reactor, its components, types

8/18/2019 Reactor, Its Components, Types

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Nuclear ReactorsA device designed and operated to achieve a self-sustained neutron chain reaction in somecombination of fissile, fissionable, and othermaterials. Power reactors use the fission processfor the primary purpose of producing usableenergy in the form of electricity.


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Reactor……..• A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain

reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at asteady rate, as opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which

the chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a secondand is uncontrolled causing an e plosion.• A plant that uses nuclear reactions to produce heat, to

ma!e steam. "t has two very thic! shells to !eep it assafe as possible.

• means an apparatus, other than a nuclear e plosivedevice, designed or used to sustain nuclear fission in

a self-supporting chain reaction.


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#omponents of Nuclear Reactor 1. MODERATOR

2. REFLECTOR

3. REACTOR COOLANT

4. REACTOR CORE

5. IONIZATION CHAMBER

6. PRESSURE VESSEL

7. CONTROL RODS

8. CONDENSER

9. COMPRESSER / TURBINE


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MODERATOR

$he material which is used to reduce neutronenergy by scattering without appreciablecapture is called a moderator.A moderator is re%uired to slow down theneutrons.


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REFLECTOR

A material which is reflects incident radiationis called reflector.


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REACTOR COOLANT

A coolant is a fluid which flows through a device

in order to prevent its overheating, transferringthe heat produced by the device to other devicesthat utili&e or dissipate it.


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REACTOR CORE

A large number of fuel assemblies when place ina special arrangement in a reactor container , arecalled reactor core.


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IONIZATION CHAMBER

"oni&ation chamber are used to collect and measurethe electric charge of ions and electrons that resultsfrom the interaction of incident radiation andsecondary radiation from the chamber structurewith the fi ed, !nown volume of gas in chamber.


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PRESSURE VESSEL

Pressure vessel are used to prevent the escape offission products and radiation from the core.


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CONTROL RODS

#ontrol rods are used to control or ad'ust power levelof a reactor. $hese rods are made of those materialswhich are strong neutron absorbers. $hey are movedin side or out side of the core in order to vary the rateof fission or power level.


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CONDENSER

$he e haust steam is passed through a heat e changerthat serves as condenser.


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COMPRESSER / TURBINE

$he turbine used in convert (.) into rotary

form. A turbine is rotary engine that e tractsenergy from fluid flow.


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PUMP

"t is used to pump the coolants and to circulate itthrough the core of the reactor.


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T!PES OF REACTORS

1. LI"HT #ATER REACTOR $L#R%

2. BOILINF #ATER REACTOR $B#R%

3. PRESSURIZED HEAV! #ATER REACTOR $PH#R%

4. "AS&COOLED REACTORS $"CR%

5. LI"HT #ATER "RAPHITE REACTORS$L#"R%


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P'())*'+,(- # (' R( 0 '


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P'())*'+,(- # (' R( 0 '

• )nergy from the fission reactions can causethe temperatures in the reactor core to reach*++o#.


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B + (- # (' R( 0 '


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P'())*'+,(- H( # (' R( 0 ' $PH#R%


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" )&0 (- R( 0 ') $"CR%


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L+ # (' "' + ( R( 0 ')

$L#"R %


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$hin! of a $ea (ettle $he fission process creates heat that produces steam in a secondary water system.

$he steam turns a turbine-generator which produces electricity.

,-. A N/#0)AR R)A#$-R .-R(1


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$hree 2arriers to #ontain Radiation


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3efense "n 3epth

• 456 concrete containment building

• *76 concrete shield

• 56 steel reactor vessel

• solid nuclear fuel insidesteel tubes


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ow /sed 8uel is Removed


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hat appens to /sed 8uel9

• Nuclear reactors split atoms ofuranium which creates heat. $his

process is called fission.

• /ranium in a nuclear reactor comesin the form of ceramic pellets.

• nly one of the uranium isotopesfission, /-:*7. New fuel containsabout 7; /-:*7, the rest is /-:*5.

• hen most of the /-:*7 has split,the used-up or


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3ry #as! 1torage

• After the fuel has ountain for

permanent disposal deepunder ground.


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$ransportation 1afety

• A ?:+-ton locomotive, speeding at 5+miles an hour, crashed broadside into acontainer on a flatbed.

• $he impact demolished the train, but

hardly dented the container.


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$ransportation #ontainer

• /sed nuclear fuel@ceramic pellets encasedin steel tubes.

• /sed nuclear fuelcannot e plode.

• /sed nuclear fuel doesnot burn.


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=ucca >ountain

• olcanic eruptions created =ucca>ountain about ?+ million years ago.

• ver the ages, layers of volcanic ashcompressed and consolidated into a hardroc! called tuff.

• $here is very little rainfall, most of which%uic!ly runs off the surface or evaporates.

• $he water table under =ucca >ountain ise tremely deep.


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Permanent 3isposal

• =ucca >ountain is federally ownedland that borders the Nevada $est1ite.

• >ore than B++ atomic weapon blastshave been conducted at the Nevada$est 1ite, mostly underground.

• C: billion dollars have been spent onscientific investigation of thegeology and hydrology of the site.

• 1pent fuel will be stored ?+++ feet below under ground, 5++ feet abovethe water-table, protected bycorrosion-resistant containers.

reactor, its components, types

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