rayli sİstemler teknolojİsİ teknİk yabanci...

T.C.

MİLLÎ EĞİTİM BAKANLIĞI

RAYLI SİSTEMLER TEKNOLOJİSİ

TEKNİK YABANCI DİL(İNGİLİZCE) 1

Ankara, 2014

1

Bu modül, mesleki ve teknik eğitim okul/kurumlarında uygulanan Çerçeve

Öğretim Programlarında yer alan yeterlikleri kazandırmaya yönelik olarak

öğrencilere rehberlik etmek amacıyla hazırlanmış bireysel öğrenme

materyalidir.

Millî Eğitim Bakanlığınca ücretsiz olarak verilmiştir.

PARA İLE SATILMAZ.

1

EXPLANATIONS ................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 LEARNING ACTIVITY-1 ...................................................................................................... 3 1. EQUIPMENTS AND WARNING SIGNS USED IN RAILWAY SYSTEM VEHICLES . 3

1.1. The Security Signs Used in Hand-Tools ....................................................................... 3 1.3. Security Signs and Warnings in the Use of Pnomatic and Hydraulic Devices ........... 10 1.4. Security Signs and Warnings in the Use of Pressured Covers and Devices ............... 12 1.5. Security Signs and Warnings about Chemical Cleaners Such as Acidic Basic Used in

the Systems. ....................................................................................................................... 14 APPLICATION ACTIVITY.............................................................................................. 16 MEASURING AND EVALUTION .................................................................................. 18

LEARNING ACTIVITY-2 .................................................................................................... 20 2. MAIN DEFINITIONS AND TERMS ABOUT THE MAIN HARDWARE OF PULLING

VEHICLES ............................................................................................................................. 20 2.1 Main Definitions and Terms of Locomotive Engines .................................................. 20 2.2. Classification of Locomotive Engines ........................................................................ 26 2.3. Technology about the Main Hardware of Electrical Locomotives ............................. 43

2.3.1. Electricity and Electronics Systems in Locomotive ............................................ 43 2.3.1.1. Electrical Circuit in Locomative ....................................................................... 43

APPLICATION ACTIVITY.............................................................................................. 49 MEASURING AND EVALUTION .................................................................................. 51

LEARNING ACTIVITY-3 .................................................................................................... 52 3. MAIN DEFINITIONS AND TERMS OF PULLED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY ........... 52

3.1. Main Definitions and Terms Used in Wagon Under Frame ....................................... 52 3.2. Main Descriptions and Terms Used in Wagon Hardware........................................... 55 APPLICATION ACTIVITY.............................................................................................. 62 MEASURING AND EVALUATION ............................................................................... 64

LEARNING ACTIVITY-4 .................................................................................................... 66 4. TERMS AND MATERAILS ABOUT INFRASTRUCTURE .......................................... 66

4.1. Main Description and Terms of Materails Used on Road ........................................... 66 4.2. Main Descriptions and Terms Used in Road Structure ............................................... 69 APPLICATION ACTIVITY.............................................................................................. 72 MEASURING AND EVALTION ..................................................................................... 74

LEARNING ACTIVITY-5 .................................................................................................... 76 5. MAIN TERMS AND MATERIALS OF SUPERSTRUCTURE ....................................... 76

5.1. Definitions and Terms of Superstructure .................................................................... 76 5.1.1. Rail....................................................................................................................... 76 5.1.2 Sleepers ................................................................................................................. 77 5.1.3. Ballast .................................................................................................................. 77 5.1.4. Definitions and Terms of Infrastructure .............................................................. 78

APPLICATION ACTIVITY.............................................................................................. 81 MEASURING AND EVALUTION .................................................................................. 83

MODULE EVALUTION ....................................................................................................... 84 ANSWER KEY ...................................................................................................................... 85 SOURCES .............................................................................................................................. 87

CONTENTS

2

EXPLANATIONS ALAN Raylı Sistemler Teknolojisi

DAL/MESLEK Raylı Sistemler Teknolojisi Alanı Tüm Dallar

MODÜLÜN ADI Teknik Yabancı Dil (İngilizce) 1

MODÜLÜN TANIMI

Raylı sistem Teknolojisinde kullanılan araç-gereç ve uyarı

işaretleri, çeken araçların ana donanımları ile ilgili temel

tanım ve kavramlar, çekilen araç teknolojisi, alt yapı ile üst

yapı ilgili terim ve malzemeleri için kullanılan teknik

İngilizceyi okuma, anlama, yazma ve konuşma becerisinin

kazandırıldığı öğrenme materyalidir.

SÜRE 40/32

ÖN KOŞUL 10. ve 11. sınıf İngilizce derslerini başarmış olmak

(Temel seviyede İngilizce yeterliğine sahip olmak)

YETERLİK Makine bakım onarım ve demiryolu inşaat ile ilgili Teknik

İngilizceyi kullanmak.

MODÜLÜN AMACI

Genel Amaç: Gerekli ortam sağlandığında raylı sistemler

bakım onarım ve demiryolu inşaatı ile ilgili Teknik

İngilizceyi, okuma, anlama, yazma ve konuşma düzeyinde

öğrenebileceksiniz.

Amaçlar

1. Raylı sistem teknolojisinde kullanılan araç-gereç ve

uyarı işaretleri ile ilgili Teknik İngilizce’ yi

kullanabileceksiniz.

2. Çeken araçların ana donanımları temel tanım ve

terimleri ile ilgilinin Teknik İngilizceyi


3. Çeken araç teknolojisi ile ilgili Teknik İngilizceyi


4. Alt yapı terim ve malzemeleri ile ilgili Teknik

İngilizceyi kullanabileceksiniz.

5. Üst yapı terim ve malzemeleri ile ilgili Teknik

İngilizceyi kullanabileceksiniz.

EĞİTİM ÖĞRETİM

ORTAMLARI VE

DONANIMLARI

Ortamlar: Sınıf, dil laboratuarı, raylı sistem mekanik

atölyeleri, kütüphane, projeksiyon vb.

Donanımlar: TV, VCD, Video, Internet,

ÖLÇME VE

DEĞERLENDİRME

Modülün içinde yer alan öğrenme faaliyetlerinden sonra,

verilen ölçme araçları ile kendi kendinizi

değerlendireceksiniz. Modül sonunda öğretmeniniz

tarafından teorik ve pratik performansınızı ölçme teknikleri

uygulayarak modül uygulamaları ile kazandığınız bilgi ve

becerileri ölçerek değerlendirileceksiniz.

EXPLANATIONS

1

INTRODUCTION

Dear student;

Nowadays, knowing of foreign language is a fact that cannot be ignored. And

everyone knows this fact. It has become an important part of people's daily lives. If people

know a foreign language, they can find a job easily. In addition, It is possible to achieve

better wages.

We live in the time period described as the information age. The information age has

accelerated the development of technology. In addition, information life and of time the

validity is short increasingly. Therefore, the information obtained must be kept up to date. At

this point, you need to know a foreign language in order to be a step ahead.

Today, English has been adopted by the whole world and was accepted as a world

language. All issued information are translated into English and are published.

The railway system sector is developing very fast. The highest using of technological

developments has become an industry branch. Therefore, people working in this area need to

know Technical English usage.

This module is about railway systems technology which includes English equivalents

and usage patterns of the basic definition and terms. With this module you will be able to

follow the developments in the field of railwat systems and will have the knowledge of

technical English.

INTRODUCTION

3

LEARNING ACTIVITY-1

At the end of this activity you will be able to express the basic concepts about the

tools and warning signs that are used in the field of railway systems and translate the basic

texts related to this area.

Visiting a foundation running in the field of railway systems search the tools

and the warning signs and find the english equivalents of the terms.

Prepare a feedbaack report and present it in the class to your instructor and your

friends.

1. EQUIPMENTS AND WARNING SIGNS

USED IN RAILWAY SYSTEM VEHICLES

1.1. The Security Signs Used in Hand-Tools

We use various hand tools in our ordinary life and in our job. Hand tools vary

from a simple screwdriver to lathe table.

Hand tools can be operated by means of arm power or any kind of energy

source.

We use hand tools to fix, to mix, to cut, to arrange , to hang, to staple, to make a

hole, to heat, to turn, to drive, to shape or to sign different materials.

Hand tools can be sharp , sharp pointed , square-shaped. They also can be tong-

mouthed, extremely hot or extremely cold..

LEARNING ACTIVITY -1

RESEARCH

AIM

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Figure 1.1: Hand Tools

Figure 1.2: Hand tools can be dangerous

Hand tools can be dangerous for both their users or anyone who is near that hand tool.

Hand tools may cause injuries for those people.

Not to cause any job-accident, we should obey some rules while we are working.

The main causes of those accidents are as follows;

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To use inappropriate tool

To use tolls against the procedures

Insufficient maintenance

And inappropriate storing

Hand-Tool Controls

1. Are the hand-tools appropriate for the work you are doing?

2. Are the hand-tools used appropriately?

3. Do the hand-tools carry/have appropriate security conditions?

4. Are the hand-tools stored in a secure place?

In the picture above; a worker is fixing a screw of a machine. As seen; he is fixing the

screw with a pocket-knife. This worker has the possibility to get injured any time.

Figure 1.3: The usage of a screwdriver

In the picture above; worker is tightening the screw with a screwdiver while he is

holding the wood with his left hand. When he starts to tightening the screw, if the

screwdriver slips and hits his left hand, it may cause a serious injury.

Figure 1.4: Cable stripping

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In the picture above; worker is cutting the protective cloth/cover on a rod. He is

holding the rod with his hand tightly, so that rod won’t move. Is there a possibility for him to

get injured, why?

The knife is sharp , so it can slip out of his hand and cut any part of him.

He is not using the knife in a correct manner.

Knife is not the right tool for this work.

Figure 1.5: The loosen key

In the picture above; worker is pushing down the spanner by his hand to loosen the

screw nut. That’s not a safe situation, because if the screw nut loosens suddenly, he may lose

his balance and he may injure his hand.

When choosing a hand-tool, we should, first of all, check whether the tool is

appropriate for the work or not. Then we should ensure that we know the right use of the

hand-tool.

In the picture below; we can observe that some hand-tools don’t have the neccessary

security conditions. In the pictures below, we can check over the security rules mentioned

above.

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In order to avoid the possible injuries of hand-tools, we should check four criterian

mentioned above and we sould say “yes” to all questions.

As we see in the pictures above; the following things cause many of the injuries and

incidents;

Fall of hand-tools from high places

Carrying sharp or sharp pointed things in your pocket,

Leaving the hand-tools in tool bag unneatly.

When you finish the work or you need to leave the tool, you should put it in a safe

place.

8

Imagine that the person in the picture above is strecthing to take a pencil. As

estimated; there is a possibility for him to injure his hand with the pocket knife on the

pencils, because the pocket knife has been left open.

1.2 Security Signs and Warnings Used in Electrical Devices Electricity is one of the most important energy sources. We use electricity to lighten

dark, to heat and cool houses and offices. We are bound to electricity to do many things such

as; running various machines and running the engines.

Electricity; despite all its good sides; can be dangerous and also it can cause human

deaths.

Some Security Rules to be Aware of While Working with Electrical

Devices

Do not use worn-out cords or hand-tools with worn-out cords.

Do not leave the devices such as fixing key, on the tool before you start

to run it.

Do not make jokes to the people who are working with hand-tool and do

not touch them.

Check the tools before using them. Do not attempt to mend them.

Do not force the hand-tools. Be more careful if there are cables or pipes

etc. where you work.

Do not use electrical hand-tools in wet or damp places. Be more alert

while you are working near flammable materials.

Do not try to fix the hand-tools when it is plugged. Do not attempt to

change its components.

Below you will find the security signboards about the security signs and cautions in

the use of electricial devices.

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Figure 1.6: Security Signboards

Disconnect the plugs when out of work

Figure 1.7: Not isolated electricity cables on the wall may cause accidents.

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1.3. Security Signs and Warnings in the Use of Pnomatic and

Hydraulic Devices

Things to be Learnt About the Pnomatic and Hydraulis Systems

Before using a pnomatic or hydraulic equipment, read the instructions

carefully and be sure that you understand the instructions clearly.

Figure 1.8: Read the instructions

You shouldn’t exceed the maximum capacity of the devices.

In every lifting process, it is necessary that roller’s top should be placed

on secure place. Top supportive plate should be used when necessary.

Check whether all the equipmments in the system have the well-adjusted

pressure and capacity degree or not. System’s capacity is limited with the

capacity of equipment with lowest capacity.

You should try the system before you use it under the load. So that you

will get good impression about the system and controls.

Never carry or drag a pnomatic or hydraulic equipment by holding from

its hose. This may cause a damage or possible break-down at the hose.

Keep pnomatic or hydraulic equipment clean, dry and purified from any

other dangerous materials.

Figure 1.9: Keep cables clean, dry and purified from other dangerous materials

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Prevent pnomatic or hydraulic hoses to be twisted or to be broken. Do not

let vehicles pass over the hoses or do not drop heavy materials on it. If

you are not sure about the hoses,check them with pressure test.

Figure 1.10: Check with pressure test

Keep your pnomatic or hyraulic equipments away from open fire or heat

over 65 C.

Always lift the load by centeralising. Check that the equipment is

certainly under the load. Check whether the lifting process done parallel

or not. In order to lessen the side loading effect, use when necessary,

movable head.

Figure 1.11: Check whether the lifting process done parallel or not

Never place your body under the load or applied power. You should take the load on

dowel before you approach or go under it.

Figure 1.12: Never place your body under a load or energy loaded sources

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Never plug or unplug pnomatic or hydraulic connections when it is under

pressure.

Do not fix equipment pressure over the factory settings. Use manometer

to observe system’s pressure. Do not use the equipment till it is mended

or the problem is discovered.

Always check oil leakage.

Check that the pistol is closed before you remove the hoses. So you will

be sure that oil has returned to pump tank.

Figure 1.13: Check that the pistol is closed before you remove the hoses

Do not lower the load on open pistol. Always lift the pistol up to the level

of load.

Bring your pnomatic or hydraulic equipment to authorized service for

maintenance and mending. Be sure that they are using the original pieces.

1.4. Security Signs and Warnings in the Use of Pressured Covers

and Devices

The parts or hardware that contributes to resistance of pressured container are made of

unalloyed steel or unalloyed aliminium or aliminium that never hardens as it gets older. The

maximum running pressure of container cannot be over 30 bar. The minimum running heat

cannot be under – 50°C. The maximum running heat cannot be over 300°C for steel

containers, it also cannot be over 100°C for aliminium or aliminium alloyed containers.

Figure 1.14: Do not put side by side with the welding tube of pressurized tubes

13

If there is no warning sign near the pressured tubes and if these pressured tubes are

near any kind of heat source, these situations may cause accidents

In below, you will find the security signboard about the security signs and cautions in

the use of pressured containers and devices.

Figure 1.15: Security Signs and Cautions

14

1.5. Security Signs and Warnings about Chemical Cleaners Such as

Acidic Basic Used in the Systems.

Colors as warning signs;

Red: Fire preventionsigns, banning signs, places where flammable and flaring

substances are stored, extinguishers and extinguishing equipments or bans about dangerous

substances/materials.

Orange: Danger signs are used as warning signs against danger.

Yellow: Warnin sign (against possile danger)

Green : Job security and health informing sign (it is used for general security and

health)

Blue: Caution and banning sign (maintenance, mending, breakdown etc.)

Purple: Radiation risk/danger

White: Direction sign, security and health sign ( Fire prevention sign, banin sign,

caution sign)

Black: It is used in preparing direction sign (Danger sign, warning sign)

Classifying dangerous sunstances

Explosives

Gases

Liquid substances

Solid substances

Oxidizings

Irritant

15

Chemical risk warning signs

Figure 1.16: Warning signs

16

APPLICATION ACTIVITY Steps of process Suggestions

Translate the text below into

Turkish.

Read the whole text.

While reading try to predict the terms that you

do not know.

Find the english equivalents of the terms from

tecnical dictionaries.that you can’t predict.

You can find detailed information about the

terms from the text

In our ordinary life we use different kinds of hand-tools or electrical hand tools to fix,

to twist, to mend, to repair things. We are not aware of that we may get injured while using

those tools. In order to avoid accidents and damages of those tools we should keep some

practicalrules in mind. First of all, we should keep hand-tool always in a safe place where

nobody will get injured. It is better to keep sharp tools in tool bags. We should read the

instructions before using a new tool especially when we don know how to use it. We should

be sure of the right use of it. Apart from hand-tools, we should also be alert about the

electrical hand-tools. We shouldn’t attempt to fix or mend the device when it is plugged. We

shouldn’t make jokes who are working with devices. We shouldn’t use devices with worn-

out cords. We shouldn’t try to mend the devices by our own. We should take it to the service

when it is out of order or broken. If we keep those simple rules in mind, we will reduce the

risk of facing any work accidents.

CHECKLIST

If you have behaviors listed below, evaluate yourself putting (X) in “Yes” box for

your earned skills within the scope of this activity otherwise put (X) in “No” box.

APPLICATION ACTIVITY

17

EVALUATION CRITERIA YES NO

1

Have you executed technical English applications on warning

signs that are used in hand tools?

2


signs that are used in electrical motors?

3


signs that are used in Pneumatic / hydraulic device?

4


signs that are used in pressure vessels and equipment?

5


signs that are used in acidic and alkaline chemical cleaners?

EVALUATION

Evaluation at the end of "No" answers in the form of a further Review. You do not see

yourself in the learning activity should be repeated enough. All your answers are "Yes" in

the "Measurement and Evaluation," please go to.

18

MEASURING AND EVALUTION Choose the correct option

1. What is the name of the tool which can be operated by arm power or any kind of

energy source?

A) Electrical devices

B) Hand tools

C) Pnomatic devices

D) Hydraulic devices

2. Which one in the below is not the cause of accident while working with hand-tools?

A) Making appropriate storing

B) Using inappropriate devices

C) Usin devices against the instructions

D) Not doing sufficient maintenance

3. Which one in the below is not among security rules to be obeyed while working with

electrical hand-tools?

A) Do not make jokes or touch to the people working with hand-tools.

B) Do not use the hand-tools with worn out cords.

C) Do not use the electrical devices in damp or wet places

D) Fix the hand-tool when it is plugged.

4. Which one in the below is not among the security rules to be obeyed while working

with hydraulic and pnomatic devices?

A) Prevent hydraulic and pnomatic hose to be twisted or broken.

B) Check the leakage in the system.

C) Do the maintenance of hydraulic and pnomatic devices by yourself

D) Keep the hydraulic and pnomatic devices away from open fire.

5. What does the yellow means as warning sign?

A) Warning sign for the possible dangers

B) Attention and banning sign

C) Direction sign

D) Fire prevention and banning sign

MEASURING AND EVALUTION

19

EVALUATION

Please compare the answers with the answer key. If you have wrong answers, you

need to review the Learning Activity. If you give right answers to all questions, pass to the

next learning activity

20

LEARNING ACTIVITY-2

At the end of this activity you will be able to express the main definitions and

terms about the main hardware of pulling vehicles technology that are used in

the field of railway systems and translate the basic texts related to this area.

Visit a foundation running in the field of railway systems technology, search

the main definitions and terms about the main hardware of pulling vehicles that

are used in the field of railway systems and find the english equivalents of the

terms.


friends.

2. MAIN DEFINITIONS AND TERMS ABOUT

THE MAIN HARDWARE OF PULLING

VEHICLES

2.1 Main Definitions and Terms of Locomotive Engines

Stroke and Stroke Volume (SV) (Swept Volume)

Stroke is the distance in the space where the piston moves in the cylinder, that is, the

distance between top dead enter and bottom dead center.

Stroke is a movement that the piston makes (moves) between dead centers in the

cylinder. As theoretical, a stroke is formed for crankshaft to turn of 180°.

Bore is the diameter of the cylinder.

Stroke volume is the volume between T.D.C. and B.D.C. Total stroke volume

products stroke volume and cylinder numbers of an engine


AIM

RESEARCH

21

Cycle

The movement that piston makes between two dead points in cylinder is called time. It

is the movement between two dead points of piston and 180 degree turning movement of

crank pivot. It continues as 180 degree theoretically for a time.

Four Cycle Diesel Engine

o Induction Stroke

The inlet valve opens and the piston moves downward, a depression is created in the

cylinder. Atmospheric pressure outside the cylinder forces air through the open inlet port

into the cylinder, as in Figure 2.2. Once the piston has reached the end of the induction

stroke the inlet valve is closed.

Note: Only air is drawn into the engine as there is no carburetor and the air intake is

notthrottled or obstructed in any way.

o Compression Stroke

The piston moves upwards, both inlet and exhaust valve remain closed, and the air

trapped in the cylinder is compressed to approximately one-sixteenth of its original volume,

as indicated in Figure2.2. The actual compression ratio used varies from engine to engine

Figure 2.1: Stroke and Stroke Volume

22

from approximately 12:1 to 23:1 or in some applications even higher. As a result of the high

pressure the air temperature within the cylinder will be about 800°C (1500°F). A measured

quantity of atomized fuel is injected into the cylinder just before the piston reaches the top of

its stroke.

o Power Stroke

The injected fuel has a self-ignition temperature in the region of 400°C

(752°F),therefore, being introduced into a temperature or 800°C, it ignites and begins to

burn.The expansion of the burning gases forces the piston down on its power stroke, as

shown in Figure 2.2

o Exhaust Stroke

As the piston nears the end of its downward stroke, the exhaust valve opens. The spent

exhaust gases are forced out of the cylinder as the piston moves upward on its exhaust stroke

as illustrated in Figure 2.2. When the piston reaches the top of its travel the exhaust valve is

closed and the inlet valve opens and another cycle of operations begins.

Figure 2.2 : Running principle of the four-cylinder diesel engine

23

Combustion Chamber Volume (CCV) (Clearance Volume)

Combustion chamber volume is the volume between the crow of the piston and

cylinder head while the piston is at T.D.C.

Cylinder Volume

Cylinder volume is the total of stroke volume and combustion chamber volume. Total

cylinder volume is the product of cylinder volume and cylinder numbers of an engine.

Compression Ration

Combustion ChamberVolume+ StrokeVolume

Compression Ration =

StrokeVolume

Figure 2.3: The Combustion Chamber Volume and Compression Ratio

24

Dead Centre:In the cylinder of the piston, dead center is the point where piston

stops long time because it changes the direction of its motion.

Top Dead Centre (T.D.C.):In the cylinder, the crown of the piston

reaches at the top. In the case of an engine the term “top dead center

(t.d.c.)” refers to the position of the piston at the top of its stroke.

Bottom Dead Centre (B.D.C.):In the cylinder, the crown of the piston

reaches the bottom. The term “bottom dead centre (b.d.c)” refers to where

the piston is at its lowest position.

Figure 2.4: Stroke and Stroke Volume

25

The End of the Compression Stroke

The end of the compression is the position that two valves are covered (closed) and

that the piston is at T.D.C. during the end of the compression stroke and the start (beginning)

of power strok

Overlap of the Valves

Overlap of the valves is the position that two valves are uncovered and that the piston

is at T.D.C. during the end of the intake stroke and the start of exhaust stroke.

Vacuum

Non-existence or lackness of air or pressure in an environment is called as vacuum.

We can create fractional-vacuum in every area.

Pressure

Pressure has been defined as power for per unit square. It is calculated with this

formula P=F/A.

In this equation;

P: Pressure

F: Vertical power on surface yüzeye dik kuvvet

Figure2.5: Sente

Figure 2.6: Supap Bindirmesi

26

A: surface area

The unit is N/m2=pascal in the unit system

2.2. Classification of Locomotive Engines

According to Fuel

Gasoline engine

Diesel Engine

LPG Engine

Hydrogen

According to the Valve System of Engine

L Type

I Type

T Type

F Type

According to Cylinder Numbers

According to cylinder numbers, vehicle engines are classified single-cylinder engines

and multi-cylinder engines. Multi-cylinder engines are usually produced two, three, four, six,

eight, twelve and sixteen cylinders. In most of the vehicles usually used engines have

four, six and eight cylinders.

According to Cylinder Design (According to Arrangements of Engine

Cylinder)

Vehicle engines are usually classified according to the number and actual arrangement

of the cylinders in the engine block. In most of the cars and light commercial vehicles

commonly used cylinder arrangements are the in-line and V-formation type although other

designs may be employed.

In-line Engines

The most popular arrangement to use in the small and medium sizes of vehicles is

probably the four-cylinder in-line engine. In-line engines may also have two, six, or even

eight cylinders mounted in straight line, one after the other. Usually the cylinders are formed

in a vertical bank above the crankshaft as indicated in Fig 2.4. On some engines, the

cylinders are inclined from the vertica1 so overall engine height can be reduced and space

conserved in the engine compartment. The cylinders are usually numbered from front to rear

although there are some manufacturers who number their engines from the rear to the front.

27

V-Formation Engines

In “V” engines the cylinders are mounted above the crankshaft to form the letter “V”

when viewed from either end (Fig.2.4). The cylinders are usually cast integrally with the

crankcase in two rows or banks which are set at either a right angle or an acute angle to each

other. Although engines with sixteen cylinders have been produced in the past, most

Vengines are now produced in four, six, eight and occasionally twelve cylinder

arrangements. The V-type engine has the advantage of being much shorter than the in-line

arrangement. It does not occupy as much space when installed in the vehicle. If the overall

length of the engine can be reduced, the crankshaft can be made more rigid with less

tendency toward internal or torsinal vibration. In most arrangements the cylinders are

numbered starting from the front of the left-hand bank, and then continuing from the front of

the right-hand bank.

Horizontally Opposed Engines

The engine has two banks of cylinders mounted directly opposite to each other on the

crankcase as indicated Fig 2.6. These are sometimes referred to as “flat” engines and are

usually produced in two, four, and six cylinder arrangements. The pistons move inwardly

and outwardly together providing excellent balance and regular firing intervals. Horizontally

opposed engines are admirably suited to air cooling and have proved to be very successful in

operation. The most notable design was the four-cylinder, horizontally opposed, air-cooled

Volkswagen engine. The cylinders are numbered in the same manner as in the case of a V

engine.

Figure 2.7: According to Arrangements of Engine Cylinder

Stationary Parts of the Engine

Cylinder (Engine) Block

The cylinder block is the main shell of the engine. Most blocks are made of cast iron

but a few are aluminum which is lighter and conducts heat better. Because aluminum is too

soft to withstand the constant rubbing of the piston, most aluminum engines have cast-iron

sleeves (called liners) inserted in the cylinders. The block can have many cracks if water

28

freezes and expands in these passages. Sometimes this expansion will dislodge the core

plugs-discs that seal holes required during the casting process and for this reason the core

plugs are sometimes referred to as freeze-out plugs. However the core plugs are not reliable

safety valves and it is important to maintain at least a 50 percent concentration of antifreeze

in the engine’s cooling system.

Cylinder Head (Cover)

The cylinder head corresponds to the head of an engine consisting of water jackets for

cooling combustion chambers and their surroundings intake and exhaust valve holes gas

passages past those valves intake and exhaust manifolds spark plug holes and lubricating oil

passages.

The cylinder head is usually cast from iron or from aluminum alloy. Most modern

engines use an aluminum alloy head which combines the advantages of lightness and high

heat conductivity.

Head gasket provides a seal between the cylinder block and head to prevent the escape

of gases and fluids. It is pierced by many holes, the large ones for the cylinders and the

smaller ones for the pushrods, studs, and oil and water passages. The gasket is often made of

a compressible material such as asbestos with a copper or steel cover.

Figure 2.8: In-line our-cylinder engine

(cylinder) block

29

Figure 2.9: Description of each part of cylinder head (cover)

Liners

o Wet Liner

The engine block contains holes in which the liners are inserted. The liners are “wet”

when their external surface is in direct contact with cooling water.

On the top part of the block, water tightness is obtained through direct metal to metal

bearing. At the bottom through tight joints inserted in grooves cut in the lower part of the

liner or of the block, or by means of a bearing and brass joint.

Figure 2.10: Wet liners

30

o Dry Liners

This is a thin sleeve made of cast iron or of steel which is forced into a hole bored in

the block. Thus a liner is not in direct contact with the cooling liquid.

o Manifolds

o Intake Manifold

Formal name is “inlet manifold” but it is more generally called “intake manifold”. It is

used with a multi-cylinder engine for distributing the air-fuel mixture fed from the carburetor

to all the cylinders. Its primary role is to uniformly deliver the mixture to all cylinders but it

should also play another very difficult role that is to uniformly distribute the gasoline which

flows along the wall of the manifold in liquid state, as well as the atomized gasoline.

Furthermore the intake manifold also assists the atomization of gasoline because this

does not occur only in the carburetor.

o Exhaust Manifold

An exhaust manifold plays the role of gathering exhaust gases from multiple cylinders

into single or dual flow. It is designed for the functions of avoiding interference to the

exhaust gas from other cylinders and of allowing exhaust at high efficiency to contribute to

the increase of power output by reducing the volume of gases remaining in the cylinders at

the same time.The material of an exhaust manifold for a mass-produced engine is generally

cast iron.

Figure 2.11: Dry liners each part of cylinder head

(cover)

31

Oil Pan

The oil pan acts as a reservoir for oil, and it also serves as a dust shield for the bottom

of the engine. It is attached to the bottom of the block with cap screws.

The pan is generally made of thin steel stamped to shape.

The Moving Parts of the Engine

Piston

As the piston is pushed down by the combustion pressure of high-temperature burned

gases, the crankshaft is rotated through the connecting rod. Thus, the piston must meet the

following requirements.

1. The piston must be strong enough to withstand high temperatures.

2. To prevent seizure during reciprocating motion the piston must have a practical

Figure 2.12: Manifolds

Figure 2.13: Oil pan

32

shape with an adequate cylinder clearance. It must also be able to keep the cylinder wall

lubricated.

3. Small amount of frictional resistance.

4. Both the piston and the piston rings must possess good wear-resisting properties.

5. Lightness.

Pistons are usually made of aluminum. Often aluminum pistons are tin-plated to allow

a good breaking-in job when the engine is started. Aluminum pistons can be forged but are

more commonly cast. The aluminum piston is light and for most purposes, this gives it an

advantage over the cast iron type. A piston must change its direction of travel at the end of

every stroke. At speeds sometimes in excess of four thousand revolutions per minute (rpm),

it is obvious that the lighter the piston is the more efficient it will be. Cast iron is a good

material for pistons used in a slow speed engine. It has excellent wear characteristics and

will perform admirably in an engine suited to its needs. Pistons which are designed to

operate in silicon aluminum cylinders are iron-plated aluminum.

Connecting Rod

The connecting rod connects a piston to a crankpin on the crankshaft. It converts the

reciprocating motion of the piston to the continuous rotary motion of the crankshaft.

Figure 2.14: Description of each part of piston

33

As the name implies, connecting rods are used to connect, pistons to the crankshaft.

The upper end of a rod oscillates (swings back and forth), while the lower or big end is

bearing rotates (Figure 1.16).

As there is very little bearing movement in the upper end, the bearing area can be

reasonably small. The lower (big) end rotates very fast, and the crankshaft journal turns

Figure 2.15. Description of each part of connecting rod

Figure 2.16: Typical connecting rod construction

34

inside the connecting rod. This rotational speed tends to produce heat and wear. To make the

rod wear well, a larger bearing area is required.

The upper end of the rod has a hole through it for the piston pin. The lower end must

be installed on the crankshaft journal.

The upper and lower halves of the rod are bolted together. The upper and lower halves

should be numbered and when installed, the numbers should be on the same side. This

prevents turning the cap around when installing the rod.

Connecting rods are generally made of alloy steel. They are drop-forged to shape, then

machine. The customary shape utilizes I-beam construction (Figure 2.16).

Piston Pin

The piston is attached to the small end of the connecting rod by means of a piston pin.

The pin passes through the small end of the connecting rod and the bosses in the piston,

thustransmitting the thrust power of the piston to be connecting rod.

Figure 2.17: Connecting piston and connecting rod

35

Piston Rings

There is a clearance of 0.03 to 0.06 mm (0.012 to 0.004 in) between the piston and the

cylinder. If the skirt has a 0.03 to 0.06 mm clearance and the head 0.08 to 0.10 mm, it is

obvious that the piston can not seal the cylinder effectively (Figure 2.18).

Figure 2.18: Piston cannot seal by itself because clearance with cylinder wall must be

maintained

Piston rings provide the necessary seal of this clearance so that the compressed fuel

charge and/or high-pressure burned gases will not escape from the combustion chamber into

the crankcase. In addition, they serve to adjust the film of oil on the cylinder wall. The two

upper rings are called compression rings which prevent the escape of burned gases and

function as a heat passage for cooling the piston. The lowest ring is called an oil-control ring

which scrapes off excess oil remaining on the cylinder wall.

The solution to the leakage problem is the use of piston rings. A properly

constructedand fitted ring will rub against the cylinder wall with good contact all around the

cylinder.

The ring will ride in grooves that are cut into the piston head. The sides of the ring will fit

the edges of the grooves quite closely. This side clearance can be around 0.05 mm.

Ring Gap

The ring is built so it must be squeezed together to place it in the cylinder. This will

cause the ring to exert an outward pressure, thus keeping it tightly against the cylinder wall

(Figure 2.19-A).

36

The ring is not solid all the way around but is cut through in one spot. This cut spot

forms what is called the ring gap (Figure 2.19-B).

When the ring is in the cylinder, the cut ends must not touch. When the ring heats up,

it will lengthen. Since it cannot expand outwardly, it will close the gap. If there is not enough

gap clearance, the ends will soon touch and as the ring continues to lengthen, it will break up

into several places. This can ruin a good engine.

A general rule for ring gap clearance is to allow 0.07 to 0.10 per mm of cylinder

diameter.

Many different types of joints have been used in an endeavor to stop leakage through

the ring gap. This leakage is commonly referred to as blow by. It has been found that the

common butt joint is about as effective as any and is much simpler to adjust (Figure 2.17)

illustrates a few of the types of joints that have been used.

The ring is placed in the groove by expanding it out until it will slip over the piston

head and slide down and into the ring groove.

Figure 2.19: Top view of cylinder shows sealing action of piston ring

Figure 2.20: Types of piston ring gap joints

37

Types of Rings

There are two distinct types of rings. One is called a compression ring and the other an

oil control ring.

Most engines use three rings on each piston; two compression rings and one oil

control ring. Others use two compression rings and two oil rings. Some diesel engines use

five or more rings.

All rings may be above the piston pin; or a second oil control ring may be set into a

groove near the bottom of the skirt. The compression rings are always used in the top

grooves and the oil control rings in the lower grooves (Figure 2.21)

Crankshaft

As combustion pressure is applied to the piston, it moves up and down inside the

cylinder. This up-and-down motion or reciprocating motion is changed to rotary motion by

means of the crankshaft and connecting rods. In other words, the downward power thrusts

when act on the pistons are converted to engine torque by the crankshaft.

Figure 2.21: Location of compression oil control

rings

38

The Valve Mechanism

During the operation of a 4-cycle engine, the intake valve draws in air-fuel mixture

with the piston on its suction stroke and the exhaust valve expels the burned gases with the

piston on its exhaust stroke. In short, these valves serve as the lids for each intake and

exhaust port and they must perform the following functions:

1. When close, valves must provide a tight seal in order to prevent any leakage of the

mixture or burned gases.

2. When open, they should allow the mixture or burned gases to pass through with a

minimum of flow resistance or otherwise the engine performance will decrease considerably.

3. They must be able to withstand high temperatures since they are attached to the

combustion chamber and therefore are exposed to the extremely hot burning gases

when the mixture burns. The exhaust valve must especially be able to withstand

exhaust gases reaching 800°C (1.472 °F) or hider passing through it.

Figure 2.22: Parts of crankshaft

39

The Types of Valve Mechanism

Parts of valve mechanism

The valves in some engines rub against hardened inserts called the valve guide and

valve seal. Most combustion heat is passed from the valve to the water passages via the seat

when the valve’s closed. A worn valve guide will allow oil to be sucked into the combustion

chamber. A damaged seal may lower the cylinder's compression (Figure 2.24).

Rocker arms on many cars are made of pressed steel. These GM arms pivot on ball

studs instead shafts.

Valve Operation: As the cam rotates, it lifts the lappet and pushrod, pivots the rocker

arm, and opens the valve (Figure 2.25-A). Further cam rotation allows the tappet and ushrod

to fall and the spring to close the valve (Figure 2.25-B). This design with the camshaft in the

cylinder block is called an overhead-valve pushrod engine.

Figure 2.23: The type of valve mechanism

40

Figure 2.24: Parts of valve system

Figure 2.25: Valve operation

41

Hydraulic Lifters vary their height to maintain zero valve clearance at all times.

When the lifter is down (left), pressurized oil flows past a check valve and fills the lifter. As

the cam raises the lifter (right), oil is trapped below the check valve and the lifter rises like a

solid unit. When the lifter drops, oil leaks out so that the valve can close completely.

Camshaft

The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft at ½ the speed of the crankshaft for opening

and closing the intake and exhaust valves. It consists of the following parts:

1. Oil pump drive gear: Drives the oil pump

2. Distributor drive gear: Drives the distributor

3. Fuel pump drive cam: Drives the fuel pump

4. Journal: Supports the camshaft

5. Cams: Open and close the intake and exhaust valves

Valve Clearance Adjustment

The valve clearance must be set when the cam follower is on the back of the cam. This

ensures that the valve is fully closed. This position may be determined by rotating the

crankshaft through one full revolution from the fully open position of the valve. There are

various methods of operating overhead valves and the method of adjustment of the valve

clearance depends upon the arrangement employed. If the conventional pushrod and rocker

arm assembly are used, adjustment is usually by setscrew and locknut. Measurement of the

valve clearance is generally made with a feeler gauge of the recommended size inserted

between the top of the valve stem and the rocker arm as illustrated in Figure 2.27. If the

Figure 2.26: Hydraulic lifters

42

feeler gauge will not go between the valve stem and the rocker arm, the locknut should be

released and the setscrew slackened. Alternatively, if excessive clearance exists, the setscrew

should be tightened. The clearance is correct when it is just possible to enter the feeler gauge

blade of the correct thickness between the valve stem and the rocker arm.

Some manufacturers give specifications for adjusting the valve clearance when the

engine is operating at normal temperature and at a slow idle speed. The feeler gauge is

inserted between the valve stem and the rocker while the engine is in operation. Adjustments

are then carried out in a similar manner to those described in the above. This is probably the

most accurate method of adjusting valve clearances although there are practical problems

which can make the procedure somewhat difficult.

Flywheel

The flywheel absorbs energy from the engine during the power stroke, and then

returns it to the engine during the other three strokes of the cycle. Therefore the larger the

flywheel, the more effectively it will operate to reduce changes in revolving speed or torque

variation. However, if the flywheel is too large, a substantial turning force will be required to

start the engine; also, the engine will provide reduced acceleration performance; and finally,

there will be an increase in vehicle weight. For these reasons, it is preferable to keep the

flywheel as light as possible.

Figure 2.27: Valve clearance

43

2.3. Technology about the Main Hardware of Electrical Locomotives

2.3.1. Electricity and Electronics Systems in Locomotive

2.3.1.1. Electrical Circuit in Locomative

Figure 2.28: Flywheel assemble

44

Figure 2.29: E 43000 Type Locomative High Voltage and Traction

Circuit

Overhead Pan1

Voltage

Transformer

VCB

Disjuncture

Gro

und

ing

Sw

itch

CurrentTransfor

mer

Parafudr

Auxiliary Circuit Main Transformer

Main Converter

Traction Engines

Reduction Group

Wheels

Pan2

Train Heating(Sofaj)

Circuit

45

Pantograph

The duty of pantograph is to take alternative current electricity energy by means of

coals from overhead and to send that alternative current electricity energy to main

transformator through disjuncture. The normal contanct pressure of pantograph is 7 kg.

Figure 2.30: Pantograph

Disjuncture

It is high voltage circuit switch which is combined with air and lecetricity systems.

Disjuncture conveys 19-30 kV alternative current it takes from pantograph to main

transformator (Disjuncture cuts the energy out of those values above). It both protects all

electricity circuits of vehicle and by means of grounding section, it also provides total

grounding of vehicle. All safety circuits of locomotive are connected to disjuncture in a

serial way. Disjuncture fuse is above low voltage cabinet.

Figure 2.31: Disjuncture

46

Parafudr (Surge Protector)

Surge protector protects locomotive and staff from abnormal voltage spikes which

comes from overhead or it protects them in the case of thunder strikes . Surge protector

unloads high voltage to the ground and protects staff and locomotive..

Transformator

The machines that changes tense and current without changing frequency and power

of alternative current are called transformators.

Converter

The devices which convert electricity loads applied to its input such as current,

voltage, frequency and phase into another types in its output are called “ converter”.

Sometimes they are also called as inventors, there are two types of converters called as;

dynamic and static.

Transaction Engine

It transfers the rolling movement that occurs with stimulation of electricity energy by

help of gear set to the wheels and it provides the movement of vehicle.

Figure 2.32: Surge protector

47

2.3.1.2. Charging Systems

Auxiliary alternator that gets movement from diesel motor is an alternative current

machine. It revolves nearly three times more compared to diesel motor cycle. Alternative

current which is produced, is converted into direct current in an auxiliary rectifier. Voltage

regulator is used to keep the alternator’s output voltage at 74 nominal volt. This alternator is

now a machine that uses magnetic field .The energy produced by alternator are used as

follows;

1. Battery charge

2. Lightening circuits Aydınlatma devreleri

3. Low Voltage remote-control and control circuits.

4. Warning alternator notice

2.3.1.3. Starting Systems

The starter is a conventional electric motor designed to turn the engine unit fires. Most

car engines have to be rotated at 50 to 150 rpm before they will start. This requires

considerable electric power, particularly in winter, when the engine is cold and the oil is

thick.

To manage this high current, a switch called a solenoid is frequently used to turn on

the starter. The solenoid and/or starter may be triggered by a relay.

The starter turns the engine's crank-shaft through a pair of gears. One, the pinion, is

mounted on the starter shaft. It engages with the other, the flywheel, which rotates the

crankshaft. The gear ratio between pinion and flywheel is generally about 10:1 that is, the

torque of the starter is multiplied 10 times.

When the engine fires the starter pinion must disengage from the flywheel.

Otherwise,the engine will run the starter motor at a high speed and damage it.

The starter works in the same way as any electric motor-it depends on the force that

magnets exert on each other. The south pole of a magnet is attracted to the northern pole of

another, and vice versa. Inside, a starter is a set of fixed electro-magnets called the field

magnets, or field windings. Between them is the armature-another set of electromagnets that

change polarity as they turn, becoming south whenever north on a field magnet is

approached, and vice versa.

The change of polarity is achieved by a rotating commutator that makes contact with a

pair of carbon brushes.

48

Figure 2.33: Starting Systems

49



Turkish.



do not know.




terms from the text

When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the intake valve closes and the

crankshaft forces the piston back up through the cylinder. This compresses the air-fuel ixture

in the combustion chamber.

As the piston nears the top of the compression stroke, the air-fuel mixture is ignited by

a spark from the spark plug. This explodes the mixture, and the pressure of the rapidly

expanding gas drives the piston down through the cylinder. Both valves are closed during

this firing stroke.

After reaching the bottom of the firing stroke, the exhaust valve opens, and the

spinning crankshaft forces the piston up through the cylinder once again. This time all the

burned gases are driven, or exhausted, from the cylinder and combustion chamber.

When the piston reaches the top of the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve closes and the

intake opens. The piston is drawn down on another intake stroke.


50

CHECKLIST


1

Have you executed technical English applications in the main

equipment for the towing of vehicles?

2

Have you executed technical English applications in the towing

vehicle engines, the basic definitions and terms?

3

Did you use technical English terms about the towing of vehicles

electric-electronic home equipment?

4

Have you executed application of technical English applications

in the towing vehicle engines, the basic definitions and terms?

5

Have you executed application of technical English starter system

used in railway vehicles?

EVALUATION

Evaluation at the end of "No" answers in the form of a further Review. You do not see

yourself in the learning activity should be repeated enough. All your answers are "Yes" in

the "Measurement and Evaluation," please go to.

51

MEASURING AND EVALUTION Read the sentences and answer the questions. Then, compare your answers with

the answer key at the end of the module.

1. Which one reaches the crown of the piston at the top of the cylinder?

A) Top Dead Center (T.D.C.)

B) Bottom Dead Center (B.D.C.)

C) Stroke

D) Combustion Chamber

2. Which one is not a stationary part of the engine?

A) Cylinder block

B) Cylinder head

C) Oil pan

D) Connecting rod

3. Which one acts as a reservoir for oil and at the same time serves as a collector

dust at the bottom of the engine?

A) Cylinder head

B) Oil pan

C) Manifolds

D) Oil pump

4. Which engine does not contain block?

A) Liners

B) Water passage

C) Cooling water

D) Mixture passage

5. Which one is the position that two valves are opened and that the piston is at

T.D.C.during the end of the intake stroke and start of exhaust stroke?

A) Overlap of the valves

B) The end of the compression stroke

C) Power stroke

D) Compression stroke

EVALUATION



next learning activity.


52

LEARNING ACTIVITY-3

At the end of this activity you will be able to express the main definitions and terms

about pulled vehİcle technology that are used in the field of railway systems and translate the

basic texts related to this area.


the main definitions and terms about pulled vehicle technology that are used in

the field of railway systems and find the english equivalents of the terms.


friends.

3. MAIN DEFINITIONS AND TERMS OF

PULLED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

3.1. Main Definitions and Terms Used in Wagon Under Frame

The vehicles which carry pasengers and load are called as “wagon” in railways.

Wagon is a vehicle which cannot move by itself but a pulling vehicle make it move.

While the wagons are being manifactured, the agreements such as UIC ( International

Railway Union), RIC ( An Agreement about the Exchange and use of Passenger Wagons in

International Traffic), RIV (An Agreement about the Exchange and Use of Goods Wagons in

International Traffic) are taken into consideration during construction process. The passenger

and goods wagons are manifactured according to international standards so that they can be

used in railways all around the world.


AIM

RESEARCH

53

The Places of Scripts and Signs on Goods Wagons

Figure:3.1: Scripts and Signs on Goods agons

The meanings of signs on wagon in figure 3.1 are shorlty as follows;

1. In this signboard, A,B, and C letters express the classified railway lines. The

numbers under these letters(A,B,C) express the maximum load as ton that can be carried in

these lines. If there is no “s” and “ss” letters, the maximum speed for wagon is 90 km/h.

The numbers in the same line with “s” letter show the maximum load which can be carried

in A,B,C lines. In this case, the maximum speed for wagon is 100 km/h. The numbers

which are at the same line with “ss” letters show the maximum load that can be carried in

A,B,C lines. In that case; the maximum speed for wagon is 120 km/h.

2. The number which is in hexagon-like sign express the base area measure of wagon.

3. It shows the loading length of wagon.

4. It shows the lenght among buffers in wagon.

5. The weight(as kg) shown above rectangle-like signis tare of wagon, and the number

below shows the power of hand brake as ton

6. It means that wagon can be carried by ferry.

7. International Administrating Number of Wagon (the first two numbers of wagon)

8. The code number of the administration that owns or registers the wagon officially.

9. The number of wagon

10. The letters used in this part vary according to construction style and these letters

express the wagon type.

11. These signs and nicknames show that wagon can be operated in international traffic.

54

12. It shows the last revision date of wagon.

13. It shows the capacity of tank wogon as bulk.

14. It shows tare of wagon.

The Places of Scripts and Signs on Passenger Wagons

The meanings of signs on wagons on figure 3.2 are shortly as follows;

1. It is not compulsory to be written down.

2. This script can be placed at the same line between first and second windows.

If the level of first window is higher than other windows and if there is no enough place

betwen first window and entrance door, this board can be placed on direction board.

3. In order to make it to been seen any time, the place of the script which will

be put next to hand brake can be changed slightly.

4. This place is suggested.

5. Sizes; minimum height 160 mm; minimum lenght 250 mm.

6. In the case of lending, keep one free place for second script.

7. It means “ reserved”

8. It is acceptable to put this script any other place on the side of wagon.

9. It is permitted to put this script, which is normally on the side of wagon, on

the left side of RIC frame. Scripts and signs should be written both sides of wagon with same

row, fand from left to right.

Figure:3.2. The Scripts and Signs on Passenger Wagons

Sign Descriptions of Scripts and Signs Fitting Color

1 Nickname of owner of network or owner of material Yellow-White

2 Explanation of Type (not compulsory to write ) Yellow-White

3 Number of vehicle Yellow-White

4 Tare, total weight, total number of seats, load limit for

freight cars and post wagons

Yellow-White

5 RIC sign and energy feeding qualifications Yellow-White

6 Pictogramme and scriptthat shows brake weight which

has been gotten with hand-brake

Dark color on light ground

55

Sign Descriptions of Scripts and Signs Fitting Color

7

Speaker system, electropnomatic shutting system and

sign for vehicles that are equipped with remote control

illumination

Yellow-White

8 The last revision date Yellow-White

9 Length without buffer, distance between torque shafts

and gap between axles on spark plug

Yellow-White

10 Scripts and signs for brake Yellow-White-Red

11 Sign for vehicles which are equipped with R brake Yellow-White

12 The place for national script about brake (not

compulsory to write)

Yellow-White-Red

13 Parking place of vehicle (not compulsory to write) Contrast Colors

14 Plave for sticker A different color from

color of wagon

15 Marking resistence point for lifting Yellow-White

16 Manifactured year (the manifacturer of vehicle should

be defined on board)

-

17 MC Sign (only members of networkOSJD ) Yellow-White

18

Sign for pressure leakproof vehicles or pressure

leakproof vehicles that are equipped with leakproof

WCs.

Yellow-White

19 Out destination board Dark color on white ground

20 Out number board Red on white ground

21 Showing class for passenger materials Contrast color

22 Pictogrammes and information which can be written

on information band for passengers

Contrast color

23 First class showing band Sarı tayfında

24 Marking unloading hoses of leakproof WCs Contrast colors

25 Signs for Wagon with owners Yellow-White

3.2. Main Descriptions and Terms Used in Wagon Hardware

Chasis

Chasis is the main framework of wagon. It is made of hard iron beam and it carries the

load on itself. Wagon trunk and moving parts are attached to chasis with connecting

components.

56

Figure 2.3 : Chasis

Wheel Set

Wheel set carries wagon load and it conveys the weight of wagon and load to rails. It

is a component which directs wagon to the desired direction by rolling on rail. There are two

types of wheel setss; monobloc and grooved rim.

Figure 2.4: Chasis

Axle Box

Axle boxes act as depot for axle oil which is necessary to lubricate axle beds. They

carry the wagon load and direct the load to the axles.

57

Safety Catch

It deflates or decreases the vibrations to the minimum level, which comes vertically

from rai lor paralel to the rails. It is used in as follows; axe, bogie, traction and buffer

equipments

.

Plakdögart (Axle Guide)

It enables the connection between chasis and wheel set. Plakdögards are connected to

cahsis by joint or rivet.

1- Plakdögart (Axle guide)

2- Skate

3- Braga

Figure 3.5: Leaf spring

Figure 3.6: Plakdögart

58

Skate

It has been connected to plakdögard either by rivet or screw. They are interior side of

buategres, and prevents corrosion. They are made of soft materials ( bell metal, bronze, fiber,

soft iron, polyamide)

Braga

It connects two plakdögard under axle box. It prevents widening of plakdögard in

sudden departs and stops and in entering curves. If there is no braga, plakdögard chasis

breaks at connection point and derails. Bolts and nuts should be complete.

Suspension Bracket

Suspension brackets are connected to chasis by rivet or joint, it connects moving parts

to chasis.

1- Frame

2- Plakdögart (axle guide)

3- Braga

4- Axle Box

5- Spring Shackle

6- Suspension Brackle

Bogie

Bogie is a small chasis which increases numbers of axles in wagons and at the same

time it extends wagon length. It is a component which enables wheel sets to roll in bogie as a

group around axis.

Figure 3.7: Suspension System

59

Figure 3.8: Passengers and Good wogon bogies

Buffers

Buffers are components which deflate the power that come out of rail, and they direct

the power as less as possible.

Traction Installation

It is composed of draw hook, draw pod, and draw spring. Draw spring is connected to

other wagons with harness. Draw spring prevents breaks at sudden lifts, and guarantees

smooth depart. Draw packages are installed interior side of buffer sleepers and draw hook

pivot is attached in draw package. Diffirent kinds of draw springs are used.

Figure 3.9: Kinds of buffers

60

Figure 3.10: Traction kit

Harness

They are the wagon parts that enable the connection of draw cars. There are three

types; automatic, semi-automatic and screwed.

Baseboards (Brush holders)

Baseboards prevents the entrance of big items such as stone, tree, soil or metal parts

between rail and wheel, which cowcatcher cannot prevent. Baseboards that are composed of

steel rope or wires are located in front of wheels.

Cowcatcher

Cowcatchers are located in front of and back of locomative. It prevents the entrance of

things and snow under the locomative which exists on its way. The minimum height of

cowcatcher from rail is 65-70 mm.

Figure 3.11: Screwed harness set

61

Figure 3.12: Cowcatcher

Sanding System

The brake or transaction power applied to the wheels in locomatives should not

exceed the friction force between wheel and rail. If it exceeds, there occurs aquaplaning in

braking process, and there occurs wheel slip in traction process. If the surface of rail is wet

or slippery, the friction force decreases. In order to prevent that, sand is vaporized between

wheel and rail to increase the friction force.

Photo 3.13: Locomotive sand system

62

APPLICATION ACTIVITY Steps of Process Suggestions


Turkish.


While reading try to predict the terms that

you do not know.

Find the english equivalents of the terms

from tecnical dictionaries that you can’t

predict.

You can find detailed information about

the terms from the text.

In standard gauge cars, seating is usually between three and five seats across the width

of the car, with an aisle in between (resulting in 2+1, 2+2 or 3+2 seats) or at the side. Tables

may be present between seats facing one another. Alternatively, seats facing the same

direction may have access to a fold-down ledge on the back of the seat in front.

If the aisle is located between seats, seat rows may face the same direction, or be

grouped, with twin rows facing each other. Sometimes, for example on a commuter

train, seats may face the aisle.

If the aisle is at the side, the car is usually divided in small compartments. These

usually contain 6 seats, although sometimes in second class they contain 8, and

sometimes in first class they contain 4.

In vehicles intended for commuter services seats are sometimes placed with their

backs to the carriage side. This gives a wide accessway and standing room which

accommodates standing passengers at peak times and improves loading and

unloading speeds.

Passenger cars can take the electricity supply for heating and lighting equipment from

two main sources - either directly from a head end power generator on the locomotive via

bus cables; or by an axle powered generator which continuously charges batteries whenever

the train is in motion.

Modern cars usually have either air-conditioning or windows that can be opened

(sometimes, for safety, not so far that one can hang out), or sometimes both. Various types of

onboard train toilet facilities may also be provided.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_end_power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-conditioning

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_train_toilets

63

CHECKLIST




1

Have you used technical English in the main equipment for towing

trailers?

2

Have you used basic definitions and English used in the captured

vehicles?

EVALUATION

Please review your"No" answers in the form at the end of the evaluation. If you do not

find yourself enough, repeat learning activity. If you give all your answers "Yes" to all

questions, pass to the "Measuring and Evaluation".

64

MEASURING AND EVALUATION Read the sentences and answer the questions. Then, compare your answers with

the answer key at the end of the module.

1. What is the name of the component which carries the wagon load and conveys the

weight of load to rail and moves the wagon to the desired direction by rolling on rail

?

A) Wheel unit

B) Bogie

C) Safety catch

D) Buffer

2. What is the name of the component which increases the numbers of pivots in wagons

and extends the lenght of wagons?

A) Wheel Set

B) Susta

C) Bogie

D) Buffer

3. The vehicles that carry passengers and loads in railways are called ………………. ?

A) Tram

B) Pulling vehicle

C) Train

D) Wagon

4. Which one in below is the agreement about the Exchange and use good wagons in

international traffic?

A) RST

B) RIC

C) RIV

D) UIC

5. Which one in below is the agreement about the Exchange and use of passenger cars

in şnternational traffic?

A) RST

B) RIC

C) RIV

D) UIC


65

EVALUATION



next learning activity

66

LEARNING ACTIVITY-4

At the end of this activity you will be able to express the terms and materials about

ınfrastructure technology that are used in the field of railway systems and translate the basic

texts related to this area.


the terms and materials about infrastructure that are used in the field of railway

systems and find the english equivalents of the terms.


friends.

4. TERMS AND MATERAILS ABOUT

INFRASTRUCTURE

4.1. Main Description and Terms of Materails Used on Road Connection Materails

Joint

Joint points and points where rails are mounted to one another are called “joint. Joints

are the weakest and the most easily disrupted points of road. In those points, to prevent rail

cracks and to reduce maintenance expenses, rail welding is applied.

There are three kinds of materails that connect a rail to another.

Fish Plate

The iron bars used to connect two rails from the tops are called fish plate.

Fish Bolt

It has three parts; head, body and nut. Bolt nuts are attached to the innerside , so that

they are easily seen during road checks.


AIM

RESEARCH

67

Figure 4.1: Screwed harness set

Washer

It is used in both rail-to-rail connection and rail-to-sleeper connection. There are

three types of washers; single washer, double washer, triple washer. They are placed betwen

fish plate and fish bolt. They provide tightness and tenseness of connection. In below, you

will see three types of washers.

Figure 4.2: Types of washers

Figure 4.3:

68

Road Materails that Connects Rail to Sleeper

Figure 4.4: Road Materials that Connects Rail to Sleeper

Tie Plate

It is placed between base of rail and sleeper. It conveys load that comes from rail to

sleeper in a wider surface. It keeps rail guage. And prevents overturn of rails. In some roads,

it provides 1/20 cant to the road.

Figure 4.5: Tie Plate

69

Sleper Screw

In wooden and concrete sleeper roads, it is used to connect base of rail to sleeper or

to connect rail by means of tie plate to sleeper.

Figure 4.6: Sleper Screw

4.2. Main Descriptions and Terms Used in Road Structure

Detour

The second road which is build temporarily to run the train when there is an

accident or happening on main road.

Bevel

To provide the pass of railway, some fulling and cutting processes are applied. At the

end of this process, some surfaces with cant are comes out on the side of infrastructure. That

surfaces with cants are called bevel.

Cant

Cant is the ratio of rise difference of two points with different heigths to horizontal

distance between those two points, Cant in railways is expressed as %0 (thousand).For

instance; % 5( 0,005), %18 (0,018) etc.

Figure 4.7: Cant

70

Chord

VVersine

Circle Arc

Alignment

The straight parts of railway is called aligment.

Curve

The curved points of road which connects straight road in different directions are

called “curve”.

Figure 4.8: Curve

Versine

The right distance from any point of chord which cuts the arc of circle to arc of circle

is called “versine”. The right distance which connects central points of chord and central

points of arc of circle is called “complete versine”.

Figure 4.9: Versine

71

Superelevation

In horizontal curves, train is under the effect of centrifugal force and in order to

decrease the effect of scattering towards the out of curves, outer rail set is increased

compared to inner rail set. That surplus of height is called “Superelevation”.

Figure: 4.10: Superelevation given road cross

section

72


Steps of Process Suggestions


Turkish


While reading try to predict the terms that

you do not know.

Find the english equivalents of the terms

from tecnical dictionaries that you can’t

predict.

You can find detailed information about

the terms from the text.

Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods, by way of wheeled

vehicles running on rails. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles merely run on a

prepared surface, rail vehicles are also directionally guided by the tracks on which they run.

Track usually consists of steel rails installed on sleepers/tiesand ballast, on which the rolling

stock, usually fitted with metal wheels, moves.

Rolling stock in railway transport systems generally has lower frictional resistance

when compared with highway vehicles and the passenger and freight cars (carriages and

wagons) can be coupled into longer trains. The operation is carried out by a railway

company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is

provided by locomotiveswhich either draw electrical power from a railway electrification

system or produce their own power, usually by diesel engines. Most tracks are accompanied

by a signalling system. Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other

forms of transport. Railway transport is capable of high levels of passenger and cargo

utilization and energy efficiency, but is often less flexible and more capital-intensive

than highway transport is, when lower traffic levels are considered.

In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways and rapid

transit systems came into being. Starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in

most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the

process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway

systems were introduced in Japan and a few other countries. Other forms of guided ground

transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried

but have seen limited use.


73

CHECKLIST




1

Did you use technical english related to road materials?

2

Did you use technical english related to road construction?

EVALUATION

Please review your"No" answers in the form at the end of the evaluation. If you do not

find yourself enough, repeat learning activity. If you give all your answers "Yes" to all

questions, pass to the "Measuring and Evaluation

74

MEASURING AND EVALTION

Choose the correct option

1. What is the name is the right distance from any point of chord which cuts the

arc of circle to arc of circle?

A) Versine

B) Chord

C) Superelevation

D) Cant

2. What is the name of the surface with cant that comes out near infrastructure at

the end of cutting and filling process to enable the passes of railways?

A) Cant

B) Superelevation

C) Curve

D) Bevel

3. What is the name of curved points of road which connects straight road in

different directions?

A) Superelevation

B) Cant

C) Curve

D) Versine

4. Which one below is not among the connection elements that connects rail to

sleeper?

A) Sleeper Screw

B) Joint

C) Plastic dowel

D) Feeding washer

5. What is the name of joint points which connects rails?

A) Joint

B) Sleepr Screw

C) Washer

D) Plastic dowel

MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE DEFINITIONS

MEASURING AND EVALTION

75

A. B

6.Curve a- It is the point where rails are mounted to one another.

7.Alignment b- It is used to connect rail-to-rail and rail-to-sleeper.

8.Detour c- They are iron bars used to connect two rails from the top.

9.Tie plate d- It conveys load coming from rail to sleeper in a wider surface

10.Washer e- It is the straight part of railway.

11.Fish Plate f- The second road used temporarily when there is accident

on the way

12.Joint g- It is the the curved point of road which connects straight

road in different directions

True or False

13.In rail, to reduce the effect of scattering inner rail set is increased ____

14.The right distance from any point of chord which cuts the arc of circle to arc of

circle is called “versine” ____

15.The surfaces with cants that come out after filling and cutting processes are called

bevel. ____

16. Fish bolt is used to connect base of rail to sleeper or to connect rail by means of

tie plate to sleeper. _____

17. Washer is placed between base of rail and sleeper. _____

EVALUATION




76

LEARNING ACTIVITY-5

At the end of this activity you will be able to express the main terms an materıals of

superstructure those are used in the field of railway systems and translate the basic texts

related to this area.

Visit a foundation running in the field of railway systems, search the main

terms an materials of superstructure that are used in the field of railway systems

and find the english equivalents of the terms.

+Prepare a feedbaack report and present it in the class to your instructor and

your friends.

5. MAIN TERMS AND MATERIALS OF

SUPERSTRUCTURE

5.1. Definitions and Terms of Superstructure

In railways; rail, sleeper, balast and all connection materials, that are placed on

infrastructure, that provides the movement of train and conveys the weight of train to

platform are called “superstructure”.

5.1.1. Rail

Rail is a superstructure material and is made of casted-steel. Rail provides a rolling

surface which shows the least resistance to the wheels of railway vehicles. It also conveys

the power coming form axle to sleepers.

Figure 5.1: Superstructure materials

AIM

RESEARCH


77

5.1.2 Sleepers

A superstructure material which disseminates load coming from rail to a wider

surface, protects the gauge and keeps on axis against side effects is called “sleeper”.

a) Wooden (timber) Sleeper

b) Iron Sleeper

c) Concrete Sleeper

d) Plastic Sleeper

Figure 5.2: Sleepers

5.1.3. Ballast

Ballasts are hard and strong stones which are sharp-cornered, sharp-edged and cubic

shaped and are broken 30-60 mm sizes. They are placed neatly on platforms, they fill the

gaps of sleeperand they act as beds for sleeper.

Figure 5.3: Alignment and Curve

78

5.1.4. Definitions and Terms of Infrastructure Platform

Platform is a leveled stabilized surface piece that ballast is placed on in cutting and

filling.

Cutting

In an area where railway passes, if rise of land (black line) is higher than rise of

way(red line), higher parts are eliminated. Those parts which are eliminated and passed by

arrangement of graded and ungraded bevels are called “cuttings”

Filling

In an area where railway passes, in parts where rise of field(Black line) is lower than

rise of way(red line) , by filling hollows, black rise is increased to the level of red rise. This

manufacturing is called “filling”.

Tunnels

In the area where railway passes, if field rise (black line) is much higher than way rise

(red line) and if cutting costs too much price, the area is drilled. At the end of the drilling

process, there occurs a passage with two-sides open. These passages are called “tunnels”.

Bridges

The artistic buildings which are built to pass obstacles such as rivers, highway,railway

or any other, which are not under embankment and has 8 meters or bigger gap are called ”

bridges”.

Figure 5.4: Bridges

79

Viaduct

They are multiple-gaped bridges that are built on high valleys.

Crossover

The works which provide the crosses to the other side of road when railway and

highway meet is called “crossover”

Underpass

Crossovers which are built to enable passes of pedestrians and highway vehicles under

railway are called “underpass”.

Flyover

Crossover which are built to enable passes of pedestrians and highway vehicles over

railway is called “flyover”.

Figure 5.5: Underpass

Figure 5.6: Flyover

80

Level Crossing

The parts where highway and railways meet each other at the same level are called

“level crossing”

Figure 5.7: Protected Level Crossing

81



Turkish.



do not know.




terms from the text

When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the intake valve closes and

the crankshaft forces the piston back up through the cylinder. This compresses the

air-fuel ixture in the combustion chamber.

As the piston nears the top of the compression stroke, the air-fuel mixture is

ignited by a spark from the spark plug. This explodes the mixture, and the pressure of

the rapidly expanding gas drives the piston down through the cylinder. Both valves

are closed during this firing stroke.

After reaching the bottom of the firing stroke, the exhaust valve opens, and

the spinning crankshaft forces the piston up through the cylinder once again. This

time all the burned gases are driven, or exhausted, from the cylinder and combustion

chamber.

When the piston reaches the top of the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve closes and

the intake opens. The piston is drawn down on another intake stroke.


82

CHECKLIST



Evaluation Criteria Yes No

Did you use technical english related to the upper structure

and basic definitions and terms?

Did you use technical english related to the tunnel, bridge,

walkway etc. structures?

EVALUATION

Please review your "No" answers in the form at the end of the evaluation. If you do

not find yourself enough, repeat learning activity. If you give all your answers "Yes" to all

questions, pass to the "Measuring and Evaluation".

83

MEASURING AND EVALUTION Choose the correct option

1. What is the name of part where highway and railway meet and cross at the

same level?

A) Level Crossing

B) Bridge

C) Tunnel

D) Viaduct

2. What is name of work which enables passes of transportation vehicles to

other side of road when railway and highway meet?

A) Platform

B) Tunnel

C) Bridge

D) Crossover

3. Strong and hard stones which are placed neatly on platform, fills the gap of

sleeper and act as bed for sleeper, which are sharp-cornered, sharp-sided, cubic shaped and

are broken at 30-60 mm sizes are called ……………… ?

A) Filling

B) Sleeper

C) Ballast

D) Rail

4. What is the name of the work which is built to enable passes of pedestrians

and highway vehicles over the railway?

A) Underpass

B) Flyover

C) Crosswalk

D) Level Crossing

5. What is the name of the bridge with multi-gaped built on high valleys?

vadiler

A) Viaduct

B) Tunnel

C) Underpass

D) Flyover

EVALUATION





84

MODULE EVALUTION Write “ True or False” according to the knowledge

1. Orange: Danger signs are used as warning signs against danger._____

2. Connecting Rod is the motionless part of engine ._____

3. Axle boxes act carry the wagon load and direct the load to the axles. ____

4. Fish Plate, the iron bars used to connect two rails from the tops are called Tie

Plate_____

5. Sleepers are superstructure materials which disseminates load coming from rail to a

wider surface.________

Level Crossing, flyover, underpass, crossover, bridge, tunnel, platform, sleeper,

ballast, rail

Fill in the blanks with the suitable word.

6. ___________ provides a rolling surface which shows the least resistance to the

wheels of railway vehicles.

7. ____________ is a superstructure material that protects gauge.

8. ___________ are the parts where highway and railways meet each other at

the same level.

9. ___________ is a crossover which is built to enable passes of pedestrians and

highway vehicles over railway.

10. _____________ fills the gaps of sleeper and they act as beds for sleeper.

MODULE EVALUTION

85

ANSWER KEY

LEARNING ACTIVITY - 1

SORULAR CEVAPLAR

1 B

2 A

3 D

4 C

5 A


SORULAR CEVAPLAR

1 A

2 D

3 B

4 D

5 C


SORULAR CEVAPLAR

1 C

2 C

3 D

4 C

5 B


SORULAR CEVAPLAR

1 A

2 D

3 C

4 B

5 A

6 G

ANSWER KEY

86

7 E

8 F

9 D

10 B

11 C

12 A

13 F

14 T

15 T

16 T

17 F


SORULAR CEVAPLAR

1 A

2 D

3 C

4 B

5 A

MODULE EVALUATION

SORULAR CEVAPLAR

1 T

2 F

3 T

4 F

5 T

6 Rail

7 Sleepers

8 Level Crossing

9 Crossovers

10 Ballast

Assess yourself and compare your answers with the answer keys

87

SOURCES KAYA Orhan, Motor Ayarları ve Bakımı

SOLTEKİN, Salim, Elektrik Elemanlarının Çalışma Prensipleri ve Elektrik Devreleri,

CAN Y., Vagon Bilgisi KALINBACAK Ġ., Çeken Araç Bilgisi,

SOURCES

rayli sİstemler teknolojİsİ teknİk yabanci...

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