re-act @ crossfield
DESCRIPTION
Crossfield Pro*Doc school presentation - Alpine Rendez-vous, Villard de Lans (France), 30 January 2013TRANSCRIPT
Social REpresentations of
Community Multimedia Centres
in Mozambique and ACT ions
for improvement Sa r a Va nn i n i
NewMinE Lab
Università della Svizzera italiana
Lugano, Switzerland
Analysis (mixed methods):
work in progress...
Social Representations Theory
(Moscovici, 1963)
What are the Social
Representations of CMCs in
Mozambique?
radio telecentre
… f o s t e r i n g e q u i t a b l e access to
information a n d knowledge for
development , r e d u c e t h e d i g i t a l d i v i d e ,
p r o m o t e s o c i a l i n c l u s i o n , p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n ,
e d u c a t i o n , a g r i c u l t u r e , h e a l t h , e t c .
U N E S C O, 2 0 0 0
Community
Multimedia Centres
in
Mozambique
(2011)
Local Perspectives
Social Representations
M o s c o v i c i , 1 9 6 3
Social Representations
M o s c o v i c i , 1 9 6 3
systems of values, ideas and practices,
that are shared among a given social group
double function
enable individuals to orientate themselves
and interpret their world
provide a code that enable
communication among the members of a community
o b j e c t
s u b j e c t g r o u p
intersubjectivity: need to be in relationship with others to give meaning to the object;
the individual perception and the socio-cultural context are not separated.
o b j e c t
s u b j e c t g r o u p
cognitive polyphasia: no mere reproduction of the external reality, development and negotiation
of SRs lead to contradictions and conflicts:
agency and creative power of the human being are allowed.
dialectic: both prescriptive on human behaviour and a product of human agency:
tradition vs change, agency vs structure.
B a u e r & G a s k e l l , 1 9 9 9
Toblerone Model
Ideas
Values
Practices
Ideas
Values
Practices
Semi-structured Interviews
Pictures
Focus Groups
Questionnaires
Semi-structured Interviews
Pictures
Focus Groups
Questionnaires
Ideas
Values
Practices
Semi-structured Interviews
Pictures
Focus Groups
Questionnaires
2 initiating agencies
57 staff members
95 CMC users
72 radio-only users
8 non-users
110+ hours
Semi-structured Interviews
Computer-aided
Content Analysis
(T-Lab)
Manual
Content Analysis
(N-Vivo)
Computer-aided
Content Analysis
(T-Lab)
Lexical Universes
Lexical Universes
Thematic Analysis (bisecting
K-means clustering)
Lexical Universes
ECU
ECU ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
Lexical Universes
ECU
ECU ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
min. 3 co-occurrences
Lexical Universes
ECU
ECU ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
6 Thematic Clusters
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
Themes Molding the polis through the community radio.
Learning informatics at the telecentre.
Computers as possibly connected typewriters.
The radio experience of the users: information, training and leisure.
“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental look at the services of telecentres.
The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule.
Variables
Age: older than 40;
Education: few no schooling and primary Status: U-CMC;
Age: few older than 40;
Status: U-RC, non-users.
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Education: primary school and University;
Location: Quelimane. Education: not present no-schooling;
Status: initiating agencies, staff members, U-CMC;
Education: University and high school;
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; Location: few Quelimane.
Status: initiating agencies, staff members.
Location: Chiure, Cuamba, Ilha, Quelimane, and Xinavane.
Lemmas district, community, information, radio, government, change.
informatics, class, classroom, training, English.
computer, internet, use, learn, surf, machine, write, fiddle, explain, investigate, school, world.
program, listen to, music, like, children, speak, radio, news, participating, calling, home.
service, telecenter, center, photocopies, multimedia, communitarian, document.
CMC, management, committee, association, coordinator, volunteers, work, UNESCO, pay, money, collaborator, manager, training, managing.
Thematic Clusters
district community government
information radio
change
Molding the πόλις through the community radio
district community government
information radio
change
“A community radio is an institution for
information with the vocation of letting the
community receive the necessary information, the
information that is important for its conviviality, for
its interaction, it is an institution that creates an
opportunity for the people to interact with one
another and with other people at the international
level”
Molding the πόλις through the community radio
class informatics classroom
training
English
Learning informatics at the telecentre
class informatics classroom
training
English
Learning informatics at the telecentre
“It is important because we learn to know what a
computer is, we learn computer programs, we
study the computer as well, but it is much more a
honor for Xinavane, we now know that we have
informatics courses.”
use learn surf write fiddle explain investigate
computer internet machine
school world
Computers as possibly connected typewriters
use learn surf write fiddle explain investigate
computer internet machine
school world
Computers as possibly connected typewriters
“Internet is a page of the broadband [...], there is
mobile Internet, there is fix Internet that is the one
of the computers, it is Internet that you use when
sitting in an appropriate site, mobile Internet is the
Internet that you surf from your phone, and
wherever you are you can surf.”
program music participating speak listen to home children radio
like
calling news
The radio experience of the users: information,
education and leisure
program music participating soeak listen to home children radio
like
calling news
The radio experience of the users: information,
training and leisure
“In the radio what I like at most are informative
programs, as for example programs about sport, about
information of what happens at the local level, as well
as at the national and the international level, I also like
more programs for children, other programs as music
ones, I like entertainment in this case.”
service centre multimedia communitarian telecentre photocopies
“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental
look at the services of telecentres
service centre multimedia communitarian telecentre photocopies
“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental
look at the services of telecentres
“I would say the telecentre is a place where we can
have some services, the services are, for example,
those services of photocopies, printing and typing,
services that can help this very same community to
have something more organized, for example every
person that can read and write has a different kind of
handwriting, can you imagine.”
association pay coordinator volunteers work manager management CMC UNESCO committee collaborator money managing training
The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule
association pay coordinator volunteers work manager management CMC UNESCO committee collaborator money managing training
The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule
“Well, when I came here my activity was to restore the
CMC, it was not working properly, there were
relationship problems in between volunteers and
member of the directive board of the CMC radio, also
there was no transparency in terms of public
management in the CMC, the money, the assets, there
was no transparency, and the last issue we became
aware of was that the CMC does not make money.”
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
Themes Molding the polis through the community radio.
Learning informatics at the telecentre.
Computers as possibly connected typewriters.
The radio experience of the users: information, training and leisure.
“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental look at the services of telecentres.
The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule.
Variables
Age: older than 40;
Education: few no schooling and primary Status: U-CMC;
Age: few older than 40;
Status: U-RC, non-users.
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Education: primary school and University;
Location: Quelimane. Education: not present no-schooling;
Status: initiating agencies, staff members, U-CMC;
Education: University and high school;
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; Location: few Quelimane.
Status: initiating agencies, staff members.
Location: Chiure, Cuamba, Ilha, Quelimane, and Xinavane.
Lemmas district, community, information, radio, government, change.
informatics, class, classroom, training, English.
computer, internet, use, learn, surf, machine, write, fiddle, explain, investigate, school, world.
program, listen to, music, like, children, speak, radio, news, participating, calling, home.
service, telecenter, center, photocopies, multimedia, communitarian, document.
CMC, management, committee, association, coordinator, volunteers, work, UNESCO, pay, money, collaborator, manager, training, managing.
Thematic Clusters
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
Themes Molding the polis through the community radio.
Learning informatics at the telecentre.
Computers as possibly connected typewriters.
The radio experience of the users: information, training and leisure.
“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental look at the services of telecentres.
The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule.
Variables
Age: older than 40;
Education: few no schooling and primary Status: U-CMC;
Age: few older than 40;
Status: U-RC, non-users.
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Education: primary school and University;
Location: Quelimane. Education: not present no-schooling;
Status: initiating agencies, staff members, U-CMC;
Education: University and high school;
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; Location: few Quelimane.
Status: initiating agencies, staff members.
Location: Chiure, Cuamba, Ilha, Quelimane, and Xinavane.
Lemmas district, community, information, radio, government, change.
informatics, class, classroom, training, English.
computer, internet, use, learn, surf, machine, write, fiddle, explain, investigate, school, world.
program, listen to, music, like, children, speak, radio, news, participating, calling, home.
service, telecenter, center, photocopies, multimedia, communitarian, document.
CMC, management, committee, association, coordinator, volunteers, work, UNESCO, pay, money, collaborator, manager, training, managing.
Thematic Clusters
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
Themes Molding the polis through the community radio.
Learning informatics at the telecentre.
Computers as possibly connected typewriters.
The radio experience of the users: information, training and leisure.
“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental look at the services of telecentres.
The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule.
Variables
Age: older than 40;
Education: few no schooling and primary Status: U-CMC;
Age: few older than 40;
Status: U-RC, non-users.
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Education: primary school and University;
Location: Quelimane. Education: not present no-schooling;
Status: initiating agencies, staff members, U-CMC;
Education: University and high school;
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; Location: few Quelimane.
Status: initiating agencies, staff members.
Location: Chiure, Cuamba, Ilha, Quelimane, and Xinavane.
Lemmas district, community, information, radio, government, change.
informatics, class, classroom, training, English.
computer, internet, use, learn, surf, machine, write, fiddle, explain, investigate, school, world.
program, listen to, music, like, children, speak, radio, news, participating, calling, home.
service, telecenter, center, photocopies, multimedia, communitarian, document.
CMC, management, committee, association, coordinator, volunteers, work, UNESCO, pay, money, collaborator, manager, training, managing.
Thematic Clusters
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
Themes Molding the polis through the community radio.
Learning informatics at the telecentre.
Computers as possibly connected typewriters.
The radio experience of the users: information, training and leisure.
“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental look at the services of telecentres.
The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule.
Variables
Age: older than 40;
Education: few no schooling and primary Status: U-CMC;
Age: few older than 40;
Status: U-RC, non-users.
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Education: primary school and University;
Location: Quelimane. Education: not present no-schooling;
Status: initiating agencies, staff members, U-CMC;
Education: University and high school;
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; Location: few Quelimane.
Status: initiating agencies, staff members.
Location: Chiure, Cuamba, Ilha, Quelimane, and Xinavane.
Lemmas district, community, information, radio, government, change.
informatics, class, classroom, training, English.
computer, internet, use, learn, surf, machine, write, fiddle, explain, investigate, school, world.
program, listen to, music, like, children, speak, radio, news, participating, calling, home.
service, telecenter, center, photocopies, multimedia, communitarian, document.
CMC, management, committee, association, coordinator, volunteers, work, UNESCO, pay, money, collaborator, manager, training, managing.
Thematic Clusters
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
Themes Molding the polis through the community radio.
Learning informatics at the telecentre.
Computers as possibly connected typewriters.
The radio experience of the users: information, training and leisure.
“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental look at the services of telecentres.
The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule.
Variables
Age: older than 40;
Education: few no schooling and primary Status: U-CMC;
Age: few older than 40;
Status: U-RC, non-users.
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Education: primary school and University;
Location: Quelimane. Education: not present no-schooling;
Status: initiating agencies, staff members, U-CMC;
Education: University and high school;
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; Location: few Quelimane.
Status: initiating agencies, staff members.
Location: Chiure, Cuamba, Ilha, Quelimane, and Xinavane.
Lemmas district, community, information, radio, government, change.
informatics, class, classroom, training, English.
computer, internet, use, learn, surf, machine, write, fiddle, explain, investigate, school, world.
program, listen to, music, like, children, speak, radio, news, participating, calling, home.
service, telecenter, center, photocopies, multimedia, communitarian, document.
CMC, management, committee, association, coordinator, volunteers, work, UNESCO, pay, money, collaborator, manager, training, managing.
Thematic Clusters
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
Themes Molding the polis through the community radio.
Learning informatics at the telecentre.
Computers as possibly connected typewriters.
The radio experience of the users: information, training and leisure.
“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental look at the services of telecentres.
The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule.
Variables
Age: older than 40;
Education: few no schooling and primary Status: U-CMC;
Age: few older than 40;
Status: U-RC, non-users.
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Age: older than 30 and 40;
Education: primary school and University;
Location: Quelimane. Education: not present no-schooling;
Status: initiating agencies, staff members, U-CMC;
Education: University and high school;
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; Location: few Quelimane.
Status: initiating agencies, staff members.
Location: Chiure, Cuamba, Ilha, Quelimane, and Xinavane.
Lemmas district, community, information, radio, government, change.
informatics, class, classroom, training, English.
computer, internet, use, learn, surf, machine, write, fiddle, explain, investigate, school, world.
program, listen to, music, like, children, speak, radio, news, participating, calling, home.
service, telecenter, center, photocopies, multimedia, communitarian, document.
CMC, management, committee, association, coordinator, volunteers, work, UNESCO, pay, money, collaborator, manager, training, managing.
Thematic Clusters
Clusters by Interviewees’ typology
2.8% 1.2% 1.7% 11.6%
26.3%
0.0% 7.5% 11.6%
19.1%
14.3%
41.7% 40.9% 29.1%
20.1% 10.2%
30.6% 22.3%
19.9% 14.8% 10.9%
11.1% 8.7%
21.1% 14.3% 10.5%
13.8% 19.4% 16.6% 20.1% 27.8%
Non-Users U-RC U-CMC Staff Agencies Representatives
Semi-structured Interviews
Manual
Content Analysis
(N-Vivo)
Values Ideas Practices People Benefits of the CMC; Benefits of ICTs; Motivation to work in CMC; Motivation to use CMC; Reasons not to use CMC.
Definitions of CMC, Community Radio, Telecentre, computer, Internet ; Improvements needed in/ challenges for the CMC; Local denomination of CMC; Services of the Community Radio; Services of the Telecentre; Services working properly.
Community involvement/ support in the CMC; Promotion of CMC; Synergies the CMC is able to create; Usages of the Community Radio; Usages of the Telecentre.
Interviewee media exposure; Staff Training.
CMC interpretative model
Values Ideas Practices People Benefits of the CMC; Benefits of ICTs; Motivation to work in CMC; Motivation to use CMC; Reasons not to use CMC.
Definitions of CMC, Community Radio, Telecentre, computer, Internet ; Improvements needed in/ challenges for the CMC; Local denomination of CMC; Services of the Community Radio; Services of the Telecentre; Services working properly.
Community involvement/ support in the CMC; Promotion of CMC; Synergies the CMC is able to create; Usages of the Community Radio; Usages of the Telecentre.
Interviewee media exposure; Staff Training.
CMC interpretative model
Information and Communication Flows
J a k o b s o n , 1 9 6 0
Information and Communication Flows
J a k o b s o n , 1 9 6 0
In-bound
Out-bound
Shared within the community
In- bound
Shared Out-bound
Tot
Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%
Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%
Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%
Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%
Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%
Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%
ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%
Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%
Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%
TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%
TOT count 131 87 17 235
Results
In- bound
Shared Out-bound
Tot
Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%
Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%
Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%
Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%
Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%
Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%
ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%
Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%
Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%
TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%
TOT count 131 87 17 235
Results
In- bound
Shared Out-bound
Tot
Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%
Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%
Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%
Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%
Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%
Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%
ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%
Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%
Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%
TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%
TOT count 131 87 17 235
Results
“…the people here need to know what is happening. They need to get information about other part of the world…”
Chitima, Non-user3
“I think the radio created this space to let people stay close to the Government, and to let them know that not everything that is happening is against the population and when the Government does something, they know that the Radio is going to broadcast it”
Chiure, User3
e-government
In- bound
Shared Out-bound
Tot
Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%
Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%
Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%
Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%
Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%
Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%
ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%
Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%
Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%
TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%
TOT count 131 87 17 235
Results
“…in the computer there is a lot of information we can get”
Cuamba, Non-user1
“because people go there, in the Internet, and look for information, and inform the community, and the community is fulfilled in listening to the things that who went to use the Internet found”
Cuamba, Non-User4
In- bound
Shared Out-bound
Tot
Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%
Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%
Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%
Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%
Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%
Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%
ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%
Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%
Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%
TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%
TOT count 131 87 17 235
Results
“…we want to talk to you, we want to talk to people and have friends abroad…”
Chiure, User3