Recommended Reference Books

Apple DJ, Rabb MF (1998) Oeular pathology, 5th edn. Hareourt Braee Publishers, London. ISBN 0 8151 0592 4

Bron AJ, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ (1997) Wolff's Anatomy ofthe Eye and Orbit, 8th edn. Chapman & Hall, London. ISBN 0 412 41010 9

Byrne KA, Burd EM, Tabbara KF, Hyndiuk RA (1995) Diagnostie Mierobiology and Cytology of the Eye. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston. ISBN 0 7506 9607-9

Campbell RJ (1998) WHO Histologieal Typing ofTumours of the Eye and its Adnexa. ISBN 3540641319

Eagle RC ( 1999) Eye Pathology. Harcourt Braee, London. ISBN 0 7216 78092

Forrester JV, Diek A, MeMenamin P, Lee WR (2001) The Eye. Basic Scienees in Praetiee. WB Saunders. ISBN 0-7020-1790-6

Garner A, Klintworth GK (1994) Pathobiology of Oeular Disease. Mareel Dekker, New York. ISBN 0-8247-9136-3

Glasgow BJ, Foos RY (1993) Oeular Cytopathology. Butterworth-Heine­mann, Boston. ISBN 0-7506-9620-X

Henderson JW (1994) Orbital Tumours, 3rd edn. Raven Press, New York ISBN 0-7817-0096-5

Iyer PV,Rowland R (1993) Ophthalmie Pathology. Churehill Livingstone, Edinburgh

461

Leong AS-Y (1993) Applied Immunohistoehemistry for the Surgieal Pathologist. Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-340-55148-8

Naumann GOH, Apple DJ (1986) Pathology of the Eye. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (German 2nd edn 1994)

Rao NA (1996) Biopsy Pathology of the Eye and Oeular Adnexa. Biopsy Pathology Series 21. Chapman & Hall Medieal. ISBN 0412567202

Sassani JW (Ed.) (1997) Ophthalmie Pathology with Clinieal Correla­tions. Lippineott-Raven, Philadelphia. ISBN 0397514697

Speneer WH (1996) Ophthalmie Pathology, an atlas and textbook in 4 volumes. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. ISBN 0721649084 (CD Rom book paekage - ISBN 0721681956)

Wright AF, Jay B (1996) Moleeular Geneties of Inherited Eye Disorders Harwood Aeademie Publishers, Chur, Switzerland Yanoff M, Fine BS (1995) Oeular Pathology: a Text and Atlas. Harper and

Row, New York. ISBN 0 7234 2199 4 Yanoff M, Fine BS (1996) Oeular Pathology, 4th edn. Mosby-Wolfe,

London.

ndex

The use of italic type indicates the presence of a relevant illustration on that page (with or without text).

A

Abscesses anterior chamber 185 vitreous 190, 193, 194, 195

Acanthamoeba keratitis 337,422- 3 Acanthosis 304,305 Accessory lacrimal glands 391 Accessory lenticules 446 Acid burns of globe 58

corneal 437 Acne rosacea 345

keratitis 424,425 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome see

AIDS Acquired melanosis 22,354 Acremonium sp. in corneal ulceration 423,

424 Actinic damage, pterygia and pinguecula

297,315,317,347 Actinic granuloma 348 Actinic keratosis 305,315,316 Actinomycetes, actinomycosis

in allergie granulomatous nodule 341 in corneal ulceration 420,422 in lacrimal sac 324

Acute angle closure glaucoma 68-70 Acute multifocal proliferative pigment

epitheliopathy (AMPPE) 210,211 Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) 196, 198 Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy

(AZOOR) 210 Adenocarcinoma

of lacrimal gland 392, 393 of retinal pigment epithelium 167,

168 Adenoid basal cell carcinoma 317,318 Adenoid basal cell papilloma 304 Adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal gland

393 Adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal sac

324 Adenoid squamous carcinoma of conjunctiva

352 Adenomas

of ciliary epithelium 158-9,160 of iris pigment epithelium 153,156 of retinal pigment epithelium 167,168

Adenovirus conjunctivitis 337-8 appearance in conjunctival scrapings

332 Adipose tissue, prolapsed orbital fat 349

Adnexal tumours of skin 309,310 Adrenochrome pigmentation of cornea 346,

435 Adrenochrome pigmentation of conjunctival

cysts 346 Adrenoleukodystrophy 284 After-cataract 454,455 Age-related changes in vitreous 231 Age-related macular degeneration 121,123,

126-8 AgNOR technique 19-20 AIDS 197,199

Kaposi's sarcoma 360 lymphoma 165,376 unusual causes of conjunctivitis 340

Airgun pellets 46 injuries 13,37

Alagille's syndrome (arteriohepatic dysplasia) 253,287-8

Albinism 292 Alcian blue stain 19 Alcohol, retrobulbar injection 96,97 Alizarin red stain 19 Alkali burns of globe 58,59

corneal 435,437,436 Allergic conjunctivitis 337

use of conjunctival scrapings 333, 334

Allergic granulomatous nodule 341 Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma 383 Alveolar soft part sarcoma of orbit 383,

385 Amblyopia 292,438 Aminoacidopathies 285 Amiodarone 294 Amniotic band syndrome 250-1 Amniotic membrane

use in surgery for symblepha"ron 299, 346

use in treatment of corneal ulceration 416,421-2

Amputation neuromas 314 Amyloidosis 310, 343

in Avellino dystrophy 429 in basal cell carcinoma 316 of eyelid 310 focal (laUice dystrophy) 428-9 of lacrimal gland 393 of orbit 373

Anaemia 276 Anatomy of globe 5-12 Ancylostoma 372

463

Aneurysmal bone cyst orbital 383

Angiofibroma, giant cell 388 Angioid streaks 127,278 Angiomas

of conjunctiva 348 of eyelids 312 of iris 153,155 see also Haemangiomas

Angiomatosis, bacillary 336-7 Angioplastic lymphoid hyperplasia with

eosinophilia (Kimura's disease) 313,314,375,376

Angiosarcomas of conjunctiva 360 metastatic 156

Angle closure glaucoma 68-71 secondary 80- 3

Angle recession glaucoma 47-8 Aniridia 254-5

in trisomy 13 264 Aniridia keratopathy 425,426 Annular serous detachment of choroid 168,

169,222 Anophthalmia 242,245 Anterior capsule opacification post­

phacoemulsification 453 Anterior chamber

gross anatomy 7,10 in endophthalmitis 188,192 infective processes 185

Anterior chamber cleavage (Peter's) syndrome 438-9

Anterior chamber lens implants 451-2 Anterior fibrosis of cornea (pannus) 406,

407 Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (AION)

274,275 Anterior lamellar keratoplasty 405 Anterior pyramidal cataract 445 Antoni types A and B 381,382 Aphakia

congenital 255,446 traumatic 37

Aphakic maculopathy 456,457 Apoptosis, identification of 21 Arachnoidal proliferation in glioma

389 Arcuate scotoma 66 Arcus senilis 5 Areolar atrophy 123,126 Argon laser iridotomy 70

464

Argon laser pan retinal photocoagulation 104 Argon laser trabeculoplasty 95 Arruga string 232 Artefacts

in autopsy material 14 avoidance in retinoblastoma 174-5 in lens sections 447 myelin 13 shrinkage 13-14 spaces around keratocytes 402

Arteriohepatic dysplasia (Alagille's syndrome) 287-8

Arteriolosclerosis 106,107,108 Arteriovenous malformations 379 Ascaris 372 AspergiJIosis 187,195

complicating cataract surgery 458 of orbit 371

Asteroid hyalosis 238 Astrocytic tumours of retina 178-9 Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) 333,334,

337 Atrophia bulbi 54-8 Autofluorescence 25 Autopsy techniques

anterior enucleation 267-8,269 exposure of orbit from cranial cavity

268,270-1 Avellino dystrophy 429-30 Axenfeld's anomaly 73,252,253 Axial colobomata 258-9 Axial malformation of cornea 252 Axoplasmic flow

in drusen 85 in glaucoma 90 in microinfarcts 103

B

BaciJIary angiomatosis 336-7 Background diabetic retinopathy 111,112 Bacteria

Gram stains 19 identification in cornea! scrapings 419

Bacterial infection 186 acute endophthalmitis 188-94 complicating cataract surgery 458-9 conjunctivitis 332,333,336-7 'crystalline' keratopathy 422 keratitis 186,187 orbital cellulitis 371

Balloon cell uveal naevi 132,353 Balloon cells in malignallt melanoma 146,

147 Band keratopathy 5,6,435 Barkan's membrane 65

in congenital glaucoma 72-3 BARN (bilateral acute retinal necrosis) 196,

198 BartoneIla hensellae 188 Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) 316-18,395 Basal cell papilloma 303-4 Basal linear (laminar) deposit (BLD) 122,

127,128, 129 Basement membrane deposit (BMD) 122,

127,128,129 Battered/ shaken baby syndrome (BSBS)

35-6

Bear track pigmentation 228-9 Beh~et's syndrome 213 Benign acquired melanosis 354,355 Benign idiopathic intracranial hypertension

289-90 Benign lymphoid hyperplasia

in conjunctiva 358 in orbit 375

Best's vitelliform dystrophy (Best's disease) 288

Beta ig-H3 (BigH3) gene 427 abnormalities in corneal dystrophies

429,430 Biber-Haab-Dimmer (lattice) dystrophy 428 Bilateral profuse melanocytic proliferation

(BIDUMP) 133-4 Biopsy conjunctival 285,331

retinal 196-7, 198 see also Fine needle aspiration

Biphakia 255 Birbeck granules 378 Black cataract 449 Black sunburst lesion in sickle cell disease

118 Bladder cells in lens 87,447 Blastomycosis

of eyelid 310 of conjunctiva 339

Blepharoconjunctivitis, differential diagnosis 319-20

Blot (subretinal) haemorrhages 103, 104

Blue naevus of eyelid 308 Blunt trauma 36 Bodian stain 19,32 Bone see Ossification; Osteosarcoma Borre/ia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) 336 Bot fly larvae 339-40 Botryomycosis in allergic granulomatous

nodule 341 Botulinum toxin 298 Bowenoid carcinoma in situ, conjunctival

352 Bowen's disease of eyelid 315, 316 Bowman's layer 30, 31, 401,402

fibrosis 413 particulate material 408-9

Brachytherapy in malignant melanoma 151, 152

Bradyzoites (toxoplasmosis) 207 Branch vein occlusion 11 0 Brawny scleritis 204,206 Brown tumour of hyperparathyroidism

383 Bruch's membrane 29,32

age-related changes 127 Brunescent cataract 449 BSBS (battered/ shaken baby syndrome)

35-6 Buckler type III (lattice) dystrophy 428 Buckling, in treatment of retinal detachment

223,232,233 Bullae, corneal 405,406 Bullous disease of conjunctiva 344-5 Buphthalmos 72 Burkitt's lymphoma 376 Burns, corneal 437-8

see also Cornea: trauma

c Cacodylate buffer 14 Calcification

alizarin red stain 19 in astrocytic tumours of Bruch's membrane in cornea 435,436 inlens 49,447-448

178,179 127

in phthisis bulbi 54,5556,57 in retinoblastoma 175, 177 see also Ossification

Calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe (pilomatrixoma) 301-2

Calcinosis, focal in eyelid 311 Calcium deposits, corneal 435, 436 Calcospherites 178, 179 Calottes 8-9

Index

preservation of tissue relationships 9-10 retrieval of tissue from 12 in traumatised globe 38

Canal of Cloquet 456 Canal of Schlemm 64, 65

in long-standing glaucoma 86 normal histology 26,27

Candida sp. 187,193,194-5 Canthus, medial, anatomy 330 CapiJIary anoxia in diabetic retinopathy

111 Capillary haemangiomas 378

see also Haemangiomas Capsular endophthalmitis 188' Carbon ink injection 17 Carcinoid, metastatic 393 Carcinoma in situ

conjunctival 350,351,352 see also Bowen's disease; intraepithelial

sebaceous carcinoma; melanocarcinoma in situ

Carcinomatosis, and photoreceptor atrophy 290,292

Carney's complex 311 Caruncle, tumours 360-1 Castroviejo implants 395 Cat scratch disease 188 Cataract surgery 451-4

complications 454-9 corneal damage 410,411 effects in enucleation specimens 454-9 laboratory treatment of cataractous lens

445 Cataracta nigra 449 Cataracta ossea 49 Cataracts 445

congenital 255,445-6 degenerative changes in lens 446-50 laboratory treatment of cataractous lens

445 Soemmerring's ring (donut) 454,455 traumatic 450

CaterpiJIar hairs, and ophthalmia nodosa 341

Cavernous haemangiomas 378-9,380 see also Haemangiomas

Cell proliferation markers assessment in malignant melanoma 146,

147 148 in conjunctival melanoma 353,354

Celloidin embedding 15-16

Index

Cellulitis orbital 371 periorbital 310

Central retinal artery occlusion 101,119, 120

Central retinal vein occlusion 101,104,106, 108-10

Central serous retinopathy 223 Cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome (Zellweger

syndrome) 284 Cetyl pyridimium, use in fixation 14 Chalazia 298,302-3

differential diagnosis 319 Chalcosis 47 Chamber angle

in long-standing glaucoma 86 malformations 253-4

Chandler's syndrome 83, 434 Charcot -Leyden crystals 341 CHARGE syndrome 250 Chemical burns of cornea 437 Cherry red spot 119

in Tay-Sachs disease 287 Chicken wire appearance in

myxoliposarcoma 386 Chlamydial infections 338

appearance in conjunctival scrapings 332-3,334

Chloroquine maculopathy 294 Cholesterol demonstration 17-18,24 Choriocapillaris 18, 29,32 Chorioretinitis

toxoplasmic 207-8 syphilitic 201,203,204

Choristomas of conjunctiva 348,349 epibulbar 349 of eyelid 312 intraocular 156 of optic nerve 390 of orbit 378,379 phakomatous 313

Choroid in AIDS 199 annular serous detachment 168,169 colobomata 249 in endophthalmitis 190 in glaucoma 90 gross anatomy 12 haemorrhage 168, 169 ischaemia 120 leukaemic infiltration 276 lymphoma 165-6 malignant melanoma 32,138,140,

141-54 see also Malignant melanoma

metastatic tumours 161, 164, 165 in myopia 277-8 naevi 133, 134 neovascularisation 121,122 normal histology 32 osteoma 166 in phthisis bulbi 58 vascular tumours 166, 167

Choroideraemia 275 Choyce lens implant 452 Christmas tree keratopathy 427,428 Chromosomal abnormalities

in aniridia 255

and colobomata 250 in corneal dystrophies 427,429,430,433 in cystinosis 285 in glaucoma 65 in Marfan's syndrome 293 in myopia 229 in myotonic dystrophy 284 in neurofibromatosis 260 in retinal dysplasia 258 in retinitis pigmentosa 281 in retinoblastoma 171 in Stickler syndrome 227 trisomy 13 (Patau's syndrome) 263,264 trisomy 18 (Edwards' syndrome) 264 trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) 264 in Usher's syndrome 283 in Vitelliform dystrophy (Best's disease)

288 in Von Hippel Lindau disease 261 in X-linked retinoschisis 227

Chronic angle closure glaucoma 70 Chronic conjunctivitis 334,335 Chronic inflammation, complicating cataract

surgery 459 Chronic progressive external

ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) 86 CHRPE see Congenital

hypertrophy/hyperplasia of retinal pigment epithelium

Churg-Strauss syndrome, corneal ulceration 416

Cicatrising diseases of conjunctiva 344-5 Ciliary body

adenocarcinoma 158 adenomas 158-9,160 colobomata 248,249,446 embryology 242,243,244 in glaucoma 86 gross anatomy 10 malignant melanoma 137-8

see also Malignant melanoma medulloepithelioma 159,161,162,163 naevi 132-3 normal histology 28, 30 spindie cell tumours 157,158

mesectodermalleiomyoma 158,159 Ciliary epithelium, reactionary proliferation

158,161 Ciliary muscle, normal histology 28,30 Ciliary processes, and aqueous inflow 63 Circle of Zinn-Haller 31 Clefting of lens cortex 447 Climatic droplet (Labrador) keratopathy 31,

429,435 Climatic proteoglycan stromal keratopathy

430 Clinical techniques 2 Cloquet, canal of 456 Clumped pigmentary retinal degeneration

(CRPD) 228-9 CMV see Cytomegalovirus Coats' reaction (Coats' syndrome) 11,

114-15,116-17 Cobblestone retinal degeneration 228 Coccidioidomycosis, conjunctival 339 Cogan's microcystic dystrophy of cornea

426 Cogan-Reese syndrome 79 Collagenolysis, corneoscleral 204,205

Collagenoses effects in cornea 413 in retinal vascular disease 273

Colloidal iron stain 19 Colobomata 242,248,249-50

axial 258-9 of ciliary body 446

Colobomatous cysts 250 Combined granular-Iattice (Avellino)

dystrophy of cornea 429-30 Compound naevi of eyelid 307-8

of conjunctiva 352-3 Computerised tomography (CT scan) 2 Conchoidal body 303 Concussion injury 36 Cones see Photoreceptors

465

Confocallaser scanning microscopy 104 Congenital aphakia 255,446 Congenital cataract 255,445-6 Congenital cystic eye 246,248,249 Congenital glaucoma 65,72-3,91

goniodysgenesis 253-4 Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy

(CHED) 432-3 Congenital hypertrophy/hyperplasia of

retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) 167,169

Congenitallentiglobus 445 Congenital spherophakia 445,446 Conjunctiva

bullous diseases 344-5 choristomas 348,349 cicatrising diseases 344-5 cysts 346 functional anatomy 329,330 golf ball granuloma 342 granulomas 341 hamartomas 348-9 immunological role 330 Iymphangiectasia 346, 349 lymphoid proliferations 24,357-9 lymphoma 24 stroma 329 tumours 348-61

Conjunctival biopsy in cystinosis 285 technique 331

Conjunctival epithelium 329,330 Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

350,351,352 Conjunctival scrapings (smears) 332-3 Conjunctival stern cell grafts 417 Conjunctivitis

arte facta 340 due to bot fly larvae 339-40 chronic 334, 335, 336 follicular 336 due to foreign material 340

appearance in conjunctival scrapings 333,334

fungal 338-9 haemorrhagic 338 ligneous 310,343 due to mascara 340 papillary 337 unusual causes 340 viral 337-8

Contact lens wear, effects on cornea 337, 404,406

466

Copper-containing foreign bodies 47 Coralline hydroxyapatite implants 194,395 Corectopia 252 Cornea

anterior fibrosis (pannus) 406,407 changes after cataract surgery 410, 411,

454-5,456,457 degeneration 30,31 dehiscence 455,456 deturgescence 403 developmental abnormalities 251-3,

438-9 donor rims 405 embryology 243 epithelialoedema 405,406,411 functional anatomy 401-4 in glaucoma 31, 83-4,85-6 gross anatomy 5, 10, 6 hamartomas 439 hyaline (keratinoid) bodies 31,85,86,435 infections 409 ischaemic neovascularisation 405, 406,

409 keloid formation 409 leucomas 251-2,438-9 lipid deposition 409 normal histology 26,27 pigmentation 435,437 refractive eye surgery 406-8 scleralisation 252 effect of silicone oil 234 subendothelial fibrous (fibrovascular)

ingrowth 406,407 tattoos 409,435 transcorneal water movement 403-4 trauma 406,407,409,436-8

wound repair 41,42 Cornea guttata 402 Corneal deposits 435-6 Corneal dystrophies 426-35 Corneal emphysema 436,438 Corneal endothelium 402-3,404

abnormalities 409,411 Corneal epithelium 401-2 Corneal garnmopathy 435 Corneal hydrops 411 Corneal oedema 83-4, 110, 405, 406, 411

diagnosis 402,403 Corneal perforation 187 Corneal scrapings 419 Corneal stroma 5,6,401-2

abnormalities 409 particulate material 408-9

Corneal transparency 403-4 Corneal transplantation 401

clinical aspects 405 graft rejection 409 techniques for keratoplasty discs 404

Corneal ulceration 5,186,187,406,407 emergency treatment 421-2 exotic organisms 423,424 Herpes simplex (HSV) keratitis 411,413,

414,415 in immunosuppression 422-3 in vaseulitides 416 Mooren's ulcer 417,418 recurrent erosions 425-6 rheumatoid disease 415-16,417 Terrien's disease 417

Corneoscleral collagenolysis 204,205 Corneoscleral envelope, in long-standing

glaucoma 90, 91 Corticalliquefaction,lens 447,448 Corynebacterium sp. in post -operative

endophthalmitis 459 Cotton wool spots 102-3, 111 Cowdray inclusion bodies 414 CRAO see Central retinal artery occlusion Creeping angle closure glaucoma 70 Cribriform layer 64 CRVO see Central retinal vein occlusion Cryotherapy 171,219,223,232,233,334,356 Cryptococcus 195 Crystalline cataract 445 Crystalline keratopathy 422 Crystallins in lens 443,444 CT scan see Computerised tomography Cupping of optic disc 87 -8,89 Cyclin 21 Cyclitic membrane 55,57, 188 Cyclocryotherapy 72,93,94 Cyclodialysis 37,93 Cyclodiathermy 72,93-4 Cyclophotocoagulation 95 Cyclops 242,246,247 Cystic basal cell carcinoma 317,318 Cystic eye, congenital 246,248,249 Cystic hygromas, orbital 379 Cysticercus in conjunctival biopsy 339 Cystinosis 285 Cystoid macular oedema (CME) 456,457 Cysts

colobomatous 250 within compound naevi 352-3 conjunctival 346 dermoid 300, 301, 346, 366, 367 developmental 241,242 enterogenous 366-7 epidermal 300,301 epidermoid 300,301 around foreign bodies 300 haematic 366 hydatid 372 of iris 156 'sebaceous' 300, 301 sudoriferous 301

Cytoid bodies 102, 103 Cytology, impression 333-4,335 Cytomegalovirus 195-6,197

in AIDS 199 Cytopathology 26

see also Conjunctival scrapings; Corneal scrapings; Fine needle aspiration; Vitrectomy specimens

Dacryocystectomy 323 Dacryocystitis 323 Dacryolith 324 Demodex folliculorum 25 Demyelinating diseases 290-2 Dendritic ulceration 413 Dermal polyp (skin tag) 304,305 Dermatitis herpetiformis 344 Dermatomyositis 273 Dermoid cysts 300,301,346

of orbit 366,367 Dermoids

of conjunctiva 349 of cornea 439

Dermolipomas 349 Descemet's membrane 402

abnormalities 409-10,411 and cornealleucoma 251-2 duplication 409,415 in herpes keratitis 415 in keratoplasty 418,420 rupture 411,412 secondary 418, 420

Descemetisation 83 Descemetocele 415,416 Deturgescence, corneal 403 Diabetic eye disease 103, 104, 11 0-14

of ciliary body 86 iridopathy 86 retinopathy 111 lens opacities 447 Wolfram syndrome 292

Dialysis, retinal 221 Diamox 66 Diathermy re action 233

Index

DIDMOAD (Wolfram syndrome) 292 Digestion technique (for retinal vasculature)

16-17 Digital imaging 24 Diktyoma see Non-teratoid

medulloepithelioma Dimensions of globe 5 Direct ophthalmoscopy 2

Disciform degeneration of macula 121,123, 124-6

Disciform keratitis 413 Discs, photoreceptor 280 Dislocation of lens 37, 38, 39, 284, 292, 446

long term effects 49 Disseminated intravascular coagulation

(DIC) 121,277 Donor corneal material

donor rim 405 preservation 401, 403, 405

Donut cataract 454,455 Dot haemorrhages 103, 104 Down's syndrome 264 Dracunculiasis 310 Drusen 122,123,127, 128,229,231

of optic disc 290 Dryeye 331

radiation -induced 59 Dry maculopathy 123,126 Dysplastic (Spitz) naevus 308,353 Dysplastic naevus syndrome 134 Dystichiasis 344

Ectropion 297 Ectropion uveae 80,81,82 Edwards' syndrome 264 Elastotic degeneration (solar elastosis) 315,

316 Elementary bodies in chlamydial infections

333,334 Elliot's procedure 92 Elschnig's spots 121,273

Index

Embedding techniques 15-16 Embryology of the eye 241-5 Embryotoxon 252 Emperipolesis 359 Empty sella syndrome 290, 292 Encephalocoele 312 Encircling bands 223,232 Endocrine exophthalmos 31,370,394 Endophthalmitis (definition) 185

acute bacterial pyogenic 188-94 complicating cataract surgery 458-9 complicating trabeculectomy 94, 94 low-grade post-operative 459

Endoresection of uveal malignant melanoma 153,155

Endothelial corneal dystrophies 432-5 Endothelial downgrowth 82

in long-standing glaucoma 86 Endothelium, corneal 402-3,404

abnormalities 409,411 Enterogenous cysts of orbit 366-7 Entropion 297 Enucleation at autopsy

anterior approach 267-8,269 intracranial approach 268,270-1

Eosinophilic granuloma (Langerhans cell histiocytosis) 313, 378

Epibulbar tumours 348-61 Epidermal complex choristoma 349 Epidermoid cysts 300,301 Epi-illumination 24 Epikeratoplasty 410 Epinephrine and corneal pigmentation

435 Epiphora 323 Epiretinal membranes 219,237

diabetic 114 in vitreomacular disease 227

Episcleritis 340 Epithelial corneal dystrophies 426-7 Epithelial cysts 300, 301 Epithelial downgrowth 48-9,79,438

complicating cataract surgery 455,457 Epithelial inclusion cysts 346 Epithelioid cells, in malignant melanoma

144,145,147 Epithelioid sarcoma 388 Epithelium

of conjunctiva 329,330 of cornea 401-2 oflens 443,444 see also Retinal pigment epithelium

Epstein-Barr virus 165 Erdheim-Chester disease 387 Essential iris atrophy 83 Esterase-D and retinoblastoma 171 Esthesio-neuroblastoma 382 Ethylaminocarbazole (EAC) 19 Ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA) 435 Evisceration specimens in endophthalmitis

190-2 Ewing's sarcoma, orbital 386 Excimer laser treatment (photorefractive

keratectomy) 407-8 Exenteration specimens 365,394,395 Exfoliation syndrome, and glaucoma 76,

78-9 Expulsive haemorrhage 37,39

complicating cataract surgery 457-8

Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) 451

Extramedullary haematopoiesis 32 Extraocular muscles

endocrine exophthalmos 31,370,394 fibrosis 368,370,370 intramuscular haemangiomas 379 orbital myositis 370-1

Exudative age-related macular degeneration 121,123,126-8

Exudative retinal detachment 220,222-3, 224

Exudative retinopathy, radiation -induced 59,60,61

Eyelid anatomy 297-300 bacterial infections 310 cysts 300,301-3 floppy 311 focal mucinosis 311 fungal infections 310 malignant tumours 315-24 normal histology 297-8 tumour clearance assessment 289 tumour resection 298-30

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) 227

Familial intestinal polyposis 167 Familial LCAT deficiency (fish eye disease)

431-2 Fascicular melanomas 144, 146 Fasciitis, nodular 387 Fat demonstration 17 -18 Fibrinoid necrosis 272 Fibrolipomas 349,350 Fibromas

of orbit 383 of conjunctiva 360

Fibrosclerosis, multifocal 370 Fibrosing basal cell carcinoma 318 Fibrous downgrowth, retrocorneal 407,409 Fibrous histiocytoma

conjunctival 360 of orbit 387,388

Fibrous ingrowth 39,41,42,43 Fibrous metaplasia of lens epithelium

449-50 Field defects in glaucoma 66 Filarial worms

conjunctival 339 in eyelid 310

Fine needle aspiration 26 of malignant melanoma 146,147 ofretinoblastoma 176, 178

Fistulising procedures (glaucoma) 66 complications 92

Fixation artefacts, lens opacification 10 Flame haemorrhages 102, 103, 104 Fleischer ring 411,412 Fleurettes in retinoblastoma 176, 177 Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes 176,177 Floppy eyelid syndrome 311 Flow cytometry 21,23

use in assessment of malignant melanoma 148

Fluorescein angiography 2 Fluorescence microscopy 24-5 Fluorophotometry 2

467

5-Fluorouracil, use with trabeculectomy 93 Focal amyloidosis (lattice dystrophy) 428-9 Focal mucinosis of eyelid 311 Foetal alcohol syndrome 253 Follicular conjunctivitis 335 Formal-acetic methanol (FAM) 14 Formaldehyde 14 Foster-Fuchs spot 278 Fovea, normal histology 30 Freckles of iris 132 Frozen sections (for fat) 17-18 Fuch's endothelial dystrophy 410,432 Fuchs' heterochromie iridocyclitis 212,213 Fucosidosis 284 Fundus flavimaculatus 288 Fungal infections 193,194-5

complicating cataract surgery 458 of conjunctiva 338-9 ofcornea 186,187 of eyelid 310 of orbit 371-2

Fungi Grocott-Gomori methenamine silver stain

19 identification in corneal scrapings 419

Gadolinium contrast 2 Galactosaemia, cataracts 446 Galactosidosis 332 Gammopathy, corneal 435 Ganglioglioma 389 Ganglion cells of retina 29, 30

atrophy 88 Gangliosidosis 287 Gardner's syndrome (polyposis coli) 287,

386 Gastamponade 235

effect on lens cortex 447 Gelatinous droplike dystrophy of cornea

429 Gelsolin 428 Genetics of retinoblastoma 171

see also Chromosome abnormalities Geographie atrophy of retina 123, 126 Giant cell angiofibroma 388 Giant cell (temporal) arteritis 325-6

in autopsy material 273,274 Giant congenital naevus 308 Giant papillary conjunctivitis 337 Giant retinal te ars 39,221 Glassblowing industry, infrared cataract

450 Glaucoma

aqueous fluid inflow & outflow systems 63-4

chronic angle closure 70 classification 64-5 Cogan-Reese syndrome 79 congenital 65

goniodysgenesis 65,72-3,253-4 in exfoliation syndrome 76,78-9 haemolytic 75-6 iatrogenic 74

468

Glaucoma cont. infantile 65 iris naevus syndrome 79 juvenile 65 in juvenile xanthogranuloma 79-80 lens protein 76 low tension 68 malignant 83

complicating cataract surgery 457 medication 66 melanomalytic 22,75 melanotie 75 mucogenic 80 neovascular 63, 80, 81, 82, 108-9 phacolytic 76,77 pigmentary 75 post-traumatic 47-9; 79 primary

angle closure 65, 68-70, 71 open angle (POAG) 65-8

secondary 65 angle closure 80-3 open angle 73-80 to melanoma 136

steroid-induced 74 tissue effects 83-92 tumour-associated 79, 136 uveitic 73

Glaucoma surgery complications 92-7 for congenital mal formation 72 iridectomy 70 laser treatment 68, 70, 95 trabeculectomy 66-7

Glioangiomatous tumours 168,169 Glioma of optie nerve 388-90 Glioneuroma 178 Globe

gross anatomy 5-12 orientation of 7-8

Glues use in corneal ulceration 413,414,421

Glutaraldehyde 14-15 GM 2 gangliosidosis 287 Goblet cells

in conjunctival epithelium 329,330 in conjunctival scrapings 332

Goniodysgenesis 65,72-3,253-4 Gonioscopy 2 Goniotomy, internal 72 Graft rejection 417-18,419 Gram stains 19 Granular cell myoblastoma 314,383 Granular dystrophy of cornea 429-30 Granulocytic sarcoma 393 Granuloma, eosinophilic 313 Granuloma, giant reparative, orbital 383 Granuloma annulare, periocular 341 Granulomatous reactions

allergie granulomatous nodule 341 in chalazia 302-3 chronie specific inflammation 200-10 fibrous histiocytoma 360 to foreign material 341-2 idiopathic 341 to implants 192,193,194 juvenile xanthogranuloma 313,341 lens-induced autoimmune uveitis 50,51,

450

myositis 370-1 in neovascular glaucoma 80 ophthalmia nodosa 341 to parasites 310 periocular granuloma annulare 341 after retrobulbar injection of ethyl alcohol

96,97 sympathetie ophthalmitis 52,53,54,55 see also ldiopathic midline destructive

disease; Sarcoidosis; Tuberculosis; Wegener's granulomatosis

Grey zone lymphomas 358-9,376 Grocott -Gomori methenamine silver stain 19 Gyrate atrophy 287

Haab's striae 90 Haemangioendothelioma 30,31, 379 Haemangiomas

of choroid 166,167 of orbit 378-9,380 in Sturge-Weber syndrome 263 in Von Hippel Lindau disease 261,262

Haemangiopericytoma 30,31 of orbit 379,380

Haematic cyst of orbit 366 Haematopoiesis, extramedullary 32 Haemoglobinopathies 118 Haemogranulomas 41 Haemolytic glaucoma 75-6 Haemophilus sp. 188 Haemorrhage

choroidal 168,169 expulsive 37,39

complicating cataract surgery 457-8 organisation of 41-2,43

see also Haemosiderosis bulbi retinaiSO, 102, 103, 106

Haemorrhagie infarction of retina (CRVO) 101

Haemosiderosis bulbi 45 Hagberg-Santavuori syndrome 285 Hamartomas

astrocytie 178 of conjunctiva 348-9 of cornea 439 of eyelids 312-13 of retina 167

Haptie 452 Hard exudates 103 Hartmanella 423 Hassall-Henle warts 432 Heat damage of cornea 438 Henle, pseudoglands of 334, 335 Hereditary progressive arthro-

ophthalmopathy 227 Hereditary X-linked retinoschisis 227 Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 292 Herodopathia atactica polyneuritiformis

(Refsum's disease) 284 Herpes simplex 195,196,198

appearance in conjunctival scrapings 332 and ICE syndrome 434 keratitis 411,413,414,415 retinitis 23

Herpes zoster 186,195,199-200 Heterochromie iridocyclitis 212,213

Hexosoaminase A 287 Histiocytosis 277

Index

Histiocytosis, Langerhans cell (eosinophilic granuloma) 313,378

Histoplasmosis 129 presumed ocular 210

HLA antigens and ocular disease 210,212 and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

394 Hodgkin's disease, orbital 376 Homer-Wright rosettes 177 Homocystinuria 284

lens abnormalities 446 Hookworms 372 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 197,

199,350 see also AIDS

Human papilloma virus (HPV) 350 and tumours of lacrimal sac 324

Human T lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-l) 394

Hyalinisation of trabecular meshwork 67 Hyaloid artery, persistent 256,257 Hyaloid vessels 241, 255 Hydatid cysts 372 Hydrogel implants 232 Hydrops, corneal 411 Hyperoxaluria 284-5 Hyperparathyroidism, brown tumour 383 Hypertension 102, 120-1

malignant 272-3 Hypertrophie conjunctival scar 348 Hyphaema 7,75

organisation 41-2,43 see also Haemosiderosis bulbi

Hyphaenoid degeneration, retinal 57 Hypocalcaemia, tetanie cataract 448 Hypopyon 7,188 Hypopyon, pseudo 80, 82 Hypotonia,ocular 5, 42, 43, 44

Iatrogenic glaucoma 74 ICE syndrome see lridocorneal-endothelial

syndrome ldiopathic conjunctival granulomas 341 ldiopathic midline destructive disease

(IMDD) 374 ldiopathic sclerosing inflammation of orbit

368-9 lmmunofluorescence of conjunctival

scrapings 332,333 Immunoglobulins, in bullous diseases of

conjunctiva 344-5 lmmunohistochemistry 19-22

of eosinophilic granuloma (Langerhans cell histiocytosis) 378

of gliomas 389 of granular cell tumour 383 oflymphomas 376,377,378 of melanocytic lesions 136,147,354,355 of Merkel cell carcinoma 322 of naevi 353 of neurofibromas 381 of proliferative vitreoretinopathy 236-7 ofretinoblastoma 175 of schwannomas 382

Index

of sebaceous carcinoma 320 of sinus histiocytosis 359 of solitary fibrous tumour 388 of squamous carcinoma 319

Immunological surveillance 330 Immunosuppression keratopathy 422-3 Implants

lens 451-3 infective complications 189

Mersilene coated 192,193,194 orbital 395

Impression cytology 333-4,335 Incarcerated iris 437,439 Inclusion conjunctivitis 333,334,338

appearance in conjunctival scrapings 332 Inclusion cysts

within compound naevi 352-3 post -traumatic 49

Inclusions, intranuclear in cytomegalovirus infection 196, 197 in herpes keratitis 413, 414, 415

Indocyanine green 2 Infantile glaucoma see Congenital glaucoma Infective pro ces ses

anterior chamber 185 endophthalmitis (definition) 185

acute bacterial pyogenic 188-94 complicating cataract surgery 458-9 complicating trabeculectomy 94, 94 low-grade post-operative 459

general pathological features 185-6 see also under specific structures and

organisms Infrared cataract 450 Inherited vitreoretinopathy 227 Injection techniques (demonstration of

vascular channels) 17 In-situ hybridisation (lSH) 20,22 Instruments, sterilisation 199 Interference contrast microscopy 24,25 Internal goniotomy 72 Inter-photoreceptor retinol-binding protein

(IRBP) 281 Interstitial keratitis 424,425 Intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE)

451 Intracranial hypertension, benign idiopathic

289-90 Intraepithelial neoplasia, conjunctival (CIN)

350,351,352 Intraepithelial sebaceous carcinoma 352 Intraocular lens (lOL) implants 451,453,

454 Intraocular pressure

hypotonia 42,43,44 maintenance 63-4 normal range 63,66 see also Glaucoma

Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA) III

Intrascleral nerve loop 348 Intumescent cataract 447,448 Ionising radiation

effects 58-61,300 in treatment of malignant melanoma

149,151,152, 154 Iridectomy, peripheral 70 Iridencleisis 92 Iridocorneal angle, gross anatomy 10

Iridocorneal-endothelial (ICE) syndrome 83,434

Iridocyclodialysis 37 lridoschisis 434-5 Iridotomy, YAG laser 70,71 Iris

colobomata 248,249 cysts 156 embryology 241,242 focal sec tor infarction 69, 70 freckles 132 in glaucoma 69,84,86,87 gross anatomy 7,10 incarceration 437,439 malignant melanoma 134-7

see also Malignant melanoma metastatic tumours 156-7 naevi 132

ICE syndrome 434-5 non-melanocytic tumours 153,156 normal histology 26,28, 30 effects of previous surgery 456 prolapse 186,187,190

Iris naevus syndrome 79,83, 132, 133 IRMA (intraretinal microvascular

abnormalities) 111 lron, Prussian blue stain 19 Irradiation

effects on cornea 438 effects on skin 322

Irradiation cataract 450 Irradiation vasculopathy 152

Jansky-Bielschowsky disease 285 Junctional naevus 307 Juvenile glaucoma see Congenital glaucoma Juvenile (Spitz) naevus 308,353 Juvenile xanthogranuloma 313,341

and glaucoma 79-80 of orbit 378

Kaposi's sarcoma 199,360 Kayser- Fleischer rings 411,412 Kearns-Sayre syndrome 285-6 Keloid formation, corneal 409 Keratan sulphate, in macular corneal

dystrophy 430 Keratectasia 91 Keratic precipitates 50 Keratitis

acanthamoeba 422-3 Herpes simplex (HSV) 411,413,414,

415 interstitial 424, 425 rheumatoid 415-16 rosacea 424, 425

Keratoacanthoma 304-5,306 differential diagnosis 319

Keratoconjunctivitis atopic 337

appearance in conjunctival scrapings 333,334

in contact lens wearers 337 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca 330,331

Keratoconus 410-11, 412 posterior 252

Keratopathy aniridia 425, 426 band 435 Christmas tree 427,428

469

climatic droplet (Labrador) 31,429,435 immunosuppression 422-3 silicone oil 436, 438

Keratoplasty clinical aspects 405 graft rejection 417-18,419 repeat 417-18

Keratoplasty discs 401,404 Khodadoust line 417 Ki67 (MIB-l) 21 Kimura's disease (angioplastic lymphoid

hyperplasia with eosinophilia) 313, 314,375,376

Krause, glands of 297 Kufs disease 285 Kuhnt-Junius, tissue of 275

Labrador keratopathy 31,429,435 Lacrimal glands 329

accessory 297 amyloidosis 393 immunological role 330 lymphoma 393 normal anatomy 391 tumours 391-3

Lacrimal sac anatomy 323 tumours 323-4

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (eosinophilic granuloma) 313,378

Langerhans cells 401 Laser iridotomy 70, 71 Laser photocoagulation 111-12,232,234 Laser surgery in glaucoma 68, 70, 95 Laser vitrotomy 83 Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)

408 Latanoprost 66 Lattice degeneration of retina 224-5 Lattice dystrophy of cornea (focal

amyloidosis) 428-9 Leber's congenital amaurosis 283 Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 286 Leigh's syndrome 286 Leiomyoma of orbit 383 Leiomyosarcoma of orbit 383 Leishmaniasis 310 Lens

age-related enlargement 68, 70 cataracts 445-50,454,455 congenital displacement (subluxation,

luxation) 446 cortical abnormalities 447-8 degenerative changes 49,446-50 dislocation 37,38,39,45 in Marfan's syndrome 293 long term effects 49 embryology 241,242,243,443 in endophthalmitis 188 epithelial abnormalities 449-50

470

Lens cant. in glaucoma 84-5,87 lenticulocorneal fusion 251 malformations 255 metabolism 443,445 normal anatomy 10,443,444 nuclear abnormalities 448-9 in phthisis bulbi 55,56,57 posterior subcapsular cataract 231 effects of retinal detachment 231 effect of silicone oil 234 effects of trauma 45

Lens crystallins 443,444 Lens epithelium 443,444 Lens implants 451-3

infective complications 189 Lens-induced autoimmune uveitis 49-50,

51,450 Lens placode 241,242 Lens protein glaucoma 76 Lens spherule 443 Lens sutures 443 Lens vesicle 443 Lenticules, accessory 255,466 Lenticulocorneal fusion 251 Lentiglobus 255,445 Lethai midline granuloma (Idiopathic

midline destructive disease) 374 Letterer-Siwe disease 277 Leucocoria 173 Leucocytic embolus 103 Leucoma,corneal 251-2,438-9 Leukaemia 276,393 Lichen, in corneal ulcer 424 Lichen planus, conjunctivitis 345 Ligneous conjunctivitis 310,343 Limbal stem cell grafts 417 Linear naevus sebaceous syndrome 349 Lipid deposition, corneal 409 Lipid keratopathy 413,414,415 Lipofuscinosis

of cornea 431 neuronal ceroid 285

Lipogranulomatous pseudotumour 368 Lipoida1 degeneration (herpes keratitis)

413,414,415 Lipoidal retinal degenerations 228 Lipomas 349

of orbit 386 Lipomatosis of optic nerve 259,260 Liposarcomas, pleomorphic 386 Liquefaction oflens cortex 447,448 Lisch nodules 260,261 Loaloa 339 Local 'eye wall' excision of malignant

melanoma 149 Low tension glaucoma 68 Lowe's (oculocerebral) syndrome 446 'Loyez' stain 19,32 Luxation of lens, congenital 446 Luxol fast blue stain 19 Lyme disease 336 Lymphangiectasia, conjunctival 346,349 Lymphangiomas

of conjunctiva 348,349 of orbit 379

Lymphoid cell series, differentiation antibodies 21

Lymphoid proliferations

benign 375 of conjunctiva 357-9

Lymphoid pseudotumour 368 Lymphomas 165-6

B cell 377 of conjunctiva 357-9 grey zone (conjunctival) 358-9,376 immunohistochemical staining 21,376,

377,378 oflacrimal gland 393 MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid

tissues) 374 orbital 374-5,376-8 REAL classification 374

Lyphohistiocytic proliferations, of orbit 374-8

Lysosomal disorders 283-4

M

Macroaneurysms 115 Macrocyst, retinal 170 Macroglobulinaemia 277 Macroscopic examination of globe 3-12 Macula, gross anatomy 12 Macular corneal dystrophy 430,431 Macular dystrophies, hereditary 288 Macular holes 225-6

impending 227 Macular star 103 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 2 Magnocellular ganglion cells 30 Magnocellular naevi see Melanocytomas Malaria 208 Malherbe, calcifying epithelioma of

(pilomatrixoma) 301-2 Malignant fibrous histiocytoma 387,388 Malignant glaucoma 83

complicating cataract surgery 457 Malignant hypertension 102,272-3 Malignant melanoma

assessment of cell proliferation 146,147, 148

of choroid 32,138,140,141-53

of ciliary body 13 7-8 of conjunctiva 356-7 differential diagnosis 153,156-70 extraocular extension 142,143-4,147 of eyelid 322 diffuse 142 factors of prognostic significance 147-8 fine needle aspiration 146, 147 use of flow cytometry 148 genetic abnormalities 148 and glaucoma 79 identification of tumour recurrence 149,

150 immunohistochemical techniques 136,

147 use of impression cytology 334,335 of iris 134-7 lymphocytic infiltrate 147 management 60,148-55 melanin content 147 melanocarcinoma in situ 354,355,356 microcirculation 32, 148 perineural space infiltration 144 ploidy analysis 148

Index

spontaneous infarction 140, 143, 146 trans-scleral spread 142,143-4,147 tumour cell morphology 144,145-6,147

MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissues) lymphomas 374,357

Marfan's syndrome 292-3 lens abnormalities 446

Mascara conjunctivitis 340 appearance in conjunctival scrapings

333,334 Masson -Fontana stain 18, 19 Masson trichrome stain 30,31 Measles 195 Medial canthus 330 Medulloepithelioma 159,161,162,163 Meesmann's dystrophy 427 Meibomian glands 297

chalazia 302-3 Meissnerian corpuscles 381, 382 Melanin, Masson-Fontana stain 18 Melanocarcinoma in situ of conjunctiva

354,355,356 Melanocytic naevi 306-8

of conjunctiva 352-4 Melanocytic nerve sheath tumours 382 Melanocytic tumours, benign 131-4 Melanocytomas

of ciliary body 132, 133 of optic nerve 134

Melanoma see Malignant melanoma Melanomalytic glaucoma 22,75 Melanosis oculi 134 Melanosis, primary acquired (PAM) 22,354,

355,356 Melanotic glaucoma 75 MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy,

lactic acidosis, stroke) 286 Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome 311-12 Meningiomas of optic nerve 390-1 Meretoja (lattice) dystrophy 428 Meridional retinal folds 228 Merkel cell carcinoma 322 MERRF (myoclonus, epilepsy, ragged red

fibres) 286 Mersi1ene coated imp1ants 192,193,194 Mesectodermalleiomyoma of ciliary body

158,159 Metallic intraocular foreign bodies 13,

45-6,47 Metaplasia of lens epithelium 449-50 Metaplastic lashes 344 Metastatic infection 188,189

Candida 193 Metastatic tumours 131

of choroid 161,164,165 of eyelid 322 of iris 156-7 of orbit 393 ofretina 179

Methanol poisoning 293 Methoxyfluorane 294 Microaneurysms 17,103-4,105,114 Microcystoid degeneration 226 Microinfarction, retinal 102-3 Microphakia 255 Microphthalmia 245,246

in trisomy 13 264 Microscopic polyangiitis, corneal ulceration

416

Index

Microsporidiosis conjunctivitis 340 Mierowaves 450

use in preparation of sections 15, 19 Mikulicz's syndrome 393 Mitochondrial disorders 285-7 Mitomycin C 356

use with trabeculectomy 93 Moh's technique 289 Moll, glands of 297 Molluscum contagiosum 304,306,307,332 Molteno implants 95,96,97,263 Mooren's ulcer 417,418 Moraxella sp. keratitis 187 Morgagnian cataract 447,448 Morning glory disc anomaly (MGDA)

258-9 Morphoeic basal cell carcinoma 318 Morquio syndrome 284,430 Mucocoele of orbit 366 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of conjunctiva

352 Mucogenic glaucoma 80 Mucopolysaccharidoses 283-4

in conjunctival tissue 331,332 and corneal dystrophy 430

Mucor 195 Mucormycosis of orbit 372 Muir-Torre syndrome 322 Müller cells 279

proliferation 230 Müller's muscle 297-8 Multifocal fibrosclerosis 370 Multiple effervescent white dot syndrome

(MEWDS) 210 Multiple myeloma 277

corneal gammopathy 435 orbital 376,377

Multiple sclerosis 290,291 Muscles, extraocular

endocrine exophthalmos 31,370,394 fibrosis 368, 370 intramuscular haemangiomas 379 orbital myositis 370-1

Myasthenia gravis 294 Mycetoma of lacrimal sac 324 Mycobacterial infection 201,202 Mycosis fungoides, of orbit 376 Myelin, luxol fast blue and 'Loyez' stains 19 Myelin artefact 13 Myelinated nerve fibres 259,260 Myofibroblastie transformation of

keratocytes 406 Myopia 229,277-8 Myositis, orbital 368,370-1 Myotonic dystrophy 284

cataracts 446 Myxoliposarcoma 386

Naegleria 423 Naevi 131-4,306-8

of caruncle 360 of conjunctiva 352-4 of iris (ICE syndrome) 434-5 malignant transformation 353-4

Naevus of Ota 134 Nanophthalmia 245

Necator 372 Necrotising fasciitis, periorbital 310 Necrotising scleritis 204,206,207 Needle biopsy 26

see also Fine needle aspiration Nematode worms 372 Neodymium YAG lasers see YAG laser

trabeculotomy Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy 284 Neovascular glaucoma 63,80,81, 82, 108-9 Neovascularisation

of choroid 121,122 ofcornea 405,406,409 diabetic 111, 112 of retina 104-19

Neuroblastoma, metastatie 393 Neurocytoma 178-9 Neurofibromas

of eyelid 314,315 of orbit 381-2

Neurofibromatosis 260,261,314,381,382, 390

Neuromas, amputation 314 Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 285 Neurotisation, of naevus 307-8 Nocardia, in choroid 187 Nodular fasciitis of orbit 387 Non-teratoid medulloepithelioma 159,161,

162,163 Norrie's disease 118-19 Nuclear cataracts 449 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 2 Nucleolar area, in assessment of malignant

melanoma 148 Nucleolar organising regions, AgNOR

technique 19-20 Nutritional amblyopia 292

Ocular cicatrieial pemphigoid (OCP) 344, 345

Ocular hypotonia 5 Ocular malformations 241,242 Ocular melanosis 134 Oculocerebral (Lowe's) syndrome 446 Oedema

of cornea 83-4, 11 0, 402, 405, 406, 411

of optic disc 43, 44 of retina 42,44

Omega loops 111,112 Oncocytoma of caruncle 361 Open angle glaucoma, secondary 73-80 Operculum, retinal 220,221,222 Ophthalmia nodosa 341 Ophthalmie artery occlusion 119 Optic atrophy

glaucomatous 87-90 Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 286 in neoplastic disease 292 traumatie 37,40

Optic disc 241, 242 cupping 85, 102

drusen 290 gross anatomy 12 leukaemic infiltration 276 in myopia 278 oedema 43, 44

Optic nerve blood supply 88, 90 embryology 244 in glaucoma 84,85,87-90 gliomas 388-90 infarction 274,275,371 leukaemie infiltration 276 lipomatosis 259,260 meningiomas 390-1 in multiple sclerosis 290,291 orbital apical (Tolosa-Hunt) syndrome

371 in phthisis bulbi 58 pseudotumour cerebri 388 effect of temporal arteritis 272,274

Optic nerve head malformations 258-9 melanocytomas 134 normal histology 31

Optie pits 258 Optic vesicle 241,242 Orbit 365

cellulitis 371 cysts 366-7 exenteration specimens 365,394,395 fungal infections 371-2

471

idiopathic chronic inflammatory disease 367-71

lymphohistiocytic proliferations 374-8

metastatie tumours 393 neuraltumours 381-3 parasitie infections 372 soft tissue tumours 383 teratomas 378, 379 tumours of bone forming tissue 383, 385,

386 tumours of lipocytes 386 vascular tumours 378-80

Orbital apical (Tolosa-Hunt) syndrome 371 Orbital implants 395 Orbital myositis 368,370-1 Ossification

in lens 447 in phthisis bulbi 55,56,57 see also Calcification; Oste omas;

Osteosarcoma Osteoclastoma, orbital 383 Osteogenic sarcoma 385, 386 Osteomas

of choroid 166 of conjunctiva 349,350 of orbit 383, 385, 386

Osteosarcoma 385, 386 Ota, naevus of 134 Oxalate crystals in lens 447,448

P53 tumour suppressor gene (WAFl) 21, 136,320,347,358,375

Paget's disease ofbone 127,278 Pagetoid spread in sebaceous carcinoma

320,321 Palisading, in basal cell carcinoma 317 Pannus 406,407 Panophthalmitis (definition) 185

see also Endophthalmitis

472

PAP technique (Peroxidase-anti peroxidase technique) see Immunohistochemistry

Papillary conjunctivitis 337 Papilloedema 44,85,102,288-90 Papilloma virus 306 Papillomas

basal cell of eyelid 303-4 of conjunctiva 349-50 squamous cell of eyelid 303-4

Paraffin wax embedding 15 Paraformaldehyde 14 Paraglut (Paraformaldehyde/glutaraldehyde)

14 Parakeratosis 315, 316 Parasitic infections 372

filarial worms 310,339 Taenia solium 339 viscerallarva migrans 208

Parafoveal telangiectasis 115 Parinaud's ocular glandular syndrome 188 Pars plana, normal histology 28,30 Pars plicata

adenomas 158-9,160 normal histology 28, 30

Parvocellular ganglion cells 30 Patau's syndrome 263,264 Paving stone retinal degeneration 11,228 PCI0 21 PCNA 21 Pedunculated papillomas, of conjunctiva

349-50 Pemphigoid, bullous 344, 345 Pemphigus 344 Penetrating injuries 37-40

gunshot wounds 46 'Pepper and salt' pigmentary disturbance

(phenothiazines) 294 Perfiuoro-octane 235,236 Periocular granuloma annulare 341 Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain 19 Peripheral iridectomy 70 Peripheral iridectomy defect, retro-

illumination 5, 7 Peripheral microcystoid degeneration 11,

226 Peripheral reticular retinal degeneration

229 Peripupillary fibrosis 454 Peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique

see Immunohistochemistry Peroxisomal dis orders 284-5 Persistent posterior primary hyperplastic

vitreous (PPHPV) 257 Persistent primary hyperplastic vitreous

(PHPV) 255-6,257 Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis 255,256 Peters' (anterior chamber cleavage) syndrome

73,252,438-9 PEX (pseudoexfoliation syndrome) see

Exfoliation syndrome Phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis see Lens­

induced uveitis Phacoemulsification 451

complications 453-4 Phacogenic uveitis see Lens-induced uveitis Phacolytic glaucoma 76,77 Phakomatoses 73,259-63 Phakomatous choristoma 313

Phenothiazines 294 Phlycten 340-1 Photocoagulation, use in malignant

melanoma 153,154 Photocoagulation burns 111-12,113 Photopsia 220 Photoreceptor atrophy in carcinomatosis

290,292 Photoreceptor dis integration 41,44 Photoreceptors

effects of cataract surgery 457 normal anatomy 279-80 effect of retinal detachment 217,218

Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) 407-8 Phthisis bulbi 12, 54-8 Pigment epitheliopathies 279-88 Pigmentary glaucoma 75 Pigmentation

of cornea 435,437 oflens 448-9 of retina 228-9

Pigmented nerve sheath tumours 382 Pilocarpine 66 Pilocytic glioma 390 Pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of

Malherbe) 301-2 Pinguecula 347-8 Pingueculitis 348 Placode,lens 443 Placoid papillomas 350,351 Plaques, use in irradiation of malignant

melanoma 151,152 Plasma cell pseudotumour 368 Plasmacytomas, of orbit 376 Pleomorphic adenoma oflacrimal gland

391-2 Pleomorphic liposarcomas 386 Ploidy analysis in malignant melanoma 148 Plombs 223,232 POAG see Primary open angle glaucoma Polyarteritis nodosa 273

cornea! ulceration 416 Polymerase chain reaction 20-1 Polyposis coli (Gardner's syndrome) 287,

386 Post-aphakic decompensation 410,411 Post-traumatic glaucoma 47-9,79 Post-traumatic inclusion cysts 49 Posterior capsule membranes 453 Posterior chamber lens implants 452-3 Posterior ciliary arte ries 88, 90

occlusion 119, 120 Posterior keratoconus 252 Posterior lamellar keratoplasty 405 Posterior polymorphous dystrophy 433 Posterior scleritis 204,206

Prematurity, retinopathy of 115-17, 118, 244 Preretinal membranes 220, 221, 223, 230,

237 Presumed ocular histoplasmosis (POH)

129,210,212 Primary acquired melanosis (PAM) 354,

355,356 Primary angle closure glaucoma 65

acute 68-70, 71 Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) 65-8 Primary optic vesicle 241,242 Primaryvitreous 241,242 Progressive myopia 277

Index

Progressive oculoacousticocerebra! degeneration (Norrie's disease) 118-19

Progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) 196

Prolapsed orbital fat 349 Proliferative activity, identification in

tumours 21 Proliferative retinopathy 111-12,114 Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) 219,

220 immunohistochemistry 236-7

Propionibacterium sp. infection complicating cataract surgery 459

Protozoa keratitis 422-3 conjunctivitis 340

Prussian blue stain 19 Psammoma bodies 390,391 Pseudoexfoliation syndrome see Exfoliation

syndrome Pseudoglands of Henle 334,335 Pseudogliomas 230 Pseudohypopyon 173 Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy 410,411 Pseudopterygia 348 Pseudoretinitis pigmentosa, post-traumatic

50,52 Pseudosarcomatous reactions 343, 344, 346 Pseudotumour, infiammatory 367-70,375 Pseudotumour cerebri 388 Pseudovitelliform degeneration 288 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum 278 Pterygia 347-8,352 Punctate keratopathy 413 PupiI, irregularity 70 PXS (pseudoexfoliation syndrome) see

Exfoliation syndrome Pyogenic granulomas 302,303

Quinine toxicity 293

Rabies 195 Radial keratotomy 407,408 Radiotherapy 58-61,118,438

effects 300 effects on skin 322 for malignant melanoma 149,151,152,

154 Reactionary lymphoid proliferation 357,

358 REAL (Revised European American

Classification) classification of lymphomas 374

Recoverin 292 Recurrent epithelial erosions 425-6 Refractive eye surgery 406-8 Refsum's disease 284 Reiger's anomaly/syndrome 252-3 Reis-Buckler ring dystrophy 427 Rete mirabile 108 Reticulin, silver stains 19 Reticulum cell sarcoma see lymphoma

Index

Retina acute retinal necrosis (ARN) 196, 198 in AIDS 199 atrophy 230

of ganglion cells 88 avulsion of 40,44 blood supply 30,31,32,101,102 Candida infections 195 colobomata 249-50 degenerative conditions 57,224-6,228-9,

230 dialysis 221 embryology 242,243-4,245 in endophthalmitis 190,191,192 in glaucoma 84,85,87,88,90 gliosis 55,5657,87,88 gross anatomy 11-12 hamartomas 167 holes and te ars 217,220-1,222,223,

225-6 artefactual 221,222 giant retinal tears 39,221

in leukaemia 276 macrocyst 170 malformations 257-8 meridional folds 228 metastatic tumours 179 microinfarction 102-3 myelinated nerve fibres 259,260 in myopia 277-8 necrosis

in toxoplasmosis 207-8 in viral infection 196, 197

neovascularisation 10, 104, 103, 106-8 normal histology 29,30-2 peripheral disease 227-9 pigmentation 228-9 post traumatic changes 50,52 in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

195 tissue rarefaction 228 in toxocariasis 209 trauma 39,42,44,221

burns 111-12,113 vascular tumours 168,169,179

Retinal anoxia in diabetic retinopathy 111 Retinal biopsy specimens 196-7, 198 Retinal branch vein occlusion 110 Retinal detachment 217-220

changes in neural retina 229-30 changes in retinal pigment epithelium

230-1 classification 220 complicating cataract surgery 458 effects on lens 231 effects on vitreous 231,232 exudative 220,222-3,224 and glaucoma 82 gross anatomy 4, 11 predisposing conditions 224-9 rhegmatogenous 220-1 Schwartz-Matsuo syndrome 79 traction 220, 223-4 traumatic SO treatment 232-8

Retinal digest preparations 16-17 Retinal displacement 238 Retinal dysplasia 258 Retinal infarction 120

Retinal ischaemia focal pathological features 102-8 pathogenesis 101-2

Retinal necrosis syndrome 195 Retinal pigment epithelium

adenomas and adenocarcinomas 167, 168

effects of cataract surgery 457 congenital hypertrophy/hyperplasia

(CHRPE) 167,169 degenerative changes 272 fibrous metaplasia 231 infarction 120 lipofuscin excess 288,289 normal anatomy 279,280 in phthisis bulbi 56,57 in retinal detachment 230-1 spindIe cell metaplasia 220, 231

Retinal tacks 235-6 Retinectomy 236 Retinitis pigmentosa 279,281,282,283 Retinitis, cytomegalovirus 195-7 Retinoblastoma 170-3

avoidance of artefact differential diagnosis fine needle aspiration genetic features 171

174-5 159,178-80 176,178

and glaucoma 79 immunohistochemistry 175 effects of irradiation 172, 175, 177 microscopic appearances 175,176,177-8 pathological features 173-8 prognostic indicators 178

Retinoic acid 280-1 Retinol-binding proteins (RBPs) 280-1 Retinopathy

central serous 223 diabetic 103, 11 0-14 of prematurity 115-17,118,244 radiation-induced 59,60,61,118 solar 280 tamoxifen 293

Retinoschisis, peripheral 229 Retinoschisis, X -linked 227 Retinotomy 236 Retrobulbar injection of ethyl alcohol 96,97 Retrolental fibroplasia 115 Rhabdoid tumours, malignant 383,385 Rhabdomyoma, of orbit 383 Rhabdomyosarcoma 22,383,384

Triton tumour 381,382 Rhegmatogenous detachment 217, 220

and lattice degeneration 224-5 Rheumatoid disease 168,203,205-6,207

corneal ulceration and perforation 187, 415-16,417

episcleritis 340 Sjogren's syndrome 331

Rhinosporidiosis, conjunctival 339 Rhodopsin 281 Ring melanoma 134 Ringschwiele 231 Rochalimea sp (bacillary angiomatosis)

336-7 Rodent ulcer (basal cell carcinoma) 316-18 Rods see Photoreceptors Rosacea keratitis 424,425 Rosai-Dorfman disease 359,360 RosenthaI fibres 389

Roth's spots 103,105 Rubeanic acid stain 47 Rubella 195,196

cataracts 446 Rubeola 195 Rubeosis iridis 7

Salzman's nodular degeneration 426 Sarcoidosis 201, 202, 203

of conjunctiva 338,339 of extraorbital muscles 370-1 of orbit 372-3

Sarcoma, pseudosarcomatous reactions 343,344,346

Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy 2 Scheie's procedure 92,93 Schnabel's cavernous degeneration 85 Schnyder's crystalline stromal dystrophy

430 Schwalbe's line 252,253 Schwannomas

of ciliary body 157,158 of conjunctiva 348 ofeyelid 314 of orbit 381,382

Schwartz-Matsuo syndrome 44,79 Sclera

gross anatomy 6,7,12 normal histology 32

Scleral indentation 223, 232, 233 Scleral sulcus normal histology 26,27 Scleritis 168

rheumatoid 203-4,205-6,207 Sclerocornea 252 Scleroderma 273 Sclerokeratitis

473

following corneal surgery 455 rheumatoid 203-4,205-6,207

Scleromalacia perforans 204,205 Sclerosing basal cell carcinoma 318 Sclerosing pseudotumour of orbit 368-9 Sea fan neovascularisation 118 Sebaceous adenoma of caruncle 361 Sebaceous carcinoma 22,319-22

differential diagnosis 302 diffuse intraepithelial 320,352

'Sebaceous' cysts 300,301 Seborrheoic keratosis (basal cell papilloma)

303-4 Secondary lipoidal degeneration (herpes

keratitis) 413,414,415 Sectorial cataracts as complication of surgery

450 Sectorial telangiectasia in Coat's disease

114,115 Sella turcica, empty sella syndrome 290,

292 Seminoma, metastatic 393 Senile keratosis 315,316 Sessile papillomas 350,351 Setons 95,97 SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride) 235 Shagreen cornea 425 Shaken baby syndrome (BSBS) 35-6 Shrinkage artefact 13-14 Sickle cell disease 118,278

474

Siderosis 46 Siderotic cataract 450 Signet ring carcinoma in eyelid 322 Silicone oil 11,234-5,237

as cause of glaucoma 74 effect on lens cortex 447 keratopathy 436,438

Silicone sponges 238 Silicone tyres 232 SITE machines 112 Sjogren's syndrome 331,393 Skeinoid fibres 158 Skin tag (dermal polyp) 304, 305 Smears (scrapings), conjunctival 332-3 Snow blindness 404 Soemmerring's ring (donut) cataract 454,

455 Solar keratosis 315, 316 Solar retinopathy 280 Solitary fibrous tumour 388 Sorensen's buffer 14 Sorsby's fundus dystrophy 283 Specular microscopy 2 Spherophakia 255,445,446 Sphigolipid metabolism disorders 287 Spielmeyer-Vogt disease 285 Spindie cell metaplasia, retinal pigment

epithelium 220,231 Spin die cell tumours

of ciliary body 157-8,159 of iris 153

Spindie cells in malignant melanoma 144, 145

Spitz (juvenile) naevus 308,353 Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon 341 Spring catarrh 337

appearance in conjunctival scrapings 333,334

Squamous carcinoma of conjunctiva 351,352 differential dia gnosis 305, 306 of eyelid 318-19,395

Squamous cell papilloma 303-4 Squamous metaplasia of conjunctival

epithelium 297,329,330 Staphylococcal infection 188,459 Staphyloma 91 Stargardt's disease 288 Stern cell grafts(limbal or conjunctival) 417 Steroid therapy, lens opacities 447 Steroid-induced glaucoma 74 Stevens-Johnson syndrome 345 Stickler syndrome 227 Stitch granuloma 341,342 Storiform pattern (in fibrous histiocytoma)

387 Strap cells (rhabdomyosarcoma) 383,384 Streptococcal infection 188 Stromal abnormalities, cornea 409

dystrophies 427-32 pigmentation 5, 6 vascularisation 5

Strongyloides 372 Sturge-Weber syndrome 73, 166,263 Subacute bacterial endocarditis

metastatic infection 189 Roth's spots 103,105

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 195 Subarachnoid haemorrhage 274-5

Subendothelial fibrous (fibrovascular) ingrowth of cornea 406,407

Subhyaloid haemorrhages 103, 104, 105 Subluxation oflens, congenital 446 Submacular membranes 123, 126 Subperiosteal haematoma 366 Subretinal (blot) haemorrhages 103,104 Subretinal membranes 230 Subretinal space 217 Sudoriferous cysts 301 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 235 Sunburst lesion, black 118 Surgery, complications

cataract surgery 451,453-9 glaucoma surgery 450 sectorial cataracts 450

Sutures, lens 443 Sweat gland adenoma 309,310 Symblepharon, reconstructive surgery

345-6 Sympathetic ophthalmitis 35,52,53,54,55 Synechiae formation (in angle closure

glaucoma) 71 Synophthalmia 242,246,247 Synthetic fibre granuloma 342 Syphilis

chorioretinitis 201,203,204 keratitis 424, 425

Syringoma 309,310 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 273

conjunctival involvement 345 corneal ulceration 415

T celllymphoma 359,360 T celllymphotrophic virus 165 Tl signals (NMR) 2 T2 signals (NMR) 2 Tachyzoites (toxoplasmosis) 207 Taenia echinococcus 372 Taenia soli um, conjunctival 339 Tamoxifen retinopathy 293 Tamponade in treatment of retinal

detachment 234-5 Tangier disease 431 Tantalum discs 6, 151 Tapetoretinal degeneration 279-88 Tapetum 279 Tapioca melanoma 134, 135 Tarantula hairs and ophthalmia nodosa 341 Tattooing, corneal 409,435 Tay-Sachs disease 287 Tearfilm 330

abnormalities, use of impression cytology 334

stability 329 Tectonic grafts 419,421 Telangiectasia in Coats' disease 114, 115 Telangiectasis, parafoveal 115 Teletherapy of malignant melanoma 151 Temporal arteritis 325-6

in autopsy material 273,274 Temporal artery biopsy 325-6 Teratoid medulloepithelioma 161, 162, 163 Teratomas, of orbit 378,379 Terrien's disease 417 Terson's syndrome 50,275

Tetanic cataract 448 Thiel-Behnke dystrophy 427 Thrombocytopaenia 276

Index

Thyroid -associated ophthalmopathy 31, 370,394

Tissue glues, use in corneal ulceration 413, 414,421

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) 415

Tobacco alcohol amblyopia 292 Tolosa-Hunt (orbital apical) syndrome

371 Touton giant cells 313 Toxacara granuloma 179 Toxocariasis 208-10 Toxoplasmosis 22,207-8 Trabecular meshwork 63-4

embryology 73,243,244 hyalinisation 67 normal histology 26,27

Trabecular meshwork induced glucocorticoid response (TlGR) gene 65

Trabeculectomy 66, 67 complications 92-3,94,190

Trabeculectomy specimens in angle closure glaucoma 70-1 in congenital glaucoma 72-3 in pigmentary glaucoma 75 in primary open angle glaucoma 66-7

Trabeculoplasty, argon laser 95 Trabeculotomy, YAG laser 95 Trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis

(TRIC) 338 use of conjunctival scrapings in diagnosis

332 follicular conjunctivitis 335, 336

Traction retinal detachment 220, 223-4 Transcorneal water movement 403-4 Transillumination of globe 8

in location of tumours 141 Transitional cell carcinoma of lacrimal sac

323 Trans-pupillary thermotherapy (TTT) of

malignant melanoma 153 Trauma 2

airgun pellet injury 37 batteredl shaken baby syndrome (BSBS)

35-6 burns 58,59,438 effects on cornea 406, 407, 409 enucleation after attempted repair

40-5 golf ball injury 40 ionising radiation 58-61, 438 irreparable eye 36-40 long term effects 47-61 penetrating and perforating wounds

37-40 post-traumatic glaucoma 47-9,79 reparative changes 41-5 secondary angle closure glaucoma

82-3 Traumatic cataract 450 Trephines (Elliot's procedure) 92 TRIC 338

use of conjunctival scrapings in diagnosis 332

Trichofolliculoma 309, 310 Trichrome stains 19,30,31

Index

Tripod lens implant 453 Trisomies, and retinal dysplasia 258 Trisomy 13 (Patau's syndrome) 263,264 Trisomy 18 (Edwards' syndrome) 264 Trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) 264 Triton tumour 381,382 Tuberculosis 201,202

of conjunctiva! sac 336 Tuberous sclerosis 261 Tuberous sclerosis syndrome 178 TUNELtechnique 21,217 Tunica vasculosa lentis 241

persistent 255,256 Tunnel vision 279 Tur~ot syndrome 167 Twisted coffee bean nuclei 313,378 Tyres, silicone 232

Ulceration, cornea! see Corneal ulceration Uitrasonography 2 Ultraviolet light

effect on cornea 404 effect on lens 445

Unsuspected aphakia 37 Usher's syndrome 283 Uveal effusion syndrome 168,169,222 Uveal trabeculae, fusion 71 Uveal tract, normal histology 26,28,30 Uveitic glaucoma 73 Uveitis

idiopathic, non-granulomatous 210-12 traumatic 41

Uveitis-glaucoma-hyphaema (UGH syndrome) 73,451

Uveoscleral outflow route 64

v Vahlkampfia 423 Varicella -zoster see Herpes zoster Varix, orbital 379 Vascular anomalies of orbit 379 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

116,219 Vascular tumours 131

of choroid 166, 167 of orbit 378-80 of retina 168, 169

Vasculopathy 272-5 Vasculoproliferative retinopathy (VPR) and

retinal detachment 219,220 Vasculosclerosis 107,273 Vasoproliferative retinopathy,

immunohistochemistry 237

Venulosclerosis 108 Vernal catarrh 337

use of conjunctival scrapings in diagnosis 333,334

Verna! plaque 424,425 Verruca (viral wart) 306 Viral conjunctivitis 337-8

appearance in conjunctival scrapings 332,333

use of impression cytology 334 Viral infections 195-200

see also Adenovirus conjunctivitis; AIDS; Herpes simplex; Human papilloma virus; Human T lymphocytic virus type 1

Viscerallarva migrans 208 Viscoelastic substances, effect on intraocular

pressure 74-5 Vitamin A 280-1

deficiency, use of impression cytology 333

Vitamin B12 292 Vitamin E 281 Vitelliform dystrophy (Best's disease)

288 Vitrectomy procedure 236,237 Vitrectomy specimens 112,114,236-7

Candida 193 cytopathology 26 in lymphoma 165,166 examination for toxocariasis 210

Vitreocorneal contact complicating cataract surgery 457

Vitreomacular disease 226-7 Vitreomacular syndrome 227 Vitreoretinopathy

inherited 227 proliferative (PVR) 219,220

Vitreous abscesses 190,193,194,195 age-related changes 231 embryology 241,242,243 gross anatomy 10-11 in longstanding glaucoma 87 malformations 255-7 effects of retinal detachment 231,232

Vitreous gel, normal histology 30 Vitreous prolapse, complicating cataract

surgery 457 Vitreous replacement in retinal detachment

234-5 Vitrotomy, laser 83 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKH)

213 Von Hippel Lindau disease 179,261,262 Von Kossa stain 19 Von Recklinghausen's disease 260,261,314,

381,382,390

Vortex veins examination for melanoma 141,143,

144 gross anatomy 4, 7

WAFI 21 WAGR syndrome 255 Wax embedding 15 Wedl cells 87,447 Wegener's granulomatosis 204,340,

373-4 corneal ulceration 416

Weigert's elastica stain 19 Weill-Marchesani syndrome, lens

abnormalities 446 Wet maculopathy 121 Whipple's syndrome 188 White infarction of retina (central retina!

artery occlusion) 101 White spokes, in lens 447,448 Wilms' tumour 255 Wolfram syndrome (DIDMOAD)

292 Wolfring, glands of 297 Worms, filarial 310

see also Parasitic infections Wucheria 339

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 284 Xalatan 66 Xanthelasma 312 Xanthogranuloma, juvenile 79-80,313

of orbit 378 Xeroderma pigmentosum 317

YAG laser iridotomy 70, 71 YAG laser trabeculotomy 95

z Zeis, glands of 297,302 Zellweger syndrome 284 Ziehl-Neelsen stain 19 Zinn -Haller, circle of 31 Zonula adherens 280 Zonula occludens 280 Zonular fibres oflens 443

475