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1 PowerPoint Slides English Text Spanish Translation Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosing and Staging, Part 2: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma VideoTranscript Malignidades Hematológicas: Diagnóstico y Estadificación, Parte 2: Linfoma y Mieloma Múltiple Transcripción del video Professional Oncology Education Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosing and Staging, Part 2: Lymphoma and Mulitple Myeloma Time: 20:19 Educación Oncológica Profesional Malignidades Hematológicas: Diagnóstico y Estadificación, Parte 2: Linfoma y Mieloma Múltiple Duración: 20:19 Jorge Romaguera, M.D. Professor Lymphoma/Myeloma The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Dr. Jorge Romaguera Profesor Linfoma/Mieloma MD Anderson Cancer Center, Universidad de Texas Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma Hematologic Malignancies: Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Diagnosis and Staging Part II: Lymphoma and Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma Multiple Myeloma Jorge Romaguera, M.D. Professor Lymphoma/Myeloma Hello. I am Dr. Jorge Romaguera. I am Professor of the Department of Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. I will be speaking to you today about the diagnosis of staging of lymphomas and multiple myeloma. Hola. Soy el Dr. Jorge Romaguera, profesor del Departamento de Leucemia y Mieloma Múltiple en el MD Anderson Cancer Center de la Universidad de Texas. Hoy hablaremos sobre el diagnóstico y la estadificación de los linfomas y el mieloma múltiple.

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Page 1: PowerPoint Slides English Text Spanish Translation · PowerPoint Slides English Text Spanish Translation Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosing and Staging, ... able to define lymphoma,

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PowerPoint Slides English Text Spanish Translation

Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosing and Staging, Part 2: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma VideoTranscript

Malignidades Hematológicas: Diagnóstico y Estadificación, Parte 2: Linfoma y Mieloma Múltiple

Transcripción del video

Professional Oncology Education Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosing and Staging, Part 2: Lymphoma and Mulitple Myeloma Time: 20:19

Educación Oncológica Profesional Malignidades Hematológicas: Diagnóstico y Estadificación, Parte 2: Linfoma y Mieloma Múltiple

Duración: 20:19

Jorge Romaguera, M.D. Professor Lymphoma/Myeloma The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Dr. Jorge Romaguera

Profesor Linfoma/Mieloma

MD Anderson Cancer Center, Universidad de Texas

Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Hematologic Malignancies:Hematologic Malignancies:

Diagnosis and StagingDiagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Part II: Lymphoma and

Multiple MyelomaMultiple Myeloma

Jorge Romaguera, M.D.

Professor

Lymphoma/Myeloma

Hello. I am Dr. Jorge Romaguera. I am Professor of the Department of Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. I will be speaking to you today about the diagnosis of staging of lymphomas and multiple myeloma.

Hola. Soy el Dr. Jorge Romaguera, profesor del Departamento de Leucemia y Mieloma Múltiple en el MD Anderson Cancer Center de la Universidad de Texas. Hoy hablaremos sobre el diagnóstico y la estadificación de los linfomas y el mieloma múltiple.

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Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Part II: Objectives

Upon completion of this part, participants will

be able to:

• Define lymphoma, including Hodgkin’s and

Non-Hodgkin’s and multiple myeloma

• Discuss the clinical presentation of these diseases

• Discuss the hematologic, radiographic and

pathologic findings for classification and

staging of each

Upon completion of this part of this talk, you will be able to define lymphoma, both Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma as well as multiple myeloma. You will be able to discuss clinical presentation of the cases of these diseases --- [I apologize] --- as well as hematologic, radiographic, and pathologic findings for classification and staging of each.

Al finalizar esta parte de la charla podrán definir el linfoma —tanto de Hodgkin como no Hodgkin— y el mieloma múltiple. Asimismo, podrán analizar la presentación clínica de estas enfermedades y los hallazgos hematológicos, radiográficos y patológicos para su clasificación y estadificación.

Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Lymphoma

• Group of malignancies originating in the lymphatic system

• Types of lymphoma

– Hodgkin’s lymphoma

– Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)

• 85% B-cell lymphoma

• 15% T-cell lymphoma

We will start first with lymphoma. This is a group of malignancies that originates in the lymphatic system. It is broadly divided in two categories, the Hodgkin’s lymphoma and the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma or malignant lymphoma. Here in North America, 85% of the malignant lymphomas are of the B-cell type and 15 are of a T-cell type. We will be discussing in this presentation mainly the B-cell type, which is the most common.

Comenzaremos con el linfoma, un grupo de tumores malignos que se origina en el sistema linfático. Se divide en dos categorías: el linfoma de Hodgkin y el linfoma no Hodgkin, o linfoma maligno. En América del Norte, el 85% de los linfomas malignos son del tipo de células B, y el 15% son de un tipo de células T. En esta presentación hablaremos principalmente del de tipo de células B, que es el más común.

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Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Risk Factors for Lymphoma

• Cause of NHL unknown

• Inherited familial: small percentage

• Environmental

– Chemical suspected (e.g., pesticides/herbicides)

– High-dose radiation exposure suspected

• Immunosuppression

– Immune deficiency (AIDS, post-organ transplant)

• Viral and bacterial

– Infections (HIV, HTLV-1 virus, Epstein-Barr virus,

Helicobacter pylori bacteria)

The cause of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is not known. It is not accepted to be inherited as other cancers are, although there is a suspicion that there might be some familial inheritance risk. There are environmental factors that have been associated, mainly herbicides. Also the Agent Orange which was used in the Vietnam War, also the creosol that was applied to the telephone posts several --- a decade or two ago. There is a suspicion that high-dose radiation exposure might predispose to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. It is known that immune deficiency states such as AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency disease --- syndrome, is a risk factor for developing lymphoma. It is also known that Helicobacter pylori predisposes in a very small population of patients to the development of indolent lymphoma in the stomach. There is also a suspicion of Epstein-Barr virus being behind the lymphomagenesis of several lymphomas. The one that is mostly discussed is the child --- childhood Burkitt’s lymphoma, the African type.

Se desconoce cuál es la causa del linfoma no Hodgkin. No se acepta que sea un cáncer hereditario, como otros tipos de cáncer, aunque sí se sospecha que puede haber algún riesgo de herencia familiar. Se le han asociado algunos factores ambientales, principalmente herbicidas. También el Agente Naranja, que se utilizó en la guerra de Vietnam, y el creosol, que se colocaba en los postes de teléfono hace diez o veinte años. Supuestamente, la exposición a altas dosis de radiación puede predisponer a tener linfoma no Hodgkin. Se sabe que los estados de inmunodeficiencia como el sida, el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, son un factor de riesgo para desarrollar linfoma. También se sabe que, en una población pequeña de pacientes, el Helicobacter pylori predispone el desarrollo del linfoma indolente en el estómago. Asimismo, se sospecha que el virus de Epstein-Barr subyace a la linfomagénesis de varios linfomas. El más discutido es el linfoma de Burkitt infantil de tipo africano.

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Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Signs and Symptoms

• Enlarged (usually non-tender) lymph nodes that do

not disappear in 2 weeks or respond to antibiotics

• Constitutional symptoms (< 20%)

– Weight loss

– Fever

– Night sweats

You will know or suspect lymphoma if you have a --- an enlarged lymph node that does not disappear after two weeks and is not responding to antibiotics. Usually this lymph node will be non-tender. And it might or not be associated with unexplained weight loss or unexplained fever or drenching night sweats so that you have to change your clothes or your night spread --- sheets.

Sabremos o sospecharemos que existe linfoma si tenemos un ganglio linfático agrandado que no desaparece después de dos semanas y no responde a los antibióticos. En general, este ganglio linfático no presenta sensibilidad, y puede o no estar asociado a una pérdida de peso o fiebre inexplicables, o sudores nocturnos tan intensos que obligan a cambiar la ropa o las sábanas.

Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Lymphoma: Diagnosis

• Biopsy– Fine needle aspiration (FNA)

– Excisional/incisional

– Bone marrow

• Laboratory tests

– CBC and differential

– Serum chemistries

• Imaging studies

– Chest x-ray

– Computed tomography (CT) scan of neck/chest/abdomen/pelvis

– Positron emission tomography (PET) scan in selected cases

To diagnose lymphoma, you will need a biopsy. It could be incisional or excisional. And fine-needle aspiration is also recommended in order to do some of the additional markers and recent studies that have been added to the armamentarium. But you do have a --- you do need a biopsy. This will be able to make --- make you able to subclassify the lymphoma. You will need a bone marrow, both for staging purposes, to see how advanced the disease is. And, in some cases where you present with symptoms but no enlarged lymph nodes, this might be the only place where you have lymphoma. As part of the initial tests, once you have a diagnosis, you will have to evaluate for other prognostic factors, such as elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase in the serum. You will also want to know how the blood count is to see if there has been an effect of the lymphoma in the platelet count as well as the hemoglobin. You will also want to do imaging studies as part of the workup to find the

Para diagnosticar el linfoma primero se necesita una biopsia, que puede ser por incisión o escisión. También se recomienda realizar una aspiración con aguja fina para determinar algunos marcadores adicionales, y estudios recientes que se han agregado al arsenal. Igualmente, es necesario realizar una biopsia que permitirá subclasificar el linfoma. Se necesitará una biopsia de médula ósea con fines de estadificación y para comprobar cuán avanzada está la enfermedad. En algunos casos donde se presentan síntomas, pero no hay ganglios linfáticos agrandados, este podría ser el único lugar donde hay linfoma. Como parte de las pruebas iniciales, una vez que se tiene un diagnóstico debemos evaluar otros factores de pronóstico, como niveles elevados de lactato deshidrogenasa en el suero. También es necesario hacer un recuento sanguíneo para determinar si el linfoma ha afectado el recuento de plaquetas y hemoglobina. Asimismo, se requieren estudios de imágenes para

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extent of disease. This will include a chest x-ray, computed tomographies of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis, and more recently a positron emission tomography in the cases that have large cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma or Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

determinar la extensión de la enfermedad. Esto incluye radiografías de tórax, tomografías computadas de cuello, pecho, abdomen y pelvis, y, más recientemente, una tomografía por emisión de positrones en los casos de linfoma de Hodgkin o linfoma no Hodgkin de células grandes.

Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of B-cell Lymphoma

Jaffe ES. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009:523

Indolent Aggressive Very Aggressive

• Small lymphocytic lymphoma

• Lymphoplasmacytic/Waldenström’s

macroglobulinemia (WM)

•Marginal zone lymphoma

• Follicle center lymphoma, follicular, grade I-II

• Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma

•Multiple myeloma

•Mantle cell lymphoma

• Follicle center lymphoma, follicular, grade III

•Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)

• Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma

• Lymphomatoid granulomatosis

• Primary cutaneous DLCL- leg type

• Burkitt’s lymphoma

• Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma

There have been many classifications of lymphoma. The most recent one, the World Health Organization Classification from a year or two ago, is mainly a pathologic classification. Although for the clinician it helps to separate them into the slower indolent growth lymphomas, the more aggressive lymphopro --- lymphoproliferative processes, and the very aggressively fast-growing lymphomas. The indolent lymphomas are those mentioned in the table: small lymphocytic lymphoma; Waldenström’s, which is intermediate between lymphoma and a plasmacytic process; the marginal zone lymphomas; the follicle center cell lymphoma follicular grades I and II, which are by far the most common indolent lymphomas; and the follicle center primary cutaneous lymphomas. Other aggressive lymphoproliferative disorders, multiple myeloma is included, but I will discuss this separately. Mantle cell lymphoma is one of the aggressive lymphomas. The follicle center cell follicular grade III is considered aggressive and should be treated as such. The diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is one of the two most common lymphomas along with the follicle center follicular grade I and II, and other more unusual presentations such as primary mediastinal large-cell lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, primary cutaneous large-cell lymphoma of the leg type. Under the very aggressive group, the fast growing lymphomas with also a predilection for extranodal presentation are the Burkitt’s and the intervascular

Ha habido muchas clasificaciones de linfoma. La clasificación más reciente de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, de hace uno o dos años, es principalmente una clasificación patológica, aunque para los médicos es útil separarlos en linfomas indolentes de crecimiento lento, procesos linfoproliferativos más agresivos y linfomas agresivos de crecimiento rápido. Los linfomas indolentes son los mencionados en la tabla: linfoma linfocítico pequeño; linfoma de Waldenström, que es el intermedio entre el linfoma y un proceso plasmacítico; linfomas de zona marginal; linfoma de células centrofoliculares de grados I y II, que son los linfomas indolentes más comunes; y linfomas cutáneos primarios centrofoliculares. Existen otros trastornos linfoproliferativos agresivos que incluyen el mieloma múltiple, pero los analizaré por separado. El linfoma de células del manto es uno de los linfomas agresivos. El linfoma de células centrofoliculares de grado III se considera agresivo y debe ser tratado como tal. El linfoma difuso de linfocitos B grandes es uno de los dos linfomas más comunes, junto con el linfoma de células centrofoliculares de grado I y II, y presentaciones más inusuales, como el linfoma mediastínico primario de células grandes, granulomatosis linfomatoide y linfoma cutáneo primario de células grandes como el tipo de las piernas. Dentro del grupo de los más agresivos, los linfomas de rápido crecimiento con una predilección por la

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large B-cell lymphoma. presentación extranodal son el linfoma de Burkitt y el linfoma intravascular de células grandes B.

Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Most Common NHLs

Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD. J Clin Oncol. 1998 16(8):2780

DLBCL

31%BL

2%

FL, 22%

PMLBCL

2%

MALTL

8%

PTCL

7%

SLL/CLL

7%

ALCL

2%

Other, 9%

MCL

6%

MZL, nodal, 2%

T-LL, 2%

This pie chart gives you an idea of the frequency of distribution. Like I said before, the most common lymphoproliferative malignancies, non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are the large B-cell lymphomas and the follicular lymphomas.

Este gráfico nos da una idea de la frecuencia de distribución. Los tumores linfoproliferativos más comunes —linfomas no Hodgkin— son los linfomas de células grandes B y los linfomas foliculares.

Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Follicular Lymphoma

This is an example of how a researcher would evaluate and what he would see under regular electron --- [I’m sorry] --- under regular microscopy on low-power field. This would be a follicular lymphoma, so-called follicular because it respects the follicular active texture of the lymph nodes. The areas that are less dense are the areas that are involved by the lymphoma: and that is the center of the follicle, so-called germinal center of the follicle. The areas in between the follicles are not involved by lymphoma.

Este es un ejemplo de lo que un investigador evaluaría y vería bajo un microscopio común en campo de bajo aumento. Es un linfoma folicular, llamado así porque respeta la textura folicular activa de los ganglios linfáticos. Las áreas menos densas son las afectadas por el linfoma y ese es el centro del folículo, denominado centro germinal. Las áreas entre los folículos no están afectadas por el linfoma.

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Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Morphologic Variants

Centroblastic

VariantImmunoblastic

Variant

This is how a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma would present. As the name states, it’s a diffuse effacement of the architecture of the lymph node. And it is mostly composed of large cells whether they are centroblastic or whether they are the immunoblastic cytologic variants, which in some papers is reportedly more aggressive behaving.

Así es como se presentaría un linfoma difuso de linfocitos B grandes. Como su nombre lo indica, se trata de un borramiento difuso de la arquitectura del ganglio linfático. Está mayormente compuesto por células grandes de variantes citológicas centroblásticas o inmunoblásticas, que según se indica en algunos documentos, tienen un comportamiento más agresivo.

Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Clinical Staging of Lymphomas

• Stage I

– Single lymph node region

– Single organ outside the lymph nodes

• Stage II

– Two or more lymph node regions near to each other

• Stage III

– Two or more lymph node regions above and below the diaphragm

• Stage IV

– Widespread disease

– Multiple organs involved

– One organ with lymph node involvement

You will also want to stage the disease. You will want to know if this is an early presentation or a more advanced presentation. We still use the Ann Arbor Classification devised for Hodgkin’s lymphoma decades ago, but it is now not the only way to predict prognosis of the disease.

También debemos estadificar la enfermedad. Es preciso saber si es una presentación incipiente o más avanzada. Aún usamos la clasificación de Ann Arbor concebida hace algunas décadas para el linfoma de Hodgkin, pero actualmente no es la única manera de predecir el pronóstico de la enfermedad.

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Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Clinical Staging of Lymphoma

Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV

In this staging system, which I will show in a more illustrative fashion, we have four stages depending upon the areas involved. Stage I is a region of nodes involved either above or below the diaphragm. Stage II are two regional areas both either above or below. Stage III has regions involved below and above the diaphragm. And Stage IV is when there is an extranodal presentation along with a region of lymph nodes or two extranodal presentations. In this illustration, the extranodal sites are the bone marrow and the liver, but there could be other extranodal sites.

En este sistema de estadificación, que mostraré de una manera más ilustrativa, tenemos cuatro etapas según las áreas afectadas. La etapa I es una región de ganglios afectados por arriba o por abajo del diafragma. La etapa II son dos áreas regionales, ambas por arriba o por abajo del diafragma. La etapa III tiene regiones afectadas arriba y abajo del diafragma. La etapa IV es cuando hay una presentación extranodal junto con una región de ganglios linfáticos o dos presentaciones extraganglionares. En este ejemplo, los sitios extraganglionares son la médula ósea y el hígado, pero podría haber otros.

Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

International Prognostic Index (IPI) for Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma

Factor Adverse

Age > 60 years

PS ≥ 2

LDH > Normal

Extranodal sites ≥ 2

Stage III-IV

The International Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project. N Engl J Med 1993 329(14):987

Factor Adverse

PS ≥ 2

LDH > Normal

Stage III-IV

Age-Adjusted

As I have mentioned before, we have included in the most recent models of prognosis, not only the stage, which you see in the lower part of the graph --- of the table but other factors such as age, performance status, the level of the lactate dehydrogenase in the serum, and the number of extranodal sites. You can see that, according to the number of factors that you have, you will decrease your chances of being alive at five years, going from 73% chance if you have none or one of these five variables in the adverse category, all the way to 26% only if you have four to five of these variables on the adverse area. There is an age-adjusted model that also helps in specific groups of patients by age --- less or equal to 60 versus more than 60.

En los modelos de pronóstico más recientes hemos incluido no sólo la etapa, que vemos en la parte inferior de la tabla, sino también otros factores, como edad, capacidad funcional, nivel de lactato deshidrogenasa en suero y cantidad de sitios extraganglionares. Podemos ver que, de acuerdo con el número de factores que se tiene, disminuirá la probabilidad de supervivencia a los cinco años, pasando del 73% de probabilidad si no se tiene ninguna o se tiene una sola de estas cinco variables en la categoría adversa, al 26% si se tienen sólo de cuatro a cinco de estas variables en dicha área. Hay un modelo ajustado por edad que también ayuda en grupos específicos de pacientes: hasta 60 años contra más de 60 años.

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Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Factor Adverse

Nodal Sites ≥ 5

LDH > Normal

Age ≥ 60

Stage III-IV

Hemoglobin < 12 g/dL

PrognosisNumber of

Factors Patients (%)

5-year OS

(%)

10-year OS

(%)

Good 0-1 36 90 71

Intermediate 2 37 78 51

Poor ≥3 27 53 36

Solal-Celigny P et al. Blood. 2004 104(5):1258

International Prognostic Index for Follicular Lymphomas (FLIPI)

This previous staging model was for the diffuse large-cell lymphomas. We have since modified it also to be applicable for the follicular lymphomas. This model has five variables also, although two variables have been removed and two new ones have been added, mainly the number of nodal sites and the level of hemoglobin. And, as you can see, this model predicts, for better or worse, 10 year overall survival.

Este modelo de estadificación correspondía a los linfomas difusos de células grandes. Lo hemos modificado para que también sea aplicable a los linfomas foliculares. Este modelo también tiene cinco variables, aunque dos se eliminaron y otras dos se añadieron, principalmente la cantidad de sitios ganglionares y el nivel de hemoglobina. Como vemos, este modelo predice, para bien o para mal, la supervivencia general a 10 años.

Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging Hematologic Malignancies: Diagnosis and Staging

Part II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple MyelomaPart II: Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

Mantle Cell International Prognostic Index (MIPI)

For each prognostic factor, 0 to 3 points were given to each patient and points

were summed up to a maximum of 11. Patients with 0 to 3 points in summary

were classified as low risk, patients with 4 to 5 points as intermediate risk, and

patients with 6 to 11 points as high risk. ECOG performance status was

weighted with 2 points if patients were unable to work or bedridden (ECOG 2-4).

LDH was weighted according to the ratio to the ULN. Thus, for an ULN of 240

U/L, the cutpoints were 180 U/L, 240 U/L, and 360 U/L, for example.

Points Age, y ECOG LDHULN WBC, 109/L

0 < 50 0-1 < 0.67 < 6.700

1 50-59 — 0.67-0.99 6.700-9.999

2 60-69 2-4 1.000 -1.49 1.000-14.999

3 70 — ≥ 1.500 U/dL ≥ 15.000/mm3

Another example where a recently introduced model is being applied is the mantle cell lymphoma. There is a Mantle Cell International Prognostic Index. And these are four variables that have been included in the model. Two of them are familiar because they have been included in the previous models, the age and the serum level of LDH, and the other two are particular to this lymphoma.

Otro ejemplo en el que se está aplicando un modelo presentado recientemente es el linfoma de células del manto. Hay un Índice Internacional de Pronóstico para Linfomas de Células del Manto. Estas son las cuatro variables que se han incluido en el modelo. Dos resultan familiares porque se han incluido en modelos anteriores —la edad y el nivel sérico de LDH—, y las otras dos son específicas de este linfoma.

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Overall Survival According to MIPI

Hoster E et al. Blood 2008 111(2):558

Numbers of patients at risk

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

Probability of overall survival

Months since registration

0 9684726048362412

LR, median not reached

IR, median = 51

HR, median = 29

LR 180 153 131 99 69 39 15 4

IR 145 116 83 57 37 19 9 5

HR 84 58 29 19 8 5 1 0

And based on the number of variables, you will have low, intermediate, and high risk of death from disease.

Según el número de variables se obtiene un riesgo bajo, intermedio y alto de muerte por la enfermedad.

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Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: The WHO Classification

• Nodular lymphocyte predominant with or

without diffuse areas

• Classic types:

― Nodular sclerosing

― Mixed cellularity

― Lymphocyte depleted

― Lymphocyte rich, nodular or diffuse

There are other models for T-cell lymphomas, but the T-cell lymphomas are not being discussed in this talk. Going into the Hodgkin’s lymphoma, the World Health Organization Classification divides them into two major types: nodular lymphocyte predominant with or without diffuse areas. This is the least common and the classical types, which are by far the most common: predominantly nodular sclerosing but also mixed cellularity as well, and the lesser common lymphocyte-depleted and lymphocyte-rich subcategories.

Existen otros modelos para los linfomas de células T, pero no los analizaremos en esta charla. En cuanto al linfoma de Hodgkin, la clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud lo divide en dos tipos principales: nodular de linfocitos predominantes con o sin áreas difusas, que es el menos común; y los tipos clásicos, esclerosis nodular y celularidad mixta, que son los más comunes, y los menos comunes de las subcategorías ricas en linfocitos y con agotamiento de linfocitos.

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Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Reed-Sternberg Cell

Courtesy of Jeffrey L. Medeiros, M.D.

This is an example of the Reed-Sternberg cell, which is a pathognomonic cell or used to be called pathognomonic for Hodgkin’s. It is still [a] very reliable parameter to diagnosis Hodgkin’s. As you can see in the center of the slide, there is a cell that has two nuclei. And this is a very typical cell that is present in Hodgkin’s lymphomas.

Este es un ejemplo de la célula de Reed-Sternberg, una célula patognomónica que solía llamarse patognomónica de Hodgkin y que sigue siendo un parámetro muy confiable para diagnosticar la enfermedad de Hodgkin. Como vemos en el centro de la diapositiva, hay una célula que tiene dos núcleos. Esta se presenta típicamente en los linfomas de Hodgkin.

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Early Stage (Stage I and II) Unfavorable HL

• General risk factors for unfavorable group:

― Large mediastinal mass

― Extranodal disease

― Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

― ≥ 3 involved areas

As defined by German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group (GHSG)

The classification, as I stated earlier, is the Ann Arbor Classification. And it is still in use. We broadly divide them into the early stages, stage 1 and II. But even among the stage ones and twos, we further divide them into favorable and unfavorable. And any of these factors that you see here will make that person unfavorable and will have implications in terms of treatment: either a large mediastinal mass, or extranodal disease, or three or more involved areas of disease, or an elevated sedimentation rate.

Como mencioné, la clasificación es la de Ann Arbor y todavía permanece en uso. Se divide ampliamente en las etapas tempranas I y II, y dentro de estas etapas se divide en favorable y desfavorable. Cualquiera de los factores que vemos aquí tornará un pronóstico desfavorable y tendrá consecuencias en el tratamiento: una gran masa mediastínica o enfermedad extranodal, o tres o más áreas afectadas por la enfermedad, o una velocidad de sedimentación elevada.

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International Prognostic Score for AdvancedHodgkin’s Lymphoma

• Analysis of 5,141 patients treated

with chemotherapy +/- radiation

• 7 factors emerged:

1. Albumin < 4 g/dL

2. Hemoglobin < 10.5 g/dL

3. Male gender

4. Age > 45

5. Stage IV

6. WBC count ≥ 15,000

7. Lymphocyte count < 600/µL

or 8% of WBC

• Those with 5 or more factor theoretically

would benefit from alternative

treatments, but small group (7% of

population)Hasenclever D, Diehl V. N Engl J Med 1998 339(21):1506

For the Hodgkin’s lymphomas that are advanced stage at presentation, this model has been devised with seven variables. And, as you can see, as the variable number increases, your chance of being alive without recurrence or any events will decrease in this case from 84% to 42%. Again, this is for patients with advanced stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma, stages III and IV.

Para los linfomas de Hodgkin que en su presentación están avanzados se ha diseñado este modelo con siete variables. Vemos que a medida que aumenta el número de variables, la probabilidad de permanecer con vida sin recurrencias o eventos en este caso disminuye del 84% al 42%. Esto corresponde a pacientes con linfoma de Hodgkin avanzado, etapas III y IV.

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Multiple Myeloma

• Disseminated malignancy of monoclonal

plasma cells

• Second most common hematologic malignancy

• Findings

– Lytic bone lesions

– Anemia

– Renal failure or azotemia

– Hypercalcemia

– Recurrent infections

The last topic that I want to discuss is multiple myeloma. This is a malignancy of plasma cells which are mature B-cells. It is a very common hematologic malignancy. The main findings are lytic bone lesions, which could cause pain in the patient; anemia, which would give symptoms of fatigue; kidney failure due to precipitation of a protein produced by the myeloma into the kidney; elevated calcium because of destruction of bone and re --- re --- demineralization of the bone; and hypercalcemia would give symptoms of increasing urination; as well as somnolence and could be fatal if not treated soon. You could also present with recurrent infections, mostly urinary.

El último tema que quiero analizar es el mieloma múltiple. Se trata de una condición maligna de células plasmáticas, que son las células B maduras. Es una malignidad hematológica muy común. Los principales hallazgos son lesiones óseas líticas, que podrían causar dolor al paciente; anemia, que provocaría síntomas de fatiga; insuficiencia renal debido a la precipitación de una proteína producida por el mieloma en el riñón; calcio elevado debido a la destrucción del hueso y desmineralización del hueso; hipercalcemia, que provocaría síntomas de micción en aumento; y somnolencia. Además, puede ser fatal si no se lo trata pronto. También puede presentarse con infecciones recurrentes, sobre todo urinarias.

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Diagnosis of MyelomaDiagnosis of MyelomaDiagnosis of MyelomaDiagnosis of Myeloma

This is a smear of a --- it could be a bone marrow or peripheral blood, where you see the plasma cells which are the cells that have a basophilic cytoplasm with an eccentric nucleus.

Este es un frotis que puede ser de médula ósea o sangre periférica, donde se ven las células plasmáticas que son las que tienen un citoplasma basófilo con núcleo excéntrico.

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• Serum

– Protein electrophoresis

– Immunofixation

– Free light chains

• 24 hrs urine

– Total protein

– Electrophoresis

– Immunofixation to define protein types

• Quantitative immunoglobulin

Diagnosis of MyelomaDiagnosis of MyelomaDiagnosis of MyelomaDiagnosis of Myeloma

And, in addition, you would want to know what --- how much serum protein, which is abnormal protein produced by T-cells, is present. For that you would test in the serum for protein electrophoresis and do immunofixation in these proteins. You would also do the same in the 24-hour collection of the urine.

Además, es preciso determinar la cantidad de proteína sérica, la proteína anormal producida por las células T. Para ello debemos realizar una prueba en suero para detectar electroforesis de proteínas, y realizar inmunofijación en estas proteínas. Se hace lo mismo en la recolección de orina de 24 horas.

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Further Evaluation

If you do an x-ray of your skull, you will see the areas that are lucent. It means that there is less mineralization and these areas are devoid of bone.

Si hacemos una radiografía de cráneo, veremos las áreas translúcidas. Esto significa que hay menos mineralización y que estas zonas carecen de hueso.

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• Routine laboratory studies

– CBC

– Chemistries including calcium,

BUN and creatinine, LDH

• Skeletal survey

• Bone marrow biopsy

• Cytogenetics

• Serum β2M

Further Evaluation

You will do a complete blood count to see if your hemoglobin and platelets are adequate. You will test for the calcium and the kidney function tests in the blood. You will do a skeletal survey to see if you find any other areas in the body that have lytic lesions in your skull --- in your skeleton. You will do the bone narrow biopsy to document involvement by the increased amount of plasma cells. More recently, cytogenetics are becoming important in being able to predict how the patient will respond to therapy as well as survival. And also a blood test for the serum beta-2- microglobulin is becoming important in predicting outcome.

Haremos un recuento sanguíneo completo para determinar si el nivel de hemoglobina y plaquetas es adecuado, y también una prueba de detección de calcio y función renal en la sangre. Asimismo, haremos un examen del esqueleto para determinar si hay otras áreas del cuerpo con lesiones líticas. Debemos hacer una biopsia de médula ósea para documentar el compromiso en función de la mayor cantidad de células plasmáticas. La citogenética se ha vuelto más importante para predecir la supervivencia del paciente y cómo responderá al tratamiento, al igual que el análisis de sangre que permite detectar el suero beta 2 microglobulina y predecir los resultados.

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Durie-Salmon Staging System

Stage Characteristic MM Cell Mass

1 Hgb > 10 g/dL

Ca++ < 12 mg/dL

Bone survey nl or 1 lesion

IgG < 5 g/dL

IgA < 3 g/dL

Urine BJP < 4 g/day

Low

2 Fits neither stage 1 or 3 Int.

3 Hgb < 8.5 g/dL

Ca++ > 12 mg/dL

Advanced bone lesions

IgG > 7 g/dL

IgA > 5 g/dL

Urine BJP > 12 g/day

High

The Durie-Salmon staging system is an old system that is still --- can be applicable to a patient in order to predict how he will do and it is basically a tumor load system. As you can see between cycles --- stages I and III, the difference is that the hemoglobin is lower, the calcium is higher, the bone lesions are more, the amount of protein deposition is more, and this is the high tumoral mass stage.

El sistema de estadificación de Durie-Salmon es un sistema antiguo que aún puede aplicarse a los pacientes para predecir sus resultados. Básicamente, se trata de un sistema de carga tumoral. Podemos ver que, entre las etapas I y III, la diferencia es que la hemoglobina está más baja, el calcio está más alto, y hay más lesiones óseas y una mayor cantidad de deposición de proteínas. Esta es la etapa de alta masa tumoral.

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International Staging System

Stage Characteristic RiskOS

(med. Mos)

1β2M < 3.5 mg/L

Albumin > 3.5 g/dL

Low 62

2β2M 3.5 – 5.4 mg/L

Albumin < 3.5 g/dLInt. 44

3 β2M > 5.5 mg/L High 29

An international system has been devised, which is easy to do. It involves doing two blood tests. It includes a beta-2-microglobulin and a serum albumin. And, as you can see, the survival will range anywhere from 62 to 29% depending upon how many of these two variables are in the poor risk category.

Se ha elaborado un sistema internacional que es fácil de seguir e implica realizar dos análisis de sangre de beta 2 microglobulina y albúmina sérica. Vemos que la supervivencia varía del 62% al 29%, según cuántas de estas dos variables se encuentren en la categoría de alto riesgo.

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MM: Common Cytogenetics

― Deletion 13 (cytogenetics >>>> FISH)

― t(4;14)

― t(14;16)

― Deletion 17q13 (p53 mutation)

― Gain of 1q21

― Non-hyperdiploid

― 22q deletions

• Poor prognosis features

Cytogenetics, as I mentioned before, is important. The lesion 13, the lesion 17 among these that you see are important prognostic features…

La citogenética es importante. Deleción 13, deleción 17, son algunas de las características importantes del pronóstico...

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Combining ISS Stage and Chromosomal Abnormalities on Survival Outcomes in Multiple Myeloma

IMWG Analysis

Genetic Abnormalities

4-Year Estimated OS

Minus vs. Plus Abnormality

Log Rank

P Value

Any 73% vs. 57% <.0001

t(4;14)

ISS I

ISS2

ISS3

64% vs. 36%

81% vs. 52%

63% vs. 30%

44% vs. 22%

<.0001

<.0001

<.0001

<.007

Del 17

ISS I

ISS2

ISS3

68% vs. 44%

81% vs. 64%

68% vs. 42%

48% vs. 28%

<.0001

<.020

<.0001

<.020

a. ISS I or ISS2, normal FISH 193/610 deaths (76%)

a vs. b <.0001

a vs. c <.0001

b vs. c <.0001

b. ISS I + abnormal FISH / ISS III +

normal FISH

140/252 deaths (52%)

c. ISS II or ISS III + abnormal FISH 146/196 deaths (32%)

Adapted from: Avet-Loiseau H et al. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2009 114: Abstract 743and Avet-Loiseau H. et al. Blood 2007 109:3489

….such that they have been combined with the international staging system. And this is a recent presentation with a combination of these two models that is a better predictor of how the patients will do at four years in terms of survival.

...que se han combinado con el sistema de estadificación internacional. Esta es una presentación reciente con una combinación de estos dos modelos y predice mejor cómo será la supervivencia de los pacientes a cuatro años.

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Summary

• Hematologic malignancies are quite diverse

in their presentation and diagnosis

• Tools are available to assist in diagnosis,

staging and determining prognosis for each

hematologic malignancy

So, in summary, I have described the principle hematologic malignancies. As you see, they are quite diverse in their presentation and diagnosis. We have available ever-increasing tools to assist in diagnosis and staging. And we have developed newer models to try to help determine prognosis and arrange --- and decide what therapy is best according to the different subgroups. I hope this will help you evaluate patients who present in any of these presentations. And this concludes my talk. I hope that you have enjoyed the lecture and we welcome your feedback. Thank you.

Para resumir, hemos descrito las principales neoplasias hematológicas que, como vimos, son muy diversas en cuanto a su presentación y diagnóstico. Contamos cada vez con más herramientas para ayudarnos con el diagnóstico y la estadificación. Hemos desarrollado nuevos modelos para ayudar a determinar el pronóstico y decidir qué tratamiento es el mejor de acuerdo con los diferentes subgrupos. Espero que esto le ayude a evaluar pacientes que presenten cualquiera de estas condiciones. Esto concluye mi charla. Espero que le haya agradado esta disertación y agradeceremos sus comentarios. Gracias.