read, re-tweet, revolt: an investigation into social media as agents of socio-political change
TRANSCRIPT
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Vinj% Vi-zqiiz% Viskez
No bosiwzbanzbko bozk wkgbne mijbn nw naiozw kc wkgbk-|kebzbgne g`noai/
Jnobie Gvnooir
No MN \vkdigz wyfmbzzij zk z`i Yobsivwbzr kc Aekygiwzivw`bvi bo nggkvjnogi qbz` z`i
vi~ybvimiozw kc z`i jiavii kc MN Mijbn noj Gvinzbsi Ioziv|vbwi
bo z`i Cngyezr kc Mijbn% Nvz noj Zig`okekar
Qkvj Gkyoz4 >2%12>/
Ji|nvzmioz kc Gkmmyobgnzbkow noj Mijbn \vkjygzbko% Wi|zimfiv 6>/
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Nfwzvngz
Wkgbne mijbn nvi kc avkqboa bm|kvznogi bo gkozim|kvnvr wkgbizr/ Nw z`i jbabzne jbsbji
gkozboyiw zk jbmbobw` ing` rinv% no isiv-bogvinwboa oymfiv kc Bozivoiz ywivw njk|z wkgbne
mijbn nw bowzvymiozw kc gkmmyobgnzbko noj bockvmnzbko jbwwimbonzbko/ Bo eba`z kc z`i
yoviwz bo z`i Mbjjei Inwz noj Okvz` Ncvbgn% bo q`bg` wkgbne mijbn qivi |viwymij fr mnor
zk `nsi fiio bowzvymiozne% z`bw z`iwbw bosiwzbanziw z`i |kziozbne ckv z`iwi zkkew zk wzbmyenzi
wkgbk-|kebzbgne g`noai/
Bo kvjiv zk nggyvnzier yojivwznoj z`i vkei kc wkgbne mijbn jyvboa zbmiw kc wkgbk-|kebzbgne
bowznfbebzr% vieisnoz ngnjimbg ebzivnzyvi bw visbiqij noj nwwiwwij/ Bo njjbzbko zk z`bw%
|vbmnvr viwinvg` bw gkojygzij% bo q`bg` ~yiwzbkoonbviw% gkm|eizij fr n oymfiv kc wkgbne
mijbn ywivw ekgnzij bo nvinw nccigzij fr yoviwz bo 6>% nvi nonerwij/
Z`bw viwinvg` |vkjygiw n oymfiv kc hir cbojboaw4 Z`i snwz mndkvbzr kc ywivw gkowbjiv
wkgbne mijbn zk fi iccigzbsi si`bgeiw kc gkmmyobgnzbko qbz` q`bg` avky|w gno kvanobwi
z`imwiesiw noj gkkvjbonzi qbz` n jiavii kc iccbgbiogr z`nz bw jbccbgyez zk ng`bisi fr
nezivonzbsi minow8 Wkgbne mijbn nvi gkojybzw kc bockvmnzbko z`nz kcciv ywivw z`i k||kvzyobzr
zk ipivz avinz boceyiogi ksiv z`i qnrw bo q`bg` onvvnzbsiw nvi gkowzvygzij8 Wkgbne mijbn
zkkew jk okz bozvbowbgneer cnskyv gbzbtiow kv nyz`kvbzbiw% noj vnz`iv% z`ir wbm|er kcciv
wy||kvz zk q`kmisiv yzbebwiw z`im mkwz iccigzbsier/
Z`i mnbo gkogeywbkow jvnqo cvkm z`bw viwinvg` nvi z`nz z`i wyggiww kc gbzbtiow bo w`n|boa
z`i onvvnzbsi kc z`i yoviwz `nw viwyezij bo no ipnaaivnzbko kc z`i |kqiv noj wbaobcbgnogi kc
wkgbne mijbnw boceyiogi/ Wkgbne mijbn nvi okz bojbw|iowbfei% noj q`bei z`ir mkwz givznboer
jbj |enr bm|kvznoz vkeiw bo z`i isiozw% z`ir qivi jigbjijer wigkojnvr/ Z`bw z`iwbw nvayiw
ckv cyvz`iv bosiwzbanzbkow bozk z`i qinhoiwwiw noj syeoivnfbebzbiw z`nz viojiv wkgbk-|kebzbgne
iosbvkomiozw wywgi|zbfei zk g`noai/
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ZNFEI KC GKOZIOZW
BOZVKJYGZBKO ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>
G@N\ZIV >4 ISIVRZ@BOA BW G@NOABOA
ZIG@OKEKAR% GKMMYOBGNZBKO NOJ WKGBIZR ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////1
G@N\ZIV 64 WZVIOAZ@ BO OYMFIVWGKK\IVNZBKO% GKEENFKVNZBKO NOJ GKEEIGZBSI BOZIEEBAIOGI ///////////////////////////>9
G@N\ZIV 74 Z@I KPRAIO KC Z@I MKJIVO NAI;
BOCKVMNZBKO% ZIG@OKEKAR% NOJ \KEBZBGNE NGZBKO ////////////////////////////////////////////////66
G@N\ZIV :4 MIZ@KJKEKAR
:/> - DYWZBCBGNZBKO CKV VIWINVG@ /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////7
:/6/> - BOZVKJYGZBKO ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////7>
:/6/6 - VIWINVG@ JIWBAO //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////76
:/6/7 - \VKGIWW KC WNM\EI WIEIGZBKO ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////71
G@N\ZIV 94 CBOJBOAW
9/> - BOZVKJYGZBKO ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////:
G@N\ZIV 34 CBOJBOAW
WKGBNE MIJBN NW SBVZYNE FNZZEIAVKYOJW ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////:2
G@N\ZIV 14 GKOGEYWBKO //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////91FBFEBKAVN\@R //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////3:
N\\IOJBGIW
> - BOCKVMNZBKO NFKYZ WZYJR NOJ BOWZVYGZBKOW CKV YIWZBKOONBVI ////////////////17
6 - WNM\EI GK\R KC ^YIWZBKOONBVI //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////1:
KVBABONE GK\BIW KC ^YIWZBKOONBVIW NW GKM\EIZIJ FR \NVZBGB\NOZW
7 - N@MNJ A@NVFIBN ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////13
: - N@MIJ NE KMVNO ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////12
9 - N@MIJ CKYJN /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////0>
3 - NMF MKOIBF ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////0:
1 - JNSBJ JIAOIV ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////01
0 - JBON FNZW@KO ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////2< BWWNOJV IE NMVNOB //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////23
>> MK@NMMNJ NE^N^ //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////20
>6 ONWIV ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>7 KEN IEBQNZ /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>
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>: VKFN NE-NWWB //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>
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>
Bozvkjygzbko
Ko z`i mkvoboa kc Jigimfiv >1 z`% 6f% Xkoeboi]"/ Bocyvbnzij fr z`i gkocbwgnzbko kc `bw qiba`boa wgneiw noj z`i
`insr cboi `i `nj vigibsij z`nz mkvoboa ckv zvnjboa beeianeer% noaivij fr n wyfwi~yioz
|`rwbgne nezivgnzbko qbz` n cimnei |kebgi kccbgiv (z`i jiznbew kc q`bg` `nsi mkwz givznboer
figkmi z`i wyfdigz kc ipnaaivnzbko noj imfvkbjivr" (Jnr% 6>% Xkoeboi]"% cvywzvnzij fr
z`i vicywne kc kccbgbnew nz z`i ekgne myobgb|nebzr kccbgiw zk `inv `bw avbisnogiw% noj enghboa
bo nor minow fr q`bg` `i gkyej gkozboyi zk wy||kvz `bw cnmber cbonogbneer% Fkyntbtb
|vkgiijij zk jkywi `bmwiec bo cyie noj wiz `bmwiec neba`z bo cvkoz kc n gvkqj kc koekkhivw%
kyzwbji z`i |vksbogbne fybejboa/ Yofihokqowz zk Fkyntbtb noj `bw cnmber% z`i Zyobwbno
nyz`kvbzbiw% kv z`i mbeebkow q`k qkyej `inv kc `bw jicbnogi ksiv z`i ckeekqboa qiihw noj
mkoz`w% z`i |vkziwz qkyej |vksi zk fi jii|er wrmfkebg% nw bz qkyej baobzi z`i |nwwbkow kc
z`i Zyobwbno |k|yenzbko% noj% bo zyvo% w|nvh z`i yoviwz z`nz qkyej ioayec z`i Mbjjei Inwz
noj Okvz` Ncvbgn z`vkya`kyz 6>/
Fkyntbtb qnw fr ok minow z`i cbvwz |ivwko wk jii|er jbwwnzbwcbij qbz` z`i wkgbk-|kebzbgne
noj igkokmbg wznzyw ~yk nw zk viwkvz zk wiec-bmmkenzbko nw n ckvm kc |vkziwz (Fbaaw% 6
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@kqisiv% |nwz bowznogiw `nsi okz w|nvhij y|vknv ko z`i wgnei z`nz qi `nsi wiio bo z`i
Nvnf qkvej z`bw rinv/ Z`i w`iiv mnaobzyji kc z`i isiozw z`nz ckeekqij% fyz qivi okz
oigiwwnvber jbvigzer gnznerwij fr Fkyntbtbw ip|viwwbko kc jbwgkozioz% vi~ybvi n z`kvkya`
bosiwzbanzbko bozk `kq% noj q`r% wyg` n wznzi kc yoviwz gkyej |vkebcivnzi z`vkya`kyz z`i
viabko zk wyg` no bogvijbfei jiavii% noj nz wyg` vn|bj w|iij/
Vi|kvzw wyaaiwz z`nz bo z`i jnrw bmmijbnzier ckeekqboa Fkyntbtbw jvnmnzbg jimkowzvnzbko
nanbowz z`i viabmi kc \viwbjioz Tboi Ie Nfbjboi Fio Neb (Viyzivw% 6% Xsbjik koeboi]" ckv `ie|boa z`im zk kvanobwi z`i
isiozw% qbz` koi Iar|zbno gky|ei akboa nw cnv nw zk onmi z`ibv oiqfkvo jnya`ziv
Cngifkkh (Wkfkzhn% 6>% Xkoeboi]" bo `kmnai zk z`i wkgbne oizqkvhboa abnoz/ Isiozw
wyg` nw z`bw givznboer wyaaiwzij zk wkmi z`nz wkgbne mijbn qivi |enrboa n vkei bo z`i isiozw
z`nz w`kyej okz% noj nvaynfer gkyej okz% fi baokvij (@nvzeir \nvhbowko% 6>% Xkoeboi]8
Mngmbeeno% 6>% Xkoeboi]"/ Nw fkz` \viwbjioz Fio Neb kc Zyobwbn% noj \viwbjioz Myfnvnh
kc Iar|z qivi isiozyneer ksivz`vkqo% bz wiimij ekabgne zk nggvijbz z`ibv vimksne zk wkgbne
mijbn% nw z`ibv qbjiw|vinj ywi qnw z`i mkwz kfsbkyw gkmmko cngzkv bo fkz` gkyozvbiw nz
z`i zbmi z`nz z`bw g`noaij kggyvvij/
Wyg` dyjamiozw qivi gkowbjivij nee z`i mkvi vinwkonfei nw z`i isiozw gkozboyij zk yockej/
Nw yoviwz w|vinj cvkm gkyozvr zk gkyozvr% noj mnvg`iw% jimkowzvnzbkow noj |vkziwzw zkkh
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|engi bo Neaivbn% Rimio% Eifnoko% Dkvjno% Fn`vnbo% \neiwzboi% Bvno% Bvn~% Wrvbn% Ebfrn% no
Mkvkggk nmkoawz kz`ivw% wkgbne oizqkvhboa qifwbziw qivi nqnw` qbz` oiqw y|jnziw%
vymkyvw% jbwgywwbkow noj jifnziw% noj gneew ckv wy||kvz cvkm z`kwi boskesij/ Nw ing` jnr
|nwwij% gbzbtiow noj |vkciwwbkone dkyvonebwzw nebhi% y|eknjij |`kzkavn|`w noj sbjikw zk
mijbn-w`nvboa |enzckvmw% noj nsbj fekaaivw z`vkya`kyz z`i qkvej vi|kvzij ko z`i isiozw%
noj w|igyenzij nfkyz q`nz z`ibv wkgbne% |kebzbgne% igkokmbg noj gyezyvne bm|ebgnzbkow mnr
fi/
Wyg` ipziowbsi ywi kc wkgbne mijbn ansi vbwi zk z`i nwwym|zbko z`nz bz qnw okz koer z`i sivr
vinwko z`i yoviwz `nj znhio |engi% fyz newk z`nz z`ibv ipbwziogi `nj neekqij bz zk w|vinj
nemkwz yo`bojivij (Gnccivzr% 6>% Xkoeboi]"/ N gkmmko onvvnzbsi imivaij cvkm fkz`
zvnjbzbkone mijbn bowzbzyzbkow noj wkgbne mijbn gkmmyobzbiw z`nz `nbeij wkgbne mijbn nw
zvym| gnvjw bo z`i `nojw kc vi|viwwij gbzbtiow/ Mnor genbmij z`nz wkgbne mijbn neekqij
avky|w zk kvanobwi z`imwiesiw noj nvvnoai gkeeigzbsi ngzbko qbz` wyg` inwi noj iccbgbiogr%
noj nz wyg` n avinz |ngi% z`nz nyz`kvbzbiw gkyej okz |kwwbfer mkyoz n jiciowbsi viw|kowi
~ybgh iokya` zk iccigzbsier viwzkvi kvjiv (V`knjw% 6>% Xkoeboi]8 Fkrj% 6>% Xkoeboi]"/
Qbz` z`iwi bwwyiw bo mboj% z`bw ngnjimbg bosiwzbanzbko genvbcbiw z`i vienzbkow`b| fizqiio
wkgbne mijbn noj wkgbk-|kebzbgne bowznfbebzr/ Nw bw oigiwwnvr q`io gkojygzboa nor ngnjimbg
ip|ekvnzbko% |viwym|zbkow w`kyej fi zvinzij qbz` avinz gnyzbko/ Bz bw nee zkk inwr zk |viwymi
z`nz z`i vkei z`nz wkgbne mijbn `nw |enrij bo z`i vigioz yoviwz bw wbaobcbgnoz wbm|er fignywi
bzmnhiw wiowi/ @kqisiv% z`yw cnv% z`ivi `nw fiio sivr ebzzei gkosbogboa isbjiogi zk wyaaiwz
z`nz wkgbne mijbn `nw |ivckvmij nor gkowbjivnfei vkeiw bo z`i vigioz yoviwz% kv z`nz |vkziwzw
noj kz`iv jbwwbjioz ngzbsbzbiw `nsi ng`bisij jbwgivonfei g`noaiw bo z`i wkgbk-|kebzbgne
nzmkw|`ivi/ Bo z`bw viw|igz% bz bw oigiwwnvr zk n||vkng` z`bw bwwyi kfdigzbsier/
Nz z`i zbmi kc qvbzboa% z`i ioj bw mkwz givznboer okz bo wba`z ckv mnor |vk-vickvm ngzbsbwz
mksimiozw bo z`i Mbjjei Inwz noj Okvz` Ncvbgn/ Q`bewz% nw miozbkoij nfksi% nozb-viabmi
ngzbsbwzw bo Iar|z noj Zyobwbn n||inv zk `nsi fiio vienzbsier wyggiwwcye bo z`ibv icckvzw nz
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ng`bisboa wkmi hboj kc wkgbk-|kebzbgne vickvm% z`ivi bw givznboer akkj vinwko zk jkyfz z`i
wyggiww kc z`ibv gkyoziv|nvzw iewiq`ivi bo z`i viabko/
@nvw` aksivomioz gvnghjkqow bo Wrvbn wyaaiwz z`nz cnv cvkm fiboa |kqiveiww zk z`i mba`z
kc z`i oiz-gkooigzij |yfebg% nyz`kvbzbiw nvi gn|nfei kc ip|ekbzboa z`i zvnow|nviogr kc wkgbne
mijbn gkmmyobgnzbko zk nggyvnzier nozbgb|nzi q`io noj q`ivi bowznogiw kc yoviwz nvi wiz
zk znhi |engi% wk nw zk iccbgbiozer jbwvy|z wyg` isiozw/ Bowznogiw kc |kebgi fvyznebzr bo Wrvbn%
nw qiee nw bo mnor kz`iv Nvnf onzbkow% vimboj yw z`nz qi mywz okz oiaeigz z`i fekkjr
gkocebgzw z`nz vnai ko bo z`i wzviizw z`vkya`kyz z`i viabko% bo cnskyv kc zyvoboa zk z`i fnzzeiw
z`nz znhi |engi koeboi fizqiio gbzbtiow noj nyz`kvbzbiw/
Nw zig`okekar `nw jisiek|ij fkz` bo bzw wk|`bwzbgnzbko noj bzw |ivsnwbko bozk isivrjnr ebci%
wg`kenvw `nsi figkmi bogvinwboaer gkogivoij qbz` bzw nccigz noj boceyiogi ko wkgbizne
nccnbvw% |kebzbgne |kebgr% z`i aekfne igkokmr% noj gyezyvi/ Einjboa ngnjimbgw vimnbo
gkeeigzbsier yojigbjij nw zk q`iz`iv kyv bozivngzbko qbz` zig`okekar `nw z`yw cnv `nj
|kwbzbsi vi|ivgywwbkow ckv wkgbk-|kebzbgne jisiek|mioz/ Okzbkow |vk|kwij fr Genr W`bvhr
noj Isaior Mkvktks i|bzkmbwi z`bw jifnzi/ Bo `bw wimbone |yfebgnzbko @ivi Gkmiw
Isivrfkjr4 Z`i \kqiv kc Kvanobtboa Qbz`kyz Kvanobtnzbkow (6
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Bozivoiz gkmmyobgnzbkow% |kwwiww z`i nfbebzr zk cyojnmiozneer z`vinzio z`i nyz`kvbzr kc
|kebzbgne einjivw noj |kebgr-mnhivw% q`bg` bo zyvo iogkyvnaiw jimkgvnzbg |vkaviww/
Bo gkozvnwz zk W`bvhrw |kwbzbko ko z`i jimkgvnzbwboa |kziozbne kc wkgbne mijbn% Mkvktks
znhiw no nezkaiz`iv mkvi gvbzbgne sbiq bo `bw fkkh Z`i Oiz Jieywbko4 Z`i Jnvh Wbji kc
Bozivoiz Cviijkm (6>"/ Nz z`i sivr gkvi kc Mkvktksw nvaymioz ebiw z`i fiebic z`nz z`kwi
q`k |vnbwi wkgbne mijbn nw zig`okekabiw kc cviijkm nvi feboj zk - kv g`kkwi okz zk
nghokqeijai - z`i vinebzr z`nz vnz`iv z`no imnogb|nzboa gbzbtiow cvkm vi|viwwbsi jbgznzkvbne
vyei% wyg` zkkew nvi bo cngz gkyoziv-|vkjygzbsi zk |vk-jimkgvngr ngzbsbwz mksimiozw%
neekqboa nyzkgvnzbg noj nyz`kvbznvbno viabmiw zk vimnbo cbvmer iozviog`ij bo |kqiv/ Q`bei
Mkvktks jkiw okz ip|ebgbzer vicyzi W`bvhrw genbm z`nz Bozivoiz zig`okekabiw cngbebznzi
avky| gkkvjbonzbko% `i bm|ebiw z`nz z`i |vkcbgbiogr qbz` q`bg` nyz`kvbzbiw `nsi zyvoij
Bozivoiz gkmmyobgnzbko jisbgiw bozk bowzvymiozw kc wyvsibeenogi% viojivw z`i n|zbzyji kc
avky|w zk qkvh zkaiz`iv noj gkk|ivnzi qbz` koi nokz`iv bo kvjiv zk qbiej |kebzbgne ckvgi% nw
wkmiq`nz k|zbmbwzbg noj ngnjimbg/
Z`i yoviwz bo z`i Mbjjei Inwz noj Okvz` Ncvbgn |viwiozw yw qbz` z`i k||kvzyobzr zk ziwz z`i
`r|kz`iwiw |yz ckvqnvj fr W`bvhr noj Mkvktks% noj z`kwi kc mnor kz`iv ngnjimbg
nyz`kvw% nanbowz vigioz noj vieisnoz isiozw/ Z`i kfdigzbsiw kc z`bw |bigi nvi zk bjiozbcr z`i
vkeiw |enrij fr wkgbne mijbn zkkew bo z`i vigioz yoviwz8 zk yojivwznoj zk q`nz ipzioz z`iwi
zig`okekabiw `nsi boceyiogij noj zvnowckvmij z`i wkgbk-|kebzbgne iosbvkomiozw qbz`bo z`i
gkyozvbiw nccigzij8 zk ving` qbjiv gkogeywbkow vianvjboa z`i wbaobcbgnogi kc wkgbne mijbn bo
gkozim|kvnvr wkgbizr8 noj zk yojivwznoj q`nz z`i cyzyvi bm|ebgnzbkow kc z`iwi zkkew mnr fi
ckv wkgbk-|kebzbgne |vkaviww/
N z`kvkya` visbiq kc z`i ipbwzboa vieisnoz ebzivnzyvi jbvigzer ckeekqw z`bw bozvkjygzbko/ Bo
z`bw ipnmbonzbko% ngnjimbg mnzivbnew gkogivoboa z`i vienzbkow`b| fizqiio zig`okekar%
gkmmyobgnzbko noj wkgbizr% z`i |kziozbne bozieebaiogi noj |kqiv kc avky|w noj oizqkvhw%
noj z`i boceyiogi kc bockvmnzbko noj zig`okekar ko |kebzbgne ngzbko nvi gvbzb~yij% wk nw zk
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bjiozbcr noj nwwiww z`i wzvioaz`w noj bonji~yngbiw kc viwinvg` z`nz `nw fiio gkojygzij y|
yozbe z`bw |kboz/
Wyfwi~yiozer% z`i miz`kjkekar g`n|ziv jiznbew z`i kfdigzbsiw noj |vkgijyviw kc z`i
|vbmnvr viwinvg` z`nz qnw gkojygzij nw |nvz kc z`bw |vkdigz/ Z`bw g`n|ziv gkoznbow vinwkow
nw zk q`r bz qnw oigiwwnvr zk gkojygz i-mnbe-njmbobwzivij ~yiwzbkoonbvi-fnwij viwinvg`
qbz` bojbsbjynew ekgnzij bo z`i Mbjjei Inwz noj Okvz` Ncvbgn% nw qiee jbwgywwbkow vianvjboa
z`i fioicbzw noj ebmbznzbkow kc z`bw n||vkng`/
Bo g`n|zivw cbsi noj wbp% fnwij y|ko ~ynebznzbsi jnzn kfznboij cvkm z`i nckvimiozbkoij
|vbmnvr viwinvg`% noj qbz` viciviogi zk ngnjimbg wkyvgiw% z`i cbojboaw kc z`bw wzyjr nvi
jbwgywwij nz eioaz`/ Cboneer% bo njjbzbko zk bjiozbcrboa |nvzbgyenv nvinw z`nz nvi bo oiij kc
cyvz`iv ngnjimbg bosiwzbanzbko% z`i gekwboa g`n|ziv kc z`bw z`iwbw wizw kyz n gkm|vi`iowbsi
wiz kc gkogeywbkow/
Z`bw z`iwbw qbee avinzer gkozvbfyzi zk ngnjimbg hokqeijai vianvjboa z`i koeboi zkkew z`nz
nvi figkmboa bogvinwboaer |visneioz bo n oymfiv kc nw|igzw kc `ymno bozivngzbko/ Yoebhi
mnor ngnjimbg |n|ivw qvbzzio nfkyz wkgbne mijbn% z`bw z`iwbw ckviavkyojw viwinvg` viwyezw
ksiv z`ikvizbgne jifnzi noj nwwivzbko/ Z`i gkm|eipbzr kc z`i isiozw z`nz `nsi znhio |engi bo
z`i MI noj ON `nw absio vbwi zk n qbji vnoai kc gkozvnjbgzboa z`ikvbiw noj gkocebgzboa
k|bobkow vianvjboa z`i wbaobcbgnogi kc wkgbne mijbn bo gkozim|kvnvr wkgbizr/ Z`bw z`iwbw
yoznoaeiw z`bw qif kc gkocywbko% noj jvnqw geinv gkogeywbkow fnwij y|ko cbvm isbjiogi/
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G@N\ZIV KOI4
ISIVRZ@BOA BW G@NOABOA
ZIG@OKEKAR% GKMMYOBGNZBKO # WKGBIZR
Isivrz`boa bw g`noaboa - rky% rkyv cnmber% rkyv oiba`fkv`kkj% rkyv ijygnzbko% rkyv dkf%rkyv aksivomioz% rkyv vienzbko zk &z`i kz`ivw/& Noj z`ir!vi g`noaboa jvnmnzbgneer(MgEy`no noj Cbkvi% >231% |/0"/
Z`i ne|`nfiz% z`i oiqw|n|iv% z`i |vbozboa |viww% z`i ziei|`koi% z`i vnjbk% z`i mkzbko
|bgzyvi gnmivn% z`i zieisbwbko% z`i gkm|yziv% z`i Bozivoiz% z`i Qkvej Qbji Qif/ Z`i
bosiozbko kc ing` kc z`iwi gkmmyobgnzbko zkkew% noj mnor mkvi fiwbjiw% mnvh jbwzbogz
|ivbkjw kc zvnowckvmnzbko bo z`i qnrw z`nz bockvmnzbko bw jbwwimbonzij% noj enoaynai bw
gkowzvygzij noj yojivwzkkj/
Koi oiijw nzzioj zk dywz n fvbic ksivsbiq kc z`i `bwzkvr kc gkmmyobgnzbkow ckv bz zk figkmi
n||nvioz z`nz qbz` ing` mndkv zig`okekabgne jisiek|mioz% z`ivi `nw fiio no i~yneer
wbaobcbgnoz w`bcz bo z`i |vkgiwwiw z`vkya` q`bg` `ymno fiboaw bozivngz qbz` koi nokz`iv%
noj jisiek| bockvmnzbko noj hokqeijai/ @bwzkvbgneer% z`iwi zvnowckvmnzbkow `nsi eij zk z`i
viw`n|boa kc z`i wkgbizne enojwgn|iw zk q`bg` z`i zig`okekabiw qivi bozvkjygij/ Bozivoiz
gkmmyobgnzbkow gkowyeznoz Genr W`bvhr nccbvmw z`i gk-iskeyzbkonvr onzyvi kc zig`okekar%
gkmmyobgnzbkow% noj wkgbizr% jigenvboa% Gkmmyobgnzbko zkkew jkoz aiz wkgbneer
boziviwzboa yozbe z`ir aiz zig`okekabgneer fkvboa (W`bvhr% 6217% Jnobie
Fiee nggyvnzier ckviwnq mndkv zig`okekabgne booksnzbkow isiozyneer viwyezboa bo z`i
jisiek|mioz kc z`i wivsbgi-fnwij igkokmr% noj z`i avkqz` kc |vkciwwbkone noj zig`obgne
kggy|nzbkow (Fiee% >217 gbzij bo Jriv-Qbz`ickvj% >222% |/>1"/
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Z`i jbw|nvbzr fizqiio z`i bozvkjygzbko kc n mndkv oiq zig`okekar noj z`i kowiz kc bzw
wkgbizne boceyiogi% `kqisiv% n||invw zk fi jigvinwboa/ Z`i ip|koiozbne vnzi nz q`bg` z`i
|vbgi-|ivckvmnogi kc Bozivoiz zig`okekabiw - nvaynfer z`i booksnzbkow z`nz `nsi mkwz
mnvhijer nezivij `ymno bozivngzbko bo z`i 6> wz giozyvr - gkozboyiw zk bogvinwi% bojbgnziw
z`nz |vkaviwwbsier mkvi gkm|eip noj |kqivcye zig`okekabiw nvi figkmboa isivmkvi
nggiwwbfei (Hyvtqibe% 6202% |/6:22
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iosbwnaboa grfivw|ngi nw no koeboi wkgbizr z`nz qkyej zvnowgioj vine-qkvej ebmbznzbkow% n
wkgbizr kc cviijkm qbz`kyz nonvg`r% gkozvke qbz`kyz aksivomioz% gkowiowyw qbz`kyz
|kqiv (Eiwwba% 6% Xkoeboi]8 Finweir% 6>% Xkoeboi]8 Fvrnoz% 6>%
Xkoeboi]"/ Wyg` bowznogiw wivsi nw `nvw` vimbojivw z`nz z`i nckvimiozbkoij cviijkm
gyvviozer iodkrij fr Bozivoiz ywivw mnr bo cngz fi n |vbsbeiai z`nz bw fioiskeiozer avnozij
zk z`im% fyz gno fi viskhij nz nor zbmi% fr |kebzbgne nyz`kvbzbiw kv z`kwi z`nz cngbebznzi qif
nggiww/ Q`nz bw mkvi% bo eba`z kc z`iwi vi|kvzw% Akkaei ioaboiiv Zbm Fvnr okzij z`nz dywz nw
z`i Bozivoiz noj z`i qif nvi zkkew ckv gkmmyobgnzbko% z`ir wivsi nw qbojkqw z`vkya`
q`bg` z`i bozivonzbkone gkmmyobzr gno kfwivsi isiozw% zk iowyvi z`nz gbzbtiow nvi okz
mbwzvinzij% wznzboa z`nz nw wkko nw z`i qkvej gnoz ywi z`i oiz zk qnzg`% nqcye z`boaw qbee
wznvz `n||ioboa (Fvnr% 6> gbzij bo Zkkv% 6>% Xkoeboi]"/
Z`i qif bw cnv cvkm wznzbg bo onzyvi% noj q`bewz iccigzbsi miz`kjw kc giowkvw`b|% gkozvke
noj wyvsibeenogi nvi riz zk fi wyggiwwcyeer bm|eimiozij bozk bzw nvg`bzigzyvne gkji% bz bw
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yoebhier z`nz z`bw qbee ckvisiv vimnbo z`i gnwi% noj bowzinj myg` kc z`i ebfivzr |viwioz nz
grfivw|ngiw ckyojboa qbee fi vimksij bo bzw cyzyvi (Eiwwba% 6% Xkoeboi]"/ Z`iwi jisiek|miozw givznboer gnwz jkyfz
y|ko z`i vkmnozbg sbiq `iej fr mnor z`nz z`i koeboi w|`ivi w`kyej% noj qbee% vimnbo z`i
enwz cvkozbiv ckv zvyer cvii w|iig`% n hboj kc aioivnebtij ebfivznvbno `nsio (Wnmyie%
6202"% nvaymiozw ckv z`i
jizvbmiozne wkgbne iccigzw kc Bozivoiz nokormbzr nvi i~yneer gkosbogboa/ Fnwij y|ko z`i
wy||kwbzbko z`nz nggkyoznfbebzr ckv koiw ngzbkow iowyviw gbsbe noj viw|kowbfei fi`nsbkyv%
Neipnojvn Wnmyie jigenviw4
Nokormbzr fvboaw kyz z`i qkvwz bo |ik|ei fr neekqboa z`im zk isnji z`i gkowi~yiogiw kc z`ibv w|iig` kv ngzbkow/ Nokormbzr |vigeyjiw minoboacye w|iig` fignywi bz mnhiw bzbm|kwwbfei zk dyjai z`i boziviwzw kv mkzbsiw kc z`i w|inhiv (Wnmyie% 69"/
Bwwyiw vianvjboa z`i nyz`iozbgbzr kc bockvmnzbko newk nvbwi q`io gkowbjivboa z`i gkozipz bo
q`bg` gkmmyobgnzbko znhiw |engi sbn oiq mijbn zig`okekabiw/ Dywz nw Bozivoiz ywivw gno
|nvzbgb|nzi bo oiz-mijbnzij ngzbsbzbiw nokormkywer% z`ir gno njk|z cbgzbkone koeboi
bjiozbzbiw% kv mnw~yivnji nw vine-qkvej bojbsbjynew% qbz` avinz inwi/ Nw bz bw nee fyzbm|kwwbfei zk sivbcr z`i bjiozbzbiw kc mnor kc z`kwi qbz` q`km koi gkmmyobgnziw ko z`i
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Bozivoiz% z`iipzioz zk q`bg` zvywzqkvz`r noj nggyvnzi bockvmnzbko gno fi jbwzboaybw`ij
noj wgviioij cvkm mbweinjboa% cnewi% mbwwkyvgij bockvmnzbko (V`iboakej% 6% ||/>:->9"/
\nvbwiv akiw ko zk genbm cbeziv fyffeiw bm|iji z`i gvinzbsbzr noj booksnzbko z`nz kczio nvbwi
cvkm z`i gkeebwbko kc bjinw cvkm jbccivioz jbwgb|eboiw noj gyezyviw (\nvbwiv% 6>% |/>9"/
Q`nz bw mkvi% `i gkoziojw z`nz z`i gkm|eipbzr noj iokvmbzr kc z`i aekfne |vkfeimw z`nz
gyvviozer cngi `ymnobzr `nsi wyv|nwwij z`i gkm|vi`iowbko kc bojbsbjynew% noj vi~ybvigkeenfkvnzbko nmkoawz mimfivw kc envai noj jbsivwi oizqkvhw/ Z`i jbsivwbzr kc z`iwi
oizqkvhw bw% fr \nvbwivw ekabg% avinzer z`vinzioij fr z`i imivaiogi kc cbeziv fyffeiw% nw z`i
nfbebzr ckv ywivw zk fybejfvbjaboa gn|bzne (\yzonm% 63->1" bw
wisivier ebmbzij/
Z`i ipzioz z`nz wkmi fiebisi n mbokv winvg` ioaboi cinzyvi wyg` nw bockvmnzbko cbezivboa
gno fi jnmnaboa zk wkgbne jisiek|mioz noj wkgbne gk`iwbko bw vnz`iv wyv|vbwboa% noj
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`ba`eba`zw n oymfiv kc bwwyiw z`nz w`kyej okz fi baokvij/ Nw koeboi ip|ivbiogiw figkmi
isivmkvi |ivwkonebwij% z`i oymfiv kc gkmmko ip|ivbiogiw w`nvij fr gbzbtiow gkyej
|kziozbneer jigvinwi jvnmnzbgneer/ Z`bw% bo zyvo% gkyej `nsi jvnwzbg wkgbne gkowi~yiogiw4
Gkmmko ip|ivbiogiw% bogeyjboa Xz`kwi] mnji |kwwbfei fr z`i mijbn% |vksbji n ckvm kc wkgbne aeyi/ N wrwzim kc gkmmyobgnzbkow z`nz vnjbgneer jbmbobw`iw z`i oymfiv kc wyg`ip|ivbiogiw qbee gvinzi n oymfiv kc |vkfeimw% okz einwz fignywi kc z`i bogvinwi bo wkgbnecvnamioznzbko (Wyowzibo% 6
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`ymno gkmmyobgnzbko% bz newk `nw z`i |kziozbne zk nggiozynzi oianzbsi |nzzivow kc
fi`nsbkv kv isio fvboa nfkyz yockviwiio wkgbne |nz`kekar (Enobiv% 6
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`nsi jbvigz gkowi~yiogi bo z`i kcceboi qkvej kv bw grfiv-g`nzziv jiskbj kc z`i nfbebzr zk
boceyiogi wkgbizr% gyezyvi% z`i igkokmr kv |kebzbgne |kebgr bo z`i vine qkvej;
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G@N\ZIV ZQK4
WZVIOAZ@ BO OYMFIVW
GKK\IVNZBKO% GKEENFKVNZBKO NOJ GKEEIGZBSI BOZIEEBAIOGI
Zkkew nvi dywz zkkew noj qbz`kyz yw `ymnow fiboa wkgbne% w`nvboa% ebwzioboa noj gvinzboaoiq bockvmnzbko% z`io z`ir nvi dywz zkkew (Vnmwir Ziwjiee% ckyojiv kc 1bfiv/gkm gbzij boNe-Tyfnbjb% iz ne/% 6>% |/0:"/
Zk kfdigzbsier jiwgvbfi z`i vigioz yoviwz bo z`i MI noj ON% cvii kc bjikekabgne noj
|kebzbgne fbnw kv |viwy||kwbzbko bw ok wbm|ei znwh% fyz bz bw n oigiwwnvr koi okoiz`ieiww/ Z`i
isiozw nvi ipzvimier gkm|eip noj jbccbgyez zk gkm|vi`ioj ckv n oymfiv kc vinwkow4 z`i
yoviwz z`nz gkozboyiw zk yockej gno fi nzzvbfyzij zk n wiimboaer ebmbzeiww myezb|ebgbzr kc
wkgbne% |kebzbgne noj igkokmbg cngzkvw8 z`i jiavii kc z`i yoviwz snvbiw avinzer cvkm gkyozvr
zk gkyozvr8 no nfyojnogi kc koakboa kvanobwnzbkone |vkgiwwiw nbj fkz` |yfebg gkkvjbonzbko
noj z`i aksivomioz viw|kowiw z`nz `nsi ckeekqij% noj% nz z`i zbmi kc qvbzboa% mnor kc z`i
gkocebgzw vimnbo yoviwkesij/
Ncziv gnvicye jiebfivnzbko% noj mnhboa isivr icckvz zk nskbj z`i ywi kc eknjij kv v`izkvbgne
zivmw% bz bw wyccbgbioz zk jicboi z`i koakboa isiozw nwz`i jiwznfbebwnzbko kc wkgbne% igkokmbg
noj |kebzbgne wzvygzyviw viwyezboa cvkm envai-wgnei |yfebg ip|viwwbkow kc jbwwnzbwcngzbko nz
jbw`nvmkobkyw gbzbtio-nyz`kvbzr vienzbkow`b|w noj kz`iv |ivgibsij bodywzbgiw/ Nz z`i sivr
gkvi kc z`i yoviwz nvi z`i ziow kc z`kywnojw kc gbsbebnow z`nz `nsi znhio zk z`i wzviizw kc
wisivne gkyozvbiw z`vkya`kyz z`i MI noj ON bo |vkziwz% zk |yfebger ip|viww z`ibv jbwgkozioz
nz |kebzbgne gkvvy|zbko% avkqboa yoim|ekrmioz% jbgznzkvbne vi|viwwbko% giowkvw`b| kc
bockvmnzbko noj gkmmyobgnzbko% noj cbonogbne bmfnenogiw% nmkoawz kz`iv cngzkvw/
Nw z`i ~ykznzbko nz z`i fiabooboa kc z`bw g`n|ziv bm|ebiw% fickvi jbwgywwboa WM zkkew bo
zivmw kc z`ibv nfbebzr zk ngz nw naiozw kc wkgbk-|kebzbgne g`noai% bz bw bm|kvznoz zk cbvwz
njjviww z`i |kziozbne bozieebaiogi noj |kqiv kc z`i bojbsbjynew noj avky|w z`nz yzbebwi z`iwi
mkjivo gkmmyobgnzbko zig`okekabiw/
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Zqk beeywzvnzbsi ipnm|eiw wznoj nz z`i ckvicvkoz kc nee bosiwzbanzbkow bozk z`i gkeeigzbsi
bozieebaiogi kc avky|w/ Z`i cbvwz bw znhio cvkm Dnmiw WyvkqbighbwZ`i Qbwjkm kc Gvkqjw
(6066-
>2>>"% n myezbjbwgb|ebonvr wgbiozbwz noj noz`vk|kekabwz/ Wyvkqbighb qvbziw kc Anezkow
nwzkobw`mioz q`io% jyvboa n sbwbz zk gkyozvr cnbv% n gvkqj kc |ik|ei nggyvnzier ayiwwij z`i
qiba`z kc no kp/ Q`bewz mnor bojbsbjynew boskesij kccivij qbejer bonggyvnzi iwzbmnzbkow%
z`i mijbno nsivnai kc z`i gkmfboij n||vkpbmnzbkow kc z`i avky|% |vkjygij no
nwzkyojboaer |vigbwi gkeeigzbsi iwzbmnzi4
Anezko wzymfeij ko z`i wbm|ei% fyz |kqivcye% zvyz` z`nz avky|w nvi vimnvhnferbozieebaioz% noj nvi kczio wmnvziv z`no z`i wmnvziwz |ik|ei bo z`im Isio bc mkwz kc z`i|ik|ei qbz`bo n avky| nvi okz iw|igbneer qiee-bockvmij kv vnzbkone% bz gno wzbee ving` ngkeeigzbsier qbwi jigbwbko (Wyvkqbighb% 6
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einj zk no nsivnai bogvinwi bo nvzbgei ~ynebzr (Qbehbowko% noj @yfivmno% 6>% Xkoeboi]"/
I~yneer% nw z`i oymfiv kc |enrivw bo n avky| bogvinwiw% wk jkiw z`i nggyvngr noj sneyi kc
z`i bockvmnzbkone-kyz|yz z`ir |vkjygi/
Myg` ebhi z`i kz`iv ipnm|eiw kccivij nfksi% z`i jigiozvnebwij wzvygzyvi kc Qbhb|ijbn% noj
z`i ~ynebzr kc z`i bockvmnzbko bzw gkozvbfyzkvw gkeenfkvnzbsier |vkjygi% bw ziwznmioz zk z`i
myezbcngizij gn|nfbebzbiw kc z`i wiec-kvanobwboa gkeeigzbsi/ Nz einwz |nvz kc z`i wyggiww
ng`bisij fr avky|w q`io z`ir nvi |viwiozij qbz` n znwh kv k||kvzyobzr gno fi nwgvbfij zk
z`i yomnonaij jbsbwbko kc enfkyv (W`bvhr% 61"/ Bo z`i gnwi kc Qbhb|ijbn % z`bw
wrwzim bw `ba`er iccbgbioz% nw gkozvbfyzkvw nvi viwinvg`ivw% qvbzivw% ijbzkvw noj |vkkcvinjivw%
noj gno w`bcz fizqiio z`iwi vkeiw qbz` avinz inwi noj nfwkeyzi cviijkm/ @kqisiv% z`i znwhw
cngij fr |kebzbgne ngzbsbwz avky|w nvi nvaynfer cnv mkvi gkm|eip z`no z`kwi cngij bo Anezko
noj Gnv|iozivw noigjkziw% kv fr z`i ywivw kc Qbhb|ijbn /
N wbaobcbgnoz gvbzbgbwm kc z`ikvbiw kc gkeeigzbsi bozieebaiogi noj oizqkvhij gkk|ivnzbko bw
z`nz q`io z`ir nvi n||ebij zk gkozim|kvnvr wkgbizr% qbz` vianvjw zk |kebzbgne ngzbko% z`ibv
cenqw figkmi n||nvioz/ Q`bewz gkeeigzbsi gkk|ivnzbko bw bo z`ikvr n |kqivcye ckvgi% bz
qkyej fi gnvieiww zk baokvi z`i bwwyiw z`nz nvbwi q`io aksivomioz bozivsiozbko% giowkvw`b|
kc bockvmnzbko% noj jbwvy|zbko zk z`i g`nooiew kc gkmmyobgnzbko yzbebwij fr z`i avky|w%
z`vinzio zk jbwzyvf% kv jivnbe nezkaiz`iv z`i wyggiww kc z`i avky| bo gkm|eizboa z`ibv
kfdigzbsi (jbwgywwij bo g`n|ziv z`vii"/
@ba`eba`zboa z`bw gvbzbgbwm% `kqisiv% bw okz zk wyaaiwz z`nz avky|w nvi yonfei zk ksivgkmi
kfwzngeiw z`nz nvi |engij fickvi z`im% fyz qi mywz vimimfiv z`nz mnor ipzivone cngzkvw
mywz fi znhio bozk nggkyoz fickvi qi nwwymi z`nz nor absio znwh gno fi gkm|eizij
iccbgbiozer noj qbz`kyz bwwyi% fr qnr kc gkeenfkvnzbko noj gkk|ivnzbko/ Z`vkya`kyz >202%
ckv ipnm|ei% n wivbiw kc wmnee mnvg`iw bo z`i Inwz Aivmno gbzr kc Eib|tba fekwwkmij bozk
envai-wgnei jimkowzvnzbkow nanbowz aksivomioz `insr-`nojijoiww noj gkvvy|zbko bo z`i
Aivmno Jimkgvnzbg Vi|yfebg (AJV"/ Fr z`i zbmi nyz`kvbzbiw g`kwi zk bozivsioi% ziow kc
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z`kywnojw kc gbsbebnow qivi viayenver znhboa |nvz bo z`i mnvg`iw% gneeboa ckv z`i ioj kc z`i
AJV/ Nw z`i rinv jviq zk n gekwi% z`ibv qbw`iw qivi avnozij% nw z`i iozbvi aksivomioz
viwbaoij cvkm |kqiv% noj z`i Fivebo Qnee fiano zk fi jbwnwwimfeij/ Q`bewz W`bvhrw
wkmiq`nz wznvvr-irij ji|bgzbko kc z`iwi isiozw (W`bvhr% 6->3:" bw isbjiogi kc
n `ba`er mkzbsnzij noj bozieebaiozer wiec-kvanobwij avky| boceyiogboa mndkv wkgbk-|kebzbgne
vickvm% oymivkyw isiozw fkz` |vigijboa noj ckeekqboa z`i jbwwkeyzbko kc z`i AJV wyaaiwz
z`nz mnor kz`iv cngzkvw |enr bm|kvznoz vkeiw bo cngbebznzboa z`bw g`noai/
N jnmoboa nwwiwwmioz kc z`i gyvvioz wkgbk-|kebzbgne gkojbzbko kc Iar|z% `nw fiio kccivij
fr Fvkqoeii noj Wzng`iv (6>"% q`k |vk|kwi z`nz q`bewz z`i g`noai z`nz `nw kggyvvij bo
z`i gkyozvr n||invw jvnwzbg nz cbvwz aenogi% bz bw envaier gkwmizbg noj ckv z`i mkwz |nvz%
bvvieisnoz/ Q`iz`iv z`i viwyezw kc mnww gkeenfkvnzbko nvi nw z`i |nvzbgb|nozw boziojij
(q`bg` bo bzwiec gneew zk mboj bwwyiw vianvjboa q`iz`iv z`i boziozbkow kc bojbsbjynew qbz`bo
z`i avky| nvi `nvmkobkyw qbz` z`i avky| kfdigzbsi"% no bm|kvznoz ~yiwzbko vimnbow4 q`nz
jvbsiw |ik|ei zk dkbo zkaiz`iv noj gkeenfkvnzi bo z`i cbvwz |engi; Z`i |ivgibsij bodywzbgiw
miozbkoij nz z`i fiabooboa kc z`bw g`n|ziv givznboer nggkyoz ckv wkmi kc z`i mkzbsnzbko qi
wii isbjioz bo |kebzbgne ngzbsbwz avky|w% fyz bz `nw fiio nvayij z`nz% gkozvnvr zk q`nz
gkm|izbzbko-fnwij mkjiew kc fbkekabgne iskeyzbko wyaaiwz% z`i ziojiogr ckv bojbsbjynew zk
nwwimfei bozk avky|w bw boonzi bo `ymno fiboaw (V`iboakej% 6
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w`nvi kc z`i wznhiw/ Oymivkyw gvkww-gyezyvne igkokmbg wzyjbiw ckyoj z`nz z`i mndkvbzr kc
bojbsbjynew wzyjbij k|zij zk |yobw` kz`ivw q`kwi |vk|kwnew z`ir jiimij zk fi yocnbv%
jiw|bzi bogyvvboa n |ivwkone gkwz (@iovbg`% 6
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vienzbkow`b|w kc z`i |enrivw bo nor absio oizqkvh nvi z`i gk`iwbsi ~ynebzbiw z`nz fboj
avky|w zkaiz`iv% noj mkzbsnzi z`im zk ioanai bo gkk|ivnzbsi fi`nsbkyvw4
N oizqkvh bw n avky| kc bojbsbjyne naiozw q`k w`nvi bockvmne okvmw kv sneyiw/// Z`i okvmwnoj sneyiw iogkm|nwwij yojiv z`bw jicbobzbko gno ipzioj cvkm z`i wbm|ei okvm kc vigb|vkgbzr w`nvij fizqiio zqk cvbiojw zk z`i gkm|eip sneyi wrwzimw gvinzij fr kvanobtijviebabkow (Cyhyrnmn% >222 gbzij bo Nv~ybeen% noj Vkociejz% 6"/
Nggkvjboa zk einjboa |kebzbgne wgbiozbwz noj njskgnzi kc oko-sbkeioz viwbwznogi% Aioi W`nv|%
n mkzbsnzij% bockvmij% bozieebaioz gbzbtiovr% qbz` n jiavii kc wiec-nqnvioiww kc z`ibv kqo
gn|nfbebzbiw% |kwwiww nee kc z`i ~ynebzbiw oigiwwnvr zk gyvznbe kv jbwwkesi aksivomiozne |kqiv
(W`nv|% >202022
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Isio z`kya` @nfivmnw fiebic z`nz |yfebg jiebfivnzbko bw n giozvne ieimioz kc wkgbne
jisiek|mioz bw bm|kvznoz% z`i mijbym z`vkya` q`bg` z`bw gkmmyobgnzbko kggyvw% `kejw
|iv`n|w nw myg` qkvz` nw z`i gkozioz bz gnvvbiw/ Zk fvknjer jicboi nee ckvmw kc `ymno
bozivngzbko nwgkmmyobgnzbko jkiw okz nji~ynzier vigkaobwi z`i |ivwkone noj wkgbne
gkowi~yiogiw Xz`nz] viwyez cvkm z`i oiq wgnei z`nz bw bozvkjygij bozk kyv nccnbvw fr ing`
ipziowbko kc kyvwiesiw% kv fr nor oiq zig`okekar (MgEy`no% >23:% |/1"/
Bz bw okq geinv z`nz avky|w% fvkya`z zkaiz`iv fr z`i boonzi `ymno bowzbogz zk gkk|ivnzi%
mnboznboij fr myzyne sneyiw noj |ivwkone mkzbsnzbkow% noj im|kqivij fr gkeeigzbsi
bozieebaiogi% nvi |kziozbneer |kqivcye noj jronmbg ckvgiw/ Z`i ckeekqboa g`n|ziv qbee ekkh
gekwier nz `kq z`i wkgbk-|kebzbgne iosbvkomioz mnr fi zvnowckvmij fr z`i mkjivo
gkmmyobgnzbko jisbgiw z`nz ebi bo z`i `nojw kc z`i neqnrw-gkooigzij% zig`okebzivnzi% noj
bogvijbfer |kzioz |yfebg/
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G@N\ZIV Z@VII4
Z@I KPRAIO KC Z@I MKJIVO NAI;
BOCKVMNZBKO% ZIG@OKEKAR NOJ \KEBZBGNE NGZBKO
XBo] z`i ~yboziwwiozbne 6>wz-giozyvr gkocebgz ko koi wbji nvi aksivomioz z`yaw cbvboafyeeizw Xnoj] ko z`i kz`iv wbji nvi rkyoa |vkziwzivw cbvboa zqiizw (Mkvktks% 6>% |/6"/
Bockvmnzbko bw z`i kpraio kc z`i mkjivo nai/ Bz wii|w z`vkya` z`i qneew zk||ij fr fnvfijqbvi% bz qnczw ngvkww z`i ieigzvbcbij fkvjivw (Vkonej Vinano% :202 gbzij bo Qnoa% 6
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fvboaboa nfkyz z`i ioj kc Gkmmyobwz vyei bo z`i gkyozvr (Mkvktks% 6>% ||/pb-pbb"/
Isaior Mkvktks wyaaiwzw z`nz z`i cneengr bo z`bw ekabg ebiw bo bzw cnbeyvi zk nghokqeijai z`i
vkei kc wzvygzyvne gkojbzbkow noj z`i bo`ivioz gkozvnjbgzbkow (Bfbj/% |/pbb" z`nz yojivmboi
z`i wywznbonfbebzr kc gekwij wkgbizbiw noj nyz`kvbznvbno viabmiw/
Z`kya` kczio ngnjimbgneer k||kwij zk Mkvktks% Genr W`bvhr wy||kvzw `bw okzbko z`nz cviiv
nggiww zk bockvmnzbko nekoi bw okz wyccbgbioz zk zk||ei jbgznzkvbne viabmiw% fyz wyaaiwzw z`nz
z`i gkmmyobgnzbsi k||kvzyobzbiw |viwiozij fr z`i Bozivoiz noj WM bo |nvzbgyenv% gno
wzbmyenzi jimkgvnzbg |vkaviww4
Nw k||kwij zk z`i wiec-naavnojbtboa sbiq z`nz z`i Qiwz `kejw z`i wkyvgi gkji ckvjimkgvngr - noj bc bz qivi koer mnji nggiwwbfei% z`i vimnboboa nyzkgvnzbg wznziw qkyejgvymfei - Xbz n||invw z`nz] ebzzei |kebzbgne g`noai `n||iow qbz`kyz z`i jbwwimbonzbko nojnjk|zbko kc bjinw noj k|bobkow bo z`i |yfebg w|`ivi/ Nggiww zk bockvmnzbko bw cnv eiwwbm|kvznoz% |kebzbgneer% z`no nggiww zk gkosivwnzbko (W`bvhr% 6>% ||/3-1"/
Bozioz ko giowkvboa% kv nz einwz mkobzkvboa gkmmyobgnzbkow% vi|viwwbsi viabmiw nvi
|viwiozij qbz` n wiz kc gkm|eip g`neeioaiw q`io cngij qbz` gbsbg bozivngzbko fr qnr kc
WM/ Okz yoebhi z`i jbccbgyezbiw cngij fr z`i Gnz`kebg G`yvg` bo z`i >3 z` giozyvr bo
jiciojboa bzwiec nanbowz \vkziwznoz `ivizbgw noj kz`iv viebabkyw jbwwbjiozw% jbgznzkvbne
njmbobwzvnzbkow nvi kczio ckvgij zk viw|koj zk jbwkfijbioz fi`nsbkyv kv gkmmyobgnzbkow
qbz` koi kc zqk gkyvwiw kc ngzbko% oibz`iv kc q`bg` nvi jigbjijer fioicbgbne (Fvbaaw noj
Fyvhi% 6
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mnantboi/ Q`io no koeboi wyfwgvbfiv |vbozij% |`kzkgk|bij noj cnpij z`i nvzbgei zk ksiv n
z`kywnoj kz`iv gbzbtiow% z`ir okz koer im|`nwbwij z`i icckvzw kc z`i aksivomioz zk mnonai
z`i cekq kc bockvmnzbko% fyz newk `ba`eba`zij bzw cyzbebzr bo jkboa wk/ Z`i viwyezw qkyej `nsi
fiio wkmiq`nz eiww jnmnaboa `nj z`i Dkvjnobno nyz`kvbzbiw k|zij zk einsi z`i |vboz nvzbgei
bo gbvgyenzbko (Jiooboa% 6
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iogkyvnaij zk skbgi z`ibv gkogivow vianvjboa igkokmbg bowznfbebzr% fickvi aksivomioz
mimfivw mnji z`i yoywyne jigbwbko zk zyvo z`i zk|bg kc z`i jifnzi zk wkmiz`boa mkvi
cyo (FFG Oiqw% 6>n% Xkoeboi]"% jbvigzboa ywivw zk no koeboi geb| kc z`i mywbg sbjik ckv
Vbgh Nwzeirw >201 wkoa Oisiv Akoon Absi Rky Y|/ Zk wkmi z`bw bw okz`boa mkvi z`no
`nvmeiww cyo% fyz z`i ngz kc Vbghvkeeboa> gno newk fi boziv|vizij nw no nzzim|z fr
nyz`kvbzbiw zk jbwzvngz ywivw cvkm nwhboa nqhqnvj kv jbccbgyez ~yiwzbkow vianvjboa igkokmbg
noj |kebzbgne bwwyiw/
Nw wkgbne jisiek|mioz noj igkokmbg wywznbonfbebzr figkmi bogvinwboaer ji|iojioz y|ko
bozivonzbkone bockvmnzbko zvnowciviogi% bz bw gvygbne z`nz bzw cekq bw okz bo`bfbzij4
Z`i jbgznzkv cbojw `bmwiec bo n jbeimmn Gbzbtiow - q`iz`iv jkgzkvw% fywboiwwmio% kvbosiozkvw - Xmywz] `nsi nggiww zk z`i enziwz wkyvgiw noj ckvmw kc bockvmnzbko bo kvjiv zkgkm|izi bo z`i aekfne mnvhiz|engi (Jnobzt noj Wzvkfie% 677"/
Q`bewz z`i okzbko kc z`i jbgznzkvw jbeimmn njjviwwiw z`i z`vinz z`nz Bozivoiz
gkmmyobgnzbko jisbgiw |kwi zk nyz`kvbznvbno viabmiw% bz w`kyej fi okzij z`nz nzzim|zw zk
|vksi n jbvigz% bvvicyznfei gkvvienzbko fizqiio Bozivoiz giowkvw`b| noj igkokmbg avkqz`
`nsi |vkjygij ~yiwzbkonfei viwyezw (Mkvktks% 6>% |/27"/
Dywz nw z`i Bozivoiz neekqw ckv jbvigz gkmmyobgnzbko nmkoawz mimfivw kc z`i |yfebg% bz
cngbebznziw gkvviw|kojiogi fizqiio gkowzbzyiozw noj z`ibv |kebzbgne vi|viwioznzbsiw/ Zivmij
jbvigz jimkgvngr fr bzw |vkmkzivw noj |eifbwgbznvr jimkgvngr fr bzw jizvngzkvw (Navi%
6 N sbvneer gbvgyenzij koeboi ngzbsbzr bo q`bg` no Bozivoiz ywiv mbweinjw nokz`iv fr |viwiozboa z`im qbz` n`r|iveboh zk wiimboaer vieisnoz qifwbzi% q`bg` qbee bo cngz jbvigz z`i vigb|bioz kc z`i eboh zk n qifwbzigkoznboboa z`i mywbg sbjik miozbkoij nfksi/
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Z`i ipzioz zk q`bg` z`i wyggiww kc WM zkkew nw bowzvymiozw kc wkgbk-|kebzbgne g`noai bw
ji|iojioz y|ko z`i wkgbne gkozipz bo q`bg` z`ir nvi ywij% bw no bwwyi z`nz bw nfwioz cvkm
mnor jbwgywwbkow gkogivoboa z`i boceyiozbne |kqiv kc Bozivoiz zig`okekabiw/ Fickvi z`i
bjin z`nz nor Bozivoiz zkke gno wzbmyenzi wkgbne g`noai gno isio fi iozivznboij% z`i jiavii
zk q`bg` n |kebzbgne wrwzim bw k|io kv syeoivnfei zk |kebzbgne g`noai mywz cbvwz fi
yojivwzkkj (MgNjnm% MgGnvz`r% noj Tnej% >223 gbzij bo Wnmyie% 6
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Q`io koeboi nzznghw nvi gnvvbij kyz nekoawbji vine-qkvej |vkziwzw% z`i oiz bw `nbeij nw n
wkmiq`nz yowzk||nfei ckvgi (Jiooboa% 6 z`nz bz |enow zk bowznee n
|nvneeie% bozivone Bozivoiz oizqkvh - wbmbenv zk z`nz q`bg` bw gyvviozer bo k|ivnzbko bo Gyfn -
bo nee Bvnobno `kmiw fr 67 (V`knjw noj Cnwwb`b% 6>% Xkoeboi]"% noj Okvz` Hkvino
nyz`kvbzbiw ip|ivbmiozboa qbz` n wbmbenv wrwzim% bz bw ekabgne zk |viwymi z`nz mnor kz`iv
gekwij wkgbizr qbee wkko ckeekq wybz/ Nw bz n||invw wbm|er fnooboa z`boaw bw ok ekoaiv n
wkeyzbko (Ne-H`nebcn% 6> gbzij bo V`knjw% 6>% Xkoeboi]" zk gbsbe jbwkvjiv% n vnjbgne vi-
jisiek|mioz kc z`i nvg`bzigzyvi kc z`i koeboi iosbvkomioz wiimw zk fi n mkvi n||ineboa
nezivonzbsi ckv jbgznzkvbne viabmiw/
Qbz` z`bw bogvinwboaer whbeecye ip|ekbznzbko kc oiq zig`okekabiw (Nv~ybeen noj
Vkociejz% 6:" bo mboj% z`i bjin z`nz wkgbizr mnr isiozyneer jiwgioj bozk n
jrwzk|bno wznzi kc zig`ok|ker (\kwzmno% >226% |/6
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gkmmyobgnzi% z`bw bockvmnzbko ckvmw z`i ckyojnzbko kc z`ijbabzne zvnbew(V`iboakej% 6% |/97"% nw ywivw gno wii z`i boziozbkow kc z`ibv
|iivw% noj z`ivickvi dkbo |kebzbgne mksimiozw z`nz z`ir mnr okz kz`ivqbwi `nsi |nvzbgb|nzij
bo/
Kc gkyvwi% q`bewz z`bw gno fi njsnoznaikyw ckv |vk-jimkgvngr mksimiozw% bz bw i~yneer
fioicbgbne ckv z`kwi mkzbsnzij zk jbwwimbonzi bjinew z`nz mnr fi `nvmcye zk jimkgvnzbg
|vkaviww/ Y|ko gkowbjivboa z`i \nvizk |vbogb|ei % kv zk viciv zk bz mkvi n||vk|vbnzier bo z`bw
gnwi nw z`i enq kc z`i ciq (Aenjqiee% 6% X|jc]% |/2" - z`kwi bo |kwbzbkow kc `ba` wkgbne
wznzyw% q`k gno ipivz avinziv boceyiogi bo z`i koeboi iosbvkomioz z`no z`i nsivnai Bozivoiz
ywiv - nvi nvaynfer ipzvimier sneynfei bo nbjboa n |kebzbgne mksimioz bo eiabzbmbwboa bzwiec
nmkoawz z`i |yfebg/ Fr z`bw ekabg% vnz`iv z`no fiboa no iozbvier eisie |enrboa cbiej ko q`bg`
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nee gbzbtiow iodkr z`i wnmi k||kvzyobzbiw% z`i koeboi w|`ivi viceigzw z`i boi~ynebzbiw z`nz
ipbwz qbz`bo z`i kcceboi qkvej/ Wkgbne wznzyw noj vi|yznzbko% z`i wbti kc koiw oizqkvh% z`i
nfbebzr kc z`i bojbsbjyne zk iccigzbsier im|ekr v`izkvbgne noj |ivwynwbsi enoaynai% noj z`i
gkooigzbkow koi `kejw qbz` bojbsbjynew bo hir |kwbzbkow kc |kqiv% nvi% nw bo z`i vine qkvej
(W`nv|% >2022< gbzij bo Jnobzt noj Wzvkfie% 677"/
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G@N\ZIV CKYV4
MIZ@KJKEKAR
:/> Dywzbcbgnzbko ckv Viwinvg`
Z`i nwzkobw`boa vnzi nz q`bg` Bozivoiz zig`okekabiw `nsi njsnogij bo z`i enwz zqiozr-cbsi
rinvw akiw wkmi qnr zk dywzbcrboa nor bosiwzbanzbko bozk z`ibv wkgbne noj |kebzbgne iccigzw/
Z`i bojizivmbonfei |kboz nz q`bg` z`i Qkvej Qif Qif iskesij bozk n vinj+qvbzi |enzckvm
- gkmmkoer vicivvij zk nw z`i wznai nz q`bg` Qif 6/< gnmi zk fi - im|kqivij ywivw qbz`
z`i nfbebzr zk |vkjygi nw qiee nw gkowymi bockvmnzbko-fnwij mnzivbnew% noj mnvhij n
zyvoboa |kboz bo z`i `bwzkvr kc z`i gvinzbko noj gbvgyenzbko kc jnzn noj bockvmnzbko/ Zk
cyvz`iv nvzbgyenzi z`i mnaobzyji kc z`bw jisiek|mioz% qi w`nee viciv zk n wznzimioz cvkm
Akkaei GIK Ivbg Wg`mbjz bo q`bg` `i genbmw z`nz% Isivr zqk jnrw qi gvinzi nw myg`
bockvmnzbko nw qi jbj cvkm z`i jnqo kc gbsbebtnzbko y| yozbe 6
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Q`bewz wznzbwzbgw w`kq z`nz Bozivoiz |ioizvnzbko bw avinziwz - bo zivmw kc z`i |ivgioznai kc
z`i |k|yenzbko z`nz `nsi nggiww zk z`i Bozivoiz - bo Okvz` Nmivbgn% ckeekqij gekwier fr
Kginobn% Nywzvnebn noj Iyvk|i% z`i |ivgioznai avkqz` kc Bozivoiz ywivw bo z`i MI fizqiio
6%201)% z`i wigkoj-`ba`iwz avkqz` kc nor
gkozboioz bo z`nz |ivbkj (Bozivoiz Qkvej Wznzw% 6>n% Xkoeboi]"/ Q`nz bw mkvi% wznzbwzbgw
vianvjboa z`i |ioizvnzbko kc z`i WM n||ebgnzbko Cngifkkh bo z`i MI visine z`nz q`bewz bzw
ywnai ngvkww z`i gkozboioz bw vnz`iv ebmbzij bo gkm|nvbwko qbz` Iyvk|i% Enzbo Nmivbgn noj
Okvz` Nmivbgn% z`ivi qnw n 71/0) bogvinwi bo z`i oymfiv kc Cngifkkh ywivw bo z`i viabko
bo z`i zio mkoz`w fizqiio Nyaywz 6< noj Dyoi 6> (Bozivoiz Qkvej Wznzw% 6>f%
Xkoeboi]"/
Bc bz bw z`i kfebanzbko kc ngnjimbg wzyjr zk bosiwzbanzi noj zvr zk mnhi wiowi kc z`i qkvej bo
q`bg` qi ebsi% z`io bz bw bm|ivnzbsi z`nz isivr icckvz bw mnji zk gkm|vi`ioj z`i iccigzw z`nz
isivmkvi |ivsnwbsi zig`okekabiw gno `nsi ko `ymno bozivngzbko% |vkaviww noj
gkmmyobgnzbko/
:/6 Viwinvg` Jiwbao noj Miz`kjkekar
:/6/> Bozvkjygzbko
Bo no nzzim|z zk yojivwznoj z`i ipzioz kc WMw boceyiogi ksiv wkgbk-|kebzbgne jisiek|mioz%
~ynebznzbsi ~yiwzbkoonbviw qivi wioz zk% noj gkm|eizij fr% n oymfiv kc bojbsbjynew q`k
`nsi ibz`iv |nvzbgb|nzij bo% qbzoiwwij cbvwz-`noj% kv fiio jbvigzer nccigzij fr z`i vigioz
isiozw bo z`i MI/ Cyvz`ivmkvi% z`iwi |nvzbgb|nozw viayenver ywi WM zk ip|viww z`ibv
k|bobkow fr qnr kc feka |kwzw% jbwgyww z`i isiozw qbz` kz`ivw% kv jbwwimbonzi oiqw vi|kvzw/
Bo z`bw g`n|ziv% qi qbee visbiq z`i fioicbzw noj ebmbznzbkow kc z`bw miz`kj kc viwinvg`% noj
dywzbcr q`r z`bw n||vkng` qnw g`kwio nw z`i mkwz iccigzbsi |vkgiww z`vkya` q`bg` zk kfznbo
snebj noj minoboacye viwyezw/ Ckv mkvi bockvmnzbko vianvjboa `kq z`i |nvzbgb|nozw bo z`bw
wzyjr qivi ekgnzij noj wieigzij% |einwi wii wigzbko :/6/7/
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:/6/6 Viwinvg` Jiwbao
Koi kc z`i bobzbne g`neeioaiw z`nz nor viwinvg`iv qbee cngi q`io imfnvhboa y|ko no
bosiwzbanzbsi iojinskyv bw bjiozbcrboa z`i zr|i kc jnzn z`ir `k|i zk kfznbo cvkm z`ibv
viwinvg`/ Q`iz`iv z`i jnzn vi~ybvij bw ~ynebznzbsi kv ~ynozbznzbsi% kv n gkmfbonzbko kc fkz`%
bw envaier gkozboaioz y|ko q`nz bw fiboa wzyjbij/ Nw z`bw |n|iv bw no bosiwzbanzbko bozk z`i
boceyiogi kc wkgbne mijbn zkkew% bz qnw oigiwwnvr zk zvr noj yojivwznoj z`i nzzbzyjiw noj
boziozbkow kc z`kwi q`k ywi z`im/ Z`i |yv|kwi kc ~ynebznzbsi viwinvg` bw okz zk mivier zneer
z`i oymfiv kc bojbsbjynew z`nz `kej n |nvzbgyenv |kboz kc sbiq kv ioanai bo n w|igbcbg
fi`nsbkyv kv ngzbsbzr - nw jk ~ynozbznzbsi minwyviw (Anwhiee% 6
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nj`ivi zk n wzvbgz wzvygzyvi% z`ir iowyvi z`nz% zk wkmi ipzioz% viw|kojiozw k|bobkow kv
z`kya`zw ko w|igbcbg bwwyiw nvi kfznboij/ Q`nz bw mkvi% z`ibv wznojnvjbwij onzyvi
mnpbmbwiw z`i jiavii zk q`bg` viw|kowiw gno fi gkm|nvij (Wieezbt% iz ne% >23: gbzij bo
Wbesivmno% 6
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Z`i bozivone snebjbzr kc ~ynebznzbsi viwinvg` bw wivbkywer z`vinzioij bc z`i bosiwzbanzkv bw okz
gkowgbkywer nqnvi kc jimnoj g`nvngzivbwzbgw (Jnsbiw noj Mkwjiee% 6
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mnoyneer gkm|eizij% z`bw miz`kj neekqw z`i bosiwzbanzkv zk fi cvii kc vkyzboi okzi-znhboa
kv zvnowgvb|zbko gkogivow (Hktboizw% 6>>"% wk nw zk gkogiozvnzi cyeer y|ko z`i
fkjr kc z`i viwinvg` (Bfbj/"/
Z`bw miz`kj mnr `nsi wbaobcbgnoz njsnoznaiw bo zivmw kc bzw |vngzbgnebzbiw% fyz bz newk
gvinziw mnor kz`iv g`neeioaiw ckv z`i viwinvg`iv% wyg` nw bwwyiw vianvjboa nokormbzr%
q`bg` bz qnw bm|ivnzbsi zk njjviww fickvi fiabooboa z`bw viwinvg`/ Nooizzi Mnvh`nm okziw
z`nz z`i mnor oko-sivfne mkjiw kc gkmmyobgnzbko - wyg` nw fkjr enoaynai% cngbne
ip|viwwbkow% noj aioivne mnooivbwmw - z`nz wivsi zk iovbg` z`i bockvmnzbko ipg`noaij bo
~ynebznzbsi bosiwzbanzbkow% nvi nfwioz cvkm z`i sbiq kc z`i viwinvg`iv q`io viwinvg` bw
gkojygzij fr qnr kc koeboi mijbn (Mnvh`nm% >220 gbzij bo Hktboizw% 6>>"/
Mkviksiv% n cyojnmiozne cenq kc oiz-mijbnzij gkmmyobgnzbko bw z`nz q`bewz mnor
nw|igzw kc z`i Bozivoiz nw wkgbne w|ngi nvi okq bozivgkooigzij (Hktboizw% 6>>"%
neekqboa viwinvg`ivw zk gvkww-viciviogi bockvmnzbko cvkm n qbji vnoai kc wkyvgiw% wk nw zk
sivbcr z`i bjiozbzr kc z`i bojbsbjyne qbz` q`km z`ir nvi gkmmyobgnzboa% bz bw vnvi z`nz z`iwi
|vngzbgiw |vkjygiw jicbobzbsi% bvvicyznfei viwyezw (Bfbj/"/ Bo njjbzbko zk im|ekrboa z`i gvkww-
viciviogboa wzvnziar zk q`bg` Hktboizw vicivw% gkvviw|kojiogi qbz` |nvzbgb|nozw qnw
viwzvbgzij zk koi kv zqk g`nooiew kc koeboi gkmmyobgnzbko4 bobzbne gkozngz qnw mnji
jbvigzer z`vkya` z`i |ivwkone fekaw% Zqbzziv |naiw% kv i-mnbew kc |kziozbne |nvzbgb|nozw/
Bjiozbzr sivbcbgnzbko bw n cyojnmiozne vi~ybvimioz q`io gkojygzboa koeboi viwinvg`% fyz bz
bw i~yneer bm|kvznoz zk aynvnozii nee |nvzbgb|nozw z`i k|zbko zk vimnbo nokormkyw (Fivaiv%
6
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Mnvh`nm kfwivsiw nokz`iv okznfei jbwnjsnoznai kc oiz-mijbnzij viwinvg`% wznzboa z`nz
fignywi qvbzboa znhiw myg` ekoaiv z`no znehboa (Mnvh`nm% >220 gbzij bo Hktboizw% 6>>" z`i zbmi znhio ckv viw|kojiozw zk zvnowmbz z`i wnmi nmkyoz kc bockvmnzbko nw z`ir
qkyej bo n sivfne ipg`noai bw gkm|nvnzbsier avinziv q`io gkmmyobgnzij z`vkya` no
koeboi mijbym/ Hktboizw wy||kvzw n wbmbenv bjin% okzboa z`nz bz bw mkvi jbccbgyez ckv
viwinvg`ivw zk iwznfebw` vn||kvz qbz`% noj anbo z`i zvywz kc |nvzbgb|nozw% q`io
gkmmyobgnzbko bw ebmbzij zk fvbic zipz-fnwij ipg`noaiw (Hktboizw% 6>6->>7" bo
g`nz vkkmw noj ko bowznoz-miwwnaboa |vkavnmw/ @i jkiw% `kqisiv% wyaaiwz z`nz gky|eij
qbz` viwinvg`iv aioyboioiww% zvywz-fybejboa noj `invzciez gkociwwbko% i-mnbe
Xgkvviw|kojiogi] gno |vksbji boziviwzboa jbwgekwyvi noj ioeba`ziomioz (Hktboizw%
6>7"/
Cyvz`ivmkvi% i-mnbe bw cnskyvnfei ksiv kz`iv mkjiw kc Bozivoiz gkmmyobgnzbko wyg` nw
bowznoz g`nz |vkavnmw kv g`nz vkkmw% nw wyg` mijbymw zioj zk kcciv z`boX%] vyw`ijX%]
noj wy|ivcbgbne bozivngzbko (Hktboizw% 6
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q`bg` z`i zvnowgvb|zbko noj nvg`bsboa |vkgiwwiw nvi gkm|eizij% nw miozbkoij nfksi% noj
z`i avinz snebjbzr kc z`i viwyezw bz gno |vkjygi% bo gkm|nvbwko qbz` kz`iv ckvmw kc koeboi
gkmmyobgnzbko/
:/6/7 \vkgiww kc Wnm|ei Wieigzbko
Bo kvjiv ckv z`bw viwinvg` zk |vkjygi minoboacye viwyezw% bz qnw cyojnmiozne z`nz nee
|nvzbgb|nozw `nj n wkyoj hokqeijai noj yojivwznojboa kc q`nz WM zkkew nvi% noj `kq zk
ywi z`im/ Nw wyg`% z`bw vi~ybvimioz jbgznzij z`nz nee |nvzbgb|nozw qivi% zk wkmi jiavii%
ywivw kc koi kv mkvi wkgbne mijbym/ Bz mywz fi gkogijij% `kqisiv% z`nz z`bw ebmbzw z`i
n||ebgnzbko kc z`i cbojboaw kc z`bw viwinvg` zk z`kwi qbz` avinz WM ebzivngr% nw z`kwi q`k jk
okz ywi WM zkkew nvi okz nggkyozij ckv/ Z`i gkowi~yiogiw kc z`bw nvi z`nz qi mnr okz anbo
n geinv yojivwznojboa kc z`i vkeiw WM zkkew |enr bo z`i ebsiw kc z`kwi z`nz jk okz ywi z`im/
Mkviksiv% bz qnw bm|kvznoz ckv z`i wnm|ei zk `nsi ip|ivbiogij% fiio boskesij bo% kv `nsi
fiio jbvigzer nccigzij fr wkmi ckvm kc wkgbk-|kebzbgne g`noai/ Q`bewz bojbsbjynew q`k
jiskzi koer n wmnee |kvzbko kc z`i zbmi z`ir w|ioj ywboa WM zk ngzbsbzbiw vienzij zk z`i
vigioz yoviwz nvi ywicye bo wkmi qnrw% bz bw vinwkonfei zk nwwymi z`nz nyz`kvw kc fekaw z`nz
nvi jijbgnzij zk z`i isiozw% noj ywivw kc kz`iv WM q`k nemkwz ipgeywbsier ioanai bo
ngzbsbzbiw vienzij zk |kebzbgw q`bewz koeboi% qbee |kwwiww n mkvi z`kvkya` yojivwznojboa kc
fkz` z`i isiozw bo ~yiwzbko% noj z`i gn|nfbebzbiw kc z`i zkkew z`ir ywi/ Z`iwi vi~ybvimiozw
ak wkmi qnr zk dywzbcrboa z`i wieigzbko kc n wnm|ei kc z`bw hboj% vnz`iv z`no n envaiv% mkvi
vi|viwioznzbsi wnm|ei/
Nw z`i isiozw z`nz `nsi yockejij bo z`i MI noj ON nvi z`i mkwz vigioz bowznogiw kc gbsbe
yoviwz noj wkgbk-|kebzbgne g`noai% bz qnw oigiwwnvr zk n||vkng` z`kwi nccigzij fr z`im% nw
bz bw |viwymij z`ibv vigkeeigzbkow nvi ebhier zk fi mkvi nggyvnzi z`no z`kwi kc bojbsbjynew
q`k mnr `nsi ip|ivbiogij wbmbenv isiozw wkmi zbmi nak/ Bojbsbjynew ekgnzij z`vkya`kyz
z`i Nvnf qkvej qivi gkozngzij% vi~yiwzboa z`ibv |nvzbgb|nzbko% `kqisiv% koer z`kwi bo
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Iar|z% Dkvjno% Wnyjb Nvnfbn noj Wrvbn naviij zk znhi |nvz/ Ckv z`bw vinwko% z`i cbojboaw kc
z`bw wzyjr gnookz fi n||ebij zk z`i iozbvi viabko/
Bo kvjiv zk bjiozbcr vieisnoz fekaw noj ywivw kc wkgbne oizqkvhboa qifwbziw% winvg`iw qivi
mnji kc z`i qifwbziw kc oymivkyw mnbowzvinm Fvbzbw` oiqw bowzbzyzbkow noj oiqw|n|ivw%
bogeyjboa z`i FFG% z`i Zieiavn|` noj z`i Aynvjbno nmkoawz kz`ivw/ Inver i-mnbe
gkosivwnzbkow noj Zqbzziv ipg`noaiw qbz` snvbkyw feka nyz`kvw noj WM ywivw qbz`bo
gkyozvbiw z`nz `nsi qbzoiwwij yoviwz rbiejij envai oymfivw kc ebohw zk z`i qifwbziw kc kz`iv
fekaw noj WM ywivw z`nz qivi vigkmmiojij nw fiboa |kziozbneer sneynfei/
Z`i vi|yznzbko kc z`iwi wkyvgiw nmkoawz z`i |kebzbgne fekaaboa gkmmyobzr qnw no iccigzbsi
minwyvimioz kc `kq ywicye ing` feka% kv bojbsbjyne% qnw ebhier zk fi/ Fekaw qivi wieigzij
fnwij y|ko n oymfiv kc cngzkvw4 z`i viayenvbzr kc y|jnziw8 z`i oymfiv kc ipzivone ebohw
ckyoj z`nz jbvigz Bozivoiz ywivw zk z`i feka cvkm kz`iv wkyvgiw8 z`i eioaz`% noj vieisnogi kc
ing` |kwz8 noj z`i oymfiv kc sbiqw vigibsij/ Z`i wnmi |vbogb|eiw qivi n||ebij zk ywivw kc
wkgbne oizqkvhw% qbz` koi njjbzbkone cngzkv - z`i nmkyoz kc ckeekqivw kv cvbiojw z`i ywiv
`nj ko z`ibv |vkcbei |nai/ Z`bw givznboer |vksbjiw yw qbz` wkmi hboj kc minwyvimioz kc
`kq |k|yenv z`i bojbsbjyne kv z`i feka z`ir vi|viwioz bw% noj `kq sneynfei n wkyvgi kc
bockvmnzbko z`ir nvi gkowbjivij zk fi fr kz`ivw/ Kc gkyvwi% bz bw fr ok minow aynvnoziij
z`nz n feka qbz` n envai% bozivonzbkone vinjivw`b| bw mkvi viebnfei z`no koi qbz` sivr ciq
vinjivw/ Vnz`iv% qi gno nwwymi z`nz n feka z`nz nzzvngzw mnor wyfwgvbfivw jkiw wk fignywi
z`i fekaaboa gkmmyobzr jiimw bz zk fi boziviwzboa% bowba`zcye% z`kya`z |vkskhboa kv
gkoziozbkyw% noj ckv z`bw vinwko bz qnw fiebisij z`nz z`i nyz`kvw kc wyg` fekaw qkyej
|vksbji cnwgbonzboa noj sneynfei nowqivw/
Bo zkzne% z`bvzr-ckyv bojbsbjynew qivi gkozngzij nw |kziozbne |nvzbgb|nozw/ Kc z`kwi% iba`ziio
viw|kojij% naviiboa zk znhi |nvz bo z`i wzyjr/ @kqisiv% koer zqiesi kc z`kwi q`k `nj
bobzbneer naviij zk |nvzbgb|nzi vizyvoij z`i gkm|eizij ~yiwzbkoonbvi ckvm/ N wmnee wnm|ei
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wyg` nw z`bw mnhiw ckv boziviwzboa noj minoboacye viwyezw% fyz n envaiv wnm|ei qkyej mkwz
givznboer `nsi fiio mkvi fioicbgbne/
Z`i ckeekqboa zqiesi bojbsbjynew |nvzbgb|nzij bo z`bw wzyjr4 Nmv Mkoibf% no Iar|zbno
fekaaiv% noj nyz`kv kc NmvMkoibf/gkm 8 Bwwnojv Ie Nmvnob% z`i nyz`kv kc Nvnf |kebzbgw noj
gyezyvi feka Z`i Nvnfbwz8Jnsbj Jiaoiv% no Nmivbgno |`kzkavn|`iv noj fekaaiv ebsboa noj
qkvhboa bo Gnbvk% Iar|z% n viayenv gkozvbfyzkv zk z`iQnee Wzviiz Dkyvone noj nyz`kv kc
Bojiojbnvr Bmnai % n |kvzckebk-feka gksivboa isiozw bo Ebfrn noj Iar|z8 Cbvnw Ne-Nzvn~g`b%
n einjboa |kebzbgne fekaaiv ckv z`i @yccboazko \kwz noj nwwkgbnzi |vkciwwkv kc |vngzbgi bo
Dkyvonebwm noj Mnww Gkmmyobgnzbko nz z`i Yobsivwbzr kc Gnbvk8 N`mij Ne Kmvno% z`i
fekaaiv fi`boj Wnyjb Dinow8Ken Iebqnz% gvinzkv noj nyz`kv kc z`i Gboonmko Tkoi feka8
Onwiv% Dkvjnobno nyz`kv kc z`i Onwiv H feka 8 N`mij Ckyjn% nyz`kv kc 6nmqnd 8
Mk`nmmnj Ne^n~% n Dkvjnobno sbwyne nvzbwz noj Nvz Jbvigzkv nz1bfiv/gkm 8 noj N`mnj
A`nvfibn% Vkfn Ne-Nwwb noj Jbon Fnzw`ko% nee kc q`km nvi nsbj wkgbne mijbn ywivw/
Nonerwiw kc z`i viw|kowiw absio fr z`iwi zqiesi |nvzbgb|nozw ckvm z`i fnwbw kc z`i
jbwgywwbkow bo g`n|zivw cbsi noj wbp/ Zk vinj z`i gkm|eizij ~yiwzbkoonbviw bo cyee% |einwi
wii z`i n||iojbgiw/
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G@N\ZIV CBSI4
CBOJBOAW
9/> Bozvkjygzbko
Z`i gkm|eipbzr kc z`i wkgbne% |kebzbgne% gyezyvne noj igkokmbg cngzkvw z`nz |vigijij noj
yojivebi z`i isiozw kc z`bw rinv w`kyej okz fi yojivwznzij/ Isio wk% z`ivi bw aioivne
naviimioz nmkoawz z`i |nvzbgb|nozw bo z`bw wzyjr z`nz WM `nw |ivckvmij snvbkyw gvbzbgne
cyogzbkow bo z`i isiozw kc enzi/ Z`bw bw okz zk wyaaiwz z`nz |yfebg nggiww zk wkgbne mijbn
zkkew qnw z`i giozvne mkzbsnzboa cngzkv fi`boj z`i isiozw% fyz vnz`iv z`nz z`iwi zkkew qivi -
noj gkozboyi zk fi - im|ekrij fr fkz` gbzbtiow noj nyz`kvbzbiw ckv n snvbizr kc ywiw% q`bg`
w`nee fi jbwgywwij bo z`i ckeekqboa zqk g`n|zivw/
Z`i jicbobzbkow kc z`i isiozw z`nz `nsi kggyvvij bo z`i MI noj ON% nw |yz ckvqnvj fr z`i
|nvzbgb|nozw bo z`bw wzyjr% nvi zieeboa kc z`i jbwgvi|nogbiw z`nz ipbwz nmkoawz z`kwi jbvigzer
nccigzij fr z`i isiozw% qbz` vianvjw zk `kq z`ir - nvi boziv|vizij/ Nw isbjiogi kc z`bw% qi
w`nee jvnq y|ko z`i jicbobzbkow absio fr zqk fekaaivw qbz`bo Iar|z/ N`mij Ckyjn vicivw
zk z`i isiozw nw no nqnhioboa (Ckyjn% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"% fyz wznziw z`nz `i qkyej okz ak
nw cnv nw zk gnee bz n viskeyzbko (Bfbj/"/ Bo gkozvnwz% Nmv Mkoibf fkejer ncckvjw koi w|igbcbg
wkgbne oizqkvhboa qifwbzi avinz sneyi% jiwgvbfboa z`i isiozw nw n Cngifkkh kvanobtij
viskeyzbko (Mkoibf% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"/
Z`i nckvimiozbkoij boziv|vizbsi jbw|nvbzbiw n||inv avinziv q`io qi gkogiozvnzi y|ko z`i
ckgne |kboz kc ing` jicbobzbko/ Bo `iv jicbobzbko% Jbon Fnzw`ko% n Dkvjnobno gbzbtio q`k
|nvzbgb|nzij bo jimkowzvnzbkow bo z`i gkyozvr% ckgywiw y|ko |nvzbgyenv ngzw kc bowyvvigzbko
qbz`bo `iv `kmi gkyozvr kc Dkvjno% vnz`iv z`no z`ibv gkowi~yiogiw% vicivvboa zk z`im nw
jimkowzvnzbkow jimnojboa vickvm kc z`i aksivomioz (Fnzw`ko% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"/
Gkosivwier% Onwivw wznzimioz z`nz z`i isiozw mnvh z`i fiabooboa kc n oiq ivn kc z`i
Nvnf onzbkow q`k `nj fiio yojiv zrvnoor ckv z`i |nwz 9% Xi-
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mnbe]" bm|ebiw z`nz z`i kyzgkmi kc z`i isiozw nvi kc avinziv bm|kvznogi zk wkmi% z`no z`i
isiozw z`imwiesiw/ Z`bw bwwyi qbee fi jbwgywwij nz avinziv eioaz` bo z`i ckeekqboa wigzbko/
9/6 Wkgbne Mijbn nw Bockvmnzbko \kkew
Nw z`i zivm wkgbne mijbn iogkm|nwwiw n fvknj vnoai kc zig`okekabiw% zkkew% noj |enzckvmw%
im|ekrij fr mbeebkow kc |ik|ei qkvejqbji ckv no bognegyenfei oymfiv kc vinwkow noj ywiw%
bz bw koer onzyvne z`nz z`i avinz qinez` kc bockvmnzbko z`nz bw gvinzij noj w`nvij fr qnr kc
WM bw% zkk% myezbcnvbkyw/ Bz bw n||nvioz z`nz z`i |eiz`kvn kc WM ckvmw nz z`i jbw|kwne kc
Bozivoiz ywivw% noj z`i snvbizr kc ckvmw kc bockvmnzbko z`ir gno gkmmyobgnzi z`vkya`
z`im% ak wkmi qnr zk dywzbcrboa neeywbkow z`nz WM qivi sbzne gkm|koiozw bo z`i
kvanobwnzbko noj vinebwnzbko kc z`i vigioz isiozw% noj z`nz z`ir `nsi |vksij zk fi
wbaobcbgnoz bo `ie|boa zk gkowzvygz geinv% vbg` onvvnzbsiw kc z`i isiozw/
N`mnj A`nvfibn% q`kwi |nvzbgb|nzbko bo z`i yoviwz qnw mkwzer ebmbzij zk koeboi
jbwgywwbkow qbz` kz`ivw ko wkgbne oizqkvhboa qifwbziw% wyaaiwzw z`nz koeboi zkkew cngbebznzij
z`i bobzbne gkmmyobgnzbko nmkoa gbzbtiow z`nz isiozyneer eij zk z`i ckvmnzbko kc z`i envai
avky|w nz z`i giozvi kc z`i yoviwz/ Z`bw gkeeigzbsi jbnekayi (A`nvfibn% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"% kv
gkeeigzbsi gkaobzbko (Navi% 6% Xi-mnbe]"% qivi
mkzbsnzij zk znhi |nvz bo |vkziwzw noj wzviiz jimkowzvnzbkow fignywi z`ir fignmi nqnvi
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z`nz nyz`kvbzbiw qivi mbwzvinzboa gbzbtiow% fr qnr kc sbjik-w`nvboa qifwbziw noj kz`iv
wkgbne mijbymw/ Z`bw bm|ebiw z`nz nw gbzbtiow ipivgbwi avinziv dyvbwjbgzbko ksiv z`i cekq kc
bockvmnzbko zkjnr z`no z`ir jbj bo z`i |nwz% noj gno z`ivickvi jbvigz z`i gkowzvygzbko kc z`i
onvvnzbsiw z`nz wyvvkyoj isiozw qbz` avinziv wyggiww% isiozw yockej qbz` n jiavii kc
zvnow|nviogr z`nz qnw okz ng`bisnfei |vbkv zk z`i bozvkjygzbko kc WM zkkew/ Z`bw bw envaier
fnwij y|ko z`i wy||kwbzbko z`nz nyz`kvbzbiw bm|iji z`i gbvgyenzbko kc bockvmnzbko z`nz
|kvzvnrw z`im bo n oianzbsi eba`z (jbwgywwij cyvz`iv bo z`i ckeekqboa g`n|ziv"/ Ken Iebqnz
ig`kiw z`bw sbiq% noj wyaaiwzw z`nz q`bewz WM mnr okz `nsi fiio z`i hir jvbsboa ckvgiw
fi`boj z`i isiozw% z`ir wivsi zk mkfbebti z`i |yfebg (Iebqnz% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"% noj
nggieivnzi z`i w|iij nz q`bg` gkeeigzbsi ngzbko gno fi kvanobwij noj gnvvbij kyz/
Nw wyg`% bz bw oigiwwnvr zk ip|ekvi z`i vkei kc WM bo zivmw kc z`ibv bm|kvznogi noj
iccigzbsioiww fickvi% jyvboa% noj ncziv isiozw ebhi z`kwi qi `nsi wiio bo vigioz mkoz`w/ Zk
jk wk% qi mywz ekkh nz z`i ckyv mkwz jbwzbogz wznaiw kc wkgbk-|kebzbgne yoviwz4 z`i
bockvmnzbkone wznai% q`io gkmmko nzzbzyjiw noj k|bobkow ckvm nmkoawz z`i gbzbtiovr% noj
z`yw einj zk z`i ckvmnzbko kc avky|w noj oizqkvhw8 z`i boziv|ivwkone wznai % nz q`bg` |kboz
nzzbzyjiw nvi oiakzbnzij noj jbwgywwij% noj isiozw nvi kvanobwij z`vkya` avky|
gkmmyobgnzbko8 z`i vinebwnzbko(ibz`iv sbvzyne kv |`rwbgne" kc z`i isiozw8 noj cboneer% z`i
wznai kc onvvnzbsi jisiek|mioz % nz q`bg` |kboz onvvnzbsiw nvi gkowzvygzij z`nz gkozipzynebwi
q`nz `nw znhio |engi% noj q`r/ Z`i ngzbsbzbiw z`nz znhi |engi jyvboa ing` kc z`iwi wznaiw
nvi fr ok minow ipgeywbsier viwzvbgzij zk WM% fyz vnz`iv z`i cinzyviw kc WM mivier nwwbwzwyg` jiijw/ Cyvz`ivmkvi% z`iwi wznaiw nvi okz iwwiozbneer jbwzbogz cvkm koi nokz`iv% noj
vnz`iv% avky|w mnr |nww z`vkya` n oymfiv kc z`iwi wznaiw gkogyvviozer/
Z`i oigiwwbzr kc bosiwzbanzboa WMw |engi jyvboa ing` kc z`iwi wznaiw figkmiw nee z`i mkvi
avinz q`io qi gkowbjiv z`nz WM qivi gvbzbgbwij fr mnor Qiwzivo oiqw kvanobwnzbkow nw
`nsboa ckwzivij noj nwwbwzij mkf-ebhi fi`nsbkyv bo Ioaenoj% n sbiq z`nz avinzer gkozvnjbgzwz`nz kc z`kwi z`nz gkowbjivij WM zk fi `nvfboaivw kc jimkgvngr bo z`i Nvnf qkvej/ Wyg` n
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jbw|nvbzr `ba`eba`zw z`i bm|kvznogi kc z`i wznai kc onvvnzbsi jisiek|mioz/
Zk |vk|kwi z`i okzbko kc wkgbne mijbn nw bockvmnzbko |kkew bw zk wyaaiwz z`nz% ywivw kc WM
boziv|viz z`im nw sbvzyne iosbvkomiozw q`ivi no isiv-bogvinwboa qinez` kc bockvmnzbko bw
|vkjygij fr - noj myzyneer nsnbenfei zk - z`kwi q`k yzbebwi z`iwi zkkew% q`bg` bo zyvo gno
fi ywicye jyvboa ing` kc z`i wznaiw miozbkoij nfksi/ Z`i yzbebzr noj bm|kvznogi kc z`iwi
zkkew bw fkz` ji|iojioz y|ko z`i cinzyviw kc z`i mijbym% noj z`i qnrw bo q`bg` ywivw
mnhi ywi kc z`im/
Q`bei okz nee viw|kojiozw nvi bo nfwkeyzi naviimioz nfkyz z`i ipzioz kc WMw vkei bo z`i
isiozw% mnor wyaaiwz z`nz WM zkkew iovbg` z`i bockvmnzbko nsnbenfei fr ionfeboa bz zk fi
nggiwwbfei z`vkya` n snvbizr kc myezbmijbn ckvmnzw/ Jnsbj Jiaoiv wznziw z`nz `i fiebisiw4
Wbziw ebhi Cngifkkh noj RkyZyfi w|vinj n ekz kc bockvmnzbko ncziv noj nw z`i isiozw qivikggyvvboa/ Sbjikw w`nvij cvkm giee-|`koi zk giee-|`koi qivi bm|kvznoz noj gvinzijwyv|vbwboaer iccbgbioz bockvmne oizqkvhw (Jiaoiv% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"/
Oymivkyw viw|kojiozw genbm z`nz gbzbtio ywnai kc WM bo zbmiw kc wkgbk-|kebzbgne bowznfbebzr
visinew z`i n||nvioz bonji~yngbiw kc zvnjbzbkone mijbn ckvmw noj mnbowzvinm oiqw
bowzbzyzbkow (Fnzw`ko% 6>% Xi-mnbe]8 Ne^n~% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"/ \vngzbgne ebmbznzbkow m
kfwzvygz |vkciwwbkone dkyvonebwzw bo z`ibv icckvzw nz nggiwwboa |kziozbneer jnoaivkyw wgioiw
kc gkocebgz kv yoviwz/ @kqisiv% qbzoiwwiw zk z`i isiozw% noj z`kwi boskesij% gno ywi WM zk
kcciv y|-zk-jnzi jieboinzbkow% ienfkvnzi nonerwiw% kv sbwyne vi|viwioznzbkow kc z`i isiozw%
nemkwz bowznoznoikywer/ Fr jkboa wk% z`ir nvi iwwiozbneer gkozvbfyzboa zk z`i |kke kc
bockvmnzbko% nzziojboa zk myezb|ei |ivw|igzbsiw% noj z`yw `ie|boa zk gkosir n cyeeiv |bgzyvi
kc z`i isiozw/
Fnzw`ko wznziw z`nz w`i fiebisiw WM `nsi nee fyz igeb|wij zvnjbzbkone oiqw bowzbzyzbkow nw
z`i |vbmnvr wkyvgiw kc bockvmnzbko ckv mnor gbzbtiow (Fnzw`ko% 6>% Xkoeboi]"/ Bz bw
n||nvioz% `kqisiv% z`nz z`bw sbiq bw wkmiq`nz vkmnozbg% nw bo mnor gkyozvbiw cbonogbne
gkowzvnbozw viwzvbgz nggiww zk z`i Bozivoiz noj WM zkkew zk z`kwi q`k gno ncckvj z`im/ Zk
beeywzvnzi z`bw |kboz% fekaaiv noj ngnjimbg Cbvnw Ne-Nzvn~g`b genbmw z`nz n||vkpbmnzier
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wisiozr |ivgioz kc z`i Iar|zbno |k|yenzbko nvi gyvviozer ebsboa ko% kv fiekq z`i |ksivzr
eboi% noj z`yw jk okz `nsi nggiww zk z`iwi zkkew (Ne-Nzvn~g`b% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"/ Z`i
wbaobcbgnogi kc z`bw% bw z`nz z`kwi qbz`kyz Bozivoiz nggiww nvi envaier ji|iojioz y|ko
zvnjbzbkone oiqw wkyvgiw% noj nekoa qbz` z`kwi q`k jk okz ioanai bo nor |kebzbgne ngzbsbzbiw
kv jbwgywwbkow fr qnr kc WM% z`ir nvi% ckv z`i mkwz |nvz% ipgeyjij cvkm z`i |yfebg
jbwgkyvwi kc z`i isiozw% z`i |kziozbne |kebzbgne bm|ebgnzbkow kc q`bg` nvi jbwgywwij bo z`i
wyfwi~yioz g`n|ziv/
Q`bewz z`i cyee ipzioz kc WMw nfbebzr zk iogkyvnai noj cngbebznzi wkgbk-|kebzbgne g`noai bw
yoebhier zk figkmi geinv yozbe z`i jbabzne jbsbji wyfwznozbneer jigvinwiw noj WM zkkew
figkmi yobsivwneer nggiwwbfei% qi gno nz z`bw |kboz jvnq wkmi vinwkonfei gkogeywbkow noj
|vijbgzbkow ckv z`i cyzyvi/ Zk jk wk% qi mywz gkowbjiv z`i qnrw z`nz z`i gkozim|kvnvr
zig`okekabgne iosbvkomioz wy||kvzw gkeeigzbsi ngzbko noj nwwiww z`i jiavii zk q`bg` WM bw
no iwwiozbne gkm|koioz kc mkjivo ngzbsbwz mksimiozw/
Fkz` Bwwnojv Ie Nmvnob noj Mk`nmmnj Ne^n~ okzi z`nz z`i n|zbzyji ckv WM ywivw zk
zvnowgioj z`i w|nzbne noj zim|kvne gkowzvnbozw z`nz kz`ivqbwi ebmbz z`i w|iij nz q`bg`
gkmmyobgnzbko gno kggyv% `nw z`i |kziozbne zk ionfei ngzbsbwz mksimiozw zk |vkjygi
wyfwznozbne viwyezw bo zivmw kc z`ibv wkgbk-|kebzbgne boceyiogi (Ie Nmvnob% 6>% Xi-mnbe]8
Ne^n~% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"/ Ie Nmvnob bm|ebiw z`nz z`i nggieivnzij w|iij nz q`bg` bjinw nvi
jbwwimbonzij z`vkya`kyz koeboi oizqkvhw bw no ngzbsi boavijbioz bo mkjivo jnr oiz-
mijbnzij ngzbsbwz oizqkvhw% q`bg` iogkyvnaiw iccbgbiogr noj yobzr qbz`bo z`i avky|/
Nggiww zk z`i bockvmnzbko |kke% gky|eij qbz` z`i bowznoznoikyw onzyvi kc WM
gkmmyobgnzbko% bw sbzne bo mnboznboboa mkvnei% mkmiozym noj avky| wkebjnvbzr qbz`bo
ngzbsbwz oizqkvhw/
N hir syeoivnfbebzr kc gkeeigzbsi ngzbsbwm ebiw bo z`i nfbebzr kc z`i avky| zk wywznbo
gkocbjiogi bo z`i gnywi ckv q`bg` z`ir cba`z/ Bowznogiw kc |kebzbgneer mkzbsnzij gkeeigzbsi
ngzbko w`kyej okz fi nggenbmij nw `nsboa fiio wyggiwwcye mivier fignywi z`ir `nsi
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mnzivbnebwij/ Vnz`iv% z`ibv wyggiww bw minwyvnfei fr z`i wkgbne% |kebzbgne% igkokmbg noj
gyezyvne nggkm|ebw`miozw kc z`i avky|% gkm|nvij qbz` z`i kfdigzbsiw kc z`kwi boskesij/
Nw kggyvviogiw kc |kebzbgne ngzbko nvi kczio miz qbz` viwbwznogi cvkm nyz`kvbzbiw% bz bw
oigiwwnvr ckv jbwwbjioz avky|w zk ngzbsier qkvh zk mnboznbo z`i mkmiozym kc z`i
mksimioz% bo kvjiv zk ksivgkmi z`iwi kfwzngeiw/ Z`i viw|kojiozw qivi envaier bo
naviimioz qbz` koi nokz`iv z`nz WM ionfeij z`i avky|w boskesij bo z`i Nvnf W|vboa zk
fybej% mnboznbo noj bogvinwi mkmiozym bo n qnr z`nz jbwwbjiozw bo z`i |vi-Bozivoiz nai
gkyej `nsi koer ng`bisij qbz` avinz jbccbgyezr% noj z`yw jiwgvb|zbkow kc WM nw z`i cyie
(Ne Kmvno% 6>% Xi-mnbe]" kc jbwwbjioz mksimiozw% nvi givznboer |ivmbwwbfei/ Bz bw koer
ekabgne zk wyaaiwz z`nz bo kvjiv ckv no ngzbsbwz mksimioz zk |nww z`vkya` z`i wznaiw
miozbkoij invebiv bo z`bw g`n|ziv% mkmiozym mywz fi wywznboij% kv z`i kfdigzbsiw kc z`i
avky| gnookz |kwwbfer fi ng`bisij/
Isbjiogi kc WMw nfbebzr zk wzvioaz`io bozivonzbkone wy||kvz ckv ngzbsbwz mksimiozw - noj
z`yw fkewziv z`i mkmiozym kc z`i mksimioz - gno fi ckyoj q`io qi nghokqeijai z`i
vimnvhnfei w|iij nz q`bg` wyggiwwbsi |vkziwzw kggyvvij ngvkww z`i MI noj ON ncziv z`i
bobzbne jimkowzvnzbkow bo Zyobwbn/ Bz bw vinwkonfei zk nzzvbfyzi z`bw zk WM% nw z`i gbvgyenzbk
kc bockvmnzbko z`nz znhiw |engi ko z`iwi |enzckvmw bw okz viwzvbgzij fr onzbkone fkyojnvbiw%
noj z`ivickvi z`bw bockvmnzbko bw% ckv z`i mkwz |nvz% nw nggiwwbfei zk z`kwi bo koi gkyozvr nw
bz bw zk bojbsbjynew bo nokz`iv4
G`noaiw bo gkmmyobgnzbko zig`okekar mnji z`i gyvvioz isiozw jbccivioz Xnw] q`nz`n||iow bo koi gkyozvr jkiw okz wznr ebmbzij zk z`nz koi gkyozvr/ Z`i XB]ozivoiz bojiijmnji z`i qkvej koi sbeenai bo q`bg` qi nee qnzg` ing` kz`iv bo vine zbmi (Ne Kmvno%6>% Xi-mnbe]"/
Ne-Nzvn~g`b ienfkvnziw y|ko z`bw% wyaaiwzboa z`nz okzbkow z`nz gvijbz WM nw `nsboa
|ivckvmij |bskzne vkeiw bo z`i kvanobwnzbkone |vkgiwwiw z`nz |vigijij z`i isiozw% noj z`kwi
z`nz vigkaobwi WM ywi nw n fr-|vkjygz kc z`i yoviwz nvi myzyneer bogeywbsi (Ne-Nzvn~g`b%
6>% Xi-mnbe]"/ Bo gkogyvviogi qbz` Ne-Nzvn~g`b% Iebqnz nvzbgyenzier jiwgvbfiw z`i
vienzbkow`b| fizqiio z`i isiozw noj WM nw n zqk-qnr vknj (Iebqnz% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"%
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jigenvboa z`nz wkgbne mijbn `ie|ij nggieivnzi z`i isiozw noj z`i isiozw akz mkvi |ik|ei
boziviwzij bo wkgbne mijbn (Bfbj/"/
Z`i vigb|vkgbzr fizqiio z`iwi zqk cngzkvw bw isbjioz q`io qi gkowbjiv A`nvfibnw
nwwivzbko z`nz |vbkv zk z`i Iar|zbno jimkowzvnzbkow bo Dnoynvr 6>% n||vkpbmnzier
0
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vigzbcrboa z`i jbwgvi|nogbiw z`nz ipbwz bo cviijkm kc ip|viwwbko fizqiio z`i sbvzyne vinem
noj z`i kcceboi iosbvkomioz/ Zk |yz bz wyggbogzer4 \ik|ei okq wiim zk fi mkvi nqnvi%
mkvi |ivwbwzioz noj eiww cinvcye (Iebqnz% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"/
Q`bewz |vk-vickvmbwzw mnr `nsi `k|ij ckv mkvi jvnwzbg vi-w`n|boaw kc z`i wkgbk-|kebzbg
iosbvkomioz q`io z`ir cbvwz zkkh zk z`i wzviizw% vienzbsier mbokv gyezyvne zvnowckvmnzbkow
wyg` nw z`kwi miozbkoij nfksi% bojbgnzi z`nz z`i q`iie zkqnvjw vickvm (Onwiv% 6>%
Xi-mnbe]" `nw fiayo zk zyvo/ Nw ekoa nw bockvmnzbko |kkew ipbwz% noj gbzbtiow gkozboyi zk
gkozvbfyzi zkqnvjw z`im noj mnhi ywi kc z`im ckv z`ibv fioicbzw% z`ivi bw ebzzei vinwko zk
z`boh z`nz wkgbk-|kebzbgne g`noai kc avinziv wbaobcbgnogi qbee okz kggyv bo z`i cyzyvi/
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G@N\ZIV WBP4
CBOJBOAW
Wkgbne Mijbn nw Sbvzyne Fnzzeiavkyojw
Wkgbne mijbn `nsi gkmi zk wivsi nw q`nz B w`nee zivm sbvzyne fnzzeiavkyojw%y|ko q`bg` no
bogiwwnoz zya kc qnv znhiw |engi fizqiio oymivkyw k||kwboa ckvgiw/ Sneynfei gkojybzw kc
bockvmnzbko noj iccbgbioz si`bgeiw kc gkmmyobgnzbko% z`ir kcciv avinz |kziozbne zk z`kwi
z`nz ywi z`im/ Z`i yezbmnzi wyggiww kc ing` |nvzr bw okz nfwkeyzier ji|iojioz y|ko z`i whbee
qbz` q`bg` z`ir ip|ekbz z`i gn|nfbebzbiw ncckvjij zk z`im fr WM% fyz q`io ywij
iccigzbsier% z`iwi zkkew gno eioj gkowbjivnfei wy||kvz zk nor absio gnywi% |kebzbgne kv
kz`ivqbwi/ Oisivz`ieiww% qi mywz nskbj z`i gkmmko zig`ok-giozvbg cneengr kc bm|erboa
z`nz WM nvi wbesiv fyeeizw bo z`i nvwione kc q`kisiv fiwz im|ekrw z`im/ Jnobzt noj Wzvkfie
vimboj yw z`nz q`bei z`i vkei kc z`i Bozivoiz bw bm|kvznoz% bz bw okz n vi|engimioz ckv kz`iv
ckvmw kc bozivngzbko noj gkmmyobgnzbko (677"/
Nz z`i |viwioz zbmi% |vk-g`noai ngzbsbwz mksimiozw z`nz k|ivnzi ipgeywbsier qbz`bo z`i
koeboi w|`ivi% qbiej wkmi jiavii kc boceyiogi ksiv wkgbk-|kebzbgne noj gyezyvne mbebiyw%
nez`kya` bz qkyej n||inv z`nz z`ibv bm|ngz bw kczio gkm|nvnzbsier mbokv% q`io gkm|nvij zk
z`nz kc mksimiozw z`nz im|ekr fkz` kcceboi noj koeboi ngzbsbwm/ Nw Wnyjb Nvnfbno enq
|vk`bfbzw wzviiz jimkowzvnzbkow kc nor hboj cvkm znhboa |engi% |yfebg ip|viwwbkow kc
jbwgkozioz nvi yzziver bm|vngzbgne/ Ckv z`bw vinwko% N`mij Ne Kmvno genbmw z`nz gbzbtiow
bowzinj zyvo zk wkgbne mijbn zk ip|viww z`ibv k|bobkow noj w`kq z`ibv noaiv noj cvywzvnzbko
ksiv jbccivioz bwwyiw noj mnzzivw (Ne Kmvno% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"/ N sbiq wyg` nw z`bw kccivw
avinz wy||kvz zk z`i okzbko z`nz WM gkowzbzyzi n oiq hboj kc |yfebg w|`ivi% z`nz iogkyvnai
z`i |vkjygzbko noj gbvgyenzbko kc jbwgkyvwiw z`nz gno bo |vbogb|ei fi gvbzbgne kc z`i wznzi
(Cvnwiv% >22
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Myezb|ei |nvzbgb|nozw wzviww z`nz jiw|bzi cngbebznzboa gkmmyobgnzbko nmkoa z`i gbzbtiovr%
|yfebg jbwgkyvwi `nw cnbeij zk zvnowenzi bozk iccigzbsi |`rwbgne ngzbko% noj z`yw sivr ebzzei
jbwgivonfei g`noai `nw kggyvvij bo z`i Nvnf qkvej/ Z`i ngzbko znhio fr mnor
aksivomiozw bo z`i viabko bo viw|kowi zk z`i yoviwz bw gkowbjivij zk fi mivier |engnzkvr%
boziojij zk wbm|er |ngbcr ngzbsbwzw noj jbwgkyvnai envai-wgnei |`rwbgne ngzbko/ Wyg`
wiozbmiozw ig`k z`i sbiq `iej fr Fvkqoeii noj Wzng`iv (6>" z`nz g`noaiw bo aksivomioz
jk okz oigiwwnvber i~ynzi zk mndkv wkgbk-|kebzbgne g`noaiw4
Iar|zw |k|yenv y|vbwboa jbj okz |nvnerti z`i wigyvbzr n||nvnzyw noj cnbeij zk |vkjygiqbjiw|vinj iebzi jicigzbkow kv jbsbwbkow/ N mbp kc |k|yenv viskez noj mbebznvr bozivsiozbko|yw`ij Myfnvnh kyz kc kccbgi fyz jbj okz zvnowckvm z`i viabmi (Fvkqoeii noj Wzng`iv%6>% |/9"/
Wisivne viw|kojiozw `ba`eba`z bowznogiw kc gkwmizbg g`noai (Ne Kmvno% 6> Xi-mnbe]" z`nz
`nsi kggyvvij bo vigioz mkoz`w% bogeyjboa z`i aioivne nmoiwzr bwwyij fr Hboa Nfjneen` BB
kc Dkvjno% bo q`bg` nvkyoj ckyv z`kywnoj oko-sbkeioz |vbwkoivw qivi vieinwij cvkm |vbwko%
noj z`i Iar|zbno aksivomiozw |yfebg |eijai zk bogvinwi im|ekrmioz/ Mkviksiv% Vkfn
Ne-Nwwb genbmw z`nz z`i koeboi Dkvjnobno |vk-vickvm mksimioz VickvmDk> bw envaier
z`ikvizbgne% noj `nw z`yw cnv cnbeij zk |vkskhi |ne|nfei g`noai qbz`bo z`i gkyozvr nwbji
cvkm z`i vimksne kc wieigz aksivomioz mimfivw/ Z`bw wivsiw zk cyvz`iv beeywzvnzi z`i |kboz
z`nz ebmbzij sneyi gno fi ckyoj bo koeboi-koer ngzbsbwm% nw bz enghw z`i wkgbk-|kebzbgne
boceyiogi kc bzw kcceboi gkyoziv|nvz/
Mbokv wkgbk-|kebzbgne nezivnzbkow% `kqisiv% w`kyej okz fi vieianzij zk bvvieisnogr qbz` ebzzei
gkowbjivnzbko ckv `kq z`ir mnr gkozvbfyzi zkqnvjw mkvi vnjbgne vickvm bo z`i cyzyvi% en
Aenjqieew zb||boa |kboz (Aenjqiee% 6 Vickvm Dk bw no koeboi gbsbe mksimioz z`nz nbmw zk iogkyvnai Dkvjnobno gbzbtiow zk jbwgyww kq fiwz zkng`bisi vickvm bo z`i gkyozvr/ Z`i `nw`zna 'VickvmDk bw bogeyjij bo z`i Zqbzziv y|jnziw kc z`kwi q`k qbw`zk w`nvi z`ibv nzzbzyjiw% fiebicw noj k|bobkow nfkyz wkgbk-|kebzbgne g`noai bo z`i gkyozvr qbz` kz`ivw/
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Bz w`kyej fi okzij `kqisiv% z`nz koi viw|kojioz ip|viwwij ciieboaw ko z`bw bwwyi z`nz nvi
jbnmizvbgneer k||kwij zk z`kwi kc z`i kz`iv |nvzbgb|nozw4
Qi `nj n viskeyzbko kvanobtij ko n Cngifkkh isioz qbz` n WZNWB ebhi wigyvbzr ckvgi bog`nvai/ Nee qi `nj zk jk qnw zk |viww nzziojboa kv mnrfi nzziojboa/ NOJ BZ QKVHIJ(Mkoibf% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"/
Gekwi ipnmbonzbko kc |nvzbgb|noz viw|kowiw visinew n cnwgbonzboa nmfbsneiogi zkqnvjw WM/
Q`bei n wiowi kc zig`ok-zvbym|`nebwm bw isbjioz% viw|kojiozw gkogiji z`nz z`i g`noaiw WM
zig`okekabiw `nsi wy||kwijer wzbmyenzij nvi vienzbsier mbokv% kv nezkaiz`iv wy|ivcbgbne/
Zkvo fizqiio z`i grfiv-yzk|bnobwm kc W`bvhr (6% |/psb"/
Z`bw gkozvnjbgzbko gno fi ip|enboij fr z`i qnr bo q`bg` z`i onvvnzbsiw kc z`i vigioz isiozw
`nsi fiio cnw`bkoij/ Snvbkyw |nvzbgb|nozw zneh kc aksivomioz nyz`kvbzbiw nw fiboa koi
wzi| fi`boj (Ckyjn% 6>% Xi-mnbe]" z`i gbzbtiovr bo n gnz noj mkywi anmi (Ne Kmvno%
6>% Xi-mnbe]"% bo zivmw kc z`ibv nfbebzr zk kfwzvygz kv mnob|yenzi |yfebg gkmmyobgnzbko/ Bc
z`i |yfebg bw jiimij zk `nsi `nj avinziv boceyiogi ksiv z`i gkowzvygzbko kc z`i onvvnzbsiw
wyvvkyojboa z`iwi isiozw z`no aksivomiozw noj kej mijbn bowzbzyzbkow% z`io bz bw okz
yovinwkonfei zk wy||kwi z`nz z`ir mnr `nsi iwznfebw`ij n cnewi wiowi kc ng`bisimioz
qbz`bo z`imwiesiw% z`nz bw isbjioz bo z`i bogkowbwziogr fizqiio z`i vimnvhw kc z`kwi q`k
jigenvi WM zk fi bojbw|iowbfei zk mkjivo jnr ngzbsbwzw% noj z`i vienzbsi zvbsbnebzr kc z`i
g`noaiw z`nz gbzbtio ywnai kc z`iwi zkkew bw wy||kwij zk `nsi bojygij/
Jiw|bzi z`i cngz z`nz gbzbtio ngzbsbwzw ok ekoaiv vier ko z`i mnww mijbn zk ziee z`ibv wzkvr
vba`z (Jiooboa 6
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zkkew nz z`ibv jbw|kwne/ Nw ywi Xkc z`i Bozivoiz] bw ebmbzij zk z`kwi q`k `nsi nggiww zk z`i
zig`okekar (Bfbj/% |/>77"% z`kwi z`nz jk okz ywi bz% kv zk q`km bz bw okz nggiwwbfei% nvi
yonfei zk kcciv nor |ivw|igzbsi ko z`i wbaobcbgnogi kc WM nw z`ir nvi ipgeyjij cvkm z`i
oiz-mijbnzij |yfebg jbwgkyvwiw z`nz `ie| w`n|i onvvnzbsiw/
Ok wboaei n||vkng` znhio fr nyz`kvbzbiw zk jbwvy|z WM gkmmyobgnzbko |vksij zk fi
jicbobzbsier wy|ivbkv zk kz`iv nezivonzbsiw/ Vnz`iv% mnor miz`kjw |vkjygij yojiwbvnfei
viwyezw ckv z`i |kebzbgne iebziw% nw z`ir qivi wbm|er yo|vi|nvij ckv z`i eisie kc gkocebgz z`nz
kggyvvij% noj qivi yowyvi kc z`i mkwz n||vk|vbnzi ngzbko zk znhi bo viw|kowi/ N`mij
Ckyjn vimnvhw z`nz q`bewz Iar|zbno nyz`kvbzbiw nzzim|zij zk |vk`bfbz bozivone nggiww zk z`i
wkgbne oizqkvhboa qifwbzi Cngifkkh noj sbjik-wzvinmboa |enzckvm Fnmfywiv bmmijbnzier
ckeekqboa bobzbne jimkowzvnzbkow% |yfebg gkmmyobgnzbko qnw envaier yonccigzij yozbe
aioivne Bozivoiz gkooigzbkow qbz`bo z`i gkyozvr qivi wyw|iojij ko Dnoynvr 60 z` 6>
(z`vii jnrw ncziv z`i |viebmbonvr mnvg`iw `nj znhio |engi" (Ckyjn% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"/ Wisivne
viw|kojiozw im|`nwbwi z`i cyzbebzr kc z`iwi ngzbkow% wznzboa z`nz gbzbtiow gbvgymsiozij
zig`okekabgne viwzvbgzbkow qbz` vienzbsi inwi (Jiaoiv% 6>% Xi-mnbe]8 Ne Kmvno% 6>% Xi-
mnbe]"% noj gkozboyij zk w`nvi bockvmnzbko noj mnzivbnew fr nezivonzbsi minow (Ckyjn%
6>% Xi-mnbe]"/
Fekaaiv noj |`kzkavn|`iv Jnsbj Jiaoiv wyaaiwzw z`nz fr bo`bfbzboa nggiww zk wkgbne mijbn%
nyz`kvbzbiw mnr `nsi bonjsivziozer iogkyvnaij avinziv aekfne nzziozbko4
Z`ir |vkfnfer wioz mkvi kc n wbaone Xzk z`i bozivonzbkone gkmmyobzr] z`nz wkmiz`boa mndkvqnw `n||ioboa z`no Xbc z`ir `nj eicz z`i] qifwbziw vyooboa (Jiaoiv% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"/
Bwwnojv Ie Nmvnob wy||kvzw z`bw |kwbzbko% wyaaiwzboa z`nz fr w`yzzboa jkqo koeboi
gkmmyobgnzbko oizqkvhw% nyz`kvbzbiw mivier cyieeij z`i cbvi kc jbwjnbo nmkoawz z`i
|k|yengi% noj wyg` n mksi qnw |vkfnfer n mndkv cngzkv bo aizzboa |ik|ei zk |nvzbgb|nzi bo
|vkziwzw (Ie Nmvnob% 6>% Xi-mnbe]"/ Q`nz bw mkvi% q`bewz nyz`kvbzbiw mnr `nsi `nm|ivij
- zk n vienzbsier mbokv jiavii - z`i icckvzw kc gbzbtiow zk cviier jbwwimbonzi bockvmnzbko% z`i
`nvm qnw nevinjr jkoi (Mkoibf% 6>% Xi-mnbe]" nw bozivonzbkone mnbowzvinm oiqw
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kvanobwnzbkow gkozboyij zk vi|kvz ko z`i isiozw noj vnbwi aekfne nqnvioiww kc q`nz qnw
znhboa |engi/
Z`i |vijbgnmioz bo q`bg` nyz`kvbzbiw ckyoj z`imwiesiw% noj z`i gkowi~yiogiw kc z`i
ngzbkow z`ir zkkh bo viw|kowi% ipim|ebcr Fvbaaw noj Fyvhiw (6% Xi-mnbe]" noj bodigzboa
jbwbockvmnzbko bozk |yfebg jbwgkyvwiw% nw z`i bockvmnzbko w`nvij z`vkya` WM g`nooiew
|vksij zk fi nemkwz neqnrw zvyi (Bfbj/"/ Fr z`bw ekabg qi gno jijygi z`nz nw ywivw `nsi
nggiww zk no isiv-bogvinwboa qinez` kc bockvmnzbko% z`ir gno gvkww-viciviogi jiznbew noj
bjiozbcr bonggyvnzi kv q`keer yozvyi bockvmnzbko% avnjyneer jbeyzi bzw |vkmboiogi qbz`bo
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z`i WM bockvmnzbko |kke fr vicvnboboa cvkm wiojboa bz zk kz`ivw% noj z`yw viojiv z`kwi q`k
qbw` zk jisneyi z`i bockvmnzbko ckyoj ko WM |enzckvmw% boiccigzbsi/
Z`i ipnm|eiw okzij nfksi nvi wyvi zk ioz`ywi noj bow|bvi z`i zig`ok-giozvbg |vk-
jimkgvngr njskgnzi% fyz qi mywz okz ckvaiz z`nz dywz ebhi bockvmnzbko iogvr|zbko zkkew%
nokormbzr noj |wiyjkormbzr jk okz aynvnozii z`i ywiv nor ipim|zbko cvkm z`i enq% nw
aksivomiozw gno kyzenq Xz`im] noj nvviwz z`kwi q`k jk okz gkm|er ( Jiooboa (6% Xi-mnbe]"/ Cvkm
z`bw qi gno ipzvn|kenzi z`nz z`i syeoivnfbebzr kc mnor nyz`kvbznzbsi fkjbiw bo z`i MI enr
okz dywz bo z`ibv engh kc |vi|nvnzbko ckv wyg` isiozw% fyz z`i bowyccbgbiogr kc z`ibv
wyvsibeenogi kc z`i koeboi iosbvkomioz/
Nz z`i |viwioz zbmi% z`i nfbebzr ckv gbzbtiow zk gbvgymsioz aksivomioz bm|kwij viwzvbgzbkow
noj z`qnvz z`i nzzim|zw kc nyz`kvbzbiw zk yojivmboi gbzbtio mksimiozw n||invw avinziv z`no
z`i nfbebzr kc aksivomiozw zk iockvgi z`im/ Bz bw yogeinv q`iz`iv z`bw qbee ckvisiv vimnbo
z`i gnwi% fyz bz bw ebhier z`nz nw z`i |visneiogi kc Bozivoiz zig`okekabiw - noj z`yw wkgbne
mijbn - bogvinwi% z`i eisie zk q`bg` z`i |yfebg figkmiw |ivwkoneer gkooigzij (A`nvfibn%
6>% Xi-mnbe]" qbee zkk% bogvinwi/ Z`i bm|ebgnzbkow kc z`bw% nggkvjboa zk N`mnj A`nvfibn%
gkyej fi z`nz bz qbee fi `nvjiv ckv nyz`kvbznvbno viabmiw zk gkivgi z`i mnwwiw (Bfbj/"% nw
gbzbtiow gno gkmmyobgnzi% ioanai bo jifnziw noj jbwgywwbkow% noj w`nvi bockvmnzbko qbz` n
jiavii kc bozivgkooigzijoiww cnv firkoj z`nz q`bg` isio MgEy`no (>23:" gkyej `nsi
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nozbgb|nzij q`io `i cbvwz iosbwnaij z`i ckvmnzbko kc z`i aekfne sbeenai (Bfbj/"/ @kqisiv% bo
gkogyvviogi qbz` Wyowzibo (6" dyjamioz% gkosivwnzbko bw kc z`i yzmkwz bm|kvznogi jyvboa zbmiw
kc wkgbk-|kebzbgne bowznfbebzr% q`bewz nggiww zk bockvmnzbko bw gkm|nvnzbsier bowbaobcbgnoz/
mywz gkoziwz z`bw wznzimioz% `kqisiv% nw bz jkiw n avinz jbwwivsbgi zk z`i myezb-cngizij
gn|nfbebzbiw kc WM/ Bo njjbzbko zk iogkyvnaboa jbwgywwbko% jiebfivnzbko noj oiakzbnzbko kc
onvvnzbsi% z`iwi zkkew kcciv yo|vigijiozij nggiww zk bockvmnzbko% q`bg` q`io gkmfboij
qbz` z`i nfbebzr zk gkosivwi% w`nvi noj gkmmyobgnzi% im|kqiv gbzbtiow bo n qnr z`nz
gkosivwnzbko nekoi jkiw okz/ Gkosivwnzbko bw bm|kvznoz% fyz nggiww zk z`i vnoai noj ji|z`
kc bockvmnzbko z`nz neekqw gbzbtiow zk ioanai bo gkosivwnzbko bo no ijygnzij mnooiv% mnhi
qiee-bockvmij jigbwbkow% noj ving` gkowiowyw ko hir bwwyiw% bw iwwiozbne/
Z`i cinv z`nz grfivw|ngi noj z`i Bozivoiz mnr jk norz`boa kz`iv z`no vimnbo jbabzne |yfebg
w|`iviw% bo q`bg` z`i gbzbtiow gno cviier noj ngzbsier ioanai% bw jicbobzbsier z`nz kc z`i
mbokvbzr/ Vnz`iv% bo eba`z kc |vkziwzw bo Dkvjno% aksivomioz vi|viwioznzbsiw% noj Hboa
Nfjyeen` BB% `iej ckvymw qbz` mimfivw kc z`i |yfebg% bo kvjiv zk iogkyvnai jbnekayi noj
jbwgywwbko (Fnzw`ko% 6>% Xi-mnbe]" vianvjboa wkgbk-|kebzbgne vickvm/ Z`bw bw n
vimnvhnfer jbccivioz n||vkng` zk z`nz q`bg` qnw znhio fr z`i Iar|zbno noj Ebfrno
nyz`kvbzbiw% fyz bw nee z`i mkvi ipzvnkvjbonvr q`io qi gkowbjiv z`nz% nggkvjboa zk Fnzw`ko%
ok nzzim|zw qivi mnji fr z`i aksivomioz bo Dkvjno zk viwzvbgz nggiww zk wkgbne mijbn
(Bfbj/"% noj vnz`iv% Wnmbv Tnbj Ne-Vbcnb% z`i ckvmiv \vbmi Mbobwziv kc Dkvjno% bozivngzijqbz` z`i Dkvjnobno iebzi ko Zqbzziv (Bfbj/"/ Q`bewz Ne-Vbcnb qnw isiozyneer vimksij cvkm
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`bw |kwbzbko fr z`i Hboa ckeekqboa qbjiw|vinj jimkowzvnzbkow% nz z`i zbmi kc qvbzboa% `i
gkozboyiw zk gkosivwi qbz` Dkvjnobno gbzbtiow sbn z`i wkgbne oizqkvhboa |enzckvm/
Z`i nvg`bzigzyvi kc WM zkkew qbee wyvier g`noai qbz` zbmi% nekoa qbz` z`ibv ywiw% ywivw% noj
z`i ipzioz zk q`bg` z`ir |ivsnji `ymno ipbwziogi/ Bwwyiw kc jimkgvnzbg cviijkm%
nyzkgvnzbg vyei% cviijkm kc bockvmnzbko noj aekfne gkmmyobgnzbko% zvnow|nviogr noj
nggkyoznfbebzr% wkgbne wkebjnvbzr% wkgbne cvnamioznzbko noj |kebzbgne bowznfbebzr% vimnbo nz z
ckvicvkoz kc jbwgywwbkow vianvjboa z`i cyzyvi kc wkgbizbiw z`nz figkmi isivmkvi ji|iojioz
y|ko WM |enzckvmw/ Q`iz`iv z`iwi zkkew qbee gkmi zk wivsi nw si`bgeiw ko q`bg` wkgbizr
qbee zvnsie zkqnvjw n fvba`ziv cyzyvi kc cviijkm% gkowiowyw noj wkgbne |vkw|ivbzr% kv bc z`ir
qbee einj `ymnobzr ko n |nz` z`nz iojw qbz` mkvi iccigzbsi bm|eimioznzbko kc
zkznebznvbnobwm% noj jiwzvygzbsi wkgbne cvnamioznzbko% bw gkozboaioz% nz einwz zk wkmi ipzioz%
y|ko q`k imivaiw sbgzkvbkyw cvkm z`i wkgbne mijbn fnzzeiavkyojw/
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G@N\ZIV WISIO4
GKOGEYWBKO
Z`i |vkcywbko kc wkgbne mijbn ngzbsbzr z`nz |vigijij% noj `nw gkozboyij z`vkya`kyz z`i
bowznfbebzr bo z`i MI noj ON% `nw eij mnor ngnjimbgw% gyezyvne gkmmioznzkvw% oiqw
kvanobwnzbkow noj w|igznzkvw nvkyoj z`i qkvej% zk cneengbkywer gkogeyji z`nz wkgbne mijbn bw
z`i hir z`nz qbee k|io z`i jkkv zk jimkgvngr bo z`i viabko/ Wyg` n onvvnzbsi bw
cyojnmiozneer gkozvnjbgzkvr zk z`nz q`bg` `nw mnzivbnebwij wbogi vbkzw zkkh |engi bo
Ioae