recommendations to improve pedestrian & bicycle safety for ... · sidewalks throughout north...

RecommendationstoImprovePedestrian&BicycleSafetyfortheCommunityofNorthShore

October2017

1

RecommendationstoImprovePedestrian&BicycleSafetyfortheCommunityofNorthShore

ByTonyDang,WendyOrtiz,CaliforniaWalks;JillCooper,AnaLopez,UCBerkeleySafeTransportationResearch&EducationCenter(SafeTREC)

IntroductionAttheinvitationofthenon-profitorganizationLeadershipCounselforJusticeandAccountability,theUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley’sSafeTransportationResearchandEducationCenter(SafeTREC)andCaliforniaWalks(CalWalks)facilitatedacommunity-drivenpedestrianandbicyclesafetyaction-planningworkshopintheunincorporatedcommunityofNorthShoreinRiversideCountytoimprovepedestriansafety,bicyclesafety,walkability,andbikeabilityacrossthecommunity.NorthShoreisaruralunincorporatedcommunitylocatedalongthenortheastshoreoftheSaltonSeaandhasapopulationofapproximately3,500people.

ThecommunityofNorthShoreinrelationtotheCoachellaValley(northwestphotoarea).

Priortotheworkshop,CalWalksstaffconductedanin-personsitevisitonTuesday,August29,2017,toadapttheCommunityPedestrianandBicycleSafetyTrainingprogramcurriculumtomeetthelocalcommunities’needsandtoprovidecontext-sensitiveexamplestrategiesforthecommunity’sexistingconditions.CalWalksfacilitatedtheworkshoponFriday,September22,2017from4:00pmto8:00pmatacommunityresident’shome,whichconsistedof:1)anoverviewofmultidisciplinaryapproachestoimprovepedestrianandbicyclesafety;2)twowalkabilityandbikeabilityassessmentsalongtwokeyroutes;3)anexercisetocrowdsourceundocumentedtrafficcollisionsandtodocumentsafetyconcernsandbarriersidentifiedbyresidents;and4)action-planningdiscussionstofacilitatethe

2

developmentofcommunity-prioritizedrecommendationstoinformactivetransportationeffortsinNorthShore.Thisreportsummarizestheworkshopproceedings,aswellasideasidentifiedduringtheprocessandrecommendationsforpedestrianandbicyclesafetyprojects,policies,andprograms.

BackgroundCommunityPedestrianandBicycleSafetyTrainingProgramTheCommunityPedestrianandBicycleSafetyTraining(CPBST)programisajointprojectofUCBerkeleySafeTRECandCalWalks.FundingforthisprogramisprovidedbyagrantfromtheCaliforniaOfficeofTrafficSafety(OTS)throughtheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration(NHTSA).ThepurposeoftheCPBSTprogramistotrainlocalneighborhoodresidentsandsafetyadvocatesonhowtoimprovepedestrianandbicyclesafetyandtostrengthentheircollaborationwithlocalofficialsandagencystafftomakecommunitiessaferandmorepleasanttowalkandbike.Foreachtraining,theprogramconvenesamulti-sector,multi-disciplinarylocalplanningcommitteetotailorandrefinethetraining’scurriculumandfocustomeetthecommunity’sneeds.Additionally,CalWalksstaffconductpre-trainingsitevisitstocollecton-the-groundobservationsofexistingwalkingandbikingconditionstoinformthetraining’sscopeandfocus.Thehalf-daytrainingisdesignedtoprovideparticipantswithbothpedestrianandbicyclesafetybestpracticesandarangeofprovenstrategies(the6E’s:Empowerment&Equity,Evaluation,Engineering,Enforcement,Education,andEncouragement)toaddressandimprovepedestrianandbicyclesafetyconditionsandconcerns.Participantsarethenguidedonawalkabilityandbikeabilityassessmentofnearbystreetsbeforesettingpedestrianandbicyclesafetyprioritiesandactionablenextstepsfortheircommunity.ForasummaryofoutcomesfrompastCPBSTworkshops,pleasevisit:www.californiawalks.org/projects/cpbstandhttps://safetrec.berkeley.edu/programs/cpbst

SelectedPedestrian&BicycleSafetyConditionsinNorthShoreLackofSidewalks&OtherPedestrianFacilitiesWiththeexceptionoftheimmediateareasurroundingReyesMarket,nosidewalksorcrosswalkmarkingsexistinthecommunityofNorthShore.Combinedwiththewidestreetsandlackoftravellanemarkings,thelackofsidewalkscreatesunsafeconditionsforresidentswalkinginthecommunity,andinparticular,forstudentswalkingto/fromschoolbusstopsdistributedthroughoutthecommunity.Inanattempttoensurethesafepassageoftheirstudents,theCoachellaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictrequiresitsbusdriverstoexittheirbuseswithahand-heldstopsigntohelpmanagetraffic.However,thisalsoposesathreattothebusdriversastheyoftenstandinthemiddleofthestreetwhiledriversmaneuveraroundthem.

3

Lackofsidewalks,streetlighting,andlanemarkings,aswellasblurringofstreetedgebysand.

Busdriverrequiredtodirecttraffictohelpkidsalightfromschoolbus.

4

LackofStreetLighting,Pedestrian-ScaleLighting,&ShadeWiththeexceptionoftheimmediateareasurroundingReyesMarket,nostreetlightingorpedestrian-scalelightingexistsinthecommunity.Thedarkconditionsmakeitverydifficultfordriverstoseeanyonewalkinginthestreets.Compoundedbythelackofsidewalks,theseconditionscreateadangerousenvironmentforpedestriansandbicycliststosharetheroadwaywithvehicles.Additionally,thecommunityhasnoshadetreesorshadestructures,whichareespeciallyneededinthehotsummermonths.ThesoleexceptiontothisisarelativelynewbusshelterinfrontofReyesMarketthatprovidessomeshade;yetthisbusstopsitsdirectlyacrossfromacompletelyunimprovedbusstop.

Unimprovedbusstoplackingshadeandlightingacrossfromanewlyinstalledbusshelter.

WideStreets&HighSpeedsManystreetsinthecommunityareverywideandlacklaneorcenterdividermarkings.Manystreetsarestraightandconsequently,areconducivetodriverstravelingatveryhighspeeds.Thewidestreetsandhighspeedsofdriverscombinedwiththelackofsidewalksorotherphysicalseparationforpeoplewalkinginthecommunityresultindangerousconditionsforresidents,especiallyforstudentswhotravelinalldirectionswhenalightingfromtheirschoolbuses.

5

Widestreetswithminimalpavementmarkings.

Wideturnradiiofstreetscanencouragedriverstomaketurnsathighspeeds.

Widestreetswithlongstraightsectionsoftenfacilitatedriverstotravelathighspeedsinthecommunity.

Pedestrian&BicycleCollisionHistoryBetween2006-2015,1therewas1pedestriancollisionand2bicyclecollisions.Fortunately,noneofthesecollisionsresultedinfatalitiesorseriousinjuries.Whilethisisalownumberofcollisions,therateofcollisionsper100,000populationforacommunitythesizeofNorthShoreisquitealarming.Thissituationiscommoninruralcommunities.Toservegeographicallyandculturallydiversecommunitiesmeansthatrateshouldbetakenintoconsideration.AfulldiscussionofthepedestrianandbicyclistcollisiondatafromofficialdatasourcespreparedbyUCBerkeleySafeTRECcanbefoundAppendixA.Duetothecommunity’sremotelocationwherelawenforcementandemergencyservicesresponsetimeshavebeenreportedbyresidentstotakeoveronehour,theremaybeanumberofunreported

1Pleasenote2014and2015dataisprovisional.

6

collisionsinofficialdatasourceswhereapersoninacollisionmightgodirectlytoreceivemedicalcare.Aspartoftheworkshop,communitymemberswereaskedtoidentifybothoveralltrafficcollisionsthathaveoccurredinthecommunitythatwerenotcapturedintheofficialdatasources,aswellasothersafetyconcernsandbarriers.Throughthiscrowdsourcingexercise,communitymembersidentifiedanadditional5trafficcollisionsnotreflectedinofficialdatasources(CostaMesaDriveand69thAvenue;SeaViewWayand70thAvenue;FlamingoDriveandMiramarDrive;andViaCostaBravaandMiramarDrive),aswellasoneincidentonCoralReedRoadandHarborDrivewhereapedestrianwaskilledbystrayandaggressivepitbulls.

Participantsworkingonlarge-scaleplottermapstocrowdsourcecollision

andothersafetydatanotreflectedinofficialdatasources.

Intermsofsafetyconcernsandbarriers,participantsidentifiedhighspeeds(particularlyalong70thAvenue,HarbordDrive,72ndAvenue,RockyPointDrive,VanderVeerRoad,andMirarmarDrive);strayandaggressivedogs(especiallyontheeastendof70thAvenueandnear72ndAvenueandWindlassDrive);thelackofsidewalksnearschoolandSunLinebusstops;off-roadvehicleuserstravelingathighspeedsontheweekendsandduringholidays;andthelackofstreetandpedestrian-scalelighting(particularlyonVanderVeerRoad,SeasideAvenue,andCostaMesaDrive)astheirprimarysafetyconcernsandbarriersthatpreventthemfromwalking,biking,ortakingtransitmoreoften.

September22,2017WorkshopLeadershipCounselforJusticeandAccountabilityrequestedaworkshopto1)provideCountystaff,communityorganizations,andresidentswithatoolkitforpromotingpedestrianandbicyclesafetytoinformfutureactivetransportationprojects;2)strengthenworkingrelationshipsbetweenCountyandotherregionalagencystaff,communityorganizations,residents,andotherstakeholderstoensurethe

7

bestoutcomesfortheresidentsofNorthShore];and3)developconsensusregardingpedestrianandbicyclesafetypriorityandactionablenextstepsthatcanhelpinformaregionalmobilityplanfortheunincorporatedEasternCoachellaValleycommunities,aswellastoinformpotentialgrantapplicationstothestate’sActiveTransportationProgram.

RiversideCountySupervisorV.ManuelPérezprovidingopeningremarksfortheworkshop.

Theworkshopwashostedfrom4:00pmto8:00pm,anddinnerandchildwatchwereprovidedtomaximizecommunityparticipation.Additionally,theworkshopwasfacilitatedentirelyinSpanishwithsimultaneousinterpretationfromSpanishtoEnglishtoaccommodateagencystaffparticipantswhodonotspeakSpanish.Forty(40)individualsattendedtheworkshop,includingcommunityresidents,RiversideCountySupervisorV.ManuelPérez,andrepresentativesfromLeadershipCounselforJusticeandAccountability,SunLineTransitAgency,KounkueyDesignInitiative(KDI),InlandCongregationsUnitedforChange(ICUC),andLideresCampesinas.

Participantslearningthe6E’sapproachtopedestrianandbicyclesafety

8

ReflectionsfromWalkability&BikeabilityAssessment&CommunityResidentRecommendationsWorkshopparticipantsconductedwalkabilityandbikeabilityassessmentsalong2routes:

● Route1traveledfromMiramarDrivetoDolphinDrive,thentraveleddownDolphinDrivetoSeaViewWay,andfinallyreturnedtotheworkshoplocationviaLookoutDrive.ThisRoutefocusedonconditionsalongMiramarDrive,whereaschoolbusstopandsmallcommunityplaygroundislocated,aswellasonconditionsalongSeaViewWay,whichresidentsnotedfeltdangeroustotodriverstravelingathighspeeds.

● Route2traveledfromMiramarDrivedown70thAvenuetotheintersectionof70thAvenueandVanderVeerRoad.Thefocusofthisroutewastoexamineconditionsalong70thAvenueandtocompareandcontrastconditionsalong70thAvenueandotherpartsofthecommunitytotheimprovedconditionsaroundReyesMarket.

Participantsdiscussingcommunityconditionsduringthewalkassessment.

Participantswereaskedto1)observeinfrastructureconditionsandthebehaviorofallroadusers;2)applystrategieslearnedfromthe6E’spresentationthatcouldhelpovercomeinfrastructureconcernsandunsafedriver,pedestrian,andbicyclistbehavior;and3)identifypositivecommunityassetsandstrategieswhichcanbebuiltupon.Followingthewalkabilityandbikeabilityassessment,theparticipantssharedthefollowingreflectionsandprioritiesforimprovementstokeyrouteswheretheycurrentlywalk,bikeortaketransit(inorderofpriority):

● InstallationofSidewalksatKeyLocations:Participantsunderscoredtheneedforsidewalksinthecommunitytoprovidephysicalseparationtoresidentsandchildrenwalkingto/frombusstopsandothercommunitydestinationsinNorthShore.ParticipantsidentifiedinstallingsidewalksthroughoutNorthShoreasatoppriorityforimprovingsafetyforpeoplewalking.ResidentsprioritizedsidewalkinstallationtoconnectthecommunitytotheplannedNorthShoreCommunityPark;toconnectresidencestoschoolbusstopsandtoSunLinebusstops;

9

andtoconnectresidenceswithkeycommunitydestinationssuchasReyesMarketandtheplaygroundonMiramarDrive.

● InstallationofLightingatKeyLocations:ParticipantsunderscoredthecompletelackofstreetlightingthroughoutNorthShore,anduniversallyagreedthatpedestrian-scalelightingshouldbeprioritizedforareasleadingtoschoolbusstopsandSunLinebusstops.ParticipantsnotedthatSunLinehashistoricallyrefusedtoinstallbussheltersandlightinginareaswithnosidewalkduetoaconcernaboutlettingcustomersdisembarksafely,soresidentsfeelcaughtinabindwhereneitheroptionofferssafety.TheplaygroundonMiramarDrivealsolackedanysortoflighting.Participantsidentifiedtheinstallationofstreetlightingandpedestrian-scalelightingthroughoutNorthShoreasatoppriorityforimprovingsafetyforpeoplewalkingandbiking.Residentsalsoprioritizedtheinstallationofpedestrian-scalelightingattheplannedNorthShoreCommunityPark,atschoolbusstoplocations,atSunLinebusstops,andatthecommunityplayground.

Lackoflightingatcommunityplayground.

● InstallationofHigh-VisibilityCrosswalks:Residentsstronglysupportedtheinstallationofhigh-visibilitycrosswalksnearkeycommunitydestinations,particularlyleadingtotheplannedNorthShoreCommunityParkandattheReyesMarketintersection(VanderVeerRdand70thAvenue).Participantsalsoidentifiedthefollowinglocationsforhigh-visibilitycrosswalks:LookoutDriveandMiramarDriveand70thAvenueandCostaMesaDrive.

● RegulatingOff-RoadVehicleUsers&Events:ResidentsalsonotedthatpeoplefromoutsidethecommunitycometoNorthShoretousetheirall-terrainvehicles(ATVs),off-roadvehicles(OHV),andmotocrossvehicles,primarilyonweekendsandholidays.Theseusersoperatetheirvehiclesatextremelyhighspeedsonresidentialstreets,jeopardizingthesafetyofNorthShoreresidentsandcauseagreatdealofnoisepollution.ParticipantsvoicedstrongsupportfortheCountytobetterregulateoff-roadvehicleusersandevents.Thoughresidentsdidnotidentifyspecificmeasures,theyarecommittedtoworkwiththeCountytodevelopanappropriateandeffectiveresponse.

● DesireforTransitImprovements:ParticipantsunderscoredthatmanyresidentsrelyonSunLinebusesfortheirtransportationtoaccesshealthcare,school,andotheressentialsocialservices.ResidentsexpressedastrongdesireformorefrequentSunLineservicetoNorthShore,aswell

10

astoexpandbusroutestoservetheentirecommunity.ParticipantsalsosharedthattheyhaveexperiencedSunLinebusesregularlyfailingtohaverampsthatcanbedeployedforriderswhoneedthem.

ImprovedbusstopinfrontofReyesmarketthatresidentswouldlike

toseeinmorelocationsthroughoutNorthShore.

● NeedtoAddressHighSpeeds:Residentsrepeatedlyexpressedconcernswithdriverstravelingathighspeeds,particularlyalongSeaViewWay,CostaMesaDrive,70thAvenue,VanderVeerRoad,BountyAvenue,and72ndAvenue.Participantssupportedtheinstallationofspeedbumpsandothertrafficcalmingmeasurestoslowdriverson70thAvenue.Participantswereaskedto1)observeinfrastructureconditionsandthebehaviorofallroadusers;2)applystrategieslearnedfromthe6E’spresentationthatcouldhelpovercomeinfrastructureconcernsandunsafedriver,pedestrian,andbicyclistbehavior;and3)identifypositivecommunityassetsandstrategieswhichcanbebuiltupon.

11

Off-roadvehicleusersobservedduringwalkassessment.

CaliforniaWalks/SafeTRECRecommendationsCaliforniaWalksandSafeTRECalsosubmitthefollowingrecommendationsforconsiderationbytheRiversideCountyTransportationDepartment,SunLineTransitAgency,andcommunitygroups:

● TrainResidentstoConductAdditionalWalk/BikeAssessments:CalWalksandSafeTRECrecommendthatLeadershipCounselforJusticeandAccountabilityandKounkueyDesignInitiative(KDI)–whospearheadedtheplanningforthisworkshop–workwithInlandCongregationsUnitedforChange(ICUC)andLideresCampesinastotrainmoreresidentstoconductadditionalwalk/bikeassessments.ThecommunitycollectionofqualitativedataiscriticallyimportanttobetterpositionNorthShoretobecompetitiveforgrantopportunities.Specifically,werecommendworkingwithresidentstoidentifythekeyroutestoschoolbusstops,SunLinebusstops,andtheplannedNorthShoreCommunityPark.Conductingwalk/bikeassessmentsalongtheseroutestocollectdatashouldbecoupledwithphotostodocumentexistingconditionsandsafetyconcerns/barriers.CalWalkshasprovidedlarge-scaleplottermapsofNorthShoredepictingdesignatedschoolbusstopstoassistinthiseffortandisabletoofferfollow-uptechnicalassistancetocommunityorganizationsifneeded.

● DevelopaSafeRoutestoTransitApplicationtoActiveTransportationProgram(ATP):WithananticipatedcallforprojectsforthestateActiveTransportationProgram(ATP)slatedforSpring2018,werecommendthattheRiversideCountyTransportationDepartmentandSunLineTransitAgencyworkwithcommunityorganizationsandresidentsinFall2017/Winter2018to

12

begindevelopinga“SafeRoutestoTransit”grantapplicationthatwouldfundmanyoftheresidents’priorities,includingtheinstallationofsidewalks,pedestrian-scalelighting,andhigh-visibilitycrosswalkmarkingstoschoolbusstopsandtoSunLinebusstops.Findingsfromcommunity-ledwalk/bikeassessments(asrecommendedabove)cansupporttheproposalandstrengthenthegrantapplication.

● DevelopaRuralSafeRoutestoSchoolProgram:CalWalksandSafeTRECrecommendthattheRiversideCountyDepartmentofPublicHealthpartnerwithLeadershipCounselforJusticeandAccountabilityasitbeginsitsSafeRoutestoSchoolprogramfortheEasternCoachellaValley.ParticularlyiftheSafeRoutestoTransitprojectisawardedATPfunds,thePublicHealthDepartmentcanworkwithparentsandresidentstoorganizewalkingschoolbusesto/fromtheschoolbusstops,aswellasto/fromtheplannedNorthShoreCommunityParktoencourageadditionalphysicalactivityopportunities.AdditionalresourcesthatmayhelpincludetheSafeRoutestoSchoolNationalPartnership’s“RuralCommunities:BestPracticesandPromisingApproachesforSafeRoutes”guidetohelpruralcommunitiesdevelopaSRTSprograminlightoftheiruniqueinfrastructuralandenvironmentalobstacles.InvestingtimeandresourcesinthisprogrammingnowcanhelpthecommunitydevelopaprogramattheschoolanticipatedtobebuiltinNorthShoreinthecomingyears.

AcknowledgmentsWewouldliketothankRebeccaZaragoza(andherpredecessorMarielaMagana)ofLeadershipCounselforJusticeandAccountabilityforinvitingustoNorthShoreandtoMaria(“Conchita”)ConcepcionPozar-GonzalezforinvitingusintohercommunityandhostingtheCommunityPedestrianandBicycleSafetyTraininginherhome.WewouldalsoliketothankJuanAntonioRamirezofCirculateSanDiegoforfacilitatingthetraininginSpanish.Lastly,wewouldliketoacknowledgethemanycommunitymembersandagenciespresentattheworkshopandtheirdedicationtopedestrianandbicyclesafety.Theircollectiveparticipationmeaningfullyinformedandstrengthenedtheworkshop’soutcomes.FundingforthisprogramwasprovidedbyagrantfromtheCaliforniaOfficeofTrafficSafetythroughtheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.

AppendixA

PedestrianandBicycleCollisionDataAnalysis

CPBST–NorthShore,CA–September22,2017PedestrianandBicycleCollisionAnalyses,2006-15*

*DataSource:CaliforniaStatewideIntegratedTrafficRecordsSystem(SWITRS).Collisiondatafor2014and2015areprovisionalatthistime.FundingforthisprojectwasprovidedbyagrantfromtheCaliforniaOfficeofTrafficSafetythroughtheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.

PEDESTRIANSNumberofCollisionsInvolvingPedestrians,2006-15

Thebluelineshowsthenumberofpedestriancollisionswhereafatalityand/orinjuryoccurred.Therewere1peopleinjuredorkilledin1pedestriancollisionsoverthelast10years.Thegreenlineshowsthethree-yearmovingaverageofthenumberofpedestriancollisionswhereafatalityand/orinjuryoccurred.Themovingaverageisusefulfortrackingtrendchangeovertime,especiallywhenthenumberofcollisionsissubjecttovariability.Datapointsarethemidpointofthethreeyearsofdataspecified.

Thefollowinganalysesarebasedonthemostcurrent10years,2006to2015,ofdataforNorthShore,CA.Inthelastfiveyears,2011-2015,therewere0peoplekilledorinjuredin0pedestriancollisions. TopViolationTypesforCollisionsInvolvingPedestrians,2006-15

TypeofViolation CollisionsN(%)UnsafeStartingorBacking 1(100%)

Total 1(100%)PedestrianActionsinCollisionsInvolvingPedestrians,2006-15

PedestrianAction CollisionsN(%)

NotinRoad 1(100%)Total 1(100.0%)

ThiscrashoccurredonaSundayinAugustbetween6PMand9PM.Thelightingwasdarkwithnostreetlights.Thecrashoccurredat70thAveatVanderVeerRoad.



PedestrianVictimDemographics Theageofthepedestrianvictimrangedbetween14oryounger.Thevictimwasamale.

VictimInjurySeverity,2006-15Thevictiminjuryresultedincomplaintofpain.

1(100

%)

0

1

2

14oryounger 15to19 20to24 24to44 45to64 65orolder

Num

bero

fVictim

s(n)

VictimAge

ComplaintofPain1(100%)

Male 1 (100%)



BICYCLISTSNumberofCollisionsInvolvingBicyclists,2006-2015

Thebluelineshowsthenumberofbicyclecollisionswhereafatalityand/orinjuryoccurred.Therewere2peoplekilledorinjuredin2bicyclecollisionsoverthelast10years.Thegreenlineshowsthethree-yearmovingaverageofthenumberofbicyclecollisionswhereafatalityand/orinjuryoccurred.Themovingaverageisusefulfortrackingtrendchangeovertime,especiallywhenthenumberofcollisionsissubjecttovariability.

Thefollowinganalysesarebasedonthemostcurrent10years,2006to2015,ofdataforNorthShore,CA.Inthelastfiveyears,2011-2015,therewas1personkilledorinjuredin1bicyclecollision. TopViolationTypesforCollisionsInvolvingBicycles

TypeofViolation CollisionsN(%)

AutomobileRightofWay 1(50%)TrafficSignalsandSigns 1(50%)Total 2(100.0%)

ThetwocrashesoccurredonWednesdayinMayandFridayinJunebetween6PMand9PMindaylight.Onecollisioninvolvedalcohol.ThecollisionsoccurredatMiramarDriveatFlamingoDriveandat70thAveatVanderVeerRoad.



BicyclingVictimsDemographicsTheageofbicyclingcollisionvictimswasconcentratedamongtheyouth,withyouthage14oryoungeraccountingfor100percentofvictims.Bothvictimsweremale.

VictimInjurySeverity,2006-15Mostcollisionsresultedin‘othervisibleinjuries’.

2(100

%)

0

1

2

3

14oryounger 15to19 20to24 24to44 45to64 65orolder

Num

bero

fVictim

s(n)

VictimAge

Male …OtherVisibleInjury2(100%)



PedestrianCollisionLocations,2006-15



BicycleCollisionLocations,2006-15

recommendations to improve pedestrian & bicycle safety for ... · sidewalks throughout north...

Documents