Reconstruction

Chapter 16

The Reconstruction Problems

Charleston, SC and other Southern areas were ruined

How could the South now be readmitted to the Union?

What would be the rights and status of freedmen?

Politics of Reconstruction

Plan Effect of Plan

Lincoln’s Plan (10 percent Plan)

Wade-Davis Bill (Congress)

Johnson’s Plan

Lincoln’s 10 Percent PlanLincoln’s Plan required 10 percent of voters to pledge loyalty to the Union and made Southerners recognize the end of slavery

Did not give rights to the freedmen

Wade-Davis Bill VotingParty Yes No

Republican 18 4

Democrat 0 6

UnconditionalUnionist

0 3

Unionist 0 1

While almost exclusively Republican created, the bill called for 50% loyalty to the Union and removed Confederates from politics (could not vote or hold office)

Freedmen should get the vote

Johnson’s Plan

• Johnson wanted all whites to take the oath of allegiance, proclaim secession illegal, and ratify the 13th Amendment

• Planned to keep confederate officials and wealthy from voting, but was unconcerned about freedmen

Defiance and Dissent

• How did the Southerners defy Johnson’s plans for reconstruction? (black codes, “working contracts”)

• How did the Radical Republicans respond to the Southern defiance? (“waving the bloody shirt”)

• How did Johnson hurt the Radical Republican agenda? (“swing around the circle”)

13th AmendmentSection 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

[

Despite Johnson’s plan to help poor whites in the South, he was forced to pardon many Confederates and restore power to the wealthy planters, who enacted laws to remove the 13th Amendment and pass “black codes”

Congressional Reconstruction

• How were the Republicans able to get control of Congress in 1866 midterm elections, allowing them to override vetoes?

• What new acts were passed that allowed Radical Republicans to push along Reconstruction? How did Johnson respond? (Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14th Amendment, Joint Committee Report, Reconstruction Acts of 1867)

Civil Rights Act of 1866

"All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other."

In response to Southern defiance and despite Johnson’s vetoes, moderate and radical republicans combined to pass acts allowing freedmen to vote and getting rid of black codes

Congressional Reconstruction

14th AmendmentSection 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Congress’s 14th Amendment included the “equal protection clause” and defined citizenship, targeting protection of blacks

Military Reconstruction

•Creation of five military districts in the seceded states not including Tennessee, which had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and was readmitted to the Union •Requiring congressional approval for new state constitutions (which were required for Confederate states to rejoin the Union) •Confederate states give voting rights to all men. •All former Confederate states must ratify the 14th Amendment

Foils to the Radicals

• How did Radicals attempt to hurt Johnson and remove him from power? (Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton, Impeachment Crisis)

• Why were women’s rights advocates against the emancipation plans by Congress? (Women’s Suffrage)

Impeachment of JohnsonJohnson’s impeachment

was caused by:

1) He did not support Congressional Reconstruction

2) He violated the Tenure of Office Act – fired Edwin Stanton

Johnson was impeached but was one vote short of conviction, meaning that Reconstruction efforts could only go so far

Reconstruction Governments

• What caused the creation of new state and local governments in South and what new reforms were passed? (Carpetbaggers, Scalawags)

• How did Grant’s victory in the 1868 election lead to further Reconstruction efforts? (15th Amendment)

• What was the response of Southern Democrats to new Republican dominance in government? (Enforcement Acts)

Carpetbaggers and ScalawagsCarpetbaggers (North),

Scalawags (South), and blacks created a new Southern electorate that voted for Republicans

Republican Governments:

1) Abolished property and racial voting qualifications

2) Set up Public Works (schools)

3) Taxed landowners

Election of 1868

Grant – red

Seymour – blue

Not Readmitted - Green

Grant was victorious in 1868, leading the Radicals to want further Reconstruction efforts

15th AmendmentThe 15th Amendment allowed blacks the right to vote

Taxes During ReconstructionState Property Tax Rates during Reconstruction

Year

South Carolina

Mississippi

69 5 mills 1 mill (0.1 %) (lowest rate between 1822 and 1898)

70 9 mills 5 mills

71 7 mills 4 mills

72 12 mills 8.5 mills

73 12 mills 12.5 mills

74 10.3-8 mills

14 mills (1.4%) "a rate which virtually amounted to confiscation" (highest rate between 1822 and 1898)

Democratic CounterattackNew organization such as the KKK used violence and intimidation at the polls despite the Enforcement Acts

Many claimed that taxes were unfair and Republicans were corrupt

Radicals v. Johnson Newspapers

Choose an event that happened within reconstruction and…

1)Radical Republican Editor – Explain why the event is Johnson’s fault or your success. Give 3 reasons and include a detailed visual (you can also do cartoons)

2)Johnson Supporter Editor – Do the same as above except blame the event on the Radical Republicans or claim success for Johnson.

Emancipation in the South

• What actions did most freedmen take when they were no longer slaves?

• How did African-Americans begin creating a new society? (Civil Rights Act of 1875)

• What economic issues still plagued African-Americans after slavery? (sharecropping, crop-lien economy)

FreedmenFreedmen left plantations in search of family

Once found, they legalized marriages and created recognized families

African-American Institutions

Black churches and schools were set up to pull together black communities and educate them as they were still segregated from white churches and schools (despite attempts of Civil Rights Act of 1875)

Howard University - DC Fisk University - Nashville

Sharecropping

Blacks wanted to independently own land, but laws allowing white plantation owners to keep land made them sharecroppers

The sharecroppers got supplies based on their share of the crop given to landlords, and often went into debt in the Crop-Lien Economy

In pairs, create a 1 page compilation of text messages between the sharecropper and landowner that covers the sharecropper cycle

Ending Reconstruction

• What events caused the end of Reconstruction? (Corruption and Grant, Liberal Republicans and Greeley in Election of 1872, Panic of 1873, Supreme Court, Public Opinion)

• How did the Democrats plan to “redeem” the South? (Amnesty Act of 1872)

• What caused the official end of Reconstruction and the reestablishment of the “Solid South”? (Election of 1876, Compromise of 1877)

Grantism and Corruption

Credit Mobilier Scandal was the distribution of stock and bribes to congressmen in exchange for building of railroads

The Whiskey Ring involved bribes from whiskey distillers to politicians

Election of 1872

Though Grant was reelected, the new Liberal Republicans and Democrats elected other members and weakened the power of the Radical Republicans and the Reconstruction efforts

Panic of 1873

The Panic of 1873, causing large scale unemployment and business failures, focused Northern attention on the economy and not Reconstruction

Redeeming the SouthThe Democratic Party

“redeemers” claimed the South due to:

1) Amnesty Act of 1872 allowing Confederate leaders to run for office

2) Intimidation and violence at the polls

3) Laws enacted to help white planters and favor landlords (cut taxes and public works)

Election of 1876

Tilden, the Democrat, wins the popular vote, but disputed states in the South were given to Hayes, the Republican, allowing him to win the Presidency

Compromise of 1877

The Democrats, angry about the manner of Hayes winning, only accepted him when they were promised that Reconstruction governments would disappear in the South, the military would leave the South, and the federal government would send economic aid (this ends Reconstruction)

The Story of Redemption

• Create a 4 page children’s story that starts in Grant’s term and explains 4 steps (1 per page) that were taken to redeem the South (ex: Corruption in Grant’s Term)

• 1 page counts as at least 2 sentences and a visual of the step (you can fold one sheet into a booklet to make the 4 pages)

Reviewing Reconstruction

• Compare and contrast Lincoln’s, Johnson’s and Congress’s plans of Reconstruction. Which plan made the most sense in achieving Reconstruction goals and why?

• Write a thesis statement, 3 introduction sentences of body paragraphs and list two specifics (terms) for each paragraph, and a concluding sentence

How DBQ relates to AP Test

• Multiple Choice: 80 Questions, 55 Minutes, 50% of total exam

• Free Response Section: One Document Based Question, Two Essays, 130 Minutes- 15 Minute Mandatory Reading Period- DBQ (45 min suggested), 22.5% of exam- 2 Essays (35 min suggested for each), 13.75% of exam each

DBQ Grading Scale• Score is 0-9 on the AP Test• For me: 8-9 = A, 5-7 = B, 2-4 = C, 1-3 = D, 0 = F• To get an A (8-9):

1) Thesis must be specific and answer the question

2) Outside information must be specific and used correctly (at least 5 in each paragraph)

3) Documents must be used correctly (at least 8 in total)

4) Must have good organization with intro sentences, connections, no major grammar errors

• There will be a 0-9 score on each part and they will be averaged to get the final 0-9 score

Civil War DBQ

• 15 minute mandatory reading period• First, create a thesis and intro sentences for

your three paragraphs• Second, create a graph and note at least 2

documents and 2 outside sources for each intro sentence

• 45 minute writing period – write the essay using good connections and grammar

“Pots” of a DBQ

Outside Information for Paragraph

Documents Used in Paragraph

Introductory Sentence 1

Introductory Sentence 2

Introductory Sentence 3