railway rolling stock

7/28/2019 Railway rolling stock

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Types of Rail System

Regional rail and rapid transit, the most common types ofrail system,has reasonably high speeds and high axle loadings.

Light rail systems are designed for lower speeds and loadings andoften have simplified specifications.

High-speed rail is a rail system designed to withstand high speedtrains.

Monorails are sometimes used instead of light rail systems forcommuter transport, etc.

Maglev is a recent development with as yet only one realimplementation.

Cog railways are used to cross steep slopes on mountain railways.


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Types of Rail System


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Types of Rail System (Mono Rail)


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Types of Rail System (Mono Rail)


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Types of Rail system (High Speed)


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Trains

A train can consist of a combination of a

locomotive and attached railroad cars,

or a self-propelled multiple unit (or

occasionally a single powered coach, called

a railcar).

Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulledby a cable, or run downhill by gravity.


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Trains

Special kinds of trains running on correspondingspecial 'railways' are

Atmospheric railways,

Monorails,

High speed railways,

Dinky trains

Maglev,

Rubber tired underground

Funicular,

Cog railways


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Passenger Trains

A passenger train may consist of one or several

locomotives, and one or more coaches.

Alternatively, a train may consist entirely ofpassenger carrying coaches, some or all of which

are powered as a "multiple unit".

In many parts of the world, particularly Japan and

Europe, high-speed rail is utilized extensively for

passenger travel.


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Freight Trains

Freight trains comprise wagons or trucks

rather than carriages,

though some parcel and mail trains

(especially Traveling Post Offices) are

outwardly more like passenger trains.


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Freight Trains


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Locomotives

Classification by motive power

Classification by use


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Locomotives

Classification by motive power

1 Steam

2 Diesel-Mechanical 3 Diesel-Electric

4 Diesel-Hydraulic

5 Gas Turbine

6 Electric

7 Electro-Diesel

8 Magnetic Levitation


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Locomotives (steam)

Geared Steam Locomotive

Articulated Locomotive

Duplex Locomotive

Steam Turbine Locomotive

Steam Engine Steam Dummy


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Locomotives (steam)


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Locomotives (Diesel Electric)


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Locomotives (Gas Turbine)


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Locomotives (Electric)


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Locomotives (Magnetic Levitation)


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Locomotives (Classification by use)

The three main categories of locomotives are oftensubdivided in their usage in rail transportoperations.

There are passenger locomotives, freightlocomotives and switcher (or shunting)locomotives.

These categories mainly depend on

maneuverability, tractionpowerand speed. Some locomotives are designed to work in

mountain railways.


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Locomotives (switcher)


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Locomotives (Cog)


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Locomotives (Cog)


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Locomotives (shuntter)


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Railcars

Passenger cars

Freight cars

Non-Revenue cars

Military cars


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Passenger cars

Heavyweight vs. lightweight

Single level vs. double level

Baggage

Coach Combine

Diner

Dome

Lounge

Observation Pullman

RPO

Sleeper


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Passenger cars (sleeper)


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Passenger cars (baggage)

1


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Passenger cars (combine)


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Passenger car (coach)


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Passenger cars (dome)


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Passenger cars (pull man)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:RPO_interior.jpg


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Passenger cars (observation)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Heavyweight_observation.jpg


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Passenger cars (bi-level)


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Passenger cars (diner)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dining_car_interior_c_1927.jpg


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Freight cars

Auto-racks (also called auto carriers)

specialized multi-level cars designed for

transportation of un-laden automobiles


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Freight cars

Refrigerator cars (or, colloquially,Reefers),

a refrigerated subtype of boxcar


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Freight cars

Flatcars (orflat) for larger loads that don't load

easily into a boxcar. Specialized types such as the

depressed-center flatcarexist for truly outsizeitems or the Schnabel carfor even larger and

heavier loads. With the advent of containerized

freight, special types of flatcar were built to carry

standard shipping containers and semi-trailers.Some allow containers to be stacked two high

(double stacked).


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Flat-cars


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Freight cars

Gondolas with an open top but enclosed

sides and end, for bulk commodities and

other goods that might slide off


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Freight cars

Hopper cars, a gondola (rail) with bottom

dump doors for easy unloading of things

like coal, ore, grain, cement and the like.Two varieties; open top, and closed top.


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Freight cars

Tank cars for the carriage of liquids


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Freight cars

Slate wagons - specialized freight-cars used

to transport slate


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Freight Cars

Stock cars for the transport of livestock


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Freight cars

Well cars - specialized cars designed for

carrying shipping containers. The

These have a very low bottom floor to allow

double stacking, and articulated 3- and 5-car

sets are common.


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Maintenance of way

Ballast cleaner

Ballast gondolas and hoppers

Ballast regulator

Clearance car Crane

Crew car

Ditcher

Dynamometer car

Flanger

Handcar

Hi-Rail truck


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Maintenance of way

Inspection locomotive (obsolete, replaced by speeders and hi-rail trucks)

Pile driver

Rail grinder

Rotary snowplow

Scale test car Speeder

Spiker

Spreader

Tamper

Tie inserter

Tool car Tower car

Track geometry car

Weed sprayer


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Maintenance of way (crane)


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Maintenance of way (Hand car)


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( (( )()()


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()


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. .()

.


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123015 21.


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.(15003000) .() .


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.

.:


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.

..


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.

9 .

.


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:

()():(

(()


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.wheel

sets.

.truckbogie .


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center-plate .bolster

: a stub,

a center-plate,

and a kingpin.


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((


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center plate . .

. (kingpin). .


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Bolster .

() .


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Bolster . . . .


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springs:


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springs:()


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.


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:


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:

/


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:


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:

.


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:

.


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.


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:


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120 km/s


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Three Piece Bogie

:1-Bolster32 Side frames .


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:

Secondary Suspension Articulated Primary SuspensionUnique


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..

.

. ..


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. .


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:


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- .- .-.


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..

.


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.

H- .- .- .- .- .


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Y25-1GPSGloucester-2British Acclamation-3Wagon Union-4Symington XL-5


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Y25- .-Maxi ride .-I .- .


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Y25


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Wagon Union Bogie


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Wagon Union Bogie

- .-U.-20.


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- .- . .-

.


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- .-

.- .- ..-


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.

.. .


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) ... .2/1 .


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)135mm .75mm() .

.


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) . .

.


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)() .. . .


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. ..


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1360135752736


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.. .

.


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:

() .()

.


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.

. .


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.(Rail gauge) .(B

B1).


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1:


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. . .e = 1435 mm

10%%75 .e= 1524 mm.1


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:)Broad Gauge mm1676

mm1670

mm1524

Standard mm1435 Narrow mm1067

mm760


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.

2:


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. .

.


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.

. (...).


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.

U36(50 Kg/m)


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UIC


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UIC UIC

UIC50 (50.18 Kg/m) UIC54 (54.43 Kg/m)

UIC60 (60.34 Kg/m)

UIC71 (71.19 Kg/m)


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UIC54 UIC50


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UIC71 UIC60


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.UIC60UIC50 ..UIC71

Day Load 25000ton UIC50 25000ton Day Load 35000ton

UIC50(wooden slabs) or UIC60(concrete slabs) Day Load 35000ton UIC60


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.


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05/185/0 1 ..75/0 .. .. ( .(


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().:

(). . .


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6570 30.

..


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.

. . Track

guidance of the wheel.


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( ) . .()

.


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.

..

.


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(Lateral

movement of wheelset).

.

. .


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.1883Klingel . (y)

y

(radius of circles in center position).


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2y.


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.:

)2(

)2(

SR

SR

yr

yr


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:r=(r = 400mm550mm)

R=S=(1500 mm)=(1:20)y=


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(1/R)y(1/R)= y

y = 0:

02 yrSy

yl

xyy )2sin(0


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yo=L=:

(fwc).

2

2rS

L


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:r=0.5m, S=1.435m , =1/20

L=16m. := 1/40L= 22m.

2

22

max 4Lyyy o


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(fwc).

fwc/2yo .


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yo )(yo (Hunting) .


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P l i R i t


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Propulsive Resistance

....(1).


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. ..

1


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(Train Resistance) .

. .

.


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:c=()

()r1=

R1=Gt=(ton)R=


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r1=(1000C)/R [kgf/tf]

R1= rGt [kgf]

2 Bearing (Jo rnal) Resistance


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Bearing (Journal) Resistance

:

.(Roller Bearing) ().

][

10002 tfkgfRG

Hr

r


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3 Track Resistance


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Track Resistance

( ).

.


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. 4060

.0.2 kgf/tf

4Flange Resistance


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Flange Resistance

. .


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. : ra = r5 = K.A.V [kgf/tf]

V=A=(10-12m2)K=2.

: (K)


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K1 K=0.0 (Well Streamlined) K=(0.000036)A (Blunt)K2 K=0.0 K=(0.000061)AK3 K=0.0 (Faired) K=0.00026K4 K=0.0 (Faired) K=(0.00013)nK5 K=0.0 K=(0.000037) Pc.n

(Cowled Diaphragmes)

:


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K6 (K=0.0 (No Bluge K=(0.00032)AK=(0.00051)A

K7 K=0.0 (Well Shroud) K=(0.0005)no (Open Shroud) K=(0.018)no (Short Shroud)K8 K=0.0 (Helmet) K=0.0021 (Straight Nose)

K=0.0026 (Round Nose)K9 K=0.0

K=0.0035


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.rt = r1 + r2 + r3 + r4 + r5 [kgf/tf]


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. .

.


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:--()----------

.

(Schmitt Tuthill Experiments)


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((Schmitt Tuthill Experiments1940 5

km/hr16().

(3).

Speed [km/hr]


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(-)


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()Use above 40 mph only


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()Use above 40 mph onlyWhen W= 20 R=2.00+0.040V+0.00500V2

W= 25 R=1.20+0.030V+0.00480V2

W= 30 R=1.20+0.020V+0.00450V2

W= 35 R=0.80+0.022V+0.00410V2

W= 40 R=1.10+0.010V+0.00380V2

W= 45 R=0.55+0.020V+0.00351V2

W= 50 R=0.60+0.010V+0.00340V2

W= 55 R=0.40+0.013V+0.00375V2

W= 60 R=0.45+0.015V+0.00310V2

W= 65 R=0.35+0.010V+0.00300V2

W= 70 R=0.59+0.002V+0.00295V2W= 75 R=0.53+0.002V+0.00290V2

W is the weight per car in tons and V is the speed in miles per hour

.(W.J Davis)


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((W.J. Davis :

rt =1.3+(29/W)+bV+(CAV2/Wn) [Lb/t]

W=(ton)n=A=(ft2)V=(mph)Cb=4.

4:2


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Equipment Type A (ft2) b C

Locomotives - 50 tons 105 0.03 0.0024

Locomotives - 70 tons 110 0.03 0.0024

Locomotives 100 tons + 120 0.03 0.0024

Locomotives - Streamlined 120 0.03 0.0017

Freight Cars 85-90 0.045 0.0005

Passenger Cars 120 0.03 0.00034

Motor Carsin Trains 80-110 0.045 0.0024

Motor cars - single 80-110 0.045 0.0024

If configuration is unconventional, measure actual size and add 5 to 10%

for skin friction and turbulence.

(Modified Davis)


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( )

:

[lb/t]

K.K = 0.07K = 0.16K.0.09 =

Wn

KVVW

rt

2

01.0206.0


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Route Resistance


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Route Resistance

. .(Grade Resistance)

.

) (Grade Resistance)


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(). .

(Grade Resistance)


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g = 0.8%rg= 8 kgf/tf.Gt=2500ton :

Rg=rg(Gt)=8(2500)=20000 kgf

.


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((Curve Resistance)


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. .

.


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Rock


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rcv= 650 (R - 55) , R 350m rcv = 530 (R - 35) , R = 250-350m rcv = 500 (R - 30) , R 250m

.04%1

.

(Acceleration Resistance)


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..

.

:


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Fa = R8 = m.a = (G/g).(dv/dt)

= (G/g).(vfvi)/(tfti)= (G/g).(VfVi)/(3.6t) [tf]

ViVf :

L = [(vf+ vi) / 2].t t = (2L) / (vf+ vi) t = (7.2L) / (V f+ Vi) [sec]

Vi=[km/h]Vf=[km/h]vivf=[m/s]L=[m]t=

[sec].


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[ ]

][2.76.3

1

tfVV

LVV

gGF

if

ifa

]/[4

22

tfkgfL

VV

G

Ff

if

t

a

a

.


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..)(

....

.

(Deceleration Resistance)


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.:

))())(

Ft = 0.0).


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.(Air Brake)

(Vacuum Brake).(MU)

..70110 psi.


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(emergency reservoir) .

.((PFb.

W Fb( .(


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-


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W (((

)()..

db = (4.17V2)/(rb+r), Fb = R.W.e.f


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R=(Braking Ratio)9/0 65/0.f=W=db=[m]V=(V2

Vf2-Vi

.[)[km/h2r

b

=[kgf/tf].r=[kgf/tf].

e .


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((Retardation


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() r = r

t

+ rg

(r Ft) :

L

VVf ifa

22

4

Ft ( = 0.0


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(Ft (0.0 = fa = -rt


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... .

.


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..(Tractive effort)

:Ft = (270N/V).(n).()

Ft=[kgf]N=[hp]V=[km/h]n= .)(=


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.

.


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((Fa=Ft-Rt

.:

Fa = Ft - R(Ft=0.0):Fa = -R:Fa = Rb - R


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(wheelset)(steering)(support).

.

:


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CreepAdhesionWear

(creep)(adhesion)(wear).


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-- .--

:.-


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.

..


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Spin Creep


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(spin creep) .

(complete bodily slip)(sliding).

velocityforwardrollingpure

lowerboddyofvelocityangularupperbodyofvelocityangularsp

...

......

.


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(adhesion)(slip) ...(tangential forces- creep forces) .


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.((strain .

.((


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Simplified Theory

Exact Theory

Dynamic Theory

Quasi-Static Theory

Three Dimensional Theory

Two Dimensional Theory


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() . (slipping) .(sliding)

.


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= (F/W)F=()FT

W=

.(wheel treads) .


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.-----


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2---3

---relative slip


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:-()average adhesion

-true adhesion . .


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.

:1)(radial alignment) .

.


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2)


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2) (3

sliding friction(4(5

.


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Ab i


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Abrasive wear .. abrasive.

C i


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Corrosive wear

.

Delaminating wear


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Optical rail profile measurement system provides immediate feedback

on the profile and wear condition of the rail whilst traveling at track

speeds.


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Cameras capture full cross-sectional railprofiles from the base/webfillet area up to the top-of-rail surface to allow comprehensive and

accurate rail measurements.


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Rail profile data. measuring for freight, high-speed, transit and light

rail systems.


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railway rolling stock

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