razvoj i primena gis tehnologija u srbiji

5/7/2018 Razvoj i primena GIS tehnologija u Srbiji - slidepdf.com

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kxlx}dc}> _bnekc Mlal}ylndvlĀ

x}tmdc}l>Lvkck ZbzbvlĀ ?4"9::7

Akyeb AkylnkcbvlĀ 78"9::0

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;# Kzx}yke} 9

9# Tvbm 89#; Mdolclhlnk @LX!k 89#9 Ekmk xd @LX zbnkvlb t xvd}t2 89#8 Eb xvd ebylx}l @LX2 =9#= Ekeb ykml @LX2 =

8# Zyladck @LX!k t Idb`ykmt l Xyilnl =8#; Zybnde}l ebnl xt tykědcl lfl t`bvbydcl t ml`l}kfcbn obyall zydak @LX abmdft mb mkckx ck }dyl}bylnl `ykmk Idb`ykmk 4

8#9 Yk~vbn @LX!k ck }dyl}bylnl `ykmk Idb`ykmk t mbadct~kū}l}d l tckzydědcnk xlx}dak ~dfdclg zbvyūlck ?8#8 Tzb}ydik @LX!k t Alclx}kyx}vt tct}ykūcnlg zbxfbvk 08#= @LX t fbekfcbn xkabtzykvl 78#4 ]tyl~ka fk}libyk l fk}kyk ;88#? Zylady zyladcd @LX!k ~k yk~vbn }dfdebatclekhlbcd aydųd ;?8#0 @db`ykoxel lcobyakhlbcl xlx}da '`lx, ‘ tfb`k l ~ckākn lazfdadc}khlnd t ckhlbckfcba zkyet Ědymkz ;78#7 EbylūĀdcnd @LX!k ekb mdb vlūdxlx}daxelg ad}bmk ;<

=# ^kefntāke ;<

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;# Kzx}yke}

@LX ' @db`ykoxel lcobyakhlbcl xlx}da, ckx}knd zbād}eba ?:}lg `bmlck zybūfb` vdek ekbyd~tf}k} zb}ydid ~k ū}b fkeūla zyletzfnkcnda& zkebvkcnda& lc}d`ylxkcnda& ytebvkcnda lkckfl~ba t zylek~lvkcnt zbmk}kek vd~kclg ~k zb~lhlnt ck ^dafnlcbn zbvyūlcl#Bvkn ebaznt}dyxel xlx}da nd lakb cknkāl t}lhkn ck yk~vbn l xk`fdmkvkcnd `db`ykolnd ekbmlxhlzflcd# Bc abųd mk tefntāl ol~lāed& ilbfbūed& mdab`ykoxed& etf}tycd lfl debcbaxed zbmk}ed l }lad zydmx}kvfnk myk`bhdct kfk}et l t zylybmcla l t mytū}vdcla cktekak& ekb l tbifkx}l zbxfbvkcnk l zfkclykcnk#@LX xd ebylx}l }keb ū}b xd zyletzfndcl zbmkhl b zybx}byt xadū}knt t obyal ml`l}kfclg ekyk}k zydmx}kvfndclg ekb cl~ yk~flāl}lg }dak}xelg xfbndvk# Bvd eky}d xd xflebvl}b zydmx}kvfnknt ekbcl~ efkxlāclg zfkcbvk ckhy}kcla ck zybvlmcla obflnkak zyl ādat xvkek bm cnlg xkmyųl xkabbmydědcd vyx}d lcobyakhlnd 'czy# aydųk zt}dvk& vbmbvbmck aydųk& dfde}yb aydųk& `kxck

aydųk& ekckfl~khlbck aydųk&###, l ~k}la xd zydefbzknt#Xvkek }kāek ck eky}l& ebnbn xd abųd zylmytųl}l ebymlck}k& xkmyųl xetz yk~flāl}lg zbmk}kek ebnlxt xadū}knt t }kidfd#Bvkn xlx}da ab`t ebylx}l}l xvd `ykcd zylvydmd& mytū}vdcl xde}byl& lcx}l}thlnd l zydmt~dĀk ebnkxd ck ilfb ebnl ckālc ikvd zybx}byba& bmcbxcb tzykvfnkcnda l dexzfbk}khlnba zybx}byclgbindek}k> tyikcl~ka l `ykědvlcxeb ~dafnlū}d& zt}ck l ųdfd~clāek aydųk& vbmbvbm lekckfl~khlnk& }bzfbvbm& dfde}yb l `kxck mlx}ylithlnk& }dfdeba& ~dfdclfb& zbfnbzylvydmk lūtakyx}vb& xde}byl ~kū}l}d bm cdzb`bmk###

Efntācd ydāl> @LX& zyladck& ik~k zbmk}kek& ml`l}kfl~khlnk& }dfdebatclekhlnd###

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9# Tvbm

@db`ykoxel Lcobyakhlbcl Xlx}da '@LX, zydmx}kvfnk xetz xbo}vdyk& gkymvdyk l ik~k zbmk}kek&ebnl zytųk ab`tĀcbx} tzykvfnkcnk zybx}bycla zbmkhlak& bmcbxcb }b nd xlx}da ebnl ndxzbxbikc ~k lc}d ylxkcnd& ātvkcnd& tydělvkcnd& kckfl~lykcnd l zylek~lvkcnd zybx}byclglcobyakhlnk ebnd bab`tĀkvknt mbcbūdcnd vkųclg bmftek#

@LX }ydik mk zbxdmtnd xfdmdĀd bxbilcd> mk mknd bm`bvbyd ck zl}kcnk& lc}dyke}lvcb ! t ydkfcba vydadct# mk lak xzbxbicbx} yk~vbnk l ckm`ykmcnd zykvbvydadcbx} l ydfdvkc}cbx} ndmcbx}kvcbx} l zylx}tzkācbx} ebchdzhlnd

Bxcbvt lcobyakhlbcb` xlx}dak ālcl ik~k zbmk}kek& ebnk zydmx}kvfnk otcmkadc}kfct&x}kilfct& xzbyb zybadcfnlvt ekyke}dylx}let xlx}dak& binde}d t xlx}dat l cnlgbvd adětxbicdvd~d#Tebfleb ik~k zbmk}kek zydmx}kvfnk mbiky abmdf x}kcnk ydkfcb` xlx}dak l tebfleb zyb`ykal~k bmyųkvkcnd mbiyb abmdflyknt mdnx}vb tfk~k ck cnd`bvb x}kcnd& ilĀd ab`tĀd mbil}l ilfbebnt lcobyakhlnt zb}ydict ~k kmdevk}cla tzykvfnkcnda xlx}daba# ]lad xd t ~ckākncbnadyl ~kbilfk~l efntācl zybifda t ebcvdchlbckfcba zylx}tzt yk~vbnk LX ! xzdhlolekhlnk~kg}dvk ~k lcobyakhlnkak#

9#; Mdolclhlnk @LX!k

Ebaznt}dyxel xlx}da ~k zyletzfnkcnd& zkebvkcnd& lc}d`ylxkcnd& ytebvkcnd& kckfl~t t zylek~lvkcnd zbmk}kek vd~kclg ~k zb~lhlnt ck ^dafnlcbn zbvyūlcl#

9#9 Ekmk xd @LX zbnkvlb t xvd}t2

@LX zbālcnd mk xd yk~vlnk ūd~mdxd}lg `bmlck zybūfb` vdek 't mkckūcnda xalxft ydāl, l }b zyvdcx}vdcb t nkvcba xde}byt& k xckųkc yk~vbn @LX!lcmtx}ylnd mdūkvk xd ;<0:!}lg l ;<7:!}lgt ādat xt zydmcnkālfd XKM#

Akmk nd }beba zbxfdmcnd mvd mdhdclnd& @LX nd lakb cknkāl t}lhkn ck yk~vbn l xk`fdmkvkcnd`db`ykolnd ekb mlxhlzflcd& bc abųd mk tefntāl ol~lāed& ilbfbūed& mdab`ykoxed& etf}tycd lfldebcbaxed zbmk}ed l }lad zydmx}kvfnk myk`bhdct kfk}et t l zylybmcla& admlhlcxela&}dgclāela l mytū}vdcla cktekak& ekb l t bifkx}l zbxfbvkcnk l zfkclykcnk#Zyladyk ykml& fdekyl xt )zydzb~ckfl) @LX ekb kfk}et vdbak ebylxct ~k lx}ykųlvkcnddzlmdalbfbūelg ibfdx}l#Lzke& cknmbxfdmclnl zbeyd}kāl ebc}lctlykcb` yk~vbnk bvd bifkx}l xt zbabyhl#

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Ekb cknvdĀk ebāclhk yk~vbnk @LX!k ndx}d vlxbe ~kg}dv ebnl bvk }dgcbfb`lnk zbx}kvfnk zydmebylxcled t xalxft bitādcbx}l& zk nd t xvd}t tzykvb t }bet )myt`l }kfkx) yk~vbnk @LX!k ekb

mdxe}bz xbo}vdyk ~k cd!}dgclāed ebylxcled#

9#8 Eb xvd ebylx}l @LX2

Ab`t `k ebylx}l}l xvd `ykcd zylvydmd& mytū}vdcl xde}byl& lcx}l}thlnd l zydmt~dĀk ebnk xd ck ilfb ebnl ckālc ikvd zybx}byba& bmcbxcb tzykvfnkcnda l dexzfbk}khlnba zybx}byclgbindek}k> tyikcl~ka l `ykědvlcxeb ~dafnlū}d& zt}ck l ųdfd~clāek aydųk& vbmbvbm lekckfl~khlnk& }bzfbvbm& dfde}yb l `kxck mlx}ylithlnk& }dfdeba& ~dfdclfb& zbfnbzylvydmk lūtakyx}vb& xde}byl ~kū}l}d bm cdzb`bmk&###

9#= Ekeb ykml @LX2

Zbmkhl b zybx}byt xadū}knt xd t obyal ml`l}kfclg ekyk}k zydmx}kvfndclg ekb cl~ yk~flāl}lg}dak}xelg xfbndvk#Bvd eky}d xd xflebvl}b zydmx}kvfnknt ekb cl~ efkxlāclg zfkcbvk ckhy}kcla ck zybvlmclaobflnkak zyl ādat xvkek bm cnlg xkmyųl xkab bmydědcd vyx}d lcobyakhlnd 'czy# aydųk zt}dvk&vbmbvbmck aydųk& dfde}yb aydųk& `kxck aydųk& ekckfl~khlbck aydųk&###, l ~k}la xd zydefbzknt#Xvkek }kāek ck eky}l& ebnbn xd abųd zylmytųl}l ebymlck}k& xkmyųl xetz yk~flāl}lg zbmk}kek ebnlxt xadū}knt t }kidfd#

8# Zyladck @LX!k t Idb`ykmt l Xyilnl

T bevlyt zylzydak ~k l~ykmt @dcdykfcb` tyikclx}lāeb` zfkck Idb`ykmk '^kvbm ~k zfkclykcnd `ykmk Idb`ykmk& ;<70#,& eyknda 7:#!}lg `bmlck zybūfb` vdek ~kzbād}b ndobyalykcnd ik~d zbmk}kek b Idb`ykmt#T zylzydacbn ok~l l~ykmd Zfkck ~kzbād}b nd zyletzfnkcnd l tcbx zbmk}kek b zybx}bytIdb`ykmk t ml`l}kfcba biflet l~ xvlg lcx}l}thlnk ebnd xt l lckād tefntādcd t l~ykmt bvd vyx}d

zfkcbvk# Zyletzfnkcl xt zbmkhl b `dbmd}xela zbmfb`kak t yk~flāl}la yk~adykak l l~yk~flāl}lg zdylbmk& x}k}lx}lāel zbmkhl ck clvbt kmalclx}yk}lvclg zybx}byclg ndmlclhk }kmk zbzlxclg eyt`bvk& zbmkhl b zylybmcla ekyke}dylx}lekak& zbmkhl b vfkxclhlak ab}byclgvb~lfk l}m#T ckydmcba zdylbmt xk txkvyūkvkcnda }dgcbfb`lnd& `ykmxed l ydztiflāed lcx}l}thlnd xtxtehdxlvcb zydfk~lfd ck ml`l}kfcb xefkmlū}dcnd zbmk}kek& }keb mk xd ~k @Z Idb`ykmk 9:9;&ebnl nd ykědc t zdylbmt bm 9:::# mb 9::8# `bmlcd& ndmkc mdb zbmk}kek vdĀ ckfk~l t ik~l#

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OT]TYK


Zb txvknkcnt @Z Idb`ykmk 9:9;& Tyikclx}lāel ~kvbm nd zylx}tzlb ml`l}kfcbn ebcvdy~lnl zfkcbvk l~ kckfb`cb` biflek& ū}b xd abųd vlmd}l ck xkn}t Tyikclx}lāeb` ~kvbmk

'ppp#tyidf#hba,#

8#; Zybnde}l ebnl xt tykědcl lfl t`bvbydcl t ml`l}kfcbn obyal l zydak @LX

abmdft mb mkckx ck }dyl}bylnl `ykmk Idb`ykmk>

;# Zylzydak xkmyųknk l zyb`ykak ~k l~ykmt @LX!k ~dfdclg zbvyūlck Idb ykmk l Zylzydak xkmyųknk l mdolclxkcnd zbx}tzek ~k eky}lykcnd il}bzk Idb ykmk 'zdylbm

l~ykmd mdhdaiky 9::8# ! mdhdaiky 9::=#,

Lcvdx}l}by> Xdeyd}kylnk} ~k ~kū}l}t ųlvb}cd xydmlcd

9# Eky}lykcnd l vydmcbvkcnd ilb}bzk Idb`ykmk 'zdylbm l~ykmd xdz}daiky 9::4# !

kv`tx} 9::0#, Lcvdx}l}by> Xdeyd}kylnk} ~k ~kū}l}t ųlvb}cd xydmlcd

8# T l~ykml nd Zybndek} )Txzbx}kvfnkcnd @LX!k ilb}bzk Idb`ykmk) ebnl lak ~k hlfn mk nkxcb l zydhl~cb mdolclūd zybhdmtyd l ckālc tzb}ydid l kųtylykcnk @LX!k ilb}bzk

Idb`ykmk 'yd~tf}k} 8# ok~d Zybnde}k )^dfdck yd`tfk}lvk Idb`ykmk),& l }b xk

zykvcb & by`kcl~khlbcb` l }dgclāeb!}dgcbfbūeb` kxzde}k# Lcvdx}l}by> Xdeyd}kylnk} ~k ~kū}l}t ųlvb}cd xydmlcd

=# Yd`lx}ky txvbndclg l zb}vyědclg Tyikclx}lāelg zybndek}k ~k zdylbm bm ;8#:4#9::8#

mb 8;#;9#9::7# `bmlcd# Lcvdx}l}by> Xdeyd}kylnk} ~k tyikcl~ka l ykědvlcxed zbxfbvd

4# Yd`lx}ky vkųdĀlg zfkcbvk 't l~ykml nd L ok~k& k ~k ckydmct `bmlct nd zfkclykck LL

ok~k, Lcvdx}l}by> Xdeyd}kylnk} ~k tyikcl~ka l ykědvlcxed zbxfbvd

?# Yd`lx}ky zbx}bndĀd `dbfbūed mbetadc}khlnd '@dbf!Ik~k,#

Tykědcd xt mvd ok~d& t l~ykml nd }ydĀk& k ~k xfdmdĀt `bmlct zfkclykck nd l ād}vy}k

ok~k# Lcvdx}l}by> Xdeyd}kylnk} ~k tyikcl~ka l ykědvlcxed zbxfbvd

0# Kckfl~k x}kcnk l zykĀdcnk ke}lvcbx}l ck ydkfl~khlnl zfkcxelg mbetadck}k ebnk xd

bmcbxd ck zylakyct xkbiykĀknct aydųt Idb`ykmk Lcvdx}l}by> Mlydehlnk ~k `ykědvlcxeb ~dafnlū}d l l~ ykmcnt Idb`ykmk

7# Zydmfb` ~kefntāek b zb}zlxlvkcnt Zyb}bebfk b zbxfbvcb!}dgclāebn xkykmcnl l~adět

`ykmk Idb`ykmk ! @ykmxed tzykvd l NTZ Tyikclx}lāeb` ~kvbmk Idb ykmk

Lcvdx}l}by> Mlydehlnk ~k `ykědvlcxeb ~dafnlū}d l l~ ykmcnt Idb`ykmk ;

; Tyikclx}lāel ~kvbm Idb`ykmk ! LCOB 9?"9::< Kt}by> Al}ybvlĀ A#

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8#9 Yk~vbn @LX!k ck }dyl}bylnl `ykmk Idb`ykmk t mbadct ~kū}l}d ltckzydědcnk xlx}dak ~dfdclg zbvyūlck

Yk~ak}ykntĀl x}kcnd l zdyxzde}lvt yk~vbnk ~dfdclg zbvyūlck Idb`ykmk& k t otcehlnl zfkcxeb`xk`fdmkvkcnk l xzybvbědcnk @dcdykfcb` zfkck 9:9;& tx}kcbvfndcb nd mk Idb`ykm cdak zydhl~cb mdolclxkct x}yk}d`lnt yk~vbnk xlx}dak ~dfdclg zbvyūlck `ykmk& zbfl}let olckcxlykcnklx}lg& ekb cl kmdevk}ct ~kebcxet yd`tfk}lvt l mbxfdmct zyladct zbx}bndĀlg ~kebck t bvbnbifkx}l#

)Ck bxcbvt ckvdmdcb`k& ~kt~d} nd x}kv mk }ydik zylzydal}l bmydědcd lcobyakhlbcd bxcbvd ll~vyūl}l ydvl~lnt bm`bvkykntĀlg mbetadck}k ebnlak xd yd`tflūd ~kū}l}k l tckzydědcnd xlx}dak~dfdclg zbvyūlck Idb`ykmk# Bvkekv x}kv zbmyųkc nd bm x}ykcd @ykmxed tzykvd& }d nd

mdhdaiyk 9::9# `bmlcd& L~vyūcl bmiby Xetzū}lcd `ykmk mbcdb nd bmftet b l~ykml Zybnde}k)^dfdck yd`tfk}lvk Idb`ykmk)#Mt`bybācl hlfn l~ykmd bvb` Zybnde}k ndx}d txzbx}kvfnkcnd zykvlfk t zybhdxt tzykvfnkcnkxlx}daba ~dfdclg zbvyūlck Idb`ykmk& bmcbxcb mdolclxkcnd adyk& x}kcmkymk l txfbvk ~k~kū}l}t& zfkclykcnd& zbml~kcnd& tydědcnd l bmyųkvkcnd ~dfdclg zbvyūlck#L~ykmk Zybnde}k )^dfdck yd`tfk}lvk Idb`ykmk) zfkclykck nd eyb~ ād}lyl ok~d ykmk# Myt`ba l}ydĀba ok~ba Zybnde}k bitgvkĀdcd xt ke}lvcbx}l vd~kcd ~k yk~vbn @LX!k#) 9

Xflek ;# Zylady yd`lx}ykhlnd iybnk zbndmlclg vyx}k vd`d}khlnd L~vby> Tyikclx}lāel ~kvbm Idb`ykmk ! LCOB 9?"9::<

8#8 Tzb}ydik @LX!k t Alclx}kyx}vt tct}ykūcnlg zbxfbvk

9 Tyikclx}lāel ~kvbm Idb`ykmk ! LCOB 9?"9::< kt}byl> ]dbolfbvlĀ K#& ĆkvlĀ E#

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OT]TYK


@LX }dgcbfb`lnk xd zbx}dzdcb yk~vlnk vdĀ mvd `bmlcd t Alclx}kyx}vt tct}ykūcnlg zbxfbvk#Mb xkmk nd ckikvfndc cknabmdyclnl xbo}vdy olyad DXYL ~k vdi beytųdcnd& yk~vlndcd xt mvd

@LX kzflekhlnd ckadcndcd zbflhlnl ebnd zbeylvknt }dyl}bylnt Idb`ykmk& ekb l hdfbetzct}dyl}bylnt Ydztifled Xyilnd#

Bvkn ~ckākncb Ād tckzydml}l ykm zbflhlnd t ibyil zyb}lv eylalckfk# ]keběd& @LX Ād zbxftųl}ll ~k ibfnt ~kū}l}t `ykěkck bm zbųkyk& zylybmclg cdzb`bmk l debfbūelg ek}kx}ybok#

)@LX nd ~kxcbvkc ck tzb}ydil ml`l}kfl~bvkclg akzk xk ik~kak zbmk}kek# Cnd`bvk zbmfb`kxt ml l}kfl~bvkcd& ebaznt}dyxed akzd xkālcndcd ck bxcbvt kvlbcxelg xclakek# ]laakzkak zylmbmk}d xt ik~d zbmk}kek ~k tflhd& adxcd ~kndmclhd& ifbebvd& bzū}lcd& `ykmbvd&xkbiykĀknclhd l myt`d binde}d#

Cbvl @LX nd b}vbylb cdxftĀdcd ab`tĀcbx}l l t myt`la vlmbvlak ųlvb}k l ykmk# Zyladckcbvd }dgcbfb`lnd l x}vkykcnd xvdx}ykcd ik~d zbmk}kek ~k Xyilnt tckzydmlĀd ykm myt`lg nkvclgxftųil& kfl Ād l dolekxcb mk bm`bvbyl ck zb}ydid zylvydmd& zbfnbzylvydmd& ūtakyx}vk&`ykědvlckyx}vk& dcdy`d}led& dfde}ybzylvydmd& tyikcl~ak& xkbiykĀknk& }dfdebatclekhlnk&~mykvx}vk###

Tfb`k @LX!k nd mk zyd xvd`k bid~idml vdĀt iy~lct l dolekxcbx} zylfleba lc}dyvdchlnk zbflhlnd& bm bzū}d ckmfdųcbx}l mb eylalckflx}lāed& zyb}lvzbųkycd l xkbiykĀkncd zbflhlnd# T~}kākc zbfbųkn ab`tĀd nd ebbymlclxk}l ykm fntml ck }dydct zylfleba zb}dyd ~k l~vyūlbhlakeylvlāclg mdfk& zykvbvydadcb ydk`bvk}l t xftāknt l~`ydmk ck x}kmlbclak l cnlgbvbn bebflcl&k vk}yb`kxhl Ād abĀl iyųd mk x}lųt ck adx}b zbųkyk#

Bvb nd xkab ndmkc bm ckālck zyladcd bvb` xlx}dak# T xftākndvlak ~dafnb}ydxk& zbzfkvk&bmybck& fkvlck& vdĀlg zbųkyk l myt`lg dfdadc}kyclg cdzb`bmk l }dgclāelg cdxydĀk ilfb ilbab`tĀdck iyųk l ibfnk kehlnk l ebbymlckhlnk xvlg ckmfdųclg xftųil# @LX Ād b}vbyl}l lab`tĀcbx} ckfkųdcnk ckneykĀd` l ckniyųd` zylfk~k xzkxlfkāela }labvlak adx}t cdxydĀd#

Yk~vbn bvb` xlx}dak bab`tĀkvk l dolekxclnd zydmvlěkcnd mb`kěknk ebnl ab`t t`yb~l}l ųlvb}l labvlct fntml)#8

88 g}}z>""kyglvk#dfl}dxdhtyl}|#by`"}?=?7;!@db`ykoxel!lcobyak}lvcl!xlx}da!@LX Kt}by> Mtūkc]dfdxebvlĀ

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8#= @LX t fbekfcbn xkabtzykvl

Mkckx xt t xvd}t lcobyakhlbck l ebatclekhlbck }dgcbfb lnk 'LH], zbx}kfd xvdmbalckc}clnd t xvla xde}bylak& ilfb mk nd t zl}kcnt zylvk}cl il~clx& myųkvck kmalclx}ykhlnklfl cktek& ~ckākn @db`ykoxelg Lcobyakhlbclg Xlx}dak '@LX, ~k dolekxcb tzykvfnkcnd tfbekfcla xkabtzykvkak t Xyilnl zbx}knd xvd bāl`fdmclnl#_dflel bila zbxfbvk zfkclykcnk l kmalclx}yk}lvclg ~kmk}kek t fbekfcla xkabtzykvkak xdbxfkcnk ck zybx}bycd zbmk}ed# @LX nd vdbak dolekxkc lcx}ytadc} ~k abmdyct kmalclx}ykhlntbmdfndcnk ebnk xd ikvd zybx}bycla zbmkhlak l zbx}kb nd cd xkab hdcndc& vdĀ l cdbzgbmkckfk} ~k tckzydědcnd kmalclx}ykhlnd vd~kcd ~k ~dafnlū}d l l~`ykmcnt#

Zyladck @LX!k t fbekfcla xkabtzykvkak t Xyilnl clnd cbvbx}# Adět}la& ādx}b zbndmlck

bmdfndcnk lx}d bzū}lcd bmcbxcb `ykmk yk~vlnknt xbzx}vdcl lcobyakhlbcl xlx}da ykml~kmbvbfndcnk xbzx}vdclg ykmclg zybhdmtyk& kfl cd ebbymlclyknt }d xlx}dad xk bx}kflabmdfndcnlak# Bxla }b`k& acb`d fbekfcd xkabtzykvd t Xyilnl yk~vlnknt @LX xlx}dad id~x}yk}d`lnd txk`fkūkvkcnk& ebchdz}k l ebbymlckhlnd#

) T hlfnt zbmyūed x}yk}d`lnxeba l ebbymlclxkcba zylx}tzt yk~vbnk @LX!k t xyzxela`ykmbvlak l bzū}lckak& zybndek} ilfk}dykfcd xkykmcnd )Tzykvfnkcnd ~dafnlū}da " Ek}kx}ky tXyilnl) nd xzybvdb lclhlnk}lvt yk~vbnk l ztiflebvkcnk zylytāclek ck bvt }dat# ]k bmftek nd zb}vyědck bzū}la mb`bvbyba }beba ckhlbckfcd @LX ebcodydchlnd bmyųkcd t Idb`ykmt&xdz}daiyk 9::4) # =

Lkeb nd ilfb ab`tĀd ebylx}l}l vydmck lxetx}vk xketzfndck }beba yk~vbnk cdakāeb`)Zylytāclek ~k lazfdadc}khlnt @LX!k)& ztiflebvkcb` bm x}ykcd )Beyt`fb` x}bfk ~k @LX)& zbm lclhlnk}lvba ]dgclāeb` Tclvdy~l}d}k t Alcgdct l ikvkyxeb` Alclx}kyx}vk olckcxlnk& ilfb nd vdbak vkųcb zylzydal}l l yk~vl}l bvkn zylytācle t iflxebn xkykmcnl xk xyzxela zlfb}`ykmbvlak Eyk`tndvkh& Clū& Xbaiby& Xtib}lhk l _kfndvb ekb l xk myt`la bzū}lckak ebnd xtyk~adcnlvkfd ~ckcnd# Ck clvbt fbekfcd xkabtzykvd xebyb 7:$ xvlg lcobyakhlnk& ~kmk}kek l bmftek xt mlyde}cb lfllcmlyde}cb t vd~l xk zybx}bycla zbmkhlak# T bevlyt zybhdxk mdhdc}ykfl~khlnd& fbekfcdxkabtzykvd t Xyilnl xd xvd vlūd adcnknt t txftųck l tzykvck zydmt~dĀk ebnk xt ck txft~lxvbnla ebylxclhlak# ^kg}dvl l bādelvkcnk ebnd t bmcbxt ck fbekfcd xkabtzykvd t Xyilnll~cbxd `ykěkcl& kfl l zylvydmk l zbfl}lek& xt xvd vdĀl# Zyladck @LX!k abųd mk itmd ckālc mk

xd zbab`cd lxztcndcnd }lg bādelvkcnk# Ekeb xt zybx}bycd lcobyakhlnd t acb`la fbekfclaxkabtzykvkak yk~ikhkcd zb yk~cla tzykvkak l myt`la fbekfcla l ydztiflāela by`kclak llcx}l}thlnkak& yk~adck zbmk}kek nd }dūek l vyfb xetzk#Acb`l zbmkhl ebnl xd }lāt cdeyd}clck l labvlcd xt ~kx}kydfl l mbx}tzcl lxefntālvb tkckfb`cba biflet# @LX zytųk ab`tĀcbx} mk xd ātvknt l xefkmlū}d zbmkhl& akzd lkfokctadylāel zbmkhl& kfl t ml`l}kfcba biflet ebnl ckmfdųcla by`kclak mknd ab`tĀcbx} mkyk~adct zbmk}kek bikvd acb`b iyųd l fkeūd& zk āke l zydeb lc}dycd}k#= XE@B ‘ X}kfck ebcodydchlnk `ykmbvk l vfkx}l& Ckhlbckfck kxbhlnkhlnk fbekfclg vfkx}l ! 9::7

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Zbydm }b`k& @LX zbmkhl abyknt mk xd ātvknt ck x}kcmkyml~bvkc ckālc }keb mk zbmkhlmbilndcl bm cded myt`d lcx}l}thlnd cd abyknt mk itmt }ykcxobyalxkcl zyd tzb}ydid# Ekmk xt

t ml`l}kfcba biflet& zbmkhl xd ab`t acb`b fkeūd ebailcbvk}l& bmcbxcb yk~cl xfbndvl lfl}lzbvl bxbilck ebnl xkmyųd zbmk}ed mbx}kvfndcd l~ yk~flāl}lg lcx}l}thlnk ab`t mk xd zylekųtbindmlcndcl ! k }b ~ckāl mk xd bmfted ebnd ~kvlxd bm }kevlg zbmk}kek ab`t acb`b iyųdmbcd}l# Zbydm }b`k& zb~lvkcnd l kųtylykcnd zbmk}kek abųd xd bikvfnk}l t~ acb`b akcndckzbyk#

Xvd }d ālcndclhd bab`tĀkvknt mk xd t fbekfcla xkabtzykvkak l biykmk xvkebmcdvclg~kmk}kek l zytųkcnd txft`k ebylxclhlak bikvfnk acb`b iyųd& k xkala }la nd l dolekxcbx}ykmk fbekfcd xkabtzykvd vdĀk# Ckādfcb& @LX zytųk ūlybe bzxd` yk~clg zyladck# ]b zyd xvd`k ~ckāl& mk nd bm ebylx}l txvkebn lcx}l}thlnl ebnk xd ikvl zybx}bycla zbmkhlak& adět ebnd xzkmknt fbekfcd

xkabtzykvd& ebatckfck zydmt~dĀk& }tylx}lāed lcobyakhlnd& ūtakyx}vb l acb`d myt`d# @LXxd abųd ebylx}l}l ~k by`kcl~bvkcnd l tzykvfnkcnd ydxtyxlak ebnl xt vd~kcl ~k zybx}by& zfkclykcnd l zybx}bycl yk~vbn#

Xflek 9#Yk~cd zyladcd @LX!k L~vby> ZYBX]BY ‘ flx} zybx}byclg zfkcdyk l x}tmdck}k zybx}bycb` zfkclykcnk& l~mkcnd iybn ;0&

Mdhdaky 9::<

Bxcbvcd zyladcd @LX!k t fbekfcbn xkabtzykvl bxfkcnknt xd ck Ek}kx}ky cdzbeyd}cbx}l lEk}kx}ky vbmbvk& k xftųd ~k zfkclykcnd ebylūĀdcnk ~dafnlū}k l yk~vbnk ndmlclhk fbekfcdxkabtzykvd#Ek}kx}ky cdzbeyd}cbx}l bxclvk l bmyųkvk Ydztiflāel `dbmd}xel ~kvbm# Ek}kx}ky cdzbeydcbx}lxkmyųl cdbzgbmcd lcobyakhlnd b ek}kx}kyxela zkyhdfkak& binde}lak l mdfbvlak bindek}k'zybx}bycd zbmk}ed& zbvyūlct& ckadct& xzyk}cbx}& etĀcl iybn l my#,# ]keběd& xkmyųl zbmk}ed bcbxlbhlak zykvk ck bvla cdzbeyd}cbx}lak l dvdc}tkfcla }dyd}lak 'glzb}ded& xftųidcbx}l lxf#,# Zybadcd t zybx}bycla zbmkhlak cdzbeyd}cbx}l 'mdbik zkyhdfd& l~`ykmcnk lfl tefkcnkcnd

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binde}k l xf#, l zybadcd vfkxclū}vk ckm cdzbeyd}cbx}lak 'ydūdcnk& bmftek xtmk& t`bvbyl l xf#,vbmd xd t ek}kx}yt cdzbeyd}cbx}l# Ekeb nd vdflel iybn }ykcxkehlnk zbvd~kc xk cdeyd}clckak&

kųtylykcl ~vkclācl zbmkhl xt bm b`ybacd vkųcbx}l#Ek}kx}ky vbmbvk zbakųd ebm by`kcl~bvkcnk dfdadck}k lcoykx}yte}tyd& ~k vbmbvbmct&ekckfl~khlbct l mydckųct& }bzfbvbmct& dfde}ybdcdy`d}xet& }dfdebatclekhlbct& cko}bvbmct l`kxbvbmct aydųt# Ck zfkct ek}kx}yk vbmbvk zylek~kcl xt zbm~dacl l ckm~dacl vbmbvl xktyděknlak ebnl bab`tĀkvknt otcehlbclxkcnd xlx}dak 'beck& ebabyd& ztazd l myt`l binde}l,#Ekb k}ylit}l zybx}byclg zbmk}kek zylek~tnt xd eb}d& ak}dylnkf& mladc~lnd hdvl& ckzbc&ekzkhl}d} l xflācd ekyke}dylx}led# Zyletzfndcl zbmkhl b vbmbvlak zylek~tnt xd `ykolāel&ctadylāel l bzlxcb# Ydztiflāel `dbmd}xel ~kvbm ckmfdųkc nd ~k bxclvkcnd l bmyųkvkcndek}kx}yk vbmbvk# Ekmk xd zbx}kvd xzdhlnkfcl kfk}l abųd xd& ck zylady& ~k xkab cdebflebalct}k l~ykātck}l bz}lakfck zb~lhlnk l zb}ydicl ak}dylnkfk ~k cbv zylefntāke ck hdvbvbm& ū}b il id~ zbabĀl @LX!k zb}yknkfb iky cdebfleb mkck#

Bifkx} tyikcl~ak l zfkclykcnk ckadcd ~dafnlū}k zytųk cl~ ab`tĀcbx}l ~k tzb}ydit @LXkzflekhlnk& ekb ck zylady ~k zybx}bycl zfkc ndmlclhd fbekfcd xkabtzykvd& ~k `dcdykfcl zfkc&md}kfncl yd`tfkhlbcl zfkc l myt`b# Zylek~ yk~flāl}lg tyikclg ~bck 'x}kaidclg& lcmtx}ylnxelg& nkvcd `ykědvlcd& ~dfdcl zbnkx, mknd ebylxclet ab`tĀcbx} mk fkeb l iy~b zykvl l kųtylykakzd#

Zbydm }lzlāclg zyladck @LX!k& ebnd xd bmcbxd ck xvkebmcdvcd ke}lvcbx}l& mbiyb yk~ykědc`db`ykoxel lcobyakhlbcl xlx}da ctml l myt`d bzhlnd t zbfnt zytųkcnk txft`k# Ekb zylady abųdab ckvdx}l& by`kcl~khlnt zkyhdfk ck `ybifnlak& zybvdyd zt}cd aydųd& bmyųkvkcnd lyk~vlnkcnd zt}clg aydųk }keb mk xd xzydād xkbiykĀkncd `tųvd# T zfkclykcnt fbekfclgydeydk}lvclg zbmytānk& zb}ydid ~k ~dfdcla zbvyūlckak l zkyebvlak xd ab`t kckfl~lyk}l& kek}kx}ky vd`d}khlnxeb` zbeylvkāk vbml}l t ebaznt}dyl~bvkcba }n#ml`l}kfcba obyak}t#

)T bifkx}l }tyl~ak& ab`t xd yk~ykml}l aydųd x}k~k l yt}k& k ab`t xd ibfnd vbml}l l ~ckadcl}l}tylx}lāel fbekfl}d}l& bmcbxcb }tylx}lāek lcoykx}yte}tyk# Ćke xd l t}lhkn l~ibyk lfl lxzl}lvkcnk

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Xflek 8#; @dcdykfcl zfkc Xtib}lhd L~vby> Fbekfck tzykvk Xtib}lhd& 9::0#

Xflek 8#9 @dcdykfcl zfkc Xtib}lhd xk zkyhdfkak

L~vby> Fbekfck tzykvk Xtib}lhd& 9::0#



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nkvcb` acndcnk ck zbfl}lāed }dad abųd fkeb zydmx}kvl}l zbabĀt @LX!k# T~ xvd }b& mbiybyk~vlndc @LX abųd mk itmd l l~vby mbmk}clg zylgbmk ~k fbekfct xkabtzykvt# Xvkek vyx}k

zbmk}kek tcd}k t @LX fbekfcd xkabtzykvd& abųd xd fkeb ebailcbvk}l xk cbvbzyletzfndcla zbmkhlak lfl tcbxlak ebnl zylx}l`ct l~ myt`lg lcx}l}thlnk#X}b`k& ab`tĀd nd vyūl}l yk~cd kckfl~d t ~kvlxcbx}l bm ~kg}dvk& k yd~tf}k}l xd ab`t zybmkvk}l~klc}dydxbvkcla eflndc}lak# Ck zylady& zb}dchlnkfcl lcvdx}l}by ebnl }ykųl cbvt fbekhlnt ~kxvbnt ebazkclnt abųd il}l ~klc}dydxbvkc ~k xfbibmcd zkyhdfd ebnd xt mbiyb zbvd~kcd& ebndlaknt bm`bvkykntĀt zbvyūlct l ebnd clxt bitgvkĀdcd itmtĀla zfkcba#Ebylx}l ebnd xd nkvfnknt tvbědcnda fbekfcb` @LX!k ab`t xd xkųd}l t xdmka ek}d`bylnk>

txft`d `ykěkcx}vt ! tvlm t `dbmd}xed zbmfb`d& lcobyakhlnd b tyikclx}lāela l zybx}bycla zfkcbvlak

mb~vbfd ! iyųl l ndmcbx}kvclnl zybhdx mkvkcnk mb~vbfk bhdck zbyd~k ! zykvlākc l dolekxclnl zbx}tzke biykātck l ckzfk}d zbyd~k l }kexl dolekxcbx} tzykvd ! ibfnk yk~adck lcobyakhlnk l~adět tzykvclg by`kck zybx}bycb l tyikclx}lāeb zfkclykcnd ‘ dolekxclnk tzb}ydik l ebc}ybfk cdzbeyd}cd

labvlcd zylvydmcl l lcmtx}ylnxel yk~vbn ! iyųk biykmk tzl}k ebnd mbx}kvfnknt lcvdx}l}byl fd`kfl~khlnk ! tiy~kcl zybhdx fd`kfl~khlnd l x}vkykcnd ek}kx}kyk t ckmfdųcbx}l fbekfcd

~kndmclhd 'nkvcd ykxvd}d& fbekfclg zt}dvk l tflhk& tyikcd bzydad l}m#,)4

Ū}b xd }lād biyk~bvkcnk t bifkx}l @LX!k& zydmkvkcnk xd l~vbmd ck cdebfleb oketf}d}k> ek}dmyk ~k @dbmd~lnt ck @ykědvlcxeba oketf}d}t t Idb`ykmt& ]DAZTX hdc}ky t Cbvba Xkmt&

@db`ykoxel oketfd}d} t Idb`ykmt l Cbvba Xkmt& Ūtakyxel oketf}d} t Idb`ykmt& @dbdebcbaxel oketf}d} t Idb`ykmt& Dfde}ybcxel oketf}d} t Clūt l Oketf}d} ~k zyladcndct debfb`lnt ‘ Ot}tyk#

Lcobyakhlbcd }dgcbfb lnd l }tyl~ka xt adět 4 cknvdĀk ab}lvk}byk mkckūcnd `fbikfcddebcbalnd# Mk il xd ~kmbvbfnlfl ~kg}dvl }tylx}k ~k xvd vdĀba zb}ydiba ~k lcobyakhlnkakcdbzgbmcb nd mk xd xketzfnknt zbmkhl xk ū}b vlūd mbx}tzclg adx}k# ]tylx}l xt ādx}b xtbādcl lxk zybifdaba yk~flāl}lg lcobyakhlnk mbx}tzclg ck lc}dycd}t# Ydūdcnd bvlg zybifdak ndebylūĀdcnd akzk ~k zylek~lvkcnd lcobyakhlnk ck dolekxkc ckālc# Eky}d xt zylybmcl ckālc ~k

zylek~lvkcnd l bidfdųkvkcnd lcobyakhlnk vd~kclg ~k }tyl~ka#@LX nd bikfx} ebnk iy~b ckzydmtnd l ūlyl xd& ck }kn ckālc bab`tĀkvk x}kvykcnd cbvlgkzflekhlnk ebnlak xd ytebvmd l ebylx}d `db`ykoxed lcobyakhlnd t ebailckhlnl xk myt`laadmlnlak#T }tyl~at @LX xd ebylx}l mk il bid~idmlb>

Ml`l}kfct akzt ebnk nd bxcbvk ū}kazkcd akzd4 ZYBX]BY ‘ flx} zybx}byclg zfkcdyk l x}tmdck}k zybx}bycb` zfkclykcnk& l~mkcnd iybn ;0& @LX ‘

Zybx}bycb zfkclykcnd ‘ Fbekfck tzykvk& kt}by> YkmbvlĀ A#& Mdhdaky 9::<

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Ml`l}kfcd zbmk}ed ~k lc}dycd} eky}lykcnd Ml`l}kfcd zbmk}ed ~k abilfcb eky}lykcnd Eky}d k}ykehlnk Lc}dycd} xkn} xk lc}dyke}lvcla eky}lykcnda

Zfkclykcnd t }tyl~at zbmyk~tadvknt lc}d`ylxkcb zfkclykcnd k}ykehlnk 'zylybmclg& etf}tyclg&fntmxeba yteba ckzykvfndclg,& xdyvlxk 'kebabmkhlnd& ydx}bykcl& zybmkvclhd& lcobyakhlnd ~k zbxd}lbhd& adcnkāclhd& zbū}kcxed l admlhlcxed txft`d,& l binde}d ~k }ykcxzby}'lcoykx}yte}tyk ak}dylnkfk l zydvb~cd txft`d,#

Zfkclykcnd t }tyl~at& }keběd& ~kg}dvk ztcb xketzfnkcnk l zybhdxlykcnk zybx}byclglcobyakhlnk& ndy il xvd fbekhlnd l cnlgbvl bmcbxl }ydikfb mk xt mdolclxkcl l kckfl~lykcl t zybx}bycba ebc}dxe}t# T bvt xvygt @LX abųd bzlxk}l l lcmdc}lolebvk}l dfdadc}d }tylx}lāedlcoykx}yte}tyd `dbad}ylnxel& }dak}xel l }bzbfbūel#

Zybhdmtyk ebnk zyk}l yk~vl}ke zybx}bycd ik~d zbmk}kek tefntātnd> Mbilnkcnd `db`ykoxed eky}d ebnk zbeylvk bmydědcl yd`lbc Ebcvdy~lnk ū}kazkcd eky}d t ml`l}kfct eky}t Eydlykcnd }bzbfb`lnd mk il xd ckzykvlfl bmcbxl l~adět zbnabvk ck eky}l ]ykcxobyakhlnk t ebymlck}d x}kvycb` xvd}k

Mk il xd ckzykvlfk }tylx}lāek eky}k vde}byxel `ykolāel biflhl 'zt}dvl xkx}kvfndcl bm zykvlg leylvlg flclnk,& }dex}tfkcd lcobyakhlnd& l xfled abyknt il}l lc}d`ylxkcl t hdflct# Xvkel bindek}

nd mbmdfndc }dak}xeba fdndyt# Xvkel fdndy xkmyųl xybmcd binde}d ekb ū}b xt zt}dvl& ~`ykmd lflydācd ekckfd# Lcobyakhlnd vd~kcd ~k k}ylit}d ~k yk~cd binde}d t }tyl~at ebnl xt xetzfndcl l~yk~flāl}lg l~vbyk xd ab`t zbvd~k}l ~k xvbnd zybx}bycd binde}d#Bvb tefntātnd xfdmdĀd ebyked>

Ebazlfkhlnk l mbmkvkcnd }dex}tfkclg lcobyakhlnk ~k fbekhlnd bindek}k t }kidfkak Yk~vbn l mbmkvkcnd xflek }dex}tkfcla b~ckekak Flcebvkcnd xflek ~k fbekhlnt bindek}k ebnd bzlxtnt Ktmlb ~kzlx ~k cded bmydědcd binde}d ebnl xt ml`l}kfcb xclafndcl zbvd~k}l ~k

binde}d fbekhlnd ebnd bzlxtnt

Flce ck bindek} ck eky}l il zylek~kb xflet ebailcbvkct xk }dex}ba ekb mbmk}ke ktmlb

~kzlxt ebnl binkūcnkvk mk}l bindek}# Ktmlb ~kzlx il xkmyųkb eyk}et lx}bylnt binde}k l ū}k il zbxd}lfkh ab`kb mk bādetnd bm zbxd}d#]dak}xeb eky}lykcnd xd ebylx}l mk il lc}d`ylxkfb }tylx}lāed lcobyakhlnd 'xlaibf binde}k ebnl il zyd}x}kvfnkb }lz binde}k& lad binde}k& ek}d`bylnt gb}dfk& flce lc}dycd} x}ykcd mk}b` binde}k,l @LX zbmk}ed ykml l~ykmd }tylx}lāelg ekyk}k#

8#4 ]tyl~ka ^fk}libyk l ^fk}kyk

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Txzdg }tyl~ak t ilfb ebnbn ~dafnl bvlxl b ab`tĀcbx}l ~dafnd mk txzdūcb yk~vlnd& tzykvfnk l zybabvlūd }tylx}lāed binde}d l ke}lvcbx}l t }bn ~dafnl# _dĀlck ~dakfnk t yk~vbnt ~kvlxl bm

}tyl~ak ~k cnlgbv debcbaxel ykx} l mlvdy~l}d}#T Xyilnl& vfkx}l ~kmtųdcd ~k }tyl~ka ebcx}kc}cb xketzfnknt zbmk}ed b binde}lak il}cla ~k}tyl~ka# ^ib` lcobyakhlnk ebnd xd ckfk~d ck yk~cla adx}lak& cded t zkzylcba biflet& cdedt ml`l}kfcba& bilācb nd zb}ydicb acb`b vydadck mk il xd bm`bvbylfb ck ~kg}dv eflndc}k#@LX bab`tĀkvk lc}d`ylxkcnd lcobyakhlnd& l abųd il}l bm vdfled zbabĀl t bvkevlaxftākndvlak ~k hdft Xyilnt#Gb}dfl l cknil}clnd fbekhlnd ^fk}libyk 'Ćknd}lck, l ^fk}kyk 'Cbvk _kybū, xt yk~ak}ykcd l zydikādcd t xlx}da# @LX nd mlyde}cb zbvd~kc xk eydlykcnda eky}b`ykoxelg fdndyk l zbmk}kek b zybx}byt l kc}ybzb`dcla binde}lak& tzb}ydil ~dafnlū}k l ~bckak yk~clg x}dzdck debfbūed~kū}l}d# @LX nd ebylūĀdc ekb kckfl}lāeb bytěd ~k t}vyělvkcnd zbfbųknk l `tx}lcd }tylx}lāelgbindek}k t bvla bifkx}lak& ekb l cnlgbvlg ekyke}dylx}lek& ekb ū}b xt }lz& lad& evkfl}d}#

Xflek =#; Bzū}lcxed `ykclhd l zt}dvl ^fk}libyk l ^fk}kyk 'Ćknd}lck l Cbvk _kybū , L~vby>]gd kzzflhk}lbc bo @LX kcm l}x hbazbcdc}x lc }btylxka& Ntf 9::0 Kt}by> _dyek NbvkcbvlĀ

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Xflek =#9 Gb}dfl l ydx}bykcl ck ^fk}kyt L~vby>]gd kzzflhk}lbc bo @LX kcm l}x hbazbcdc}x lc }btylxa& Ntf 9::0 Kt}by> _dyek NbvkcbvlĀ

Xflek =#8 ^fk}libyxed l ^fk}kyxed mdx}lckhlnd'nd~dyk& vlmlebvhl& xel x}k~d###,

L~vby>]gd kzzflhk}lbc bo @LX kcm l}x

hbazbcdc}x lc }btylxa& Ntf 9::0 Kt}by> _dyek

NbvkcbvlĀ

Xflek =#=# K}yke}lvcd }tylx}lāed mdx}lckhlnd ck^fk}kyt '8K& 8I& =K& =I,

L~vby>]gd kzzflhk}lbc bo @LX kcm l}x

hbazbcdc}x lc }btylxa& Ntf 9::0 Kt}by> _dyek

NbvkcbvlĀ

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Xflek 4# K}yke}lvcd }tylx}lāed mdx}lckhlnd ck fk}kyt xk flcebvlak ~k ob}b`ykolnd zbndmlclgfbekfl}d}k#

Ekb ū}b xd vlml ck zyd}gbmcbn xflhl& ebylx}dĀl yk~cd zyb`ykad l @LX }dgcbfb`lnt& ab`tĀd nd zbvd~k}l ob}b`ykolnt xk }kheba ck eky}l t ml`l}kfcba obyak}t& }keb mk ekmk cdeb cklc}dyke}lvkc ckhlc ebylx}l eky}t ck ebaznt}dyt& abųd zydfkxeba alūk zydeb bmydědcd }kāedvlmd}l l ob}b`ykolnt xk fbekfl}d}k ebnl }k }kāek ck eky}l zydmx}kvfnk#

@LX nd ckytāl}b zb`bmkc ~k zfkclykcnd l zb~lhlbclykcnd fbekhlnk ~k xel x}k~d& ebnd abyknt il}l vkc ~kū}lĀdclg bifkx}l# Yd~tf}k} xd mbilnk zydefkzkcnda }dak}xelg eky}l& zfkclykcnda lmdolclxkcnda fbekhlnk ebnd xt zfkclykcd ~k yk~vl}ke }tylx}lāed lcmtx}ylnd# @LX nd mbiky kfk} ~kxketzfnkcnd& kckfl~t& abmdfbvkcnd l vl~tdfct zyd~dc}khlnt }tylx}lāelg zbmk}kek#

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Xflek ?# Bmydělvkcnd fbekhlnk ~k xel x}k~d ebylūĀdcnda zydefkzkcnk xfbndvk ~kū}lĀdclg zybx}byk lab`tĀlg fbekhlnk ~k x}k~d

L~vby>]gd kzzflhk}lbc bo @LX kcm l}x hbazbcdc}x lc }btylxa& Ntf 9::0 Kt}by> _dyek NbvkcbvlĀ

8#? Zylady zyladcd @LX!k ~k yk~vbn }dfdebatclekhlbcd aydųd

@LX kfk}l ab`t mk xd ebylx}d ~k zfkclykcnd ekifbvxed& idųlācd 'PlAKW, l ebailcbvkcd zylx}tzcd aydųd# @LX kfk}l ~k zfkclykcnd ekifbvxeb` zylx}tzk 'Lcbvk ]dfdHKM @LX, l @LXkfk}l ~k ykmlb zfkclykcnd 'Gdwk`bc CLY, t xzyd~l xd ab`t lxebylx}l}l ~k zybhdct zb}ydik ~k}dfdobcxela zylefntāhlak& zfkclykcnd }bzbfb`lnd ekifbvxed aydųd& l~iby fbekhlnk ik~clgx}kclhk ~k idųlācb ydūdcnd& mbilnkcnd ykxzbmdfd abmtfkhlnk zb ebylxclhlak ~k zybykātcekzkhl}d}k ebm idųlācb` ydūdcnk& ebailcbvkcnd mvk zylx}tzk l zfkclykcnd mlckaledl~ ykmcnd& ū}b zydmx}kvfnk tvbm t bm bvkykntĀt }dgcbdebcbaxet kckfl~t l l~iby cknbz}lakfclnd` ydūdcnk xk x}kcbvlū}k ab`tĀcbx}l ydkfl~khlnd& lxzfk}lvbx}l l iy~lcd l~`ykmcnd#

T idb`ykmxeba ckxdfnt Ekftědylhk vdĀ `bmlckak clnd ydūdcb zl}kcnd }dfdobcxelg

zylefntākek# Ckxdfnd idfdųl l~t~d}kc mdab`ykoxel ykx}& adět}la ~ib` cdmbx}k}ektyikclx}lāelg mb~vbfk& tvbmndcnd efkxlācd }dfdobcxed ekifbvxed aydųd clnd ab`tĀd#Idųlācd }dgcbfb`lnd xd nkvfnknt ekb ab`tĀcbx} ydūkvkcnk zybifdak& zydamk l bvkn zylx}tzlak xvbnk b`ykclādcnk zb zl}kcnt ekzkhl}d}k bmcbxcb mb~vbfk ~k bm`bvkykntĀl iybn ykmlb!oydevdchlnk# @LX kfk}l xt t bvba xftāknt ebylūĀdcl ~k zfkclykcnd ekifbvxeb` zylx}tzk l ~kykmlb zfkclykcnd l ab`t xd ~kndmcb lxebylx}l}l ~k l~ckfkųdcnd bz}lakfcb`& ofdexlilfcb`ydūdcnk ~k ndmcb bvkevb zbmytānd#

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T~ zbabĀ @LX kfk}k bid~idětnd xd ab`tĀcbx} zybhdcd iybnk l ykxzbydmk zb}dchlnkfclgebylxclek l zykvfndcnk lmdncb` ydūdcnk aydųd& ālad abųd mk xd bhdcl lxzfk}lvbx} l

l~vbmfnlvbx}# ^k zybhdct iybnk zyd}zfk}clek ebylūĀdcl xt mbx}tzcl zbmkhl l~ ik~d zbmk}kek]dfdebak& `dbmd}xed zbmfb`d& by}bob}b xclahl l vde}byl~bvkcl binde}l#

Tvbědcnda @LX kfk}k bx}vkydc nd ~ckāknkc zbake t zfkclykcnt l zybnde}bvkcnt efkxlācdekifbvxed zylx}tzcd aydųd# Tfk~ke idųlāclg }dgcbfb`lnk t bvkn xd`adc} aydųd b}vbylb ndab`tĀcbx} ebailcbvkcnk mvk zylx}tzk# @LX otcehlbckfcbx}l xbo}vdyk ~k ykmlb zfkclykcnd~kndmcb xk @LX kfk}lak ~k zfkclykcnd ekifbvxeb` zylx}tzk zytųknt ab`tĀcbx} mk xd ~k~kmk}b hlfncb zbmytānd t eyk}eba ybet xk`fdmknt yk~flāl}d vkylnkc}d ydūdcnk l bmkidydbz}lakfck# @LX ik~d mvk xbo}vdyk 'Kt}bMdxe Akz l AkzLcob, laknt xzdhlolācdotcehlbckfcbx}l& ebnd xd adětxbicb mbztcntnt# Zbfl`bcl `ykclhk zydhl~clnd xd mdolclūtHKM kfk}lak& kfl nd xdfdehlnk zb zbfl`bct iyųk t AkzLcot# Zylek~ }kākek t HKM!t nd

zylflācb xlybakūkc& mbe AkzLcob zytųk ib`k}lnd ab`tĀcbx}l `ykolāeb` zylek~k ! vdĀl xetzxlaibfk l iyųd b~ckākvkcnd# T ]dfdHKM @LX ]dfdebak Xyilnk xd }kāed l binde}l ab`ttvb~l}l t ckhlbckfcba `dbydodydc}cba xlx}dat& mbe AkzLcob zytųk ab`tĀcbx} zydefkzkcnkxfbndvk tvd~dclg t yk~flāl}la zybndehlnkak l zyd}vkykcnd ebbymlck}k#

Zybnde}l ebnl xd }ydct}cb ykmd t Xyilnl xk @LX kfk}lak xt> L~ykmk ml`l}kfclg by}bob}b zfkcbvk yk~adyd ;>9::: ~k `ykm Cbvl Xkm l zyl`ykmxek

ckxdfnk zbvyxlcd 9:: ea9 zbabĀt DYMKX Lak`lcd zyb`ykaxeb` zked}k Biykmk xk}dfl}xelg xclakek l l~ykmk ekyk}k yk~adyd ;>94::: ~k zybndek} tydědcnk 7=

ea }bek yded Mylcd @LX zybndek} `kxlolekhlnd idb`ykmxeb` ckxdfnk Zd}fbvb Iymb l abmdycl~khlnk ckālck

zyletfnkcnk zbmk}kek zbabĀt Kyh"LCOB zyb`ykaxeb` zked}k L~ykmk lcobyakhlbcb` zbmxlx}dak biykātck l ckzfk}d ebylūĀdcnk `ykědvlcxeb`

~dafnlū}k `ykmk Xydaxed Al}ybvlhd l bitek ebylxclek#

8#0 @db`ykoxel lcobyakhlbcl xlx}da '`lx, ‘ tfb`k l ~ckākn lazfdadc}khlnd

t ckhlbckfcba zkyet Ědymkz

Ckhlbckfcl zkye Ědymkz ckfk~l xd t lx}bācba zydmdft Xyilnd& ck `ykclhl xk Ytatclnba#

Ckhlbckfcl zkye bitgvk}k mdfbvd 8 bzū}lcd> @bftikh& Aknmkczde l Efkmbvb# L ~kt~lak zbvyūlct bm ?8&?:7 gde}kyk& k bifkx} ~kū}lĀdcd ~bcd t ebnbn xd ckfk~l nd <8&<?7 gde}kyk& zylādat zydmx}kvfnk cknvdĀl ckhlbckfcl zkye t Xyilnl#

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Xflek ?# Ckhlbckfcl Zkye Ědymkz L~vby> @db`ykoxel Lcobyakhlbcl Xlx}da '@LX, ‘ Tfb`k l ~ckākn lazfdadc}khlnd t ckhlbckfcba zkyet

Ědymkz& kt}by> ZkvfbvlĀ M#

Xk bi~lyba ck vdflel zydmdb ebnl ~kt~lak bvkn zkye& zb}ydicb nd obyalyk}l l ebylx}l}l`db`ykoxel lcobyakhlbcl xlx}da& xk hlfnda }ykncd ~kū}l}d l bmyųlvb` tzykvfnkcnk ydxtyxlak zkyek# Obyalykcnda ik~d zbmk}kek xk lcobyakhlnkak b ofbyl l oktcl zkyek& `dbfb lnl lglmybfb`lnl zbmytānk& lcoykx}yte}tyl zkyek l etf}tycb ~ckāknclg lfl ~kū}lĀdclg mdfbvk&babb`tĀlfb il xd bmyųlvb ebylūĀdcnd Ědymkzk zk āke l tckzykědcnd ekyke}dylx}lek zkyek#@byd ckvdmdcl zybhdxl obyalykcnk l lazfdadc}khlnd @LX!k bab`tĀlfb il dolekxclndtzykvfnkcnd xvla mdfbvlak ckhlbckfcb` zkyek eyb~ lc}dyke}lvcl zylx}tz& `md xd lcobyakhlndfkeb ab`t kųtylyk}l# Zbydm }b`k& xetz lcobyakhlnk b xvla ydxtyxlak zkyek& bfkeūkfb ilcnlgbvb vydmcbvkcnd ekb zylybmcl ekzl}kf& ebnl lak debcbaxet vydmcbx}# Bvb zydmx}kvfnk zbxdikc zybifda t Xyilnl& ndy fntml ebnl ytebvbmd ūtakak l zkyebvlak ādx}b cd zydzb~ckntdebfbūeb!debcbaxet vydmcbx} zbndmlclg ydxtyxk#

Lazfdadc}khlnk @LX!k il }keběd bfkeūkfk l zbibfnūkfk akyed}lc` zbmytānk ekb }tylx}lāedmdx}lckhlnd& zt}da zbvd~lvkcnk zbndmlclg xflek lfl olfabvk xk }kāekak ck ml`l}kfl~bvkclaeky}kak# ]keběd il ilfk l bab`tĀdck l~ykmk }tylx}lāelg ekyk}k xk acb`b vlūd lcobyakhlnk b zbndmlcla adx}lak bm lc}dydxk#

Xtalykcb& obyalykcnd l lazfdadc}khlnk @LX!k& zt}da l~ykmd ik~k zbmk}kek l cnlgbvlakckfl~lykcnda l zbvd~lvkcnda& b}vkyk vdflel iybn ab`tĀcbx}l ebnd cd zbx}bnd lfl xtcdlxzfk}lvd tebfleb xd cd zyladcntnd @LX

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8#7 EbylūĀdcnd @LX!k ekb mdb vlūdxlx}daxelg ad}bmk

Ebylx}dĀl @LX lakab ab`tĀcbx} akclztfkhlnd tfk~cla zbmkhlak& zybhdxlykcnk l`dcdylxkcnk l~fk~clg zbmk}kek# Adět}la& bvkn xlx}da lak l bmydědcd cdmbx}k}ed& ebnl xdl~ykųkvknt zyl 8M abmdflykcnt l zyl vl~tdfl~khlnl zbmk}kek# ]keběd& xbo}vdyxel zked}l ebnl xt zybnde}bvkcl ~k abmdflykcnd l vl~tdfl~khlnt zbmk}ke zbek~tnt cded cdmbx}k}ed ebnd ebnlclxt zylxt}cl ebm @LX!k# Ebailcbvkcnda bvlg xlx}dak zbx}lųd xd dolekxclnk zyladckxkvydadclg }dgclek zfkclykcnk& ū}b mbmk}cb tek~tnd ck cdbzgbmcbx} zyladcd l yk~vbnk @LX}dgcbfb`lnk#

=# kefntāke

Lmdnk b ebylūĀdcnt @LX!k t Xyilnl zbnkvlfk xd zyd b}zylfled 9: `bmlck ekmk xt yk~flāl}l ~kvbmll oketf}d}l& ~kndmclāela xydmx}vlak txzdfl mk ckikvd zyb`yka Kyh!Lcob& ebnl xd }kmk nbūtvde ebylx}lb t MBX vdy~lnl# ^kvbm ~k tyikcl~ka nd mdvdmdxd}lg `bmlck zbeydctbml`l}kfl~khlnt zbmk}kek l l~ykmt mbetadc}khlnd#

Mkckx xd t Xyilnl @LX zyladcntnd t mkfdeb vdĀbn adyl& ekeb il xd ~kmbvbfnlnk zb}ykųcnk ~k zbndmlcla lcobyakhlnkak# Cded bm bifkx}l zyladcd @LX!k t Xyilnl xt zybx}bycb zfkclykcnd&}tyl~ka& debfb`lnk& }dfdebatclekhlnd l}m# Ekb ū}b xd abųd zylad}l}l& @LX xd cd ebylx}l xkabt cdeba lxefntālvba zbfnt& vdĀ xd zyladck `db`ykoxelg lcobyakhlbclg xlx}dak zybūlylfk ckacb`b yk~flāl}lg `ykck# @LX xd ebylx}l t yk~cla zybnde}lak& bm yb~vbnk zfkck ~k l~`ykmcnt

cbvd ilhleflx}lāed x}k~d ck Cbvba Idb`ykmt mb kckfl~k zylgbmk x}kcbvclū}vk ytykfclgyd`lbck Xyilnd#

Zbydm }b`k& ū}b xt `db`ykoxel lcobyakhlbcl xlx}dal xvd zylxt}clnl t Xyilnl& cdbzgbmcb ndl~vyūl}l biyk~bvkcnd fntml b ckālct ebylūĀdcnk l zyladcl @LX!k# Zb}ydicd xt mkfnd lcvdx}lhlndt bvba zbfnt ekeb il xd ebylūĀdcnd @LX kfk}k bab`tĀlfb xvla bzū}lckak t Xyilnl lbab`tĀlfb x}vkykcnd md}kfnclg& zb}ztclg ik~k zbmk}kek# Bvkevd ik~d& bab`tĀlfd il acb`bfkeūt l iyųt yk~adct zbmk}kek l lcobyakhlnk& ū}b il zb~l}lvcb t}lhkfb ck yk~vbn Xyilnd#

T xvd}t nd vdĀ bxcbvcb zb~ckvkcnd @LX kfk}k cdbzgbmcb k t itmtĀcbx}l Ād bvk ālcndclhk nbū vlūd mbĀl mb l~ykųknk# Xk mkfnla yk~vbnda Xyilnd& zb}ydik ~k obyalykcnd l

lazfdadc}khlnt @LX!k mbilnk xvd vdĀl ~ckākn l nkxcb nd mk xt `db`ykoxel lcobyakhlbclxlx}dal xkx}kvcl mdb ckūd itmtĀcbx}l#

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Fl}dyk}tyk;# Tfylhg _bdyedfltx& Ndfdck @fkvlck& Hfktmlk Xzdhg}!Abgf& Ak}}gítx Xhglfhgdy&

Ebkt}byl> Ibnkc Hvd}ebvlĀ& Efkyk MkclfbvlĀ& Mdnkc Zd}ybvlĀ '9::7,& @LX zylytācle ~k fbekfcd xkabtzykvd t Xyilnl& Ydztiflāel `dbmd}xel ~kvbm

9# Al}ybvlĀ A & '9::<, Tyikclx}lāel ~kvbm Idb`ykmk ! LCOB 9?"9::<& @db`ykoxel

Lcobyakhlbcl Xlx}da& 9?>;!? #8# YkmbvlĀ A#& '9::<,& ZYBX]BY ‘ flx} zybx}byclg zfkcdyk l x}tmdck}k zybx}bycb`

zfkclykcnk& @LX ‘ Zybx}bycb zfkclykcnd ‘ fbekfck tzykvk& ;0>9<!8==# ZkvfbvlĀ M '9::0, & @db ykoxel Lcobyakhlbcl Xlx}da '@LX, ‘ Tfb`k l ~ckākn

lazfdadc}khlnd t ckhlbckfcba zkyet Ědymkz& Idb`ykm4# _dyek NbvkcbvlĀ& '9::0,& ]gd kzzflhk}lbc bo @LX kcm l}x hbazbcdc}x lc }btylxa&

Idb`ykm?# ZbzbvlĀ A#& NbvkcbvlĀ X#& AlflcebvlĀ N#& _tebxkvfndvlĀ K#& '9::7, Zylady

zfkclykcnk ekifbvxed l idųlācd zylx}tzcd aydųd ebylūĀdcnda @LX kfk}k& Idb`ykm

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