;

(ii) to study the causes and consequences of the arms race, including the inter-relationships between disarmament and development, calling for the co-operationof the various disciplines in the social and human sciences and providing supportfor the establishment and development of research and teaching institutionsdevoted to the subject,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Reflection on the factors contributing to peace;

48


(ii) Research into the causes and consequences of the arms race and the creation ofconditions conducive to disarmament;

2.2 Programme XIII.2 ‘Respect for human rights’(a) which aims, within the framework of increased co-operation and co-ordination with

scientific institutions and international governmental and non-governmentalorganizations:(i) to contribute to a more searching analysis of the causes of violations of human

rights, fundamental freedoms and peoples’ rights, inter alia in situations ofoccupation or colonial domination, adopting an interdisciplinary approach;

(ii) to promote the effective exercise of cultural rights, the right to education,freedom of opinion and expression and the right to communicate, inter alia insituations of occupation or colonial domination;

(iii) to strengthen the protection of human rights in Unesco’s fields of competence;(iv) to reinforce co-operation in Unesco’s fields of competence with the national

liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity and thePalestine Liberation Organization, recognized by the League of Arab States,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Reflection about human rights;(ii) The effective exercise of human rights in specific social and economic situations;(iii) Promotion and protection of human rights;

2.3 Programme XIII.3 ‘Education for peace and respect for human rights and the rightsof peoples’(a) which is designed to encourage education that, at all levels and in all its forms,

imparts the knowledge whereby each individual and each community can gain abetter understanding of the problems relating to the maintenance and strengtheningof peace and respect for human rights and the rights of peoples,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Implementation of the 1974 Recommendation and follow-up to the Inter-

governmental Conference on Education for International Understanding,Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Funda-mental Freedoms, with a view to developing a frame of mind conducive to thestrengthening of security and disarmament;

(ii) Strengthening of action in school education, including technical and vocationaleducation, and extension to higher education;

(iii) Extension of action to out-of-school education and adult education;(iv) Alerting and informing of public opinion and support for youth activities

under this programme;2.4 Programme XIII.4 ‘Elimination of discrimination based on sex’

(a) the objective of which is:(i) to elucidate the causes and consequences of the various forms of discrimination

based on sex that are still rife in various regions of the world;(ii) to analyse the historical and contemporary role of women in different societies,

using the multidisciplinary and comparative approach of the social and humansciences;

(iii) to develop national and regional capacities and infrastructures for research,training and information in the social and human sciences relating to women;

(iv) to promote the use of the results of such research in programmes of action toimprove the status of women,

(b) and which comprises the following subprogrammes:(i) Studies and research on the fundamental rights of women and the elimination

of discrimination based on sex;(ii) Women’s problems in the fields of research, teaching, education and information;(iii) Participation of women in political, economic, social and cultural life and in the

seeking of solutions to the major problems of the world and to the main scourgesof our times;



3. Recommends that the Director-General give particular attention, during the preparation of thebiennial programmes for the period 1984-1989, to:

(a) the intensification of co-operation with a view to strengthening regional and nationalinstitutions that contribute ‘to training and research relating to peace and disarmament;

(b) the strengthening of interdisciplinary research on the causes, circumstances and consequencesof violations of human rights, fundamental freedoms and the rights of peoples;

(c) the development of a special programme relating to the contribution that Unesco can make,in its fields of competence and within the framework of the World Disarmament Campaigndecided on by the United Nations General Assembly at its twelfth special session, to thecreation of a climate of public opinion favourable to the cessation of all activities constitutinga threat to international peace, including the arms race, and to the transition to disarmament;

(d) the application of the standard-setting instruments adopted by the General Conference andby which Member States have undertaken to report to it on questions concerning peace andhuman rights within the Organization’s fields of competence;

(e) the improvement of knowledge, through, on the one hand, education and training relatingto peace, disarmament, international understanding and human rights, by ensuring theimplementation of the Plan for the Development of Human Rights Teaching which formsthe subject of 21C/Resolution 3.03 and, on the other hand, improved dissemination ofinformation in these fields, in co-operation with National Commissions, the competentagencies of the United Nations system, non-governmental organizations and various researchand training institutes;

(f) the need for ensuring, in the implementation of the activities relating to subprogramme (ii) ofProgramme XIII.3, in view of their extremely delicate character, respect for the integrity ofthe educational process in general and for the principle of the independence of institutions ofhigher education involved in such activities;

(g) the strengthening of the contribution of the social and human sciences to improving the statusof women, particularly by promoting research, training and information activities at thenational and regional levels;

(h) the need for co-ordination and co-operation with the agencies of the United Nations systemand for co-operation with the competent international governmental and non-governmentalorganizations and with various research and training institutes.

2/14 Major Programme XIV ‘The status of women”

The General Conference,Recalling that the analysis of world problems set out in the first part of document 4XC/4 has shown

that the improvement of the status of women cannot be dissociated from the general progressof societies and that this has called for a new view of the roles of men and women that wouldmake it possible to take into account the specific needs and aspirations of women,

Recalling that it is Unesco’s mission to contribute to the elimination of all forms of discrimination,in particular those based on sex, and to promote genuine equality between men and womenand their full participation in the life of the societies to which they belong and in that of theworld community,

Noting that despite the efforts that have been made at the national, regional and international levelsin order to attain the objectives of the World Plan of Action adopted by the World Conferenceof International Women’s Year (Mexico City, 1975), the status of women has not funda-mentally changed during’ the last few years,

Convinced that questions relating to women concern all aspects of the life of societies and are thuslinked to all the problems facing societies,

Recalling the Recommendation and Convention against Discrimination in Education, adopted by theGeneral Conference at its eleventh session on 14 December 1960,

Recalling the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women,adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations at its thirty-fourth session (1979),

1. Resolutions adopted on the report of Commission I at the sixteenth plenary meeting, on 3 December 1982.


B Major Programmes

Bearing in mind the World Plan of Action and the Programme for the United Nations Decade forWomen: Equality, Development and Peace, and the Copenhagen Programme of Action forthe second half of the United Nations Decade for Women (1980),

Further recalling the resolutions on the status of women adopted by the General Conference, and inparticular resolutions 13.1 and 13.2 adopted at its twenty-first session,

1. Invites the Director-General to ensure that the improvement of the status of women and theireffective access to responsibilities related to development constitute one of the Organization’smajor areas of concern, which should be taken into account at all stages in the design andimplementation of the activities undertaken during the period 1984-1989;

2. Confirms the importance attaching to activities aimed at eliminating discrimination based on sex,and in particular to activities whose purpose is to ensure equality of educational opportunityfor girls and women and promote their full participation in political, economic, social andcultural life;

3. Emphasizes the need to integrate the female dimension in all the Organization’s programmesand activities and accordingly invites the Director-General:

(a) to establish in the second Medium-Term Plan a cross-sectional Major Programme XIVentitled ‘The status of women’ which will bring together the programmes specifically designedto improve the status of women in the context of the other major programmes;

(b) to ensure that the biennial programmes and budgets include special provisions which willmake it possible to identify in each programme the practical measures and activities whichconcern women;

(c) to redouble his efforts to promote a better balanced participation of men and women in theprogrammes and activities which Unesco organizes or in which it takes part;

4. Further recommends that, during the preparation of the biennial programmes and budgets for theperiod 1984-1989, the Director-General devote special attention to:

(a) activities that may contribute to enabling the most underprivileged women to become betterinformed about their rights and may help to improve their status;

(b) activities that will enable Unesco to make a positive contribution to the preparation,proceedings and following up of the third World Conference of the United Nations Decadefor Women which is to take place in 1985;

(c) strengthening the co-operation between Unesco and women’s organizations, particularlyinternational non-governmental organizations and institutions concerned with the questionsof women at the national, regional and international levels;

(d) the presentation of the allocation of funds between specific programmes grouped togetherunder Major Programme XIV, ‘The status of women’, the total of which funds should be atleast equal to the amount of funds assigned in the first Medium-Term Plan to the specificprogramme activities concerning the status of women and their participation in development.

2/15 Chapter XV ‘Programme support’¹

The General Conference,Recalling that, by paragraph 3(i) of 21C/Resolution 100, it considered that the Medium-Term Plan

‘should include strategy statements indicating what changes in the Programme supportservices of the Organization will be needed in order to implement the Programme’,

Recalling further that the Executive Board at its 113th session considered that the Medium-TermPlan should contain ‘a chapter on programme support activities which should be designed inaccordance with the substantive thrust of the Plan’ (113 EX/Decision 4.1, paragraph 12(f)),

1. Endorses the general lines of emphasis contained in Chapter XV of the Medium-Term Plan,concerned with programme support;

2. Invites the Director-General to draw up the biennial programmes and budgets for the years 1984to 1989, as regards programme support activities, in such a way as to provide the mosteffective intellectual, technical and material support to the activities proposed under the major

1. Resolution adopted on the report of Commission II at the fourteenth plenary meeting, on 1 December 1982.

51



programmes and on the basis of the provisions contained in the various sections ofChapter XV of the Medium-Term Plan;

XV. 1 CopyrightI

Recalling that, under the terms of its Constitution, it is among the tasks of Unesco to ‘maintain,increase and diffuse knowledge’ and to ‘give the people of all countries access to the printedand published materials produced by any of them’ and to ‘promote the free flow of ideas byword and image’,

3. Recommends that the Director-General ensure that copyright activities, bearing in mind the needto encourage the development of different cultures and to afford the widest access tointellectual works, contribute to:

(a) promoting, in Member States, effective protection of copyright and neighbouring rights and,furthermore, accession to the international conventions, which are indispensable instrumentsin facilitating the circulation of intellectual works;

(b) fostering the activity of creative intellectuals while safeguarding their rights and their materialand moral interests;

(c) seeking out appropriate means for ensuring the protection of works carried by the newtechniques of dissemination;

(d) training personnel and establishing appropriate infrastructures;(e) allowing rapid and easy access to the international repertory of protected works in accordance

with the spirit of the relevant international conventions;

XV.2 StatisticsI I

Considering that it is incumbent upon Unesco to collect, analyse, publish, unify and improvestatistical data in spheres of its competence,

Noting the growing complexity of the problems raised by the collection, storage, processing anddisseminating of statistical data, the volume and diversity of which are constantly increasing,

4. Recommends that the Director-General ensure that activities in the field of statistics:(a) make possible a more exhaustive collection of data and the improvement of methods, of

techniques of analysis and of the international comparability of statistics for the benefit ofplanning, research, administration and evaluation;

(b) contribute to knowledge about situations and trends in Unesco’s fields of competence,especially with a view to facilitating the definition of the objectives of internationalco-operation;

(c) are based on a multidisciplinary approach in keeping with the requirements of an integrateddevelopment which meets the needs and aspirations of each society;

XV.3 Publications

III

Recalling that, in accordance with the provisions of its Constitution, it is incumbent upon Unesco‘to promote the free flow of ideas by word and image’ and to encourage the internationalexchange of publications and other materials of information,

5. Recommends that the Director-General ensure that Unesco publications, whose high qualityshould be maintained:

(a) are in keeping with the lines of emphasis of the Medium-Term Plan and the activitiesdefined in the biennial programmes;

(b) are designed to reach an increasing number of readers, whether specialists or members of thegeneral public;

(c) are distributed under improved conditions and, as far as possible, at lower cost;

5 2


B Major Programmes

(d) are the subject of co-publication arrangements or are published in accordance with decentralizedprocedures, whenever such arrangements are desirable and appropriate;

(e) are more widely disseminated, especially in the developing countries;

XV.4 Public informationIV

Recalling that, by paragraph 2 of its 21C/Resolution 100, the General Conference considered thatone of the ‘main forms Unesco’s action should take in contributing to the solution of globalproblems’ was ‘familiarizing the general public throughout the world with the nature of theseproblems in order to make the world community conscious of their importance and urgency’,

6. Recommends that the Director-General ensure that public information activities:(a) are planned and implemented as economically as possible with due regard to the need for the

strengthening of evaluation in this area of Unesco’s activities;(b) aim to make Unesco’s activities and achievements and its ideals and goals more widely and

thoroughly known among the public of all the regions of the world, with a view to stimulatinggreater public interest in and support for the work of the Organization and familiarizing thepublic with world problems;

(c) provide communication media professionals with information likely to heighten theirinterest in Unesco;

(d) are more frequently and actively relayed by various bodies having relations with Unesco,in particular the National Commissions, the international non-governmental organizationsand the Unesco Clubs, and employ a variety of delivery systems;

XV.5 Conferences and documentsV

Considering that activities relating to conferences, languages and documents are closely linked withthe execution of the programme; and that the holding of meetings and the use of variouslanguages both at those meetings and in the production of documents intended for them arenecessary to the life of Unesco and the execution of its programme,

7. Notes the increasing magnitude of the tasks that must be performed in that field;8. Recommends that the Director-General pay special attention to:

(a) the planning of meetings, as regards both their timing and the choice of venue, taking intoaccount, in that connection, the requirements of programme execution, and making full useof the hosting facilities afforded by the various regional or subregional offices of Unesco;

(b) furthering the process of decentralizing a growing number of meetings to regional andsubregional offices and improving the geographical distribution of meetings by region,subregion and country;

(c) the possibility of limiting the volume of documentation, whether intended for the governingbodies, for conferences and meetings, or generally used by the Organization;

(d) the introduction of new technologies that make it possible to carry out the necessary tasksin a more rational, efficient and expeditious manner;

XV.6 Data processingVI

Considering that data processing provides the means for substantially improving the quality andrapidity of the work of the Secretariat, especially through the automation of certain types ofoffice work,

Considering further that recourse to data processing improves the exchange of information bothinside the Secretariat and between the Secretariat and outside correspondents,

9. Considers that data processing and office automation resources should be made more widelyavailable to the Secretariat;

53



10. Recommends that the Director-General take the necessary measures in this regard after carefulcost/benefit analysis and ensure that:

(a) material facilities and activities in this field are distributed among the units of the Secretariatin such a way that they satisfy the needs of the different services in a flexible manner;

(b) co-ordination and exchange and communication facilities are maintained and improved;

XV. 7 PersonnelVII

Reaffirming that the highest standards of integrity, efficiency, technical competence and devotionto the ideals and objectives of Unesco are criteria which should govern the appointment ofthe Organization’s staff,

11. Urges the Director-General to continue and intensify efforts to carry out the Organization’sprogrammes with a maximum of efficiency;

12. Recommends that the Director-General, during the period 1984-1989, endeavour:(a) to improve even further the geographical distribution of staff,(b) to increase the proportion of women in the Secretariat, particularly in posts at the Professional

level and above;(c) to make every effort to recruit a greater number of young people;(d) to increase, in accordance with programme needs, the strength of the field staff, as part of the

policy of decentralization, endeavouring wherever possible to achieve corresponding reductionsat Headquarters;

(e) to continue to improve recruitment and personnel management procedures;

XV.8 Headquarters premisesVIII

Recalling the provisions of resolutions 34.21 and 34.31 adopted at its twenty-first session on theimprovement and extension of conference facilities and extension of office accommodation,and on the long-term solution to the problem of Headquarters premises, respectively,

Noting that the immovable property that will be available by the end of 1983 will make it possibleto meet the immediate needs of the Organization,

Noting also the relationship which exists between staff numbers and office and other spacerequirements, on the basis of the criteria adopted by the International Labour Office, viz.11.50 m2 per person,

13. Recommends that the Director-General, in consultation with the Headquarters Committee,include in the programmes and budgets which he will prepare for the 1984-1989 period suchproposals as may prove to be necessary for ensuring the maintenance and renovation ofequipment essential for the proper functioning of the Organization and the conservation ofits immovable property, and for meeting the possible need for new premises;

Noting that, as directed by the General Conference, discussions have been continuing with theFrench authorities with a view to seeking a long-term solution to the problems of thepremises of the Organization, and emphasizing the interesting nature of the hypothesiswhereby Unesco might be allotted the whole arc of the circle on the Place de Fontenoy whichseparates it from the École Militaire, a solution which would, in many respects, be the bestpossible,

14. Expresses the hope that the exchanges of views now under way with the competent Frenchdepartments will arrive as soon as possible at a solution that will meet the long-term needs ofthe Organization and the criteria laid down by the General Conference;

IX

XV.9 Co-operation with National Commissions

Considering that Article VII of Unesco’s Constitution invites each Member State to make ‘sucharrangements as suit its particular conditions for the purpose of associating its principal bodies

5 4


B Major Programmes

interested in educational, scientific and cultural matters with the work of the Organization,preferably by the formation of a National Commission broadly representative of theGovernment and such bodies’,

Recalling the Charter of National Commissions for Unesco adopted by the General Conferenceat its twentieth session, which stipulates in Article I:

‘1. The function of National Commissions is to involve in Unesco’s activities the variousministerial departments, agencies, institutions, organizations and individuals working forthe advancement of education, science, culture and information, so that each MemberState may:

(a) contribute to the maintenance of peace and security and the common welfare ofmankind by participating in the activities of Unesco which aim to advance the mutualknowledge and understanding of peoples, give fresh impulse to popular education andto the spread of culture, and preserve, increase and diffuse knowledge;

(b) play an ever-increasing role in Unesco’s work, and particularly in the formulation andexecution of its programmes,’

15. Recommends that the Director-General:(a) strengthen assistance, provided at the request of Member States, in the establishment of

National Commissions and in the development of existing National Commissions, in particularby means of information, consultation and training activities, to make it possible for theirmembers and their staff to acquire a better knowledge of the Organization’s programmes andmethods of action and to participate fully in its work;

(b) encourage the National Commissions to strengthen their activities both as centres for theexchange of ideas and the dissemination of information on the aims and activities of Unescoand as agencies for promoting action in the fields of competence of the Organization;

(c) encourage the National Commissions to undertake exchanges of views at the regional andinterregional levels for the purpose of promoting multidisciplinary and intercultural reflectionin all fields relating to the mandate of Unesco;

(d) continue to give the National Commissions all the aid necessary to enable them to participatefully in the preparation, execution and evaluation of the Organization’s programmes;

X

XV.10 Co-operation with international non-governmental organizations

Recalling that, under the terms of its Constitution, Unesco ‘may make suitable arrangements forconsultation and co-operation with non-governmental international organizations concernedwith matters within its competence’,

Further recalling the Directives concerning Unesco’s Relations with International Non-GovernmentalOrganizations approved by the General Conference at its eleventh session and amended atits fourteenth session,

16. Recommends that the Director-General continue to associate international non-governmentalorganizations closely with the design and execution of the programmes of the Organization,devoting special attention to measures making it possible:

(a) to take the opinions of the organizations on an individual basis and in the context of collectiveconsultations;

(b) to ensure a better understanding of their objectives and the nature and scope of theiractivities;

(c) to encourage their participation in both study and research activities and operational actionfor development;

17. Invites the Director-General to increase co-operation with international non-governmentalorganizations still further in order to promote their geographical extension and to intensifytheir activities in all regions of the world;

18. Further invites the Director-General to promote any action that is likely to help establish andstrengthen regional and subregional organizations of specialists working in the fields ofcompetence of Unesco.

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C

3/01 Resource indications¹

The General Conference,Noting the comprehensive study undertaken by the Director-General and contained in the Appendix

to document 4XC/4,Having considered the recommendations made by the Executive Board at its 115th session on this

matter (115 EX/Decision 4.1, paragraphs 92-4),Fully conscious, on the one hand, of the immense need for the Organization’s services in the fields

of education, science, communication and culture, both in the developing and in the developedcountries and, on the other, of the financial constraints confronting many Member Statesat present,

1. Invites the Director-General to prepare the Draft Programme and Budget for 1984-1985(22C/5) using the working hypothesis for the overall growth rate, of 4 to 6 per cent in realterms, of resources, over the 1982-1983 base, excluding inflation and currency fluctuation factors;

2. Requests the Director-General to determine the programme priorities for 1984-1985 withinthe overall growth referred to above, on the basis of the resolutions adopted by the GeneralConference and in the light of the discussions at the plenary and in the commissions, as wellas the opinions expressed by Member States in the course of the consultation in 1981 for thepreparation of the second Medium-Term Plan.

D

4/01 Methods of work of the General Conference2

The General Conference,Bearing in mind that, in response to the world situation, Unesco’s activities are increasing in scope

and complexity,Noting that the membership of the Organization has greatly increased over the years,Aware that the tasks of the General Conference, which, as the supreme organ of Unesco, is charged

by the Constitution with determining the policies and the main lines of work of the Organization,have in consequence become increasingly complex and arduous,

Anxious to ensure that these tasks are carried out effectively for the benefit of all Member States,Recognizing that the working methods of the General Conference evolved over the years have

served the Organization well in the past,Considering, nevertheless, that these working methods can be further improved,1. Decides:

(a) to organize the work of the twenty-second session by following, as a whole, the methodsapplied at the twentieth and twenty-first sessions;

(b) to maintain for the twenty-second session the present system of programme commissions,while taking into account, as regards their number and terms of reference, the structure ofdocument 22C/5;

2. Invites the General Conference at its twenty-second session, on the recommendation of theExecutive Board after consultation by the Board with the Director-General and, whereappropriate, if this is in compliance with the Rules of Procedure:

(a) to identify agenda items which could be approved by the Conference without discussion,unless any delegation asks for them to be discussed;

(b) to identify items which could be referred to the Executive Board without first being discussedby the Conference, unless any delegation asks for them to be discussed;

1. Resolution adopted on the report of Commission II at the fourteenth plenary meeting, on 1 December 1982.2. Resolution adopted on the report of Commission II at the fourteenth plenary meeting, on 1 December 1982.

56


E Future presentation of C/5 documents

(c) to examine requests to the Director-General from Member States for additional documentsfor future sessions of the General Conference with a view to reducing their number;

(d) to indicate items whose consideration could be facilitated by the establishment of workinggroups;

(e) to apply where appropriate Rule 71 of the Rules of Procedure (Time-limit on speeches) witha view to speeding up the work of the Conference;

3. Invites the Executive Board, in the light of the experience gained at the twenty-second sessionof the General Conference concerning its working methods-in particular as regards therelationship between the C/4 and C/5 documents, and the presentation of the C/5 document-tomake recommendations to the General Conference at its twenty-third session on the possibilityof introducing further innovations and improvements in its working methods for that andsubsequent sessions.

E5/01 Future presentation of C/5 documents1

The General Conference,Recalling resolutions 100 and 37.1 adopted at its twenty-first session, in the latter of which the

Conference:‘1. Invites the Director-General to undertake, in consultation with Member States and the

Executive Board, an exhaustive study of the presentation of the C/5 documents in the contextof the second Medium-Term Plan for 1984-1989, taking into account the debate of the GeneralConference on this question at its twenty-first session;

‘2. Further invites the Director-General to present a final report on this question to the GeneralConference at its extraordinary session to be held in 1982 to approve the Medium-TermPlan for 1984-1989’,

Noting with satisfaction that the Director-General has undertaken a comprehensive and thought-provoking study contained in the first part of document 4XC/4 Add.2,

Considering the observations made by the Executive Board at its 115th session on this subject(115 EX/Decision 3.3, reproduced in the second part of document 4XC/4 Add.2),

Considering further the results of the consultation made by the Director-General with Member Stateson this question, as summarized in the third part of document 4XC/4 Add.2,

Bearing in mind the hierarchical and complementary link between the Medium-Term Plan, whichprovides the conceptual framework for the Organization during a six-year period, andthe C/5 document which, for a period of two years, is designed to translate programmeorientation into concrete action in precise programme and budgetary terms,

1. Notes the three objectives for evaluation activities set out in paragraph 46 of the Foreword todocument 4XC/4 and the preparation, for each major programme, of an evaluabilityassessment and a preliminary evaluation programme which will contribute to determiningspecific targets to be included in the ‘expected results’ in the C/5 document;

2. Considers that, in so far as possible, the programming and evaluation techniques and methodsshould be used in such a way that the following requirements could be met in the draftprogrammes and budgets, namely that they should:

(a) contain clear, concise and precise statements of the objectives of each major programme;(b) set out the specific targets which are expected to be achieved;(c) facilitate the evaluation of programme activities, notably by using, where appropriate,

qualitative and quantitative indicators;(d) take account of relevant previous activities by Unesco;(e) take into account the requirements for co-operation with governmental and non-governmental

international organizations as well as with other competent bodies;(f) make provision, on a selective basis, for increased use of external evaluation;

1. Resolution adopted on the proposal of Commission II at the fourteenth plenary meeting, on 1 December 1982.

5 7



3. Invites the Director-General to present the Draft Programme and Budget for 1984-1985 (22C/5),and those for ensuing biennia, along the following lines:

(a) the C/5 document should follow the structure of the Medium-Term Plan, i.e. by majorprogramme and programme, rather than follow the sectoral pattern, it being understoodthat there should be an appendix showing the programme and budget proposals byadministrative units responsible for their execution;

(b) the C/5 document should be prepared either in two volumes, the first providing the mainlines of the proposed programme and budget and the second giving a description of theproposed programme with corresponding budget provisions, both of which should becirculated, at the same time, to Member States, and be subject to examination by theExecutive Board and the General Conference; or in one volume, possibly made up of twomain parts;

(c) there should be a proposed resolution for each major programme, expressing, in generalterms, programme orientation for a given biennium;

(d) information contained in the work plan should be presented in a concise and concretemanner, without this having a detrimental effect on the value of such information, and shouldbe so written and presented that all those who participate or take an interest in Unesco’sactivities can readily understand it, and should, wherever appropriate, include the expectedcompletion date of an activity;

(e) the form of the budget summary should be maintained, with further development, for thefinancing of major programmes and programmes;

(f) the statement concerning expected results should be concise and indicate clearly the results,in a quantitative form wherever appropriate, which it is intended that the programme activitiesshould produce, in order to facilitate consideration by Member States and continuingevaluation;

(g) appropriate information relating to programme criteria on the basis of which new activitiesare included and existing activities continued or eliminated from the programme shouldcontinue to be provided in so far as possible; in particular, and in so far as possible, newprogramme elements should be marked and continuing ones should carry the reference tothe relevant paragraphs in the previous C/5 document, as has been done hitherto;

(h) reference should continue to be made, in so far as possible, to agencies and institutionswhich are expected to co-operate with Unesco in the execution of its programme activities;

(i) there should continue, as in document 21C/5, to be a reserve, within the Director-General’sproposed budget ceiling, for financing some of the draft resolutions submitted by MemberStates and approved by the General Conference;

(j) the composition of document 22C/5 should, in principle, be the same as that of document 21C/5,subject to any decision that the Executive Board and the General Conference may take onrelated matters;

(k) Part II of the budget should consist mainly of the first thirteen major programmes, as definedin the second Medium-Term Plan, and each major programme should constitute a separateappropriation line;

(1) the present practice of including the cost of inflation under Part VI of the budget,‘Appropriation Reserve’, should be maintained;

(m) appropriate information should be included concerning capital expenditure, especially withregard to its short-term and long-term financial implications, with a view to making itself-explanatory;

(n) appropriate appendices as may be required by the presentation of the proposed programmeand budget, should be included in the C/5 document with an index;

(o) an explanatory guide on the use of C/5 documents should be issued;4. Notes the provision of Article 3.4 of the Financial Regulations, which stipulates that the Draft

Programme and Budget document ‘shall be transmitted to all Member States and AssociateMembers so as to reach them at least three months prior to the opening of the regular sessionof the General Conference’ and which has been strictly observed by the Director-General;

5. Nevertheless requests the Director-General to endeavour to distribute the programme and budgetdocuments to Member States and Associate Members, as far in advance as possible.

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Annexes


Paragraph3001

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Annex I. Amendments to be incorporatedin document 4XC/4 Approved

1. Amendments to be made to the text of Major Programme III,‘Communication in the service of man’, containedin documents 4XC/4 and 4XC/4 Annex II

Replace the beginning of the paragraph by the following:‘Of the two distinct but interlinked topics that are referred to in the statement of worldproblems to characterize the complex and ever-changing world of information andcommunication, it is to the first— that of the media--centred upon news collectionand circulation . . .’ (the rest remains unchanged).

In the last sentence but one, insert after the words ‘by which it is transmitted’ the phrase‘through public, private and/or commercial bodies’.Replace the beginning of the first sentence of the paragraph by the following:

‘The use and abuse of communication, whether by public, private and/or commercialbodies, the importance of communication as a source of wealth . . .’ (the rest remainsunchanged).

Line 3, replace ‘go along the way’ by ‘go a long way’, in the English text.After the word ‘lastly’, insert the words ‘to a certain extent and . . .‘.Lines 7 and 8, ‘the problem of the content of these messages’ should be replaced by:

‘The problem raised by messages and what they say, which are . . .’Lines 9 and 10, sixth sentence: replace the beginning of the sentence by the following:

‘That is why mankind also attaches importance to the role that the media play . . .’ (therest remains unchanged).Replace the last sentence by the following:

‘It would seem that a better balance should be struck between those who produce andexport cultural products and programmes and those who are not yet in a positionto do so.’

In the second line, replace the phrase ‘as an instrument of education and culture’ by thewords ‘as a vehicle of education and culture’.In the third line, insert after the word ‘media’ the phrase ‘whether public or private’.In the first line, replace the words ‘The media’ by the phrase ‘Aspects of communication’.

Replace the last sentence of the paragraph by the following:‘In this respect, so as to avoid increasing the obstacles to a free flow and a wider andbetter balanced dissemination and so as to foster education, science and culture,it would be desirable to maintain a certain balance between the legitimate rights ofcreators and other artists and those of the public.’

In the third line replace the words ‘acceding to’ by the words ‘gaining access to’.Replace the last sentence but one of the paragraph by the following:

‘The examination by the General Conference at its twenty-first session (Belgrade,September-October 1980) of the Report of the International Commission for theStudy of Communication Problems led to the adoption of 21C/Resolution 4/19,which considered the publication of the report “as a valuable contribution to thestudy of information and communication problems” and identified the bases uponwhich, among other considerations, a new world information and communicationorder could be established.’

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In the English text, lines 4-5, replace the word ‘harnessing’ by the word ‘putting’.Replace this paragraph by the following:

‘The Organization’s strategy of action could also be based on the provisions of theDeclaration on Fundamental Principles concerning the Contribution of the MassMedia to Strengthening Peace and International Understanding, to the Promotionof Human Rights and to Countering Racialism, Apartheid and Incitement to War,adopted by the General Conference of Unesco at its twentieth session (Paris, 1978),as well as on those of the resolutions adopted by the General Conference at its suc-cessive sessions, and in particular at its twenty-first session.’

Replace the first sentence of the paragraph by the following:‘A new world information and communication order might be based, among otherconsiderations, on Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and onparagraph 14, reproduced below, of 21C/Resolution 4/19, VI:

“The General Conference . . .14. Considers that:

(a) this new world information and communication order could be based, amongother considerations, on:(i) elimination of the imbalances and inequalities which characterize the

present situation;(ii) elimination of the negative effects of certain monopolies, public or private,

and excessive concentrations;(iii) removal of the internal and external obstacles to a free flow and wider

and better balanced dissemination of information and ideas;(iv) plurality of sources and channels of information;(v) freedom of the press and information;(vi) the freedom of journalists and all professionals in the communication

media, a freedom inseparable from responsibility;(vii) the capacity of developing countries to achieve improvement of their

own situations, notably by providing their own equipment, by trainingtheir personnel, by improving their infrastructures and by making theirinformation and communication media suitable to their needs andaspirations;

(viii) the sincere will of developed countries to help them attain these objectives;(ix) respect for each people’s cultural identity and for the right of each nation

to inform the world public about its interests, its aspirations and itssocial and cultural values;

(x) respect for the right of all peoples to participate in international exchangesof information on the basis of equality, justice and mutual benefit;

(xi) respect for the right of the public, of ethnic and social groups and ofindividuals to have access to information sources and to participateactively in the communication process;

(b) this new world information and communication order should be based on thefundamental principles of international law, as laid down in the Charter of theUnited Nations;

(c) diverse solutions to information and communication problems are requiredbecause social, political, cultural and economic problems differ from onecountry to another and, within a given country, from one group to another”.’

Replace subparagraph (a) by the following:‘(a) to explore the possibility of including communication both as a fundamentalright of the individual and as a collective right, guaranteed to all communities and allnations; in this context, communication may be regarded as a major means of ensuringthe participation of all in the functioning of public institutions’.

Replace subparagraph (a) by the following:‘(a) stimulating research on all those aspects of communication problems which canbe studied only in a world or regional context, particularly those accorded attentionby the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems andreferred to in the eighty-two recommendations contained in Part V.A of its report,and those arising from the growth of new technologies’.

In the first subparagraph, add the following after the first sentence:‘Studies will also be undertaken on the nature and characteristics of the “information

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Annex I

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At the end of the second subparagraph, delete the words ‘in particular through a study oftheir respective responsibilities’.Line 4, ‘with a view to achieving a freer and more balanced international flow of infor-mation’ should be amended to read ‘with a view to achieving a free flow and a wider andbetter balanced dissemination of information’.Line 5, after the words ‘financial and technical’ add: ‘including all forms of censorship andself-censorship’.Line 2, amend the words ‘corporate bodies’ to read ‘public or private corporate bodies’.

Line 7, after ‘public in general’, insert a new sentence: ‘The mass media could make animportant contribution in scrutinizing all actions which might lead to abuses of power.’Line 1 of subparagraph (g), delete ‘more’; replace ‘the international right’ by ‘an inter-national right’.

Line 2, replace ‘the right’ by ‘a right’.30373038

Line 3, replace ‘in particular’ by ‘inter alia’.Amend the beginning of the second sentence to read: ‘The media can defend these principlesand bring to light . . .’

3039 Replace subparagraph (a) by the following:

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society” which is gradually emerging, and on its political, economic and socialimplications.’

Line 9 of first subparagraph, replace the words ‘the image of women’ by the words ‘theimage of women and men’.

‘(a) helping to eliminate the obstacles to the free flow and wider and better balanceddissemination of messages and to exchanges of books, news and programmes’.

Replace subparagraph (c) by the following:‘(c) strengthening the potential afforded by the media for seeking solutions to themajor world problems, especially international mutual understanding, disarmamentand peace’;

Subparagraph (d), line 1, should be amended to read as follows:‘(d) promoting the creative use of the media, which is instrumental in improving . . .‘;the word ‘for’ in line 3 should read ‘in’.

Second subparagraph, line 2, amend ‘mechanisms’ to read: ‘public and private mechanisms’.Second subparagraph, lines 3-4, ‘press agencies’ should be amended to read: ‘public or

private press agencies’.In the third subprogramme, line 1, ‘media’ should be replaced by ‘means of communi-

cation’.The third subprogramme should read as follows:

‘The third subprogramme (Training and further training of communication specialistsand technicians) provides for co-operation with Member States, other organizationsin the United Nations system and international governmental and non-governmentalorganizations of world or regional scope, with a view to strengthening, at national,regional and world levels, the structures and methods of initial preparation, generaltraining and further professional training of communication personnel at all levels(managers, directors and producers of film radio and television programmes,editors and journalists working for the press, press agencies and broadcasting, pub-lishers, booksellers, graphic artists and personnel connected with book manufacturing,engineers and technicians working for the various media, maintenance personnel,archivists, documentalists, printers, etc.), bearing in mind the requirements createdby the increasing specialization entailed by technical progress and the need to increasethe proportion of women among communication personnel.’

The sixth subprogramme should read as follows:‘The sixth subprogramme (Action to promote the cinema, photography and the audio-visual media) seeks to promote the development of the cinema, photography and tele-vision in each country, in particular for the purposes of formal and non-formaleducation, conservation of the cultural heritage, physical and non-physical, mutualknowledge of cultures, artistic creation and the popularization of science. The actioninvolved, which will consist in encouraging the manufacture of sound and imagerecording media, the training of directors, the production of films and programmes,and the development of the photographic heritage, will further aim to encourage thepreservation and conservation of photographs, films and other audio-visual media,particularly those of special cultural and historical significance.’

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2. Amendments to be made to the text of Major Programme XIII,‘Peace, international understanding, human rights and the rightsof peoples’, contained in documents 4XC/4 and 4XC/4 Annex II

Third sentence, insert the words ‘for the accountability of all governments and’ between theword ‘demand’ and the words ‘for the consolidation of peace’.Add the following sentence to the end of the paragraph:

‘However, up until now, a considerable number of basic international legal instru-ments in the field of human rights, especially the international Covenants on humanrights, have not yet been ratified by a number of states, while many violations ofhuman rights still take place even in countries that have ratified those instruments.’

The beginning of the second sentence of the paragraph should read as follows: ‘It will interalia aim at developing the thinking . . .’

Add the following to the end of the paragraph:‘Another of Unesco’s concerns will be to follow the discussions taking place in relevantforums on the relationships between individual rights and the rights of peoples.’

Paragraph to read as follows:‘The second subprogramme (The effective exercise of human rights in specific social andeconomic situations) will aim to examine such measures for their application as may seemnecessary and compatible with the principle stated in Article 30 of the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights.’

In the first sentence, replace the words ‘in particular’ by the words ‘inter alia’.

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Annex II. List of officers of the General Conference

The following are the officers of the General Conference (Fourth Extraordinary Session):

President of the General Conference Commission II

Mr Ivo Margan (Yugoslavia).

Vice-Presidents of the General Conference

Heads of the delegations of: Angola, Bangladesh,Barbados, Botswana, Brazil, China, Cuba, Demo-cratic Yemen, France, Gabon, India, Iraq, Italy,Japan, Kenya, Lebanon, Madagascar, Morocco,Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Pa-kistan, Panama, Romania, Saudi Arabia, SierraLeone, Sweden, Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-lics, United States of America, Uruguay, Zambia.

Commission I

Chairman: Mr Iba Der Thiam.Vice-Chairmen: Mr Georges-Henri Dumont (Bel-

gium) , Mr Benjamin Nuñez (Costa Rica), Mr YuriM. Kochubey (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Re-public).

Rapporteur: Mr Mohammad-Reza Berenji (IslamicRepublic of Iran).

Chairman: Mr Charles Hummel (Switzerland).Vice-Chairmen: Mr Edouard Zodehougan (Benin),

Mr Onofre D. Corpuz (Philippines), Mr HumaidBin Nasser Al Owais (United Arab Emirates).

Rapporteur: Mr Hedi Moussa Djarrara (Tunisia).

Credentials Committee

Chairman: Mr Krishna Raj Aryal (Nepal).

Nominations Committee

Chairman: Mr Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez (Gua-temala) .

Vice-Chairmen: Mr Edouard Zodehougan (Benin),Mr Peter Forin (German Democratic Republic),Mr Lothar Lahn (Federal Republic of Germany).

Headquarters Committee

Chairman: Mr Abdellatif Rahal (Algeria).

Drafting and Negotiation Group

Chairman: Mr Sergio Armando Frazão (Brazil).

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