reasons of ottoman empire's collapse

8/13/2019 Reasons of Ottoman Empire's collapse

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Reasons of Ottoman Empires collapse 1

Reasons of Ottoman Empires collapse

Hadzic Sejjaf

AUBIH


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Te Ottoman Empire !as an imperial state tat !as fo"nded in 12## after

$ro!in$ o"t of te %rea&'do!n of se(eral T"r&is tri%es) Te empire ten $re! to incl"de

man* areas in !at is no! present'da* E"rope to and it e(ent"all* %ecame one of te

lar$est+ most po!erf"l and lon$est'lastin$ empires in te istor* of te !orld), -Brine*.

As e(er*tin$ in o"r !orld is %orn+ e(er*tin$ in o"r !orld dies) Tat !as te case !it

$reat empires in istor*+ %"t man* of tem left te trace %eind) One of te $reatest

empires tat definitel* affected !ole !orld+ !as Ottoman Empire) /Te Ottoman state

rose to %ecome a !orld empire+ !ic lasted from te late 10t cent"r* to 1#20) i&e tat

of te Ha%s%"r$s+ its e(ent"al ri(al+ te Ottoman Empire !as d*nastic its territories and

caracter o!ed little to national+ etnic or reli$io"s %o"ndaries+ and !ere determined %*

te militar* and administrati(e po!er of te d*nast* at an* partic"lar time) Te Ottomans

attempted to %rin$ as m"c territor* as possi%le into te Islamic fold) Te non'3"slims

li(in$ in tese areas !ere ten a%sor%ed into te Empire as protected s"%jects)/

-teottomans)or$. In tis 4"otation !e can clearl* see te reasons) 5irst one is tat tis

Empire didnt a(e an* %o"ndaries in pro(idin$ territor*) Second one is tat it ad $reat

administrati(e po!er in ands of d*nast*) And te tird one is tat+ non'3"slims ad

teir ri$ts and didnt s"ffer an* conse4"ences+ %"t te* !ere protected %* empire)

Ottoman Empire incl"ded te areas of T"r&e*+ E$*pt+ 6reece+ B"l$aria+ Romania+

3acedonia+ H"n$ar*+ Israel+ 7ordan+ e%anon+ S*ria+ and parts of te Ara%ian 8enins"la

and 9ort Africa) It ad a ma:im"m area of ;)< million s4"are miles -1#)# million s4"are

&ilometers. in 1=#= teritorr* -Uni(ersit* of 3ici$an.) Te Ottoman Empire %e$an to

decline po!er in te 1>t cent"r* %"t a portion of its land %ecame !at is T"r&e* toda*)


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As it is lo$ical+ tere is one 4"estion tat imposes itself+ and tat 4"estion is? @at ca"sed

te fall of s"c $reat and stron$ empire

As tere !ere man* reasons tat maintained te process of Ottoman Empires

$ro!t+ more interestin$ 4"estion is o! enormo"s ca"se so"ld %e to destro* s"c a

$reat empire and !at is tat ca"se) Te ans!er is tat tere is no one reason+ as

accordin$ to man* scientists+ orientalists+ tere are man* reasons+ and fe! main reasons

and te* are %ot internal and e:ternal) 5irst of all+ after S"leimans deat+ te s"ltans

!ere less capa%le and ener$etic+ %ein$ raised and spendin$ teir time increasin$l* at

co"rt !it all its arem intri$"es) @ito"t te s"ltans stron$ and at te elm+

corr"ption %ecame a major pro%lem) Second+ te 7anissaries %ecame a (irt"al ereditar*

caste+ demandin$ increasin$l* more pa* !ile te* also $re! soft and laz*), -B"tler. As

!e can see in tis citation tere !ere tree internal ca"ses of decline) Of co"rse+ tere are

different opinions a%o"t major ca"ses+ and tis is j"st one) In tis citation+ tree ca"ses

are i$li$ted tere !as no capa%le s"ltans+ leaders+ pro%lems !it 7anissaries , and size

of Ottoman empire) Incompetence of s"ltans as its pro%lem lon$ time %efore s"ltan

S"leiman) In Ottoman Empire+ after s"ltans deat+ is fa(o"rite son tat e cooses+

!o"ld come to te trone) Often tere !as case tat one son &ills is %roter to %e a

s"ltan) S"ltan Amed I made a decision tat no cro!n prince so"ld lea(e te palace

"ntil e %ecomes s"ltan) So e(er* s"ltan+ after tat+ !en e $ets to te trone+ is

ine:perienced and tat ma&es tem incapa%le of leadin$+ so tis lead to corr"ption)

Second ca"se is pro%lems !it 7anissaries+ as te* demanded more pa*+ and te* started

re%els+ and in te end s"ltan cancelled 7anissaries+ tat a"tomaticall* affected decline of


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Reasons of Ottoman Empires collapse C

Empire) 7anissaries started re%els in Ottoman to!ns after !ars !ere o(er+ and s"ltan as

alread* planned ne! !ar for tem) Te* also joined A"stria in !ar a$ainst Ottomans)

Tis ca"sed losses of fe! Ottoman cities), S"ltan 3am"t II ad freedom to or$anize

militar*) He "sed models from !est and can$ed !ole militar* s*stem+ !ic !as a

si$n of "$e defeat tat affected Ottoman Empire later on), -es'Salla%i.

Te size of te empire created pro%lems) Te s"ltan !as e:pected to lead te

arm*+ settin$ o"t !it it eac sprin$ from te capital) Tis meant tat as te frontiers

e:panded+ it too& te arm* lon$er to reac te enem*+ t"s sortenin$ te campai$n

season to te point !ere it !as (er* ard to con4"er ne! lands) Tis especiall* "rt te

T"r&s at te sie$e of Dienna in 1=2#) Te* did not reac te cit* "ntil Septem%er+ and

!inter set in earl* !it disastro"s res"lts for te troops not "sed to E"ropean !inters)

Beca"se of tese factors+ te T"r&s made fe! ne! con4"ests after 1=s) 5or e:ample+ te 6ree& re(ol"tion of


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Reasons of Ottoman Empires collapse =

1>21'1>02 !as stron$l* enco"ra$ed %* oter E"ropean po!ers+ !o so"$t to "ndermine

and !ea&en te Ottomans) 9ot all 6ree&s !ere in fa(or of independence+ in fact te

Ortodo: 8atriarc+ !o !as cosen %* te 6ree&s in accordance !it te millet s*stem

openl* deno"nced te re%els in fa(or of "nit* !it te Ottomans) Ho!e(er+ te 6ree&

re(ol"tionaries !ere ea(il* aided %* te Britis+ !o sent teir na(* -alon$ !it te

R"ssians and te 5renc. to %attle te Ottomans on %ealf of te 6ree&s) @it te

political and economic strains tat te Ottomans !ere alread* facin$ at tat time+ te*

!ere "na%le to defeat tis inter(ention %* E"rope and 6reece !as proclaimed

independent of te Ottoman Empire) @it te s"ccessf"l nationalistic re(olt of te

6ree&s+ oter minorities !itin te empire !ere enco"ra$ed to re(olt) Te Tanzimat

reforms tat !ere disc"ssed in post 2 also elped to stren$ten nationalist re(olts) Te

Tanzimat enco"ra$ed all people !itin te Ottoman Empire to s"%mit to a sin$le code of

la!s+ instead of allo!in$ tem te ri$t to li(e accordin$ to teir o!n etnicFreli$io"s

r"les) T"s+ more re(olts ens"ed) Te Ser%ians contin"ed armed re(olt a$ainst te

Ottomans tro"$o"t te 1>s+ and !ere stron$l* s"pported %* te R"ssians) Armenians

tro"$o"t Anatolia also re(olted and !ere also s"pported %* te R"ssians) E(en fello!

3"slims+ te Bosnia&s %e$an to fi$t for independence+ %ot %eca"se of nationalistic

ideas and as protest a$ainst te "n'Islamic reforms in te Tanzimat),

T!o e:ternal economic factors also "rt te Ottomans+ %ot of tem stemmin$

from te A$e of E:ploration ten ta&in$ place) 5or one tin$+ te 8ort"$"ese

circ"mna(i$ation aro"nd Africa to India ad opened a ne! spice ro"te to Asia)

Terefore+ te T"r&s lost teir monopol* on te spice trade $oin$ to E"rope+ !ic cost


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Reasons of Ottoman Empires collapse ) An "ltra'nationalist T"r&is leader+ 3"stafa Jemal AtatKr&+ too& po!er in !at

!as no! &no!n as T"r&e*+ and declared it a p"rel* T"r&is state) Oter nationalities

!ere not !elcomed in tis ne! nation) In fact+ "$e pop"lation transfers occ"red %et!een

6reece and T"r&e*+ !it eac e:pellin$ te oter etnic $ro"p from !itin its %orders),

Tere is no do"%t tat Ottoman Empire !as one of te $reatest empires in istor*) It

started from tri%e+ and %ecame a $reat or$anization tat e:panded on almost 2 millions

&ilometers) It ad $reat c"lt"re+ $reat econom*+ $reat or$anization+ $reat infl"ence+ %"t

reasons tat are mentioned in pre(io"s para$raps made it collapse) Gespite its collapse+

te Ottoman Empire !as one of te lar$est+ lon$est lastin$ and most s"ccessf"l empires

in te !orlds istor*) Tere are man* reasons as to !* te empire !as as s"ccessf"l as

it !as %"t some of tem incl"de its (er* stron$ and or$anized militar* and its centralized

political str"ct"re) Tese earl*+ s"ccessf"l $o(ernments ma&e te Ottoman Empire one of

te most important in istor*), Tere is one certaint*+ tat Ottoman Empires $o(ernin$


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Reasons of Ottoman Empires collapse >

and some oter aspects co"ld %e applied in modern !orld+ and !it tecnolo$* tat !e

possess it !o"ld definitel* a(e a $reat res"lts) Also !e can "se internal ca"ses as a

reminder for toda*+ to &no! o! to pre(ent tese sit"ations)


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Reasons of Ottoman Empires collapse #

Reference

ttp?FF!!!)temontrealre(ie!)comF2#FTe'Ottomans)pp

ttp?FF!!!)"mic)ed"FLt"r&isFottemp)tml

Amanda Brine*+ Te Ottoman Empire+ retrie(ed from?

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Mris B"tler+ Te decline of te Ottoman Empire -1='1#2+ "pdated

2'Gec'212+ retrie(ed from? ttp?FF!!!)nzistor*)net)nzF!arFottoman'empireFcollapse

dr) Alija 3"ammed es'Salla%i+ Octo%er 1) 21+ Osmanlijs&a drNa(a? "zroci "spona i

pada+ Holandija)

Stanford 7a* Sa!+ Ottoman Empire+ retrie(ed from

ttp?FF!!!)%ritannica)comFEBcec&edFtopicFC0C##;

Hod$son+ 3) 6) S) Te Dent"re of Islam+ Monscience and Histor* in a @orld

Mi(ilization) 0) Mica$o+ I? Uni(ersit* of Mica$o 8ress+ 1#;C)

Ocsen!ald+ @illiam+ and S*dne* 5iser) Te 3iddle East? A Histor*)

reasons of ottoman empire's collapse

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