reclassification the northern shapley-ames galaxies · areclassificationofthenorthern...

PUBLICATIONS OF

THE DAVID DUNLAP OBSERVATORYUNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Volume II Number 6

A RECLASSIFICATION OF THENORTHERN SHAPLEY-AMES

GALAXIES

SIDNEY van den BERGH

I960

TORONTO, CANADA

A RECLASSIFICATION OF THE NORTHERNSHAPLEY-AMES GALAXIES

Introduction

The Shapley-Ames catalogue of galaxies brighter than the thirteenth

magnitude, which was published almost thirty years ago, is still the

only complete survey of bright extra-galactic nebulae, which covers

the entire sky. The nebular types given in the Shapley-Ames (1932)

catalogue were derived from thirteen different sources and are both

inhomogeneous and incomplete. The recent publication of the Palomar

Sky Survey has made it possible to reclassify all the northern Shapley-

Ames galaxies on a homogeneous system. 935 of the 1,249 galaxies

contained in the Shapley-Ames catalogue are located in the region

north of 8 = —27°, which is covered by the Palomar Sky Survey.

The Catalogue

The first three columns contain the name of each galaxy and its

1950 co-ordinates, taken from the Shapley-Ames catalogue. For con-

venience the entries have been arranged in order of increasing NGCor IC number, rather than by right ascension for 1950.

The fourth column contains the DDO type and luminosity class.

The classification system for galaxies of types Sb, Sc, Ir, SD and Nhas been described elsewhere (van den Bergh 1960a, 1960b).

A short description of types E, Sa and SBa is given below:

E—Unresolved galaxies with elliptical isophotes. Surface brightness decreases

smoothly with increasing distance from the nucleus. E and SO galaxies cannot be

distinguished on the Sky Survey prints. Highly flattened objects of type SO have

therefore been denoted by the symbols E8 and E9.

Sa—Unresolved galaxies with more or less elliptical isophotes. Surface brightness

decreases more abruptly at edge of disk than in type E.

SBa—Smooth unresolved main body and bar. In some cases surrounded by un-

resolved halo or ring segments.

The spectral types in column 5 were taken from Humason et al.

(1956). The Yerkes concentration class Y in column 6 was taken from

Morgan (1958). The integrated colours Co in column 7 were taken

159

160 Publications of the David Dunlap Observatory

from Holmberg (1958) and corrected for galactic absorption by the

equation

C = C - 0.06 cosec \br

\(1)

The diameters in column 8 were measured on the blue prints of the

Palomar Sky Survey. For galaxies of types Sa, Sb, Sc and Ir the

diameters are maximum diameters. On the whole these diameters

agree rather well with those given in the Shapley-Ames catalogue.

From those galaxies with diameters 1.0 minutes of arc one obtains

Sb I, I— II, II ^sa = 1.00 £dDO (2)

Sc 1,1-11,11 *>ba = 0.98 £dDO (3)

Sc II-III, III, III-IV £ 8A = 107 ^DDO (4)

S IV, IV-V, V £ 8A = 1.06 y?ddo (5)

The smooth radial decrease of the surface brightness in elliptical

galaxies makes it impossible to determine maximum diameters with

confidence. The diameters which are given in the catalogue might

be described as "diameters of maximum contrast" on the Sky Survey

prints. It should be emphasized that these diameters are quite un-

certain. For elliptical galaxies the relation between the Shapley-Ames

and DDO diameters is given by

E £sa = 1.36 £ddo (6)

The apparent integrated magnitudes of galaxies were taken from

the following sources and are listed in order of preference:

1. Holmberg (1958).

2. Stebbins and Whitford (1952).

3. Humason et al. (1956).

4. Pettit (1954).

5. Shapley and Ames (1932).

The Pettit and the Stebbins and Whitford magnitudes were not used

in those cases in which the maximum diameter of the galaxy greatly

exceeded the size of the diaphragm used in their photoelectric observa-

tions. Only magnitudes by Holmberg are given in two decimals.

Column 10 gives the distance moduli of those galaxies to which

luminosity classes could be assigned. The magnitude calibration was

A Reclassification of Northern Galaxies 161

taken from Table I. The apparent distance moduli were corrected

for galactic absorption by the equation

(w-M)o = (m-M) - 0.24 cosec \b'\ (7)

Those distance moduli in column 11 which are given to one decimal

were derived from the observed radial velocities of individual field

TABLE I

Magnitude Calibration of Luminosity Classes

Type and Class Mpg Type and Class MPB

Sb I

Sb I— II

Sb II

Sb 11—III

Sb III

galaxies. Those given to two decimals were obtained from the meanredshiftsof cluster members. A Hubble constant of 100 km./sec./mpc.

was assumed.

The number of individual distance moduli obtained by different

methods are given below

:

From DDO luminosity classifications 411

From radial velocities of field nebulae 365

From cluster moduli 244

An asterisk in the last column refers to a note at the end of the

table.

The Space Distribution of Galaxies

The catalogue contains distance moduli for 82 per cent, of the

northern Shapley-Ames galaxies. The data are therefore sufficiently

complete to investigate the spatial distribution of the nearer galaxies:

26.5 < m-Mo < 27.5

20.4

Eight of the ten Shapley-Ames galaxies within this distance inter-

val are members of the M81 group.

27.5 < m-M < 28.5 (Figure 1)

27.3<m-M<2e.5

Most of the galaxies in this distance interval are members of the

Canes Venatici cluster. No other clusters are apparent in the figure.

28.5 < m-MQ < 29.5 (Figure 2)

28 5<m-M«9.3

Only two small clusters show on the figure. They are the M96group (a ~ 10h40m , 8 ~ + 13°) with Ve

= + 676 km./sec. and the

M66 group (a ~ ll h 10m , 8 ~ + 14°) with Ve= + 598 km./sec. The

small difference in radial velocity and the small angular separation

of these two groups suggests that they are physically associated.

(Continued on page 196)

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Remarks

NGC 178 Late type, has one resolved arm.

NGC 275 Interacting with NGC 274.

NGC 474 Fuzzy nucleus surrounded by segments of nebulous ring. Interacting

with NGC 470.

NGC 520 Colliding galaxies?

NGC 1068 Seyfert galaxy. Halo.

NGC 1415 Diameter does not include faint "tidal arms".

NGC 2149 Probably galactic reflection nebula.

NGC 2207 Interacting pair.

NGC 2782 Seyfert galaxy.

NGC 2835 Spiral arms of low surface brightness.

NGC 2993 Interacting with XGC 2992.



NGC 3368 This galaxy (M96) is a member of a small class of objects with a

bright main body with tightly coiled spiral arms surrounded by a faint halo.

Other members of this class are NGC 1068 (M77) and NGC 4736 (M94).


NGC 3690 Two colliding galaxies.

NGC 4038 Colliding with NGC 4039.




NGC 4342 Identification uncertain.



NGC 4736 M94, has halo similar to those of M77 and M96.

NGC 4826 M64 is a very peculiar object. A blue plate taken with the 74-in. telescope

shows tightly wound rather fuzzy spiral arms on which a large obscuring cloud

is superimposed. The declination given in H.A. 88 should be increased by 10'.

NGC 4889 In Coma cluster. Misidentified as NGC 4872 in H.A. 88.

NGC 4902 Both radial velocity and luminosity classification place this galaxy

beyond the Virgo Cluster.

NGC 4941 The structural peculiarities of this galaxy are similar to, but less pro-

nounced, than those in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151.

NGC 5377 Appearance similar to that of NGC 4941 and the Seyfert galaxy NGC4151.




Anon 1 Has S V companion at a(1855) = h54m , 5(1855) = -8° 25'.

I '.15

29.5 < m-M < 30.5 (Figure 3)

29 Sim-uao 3

In this distance interval the Virgo cluster is the most prominent

feature. Early type galaxies predominate in the nucleus of the cluster

at a ~ 12h25m , <5 ~ + 13°. A secondary clustering of predominately

late type galaxies is located ata~ 12h20m , 8 ~ + 5°. The figure shows

the southern extension of the Virgo cluster as a loose grouping of

galaxies near a ~ 12h50m , 5 ~ — 10°. The Ursa Major cluster

(a ~ 12h00m , 5 ~ +50°) and the NGC 4274 group (a ~ 12h 15m,

8 ~ + 30°) also show on the figure. The NGC 4274 group is probably

somewhat closer to us than the Virgo Cluster. The NGC 3193 group.

(a ~ lC^lO™, 5 ~ + 23°) is possibly associated with the Virgo cluster

complex.

30.5 < m-M < 31.5 (Figure 4)

30.9<m-M«l.5

The figure shows a concentration of galaxies near a ~ l-4h40m

,

8 ~ + 2°, which are apparently associated with the NGC 5850 group.

The figure also shows a loose clustering of galaxies near a ~ 3h25m,

8 ~ - 23°.

31.5 < m-Mo < 32.5 (Figure 5)

31Hm.UtlZ i

No conspicuous clustering is apparent in this distance interval.

The Luminosity Function of Galaxies

The frequency with which different DDO classification types occur

among all Shapley-Ames galaxies north of 8 = —27° is given in

Table II.

TABLE II

Frequency of Classification Types

Determined from the classification of 935 Shapley-Ames Galaxies

Type


Luminosity classes could be assigned to about 80 per cent, of all

galaxies of types Sb, Sc and Ir.

The number of Shapley-Ames galaxies of different types and

luminosity classes is given in Table III.

TABLE III

Observed Frequency of Shapley-Ames Galaxies

Type


TABLE IV

Relative Space Density of Galaxies

Luminosity

reclassification the northern shapley-ames galaxies · areclassificationofthenorthern...

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