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Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
PACIENCIA P. MILAN, PhDUniversity Professor
Visayas State University
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest Restoration in the
Philippines for Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RF
RAINFORESTATION FARMINGRAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
Farmers continue to cut down trees to give way for more agriculture lands and for economic reasons foremost.
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Forest loss in Leyte
Source: Nueberger, 2005
1900 2005
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Source: Nueberger, 2005
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
Most reforestation efforts in the Philippines focus on the development of forestry and agro-forestry system using tree species which are introduced because they are selected for their fast growth and easy germination. The species composition of the original forest that once covered the land prior to logging are rarely taken into account .
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Milan and Margraf, 1996
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
Rainforestationas an option for rural development and
biodiversity conservation
• uses native/local trees of the area to bereforested (biodiversity)
• gives importance on improvement ofstructural habitat to support wildlife(habitat restoration)
• supports sustainable developmentthrough organic practices in agriculturaland forestry production (agroforestry)
• provides ecological services(watershed)
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Operational Framework of Rainforestation
• Habitat restoration• Biodiversity conservation• Provision of ecological functions/
services
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
PLANTING SCHEME
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Sun demanding local forest tree species recommended for RF on degraded limestone hills (in decreasing order of productivity).
Official Scientific NameLocal Name
Kalumpit Terminalia microcarpa
Anislag Securinega flexuosa
Bagalunga Melia dubia
Dao Dracontomelon dao
Ipil Intsia bijuga
Mntn. Agoho Casuarina nodiflora
Kamagong Diospyros philippenensis
Bahay Ormosia calavensis
Molave Vitex parviflora
Lingo-lingo Vitex turczaninowii
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Shade loving local forest tree species of Leyte Leyte recommended for RF on volcanic soils
Palosapis Anisoptera thurifera Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus HairyApitong Dipterocarpus philippinensis Hagakhak Dipterocarpus warburgii Manggachapui Hopea acuminata Dalingdingan Hopea foxworthyi Gisok-gisok Hopea philippinensis Yakal-kaliot Hopea malibato Bagtikan Parashorea malaanonan White Lauan Shorea contorta Almon Shorea almonGuijo Shorea guiso Yakal-malibato Shorea malibato Red lauan Shorea negrosensis Tangile Shorea polysperma Mayapis Shorea palosapisKamagong Diospyros philippensisTalakatak Castanopsis philippinensisUlaian Lithocarpus pruinosaDungon Heritiera sylvaticaKulatingan Pterospermum obliquumBalobo Diplodiscus paniculatus
Official Scientific NameLocal Name
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming Supports Forest Biodiversity
Many soil organisms help potential decomposers such as fungi and bacteria speed up decomposition of solid waste in the environment. Their presence in the ecosystem play an important role. With a cool, moist soil condition in the Rainforestation Farm, their efficiency to decompose is enhanced.
The famous tarsier is found in Leyte especially in rehabilitated areas.
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Many Philippine birds and insects depend on the forest ecosystem for survival.
Frogs and other amphibians and reptiles are also part of the biodiversity whose existence depend on the forest ecosystem.
Rainforestation Farming Supports Forest Biodiversity
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
Reasons why the utilization of indigenous Philippine forest tree species received
minimal support in reforestation programs
• native species especially dipterocarps grow slow;
• dipterocarps fruit only about every 3-5 yearsdepending on species and locality;
• not enough seedling materials can be produced ina short time because nursery management ofnative species are not fully studied;
• dipterocarp seedlings (but not all) and other nativespecies require shade and cannot be used toreforest open areas, e.g. grasslands; and
• local lumber species have higher wood quality butnot propagated, hence, the mother trees becomevery rare and seed material is even less available.
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Impacts of non-Philippine species has onthe remaining Phil. Forest ecosystems:
• Fast growing exotics have low wood quality; hence, high quality forest trees still need to be harvested in their natural environment; so timber poaching and illegal logging continue;
• The monoculture of exotic trees:- does not support the survival of wildlife
species of the Phil. Rainforests some of which are important pollinators and distributors of seeds,
- lead to the erosion of biodiversity - ultimately the extinction of species;
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
• Local lumber species have higher wood qualitybut not propagated, hence, the mother treesbecome very rare and seed material is even lessavailable;
• The fast growing exotics are mostly pioneerspecies with a short life span which support amanagement of repeated clear cutting andexhaustion of the soil nutrients, makingreforestation more and more difficult;
• Growing of monoculture stand of forest treesare vulnerable to pest attack that can led to thecomplete failure of reforestation.
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Effects of Rainforestation on Site Quality
1. Improvement of soil chemical properties;
2. Improvement of soil structure and water holding capacity;
3. Improvement of soil organic matter and soil color;
4. Improvement of nutrient status;
5. Improvement of biological activity; and
6. Improvement of microclimate
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
A farming system that closely resembles thestructure of a natural Philippine rainforestecosystems or home gardens that promotes theuse of native or local trees commonly growing inthe area.
It is based on a preliminary working hypothesisthat the closer a farming system in the humidtropic is to its natural ecosystem, the moresustainable it is.
It evolves from various efforts to sustain humanfood production and simultaneously preserve thebiodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems and their vitalfunctions to mankind
It considers farming systems to support livelihoodto increase farmer income
What is Rainforestation Farming?
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
Lanzones
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
1. To replace the more destructive forms of slash-and-burn or kaingin practices
2. To form a buffer-zone around the primary forest
3. To protect forest biodiversity
4. To help maintain the water cycle and other ecological services of forest
5. To provide farmers with higher income
OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
Global Warming
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
Consequences of Climate Change
Sea level riseOcean acidificationRise in temperatureLoss of biodiversityHigh health riskPoor productivityHabitat loss
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation Rainforestation is a
strategy to Mitigate Climate ChangeINTRODUCTION
RAINFORESTATION CONCEPTPlanting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Economic and environmental benefits of selected RF sites
* calculated in the frame of the Clean Development Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol** price for permanent CER is assumed $10 (based from PointCarbon 2004) an is calculated using a discounted rate of 8.2% within
a period of 10 years of RF implementation
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation Challenges and
PerspectiveINTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
• After 16 years of Rainforestation advocacy and implementation, a total of 183.34 hectares demo farms were established
• Issuance of DENR MC 2004-06
• Rainforestation is used as a strategy in establishing biodiversity corridors in existing national parks and certificates of ancestral domain claim or title
• Rainforestation is used as a strategy for the implementation of ROAD 2020
• Rainforestation evolved in different typologies
Major Accomplishments
Geographical distribution of Rainforestation Farms in the Philippines
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
Improve our program on:
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE
-education of local communities
-promotion of sustainable use of resources, responsible entrepreneurship and ecotourism
-compensation of displaced people through training in better agriculture production
-establishing research facilities for training, local scientists, guides and forest collaborators
Rainforestation Farming: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration
PPMilan
Rainforestation: A Paradigm Shift in Forest
Restoration in the Philippines for
Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
Thank you!
INTRODUCTIONRAINFORESTATION CONCEPT
Planting SchemeNative Tree Species used in RFRainforestation Farming
RAINFORESTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
RAINFORESTATION INITIATIVESCHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE