recent trends in wireless technology

7/31/2019 Recent Trends in Wireless Technology

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Recent Trends in Wireless

Technology


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Objectives

Major Wireless Technologies

Trends in Mobile Wireless Technologies

Applications


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Popular Wireless Technologies

Popular Wireless data communications technologiesinclude:

Bluetooth

Wireless LAN and WAN

Satellite

Cellular


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The Wireless Landscape


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The Wireless Landscape (contd..)


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A Wireless World

Wireless devices

Distance: 300 feet (90 meters)

Bandwidth: 54 Mbps

Can also include Voice over IP (VoIP)

Wireless network interface card (Wireless NIC)

Sends and receives data over radio waves

Smartphone

Combination mobile phone and personal digital

assistant (PDA)


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1. Bluetooth

Radio frequency identification device (RFID) tags

Small chips containing radio transponders

Can be used to track inventory

Bluetooth Wireless standards designed for very short ranges

Communicate using small, low-power transceivers

Link manager

Special software that helps identify other Bluetoothdevices


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Symbol of BluetoothPower Emission & Range

Data Rate & Throughput

Frequency Band : 2400 2483.5 MHz

1 tic of clock = 312.5 Micro seconds

Bluetooth (contd..)


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Bluetooth (contd..)

Bluetooth

Distance: up to 33 feet (10 meters)

Bandwidth: 1 Mbps

Piconet

Wireless personal area network (WPAN)

Consists of two or more Bluetooth devices that areexchanging data with each other


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Bluetooth (cond..)


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2. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Extension of a wired LAN

Connecting to it through a device called awireless access point

Access point (AP)

Relays data signals between all of the devices inthe network

Each computer on the WLAN has a wireless networkinterface card (NIC)

With an antenna built into it


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Wireless Local Area Networks (contd..)


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Operating Frequency Band: 2.4 GHz

Channel Bandwidh: 1 MHz

Power: 20 dbm ( 100 mW)


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2. Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Standard language for displaying content from the

Internet

Microbrowser

Miniaturized version of a Web browser

Wireless Application Protocol version 2.0 (WAP2)

Provides a standard way to transmit, format, anddisplay Internet data

For small wireless devices such as cell phones


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Wireless Wide Area Network (contd..)


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3. Satellite Networks

Used to transmit data over very long distance

Repeater

Located in the satellite itself

Simply repeats the same signal to another

location

Used to transmit data from one earth station to

anotherTransmission time is approximately 250

milliseconds

ll k ( d )


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Satellite Networks (contd..)Downlink Power: 50dBW

Frequency Band : 20 MHz

Varies from system tosystem


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Satellite Networks (contd..)


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4. Cellular Networks

Modern cellular telephone network

Built around the concept of low power

transmitters.

Transmission towers are spread throughout ageographical area

The same radio frequency channels can be reused

by another tower Located a few miles away to avoid interference

Maximizes the use of a limited range of

frequency channels


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12

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3

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Cellular Networks (contd..)


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Cellular Networks (contd..)


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Multiple Access Technologies

FDMA-- Frequency Division Multiple Access Each user on a different frequency

A channel is a frequency

TDMA --Time Division Multiple Access

Each user on a different window period in time(time slot)

A channel is a specific time slot on a specificfrequency

CDMA-- Code Division Multiple Access A channel is a unique code pattern

Each user uses the same frequency all thetime, but mixed with different distinguishingcode patterns

Power

Power

Power

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA


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11GG 22GG 33GG

Analog

cellularDDiiggiittaall cceelllluullaarr DDiiggiittaall cceelllluullaarr

VVooiiccee VVooiiccee //ddaattaa VViiooccee //hhiigghh ssppeeeedd ddaattaa

AAMMPPSS CCDDMMAA 11XXRRtttt CCDDMMAA22000000

TTAACCSS GGSSMM GGPPRRSS WW__CCDDMMAA

8800 11999922 11999999 22000011 22000033

Evolution of Mobile Communication System


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Evolution of GSM Data Service

9.6K

57.6K

171.2K

384K

2M


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VLR

GSM Architecture Overview

BTS BSC

HLR

MSC

AuC

EIRPSTN

TRX

Air Interface(Um)

BSS

OMCA InterfaceAbis Interface

MS

MS

MS


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Block Diagram of GSM MS


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PCB LAYOUT OF MS


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Antenna

7/16 Din Connector

7/8 Cable

Grounding

1/2 Jumper

Cabinet

EMP

Grounding clip

Grounding bar

1/2 Clamp

Tower TopAmplifier

7/8 Cable

Machine house

1/2 Jumper

GSM Antenna system


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Why 3G?

Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!

For the consumer

Video streaming, TV broadcast

Video calls, video clips news, music, sports

Enhanced gaming, chat, location services

For business

High speed teleworking / VPN access

Sales force automation

Video conferencing Real-time financial information


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But

Baseline: HPNAHPNA 1.0 -> HPNA 2.0

HomeRF/802.11b -> 802.11a (5 GHz)100BT (Tech Zealots)

Baseline: Configurable PlatformCable, DSL

Digital Broadcast3G Cellular / WLL

POTS

Baseline: USBUSB -> USB 2.0

900 MHz -> BluetoothSerial/Parallel -> USB

IEEE P1394a -> IEEE P1394b

10m

100m

PAN

LAN

WAN

Booming of Data Applications

Main Macro Drivers forming the


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Main Macro Drivers forming the

Telecom Market


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Comparison among 3G ModesWCDMA TD-SCDMA CDMA2000

ChannelBandwidth

5M*2 1.6M 1.25M*2

Chip Rate 3.84Mc/s 1.28Mc/s 1.228Mc/s

Duplex Mode FDD TDD FDD

Frame Length 10ms 10ms (Sub-frame5ms)

20ms

Channel Coding Convolution Code,Turbo Code

Convolution Code,Turbo Code

Convolution Code, TurboCode

Modulation QPSK/BPSK QPSK/8PSK Uplink: QPSK, Downlink:BPSK

Power Control Open loop + fastclosed loop

Open loop +closed loop

Open loop + fast closedloop

Power ControlRate

1500 times/s 200 times/s 800 times/s

SynchronizationMode of Base

Station

Synchronous/Asynchronous

Synchronous Synchronous


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3G Frequency Band Distribution

1755 1785 1850 1880 1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2100 2170 2300 2400

DECT TDD FDD-U MBB TDD NULL FDD-D

20 20 60 30 15 85 60

NULL TDD FDD-U SAT TDD NULL FDD-D

20 20 60 30 15 85 60

FDD-D TDD TDD FDD-U SAT TDD NULL FDD-D TDDFDD-U

20 20 60 30 15 85 60 1003030

ITU

Europe/Japan

China

S d di i f d 2000 3GPP2


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Standardization of cdma2000--3GPP2

1X Release 0

1X Release A

1X-EV DO

1X-EV DV

n CS ANSI-41

n PS mobile IP

n 153.6K bps

1999 2001 2001.10

Timeframe

n307Kbps

n Voice and Data

n2.4M bps

n Single carrier support

Data service

2002.5

n 3.1M bps

n Support Data and Voice service

at the same time

3GPP UMTS/WCDMA D l t


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3GPP UMTS/WCDMA Development

3GPP R99

3GPP R4

3GPP R5

3GPP R6

Terminal point

2000/03 2001/03 2002/03 planning

Frequency = 5 MHz

2 Mbps

2 Mbps

HSDPA=14Mbps

HSUPA =5.7 Mbps

(downlink)


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HSDPA User Equipment (UE)

categories

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C i C d


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Categories Contd..

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GSM/GPRS/EDGE / WCDMANetwork


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n R99 introduce new wireless technology no

fundamental changes in core network

n R4 MSC is separated into MSC Server and MGW

n R5 support end-to-end VOIP CN introduces great

new functional entities change original calling

process

3GPP CN Versions Difference


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Wireless Applications

Main areas

Education

Home entertainment

Health Care (Telemedicine)

Government and Military

Office environments

Event management

Travel

Construction and warehouse management

Environmental research

Industrial control

?


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Questions ?

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Lets Begin!


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AMR


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AMR

If the radio conditions are bad, source coding is reduced and

channel coding is increased. This improves the quality and

robustness of the network connection while sacrificing some voice

clarity.


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Major Radio Standards in North America

AMPS-1983-824-894 MHz FDMA FM 30 Khz USDC- 1991-824-894 MHz TDMA II/4-DQPSK 30 Khz IS95- 1993 824-894 MHz CDMA QPSK/BPSK-1.25 MHz 1.8-2.00 GHz

Major Mobile Radio Standards in Europe ETACS -1985 -900 MHz FM 25KHZ FDMA NMT-450 1981- 450-470 MHz FM 25 KHz FDMA GSM 1990- 890-960 MHz GMSK 200 KHzTDMA

Major Mobile Radio Standards in Japan

JTACS- 1988 FDMA 860-925 MHz 25 KHz PDC -1993 - TDMA 810-1501 MHz II/4-DQPSK 25KHz

GPRS


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GPRS

Multiple slots bundled, at most 8 time slots. CS-1(9.05kb/s), CS-2(13.4kb/s), CS-3(15.6kb/s),

CS-4(21.4kb/s)

Channel shared by multiple users.

GPRS terminals can keep connections withnetwork for long time and can be always on line.

Charged on traffic flow, low expense.

Use GMSK modulation


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EDGE

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

Use 8 Phase-Shift Keying (8PSK) modulation- 3 bits per symbol

Improved link control allows the system to adaptto variable channel quality

Applied to a GSM channel rate of 271kbps, EDGEallows a maximum data rate of 48 kb/s per timeslot,

giving the quoted figure of 384 kb/s per carrier (8timeslots)

EDGE can be applied to HSCSD (ECSD) and GPRS(EGPRS)

EDGE will be expensive for operators to implement:

Each base station will require a new EDGE

transceiver

Abis interface between BTS and BSC must beupgraded

New EDGE-enabled handsets required

(0,0,0)

(0,1,0)

(1,1,1)

Coding Scheme

MCS1 (8.8 kb/s)MCS2(11.2 kb/s)

MCS3(14.8 kb/s)

MCS4(17.6 kb/s)

MCS 5(22.4 kb/s)

MCS6(29.6 kb/s

MCS7(44.8 kb/s

MCS8(54.4 kb/s)

MCS9(59.2 kb/s)


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VLR

GSM Architecture Overview

BTS BSC

HLR

MSC

AuC

EIRPSTN

TRX

Air Interface(Um)

BSS

OMCA InterfaceAbis Interface

MS

MS

MS

GPRS A i d I f


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Gf Gr Gc

Gs

Gd

GPRS-Associated Interfaces

BTS BSC

HLR

SGSN

VLR

EIR

Internet

TRX

BSS

GGSN

MSC

SMSGMSC

GbGn

PLMN

Gp

Gi - reference point

Um

Gb = compulsory interface

= optional interface

PCU

GPRS CORE NETWORK

MS

MS

MS

Gf


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GSM/GPRS Network

GMSC

GSM/ GPRS System Structure

BSS

Internet

X.25

ISDN

GPRS MS

TE

MSC

PCU

SGSN GGSN

GSN

Backbone

Voice

PacketData

CS service line

PS service line


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+ =Mobile

Equipment

SubscriberIdentityModule Mobile

Station

GSMNetwork

Air

Interface

The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

a small memory device mounted on a card thatcontains user specific identification

the SIM + mobile equipment = mobile station (MS), adevice able to access services in a GSM network via

the Air interface.


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Education

Ideal application for colleges and schools

It frees students from having to go to a specificcomputer lab or the library

To get on the schools computer network

Wireless technology translates into a cost savingsfor colleges as well


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Home Entertainment

Wireless communication

Enables movie and audio enthusiasts to download,distribute, and control all forms of digital entertainmentfrom anywhere in the house


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Health Care

Administering medication in a hospital setting

A major problem area for the health care industry

Wireless point-of-care computer systems

Allow medical staff to access and update patientrecords immediately

Even telephones are now being connected tohospital IEEE 802.11 WLANs

Employing VoIP technology


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Government

Wireless communication

Lets city employees and contractors at remote sitesaccess data stored in a central database

Delivers broadband connectivity to schools, libraries,and government buildings

Provides free Internet access to residents and attractsvisitors and businesspeople


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Military

Universal Handset A 1.5-pound device

Allows military personnel in the field to communicatethrough a variety of methods

Using wireless technologies Military is currently working on preventing enemies from

eavesdropping on or jamming the signal


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Event Management

Wireless networks

Help identify a stolen or counterfeit ticket

Can also give a real-time look at traffic flow

In-progress game statistics are available to any fan inthe stadium with a wireless device


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Travel

Wireless global positioning systems (GPS)

Tie into emergency roadside assistance services

Satellite radio

Transmits over 150 music and talk stations Airport terminals are likewise turning to wireless

technologies

Airplanes themselves are being equipped with

wireless data access


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Construction

Wireless communications

Send information from the job site to the main office

Alert when maintenance operations need to beperformed on equipment


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Warehouse Management

Implementing wireless technology is key for manywarehouse operations

Warehouse management system (WMS) software

Used to manage all of the activities from receivingthrough shipping

In the near future

Most of the bar code functions, including inventory

counting, will be replaced by RFID tags


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Environmental Research

Scientists are now using small, battery- or solar-cell-

powered WLAN sensors

In places that were previously difficult to access andmonitor


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Industrial Control

Motes

Remote sensors

Can connect to a WLAN

Then collect data and transmit it to a central location


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Wireless Advantages andDisadvantages

As with any new technology, wirelesscommunications offers both advantages anddisadvantages


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Advantages of Wireless Networking

Mobility

Freedom to move about without being tethered by wires

Permits many industries to shift toward an increasingly

mobile workforce Gives team-based workers the ability to access thenetwork resources

Easier and less expensive installation

Installing network cabling in older buildings can be adifficult, slow, and costly task

Makes it easier for any office to be modified with newcubicles or furniture

Ad f Wi l N ki


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Advantages of Wireless Networking(continued)

Increased reliability

Network cable failures may be the most common sourceof network problems

Disaster recovery In the event of a disaster, managers can quickly relocatethe office

recent trends in wireless technology

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