radiographic errors and artifacts
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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RADIOGRAPHIC ERRORS AND ARTIFACTS
Dr. Walid Samir SalemBDS, MS, MHPE
lecturer, Oral Surgery DepartmentMember, Dental education unit
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Films with errors should be avoided due to the following reasons:Retake will lead to:
•Expose the patient to unnecessary radiation.•Waste film & time (money).•Interfere with accurate interpretation and diagnosis.
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Causes of faulty radiographThe majority of the errors produced can be categorized into three groups:
I. Technique & Projection errors.
II.Exposure errors.III.Processing errors.
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I. Technique & Projection errors:
a. Patient preparation error:
b. Film placment artifact:
•Blurred image
•Radiopaque artifact
•Pressure mark
•Reversed film •Double image
•Apices cut off •Dot artifact
•Dropped film corner
•Crown not shown
•Black line •Area of interest not shown
•Distortion
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c. Projection errors:•Incorrect vertical angulation.•Incorrect horizontal angulation•PID alignment artifact
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Technique & Projection errorsa. Patient preparation error
Radiopaque artifact
Dental appliances, body piercings, jewelry & eye glasses left in the mouth during exposure will appear as radiopaque artifact superimposed over the dental image. Correction: all this items should be removed before placing of the film.
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Technique & Projection errorsa. Patient preparation error
Blurred image
Movement of the film, patient or X-ray tube head during exposure will result in a blurred image.Correction: the operator should explain for the patient & remind him to remain motionless during exposure.
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Technique & Projection errorsa. Patient preparation error:
Pressure mark
Pressure from the incisal edge & cusps of the teeth (mostly in the pediatric occlusal radiograph).May appear black or white.Correction: ask the patient to bite gently.
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Technique & Projection errorsb. Film placment artifact
Double image
When an exposed film is re-exposed the resulting film will have 2 superimposed images
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Technique & Projection errorsb. Film placment artifact
Reversed filmLow density with herring bone, tire-track or dotted pattern, as a result of directing the X-ray through the lead foil side of the film back.
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Technique & Projection errorsb. Film placment artifact
Dot artifactThe identification (embossed) dot produce a circular radiolucent artifact on the final radiograph. This may interfere with interpretation of the apical areas of the teeth.
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Technique & Projection errorsb. Film placment artifact
Apices cut off
Occur when the film is not positioned apically enough to record the entire tooth.
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Crown not shown
Technique & Projection errorsb. Film placment artifact
There is no enough film extending occlusally.
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Technique & Projection errorsb. Film placment artifact
Dropped film corner
The film edge is not placed parallel to the occlusal surface of the teeth.
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Technique & Projection errorsb. Film placment artifact
Area of interest not shownThis is the result of not placing the film to cover all the teeth in the area of interest and not centralizing the film over the area of interest.
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Technique & Projection errorsb. Film placment artifact
Black lineDue to excessive bending of the film prior to its placement inside the patient’s mouth (pressure causes ionization of silver halide upon processing will be darker).
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Technique & Projection errorsb. Film placment artifact
DistortionDue to bending of the film to eliminate the patient’s discomfort specially in lower premolar area and upper central incisors.
normal
distortion
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Technique & Projection errorsc. Projection errors
Incorrect vertical angulation
It will lead to:•Elongated image due to insufficient v. angulation ( too flat), or•Shortened image due to excessive v. angulation ( too steep)
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Technique & Projection errorsc. Projection errors
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Technique & Projection errorsc. Projection errors
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Technique & Projection errorsc. Projection errors
Incorrect horizontal angulation
Is the appearance of the interproximal surfaces of the adjacent teeth over each other. This is due to improper H.A. due to improper alignment of the C.R. through the contact points i.e. not // to interproximal surfaces.
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Technique & Projection errorsc. Projection errors
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Technique & Projection errorsc. Projection errors
PID alignment artifact
If the PID is misaligned and the x-ray is not centered over the film, a partial image is seen on the resultant radiograph, this partial image is called cone-cut.It appear as a clear area with curved outline.
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Asuan – Egy.
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II. Exposure errors.
Blank image.Low density image.High density image.Image with high and low contrast.
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Exposure errors
Blank image
A film that didn’t receive radiation will have no image and will appear clear.
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Low density (faint) image
Exposure errors
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Exposure errors
High density image
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III. Processing errors
Chemical errors:•Light image.•Dark image.•Blank image.•Reticulation.•Black spot or patch.•Black line.•White spot or patch.•Yellowish brown discoloration.
Film Handling errors:•Writing lines•Developer cut off•Fixer cut off•Overlapped film•Finger nail artifact•Smudge.•Scratched film•Static electricity
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Processing errorsChemical errors
Reticulation
When the film subjected to a sudden temperature changes between the developer and water.Appear as cracked film.
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Processing errorsChemical errors
Black spot or patch
Developer contamination before immersion into the developer solution.
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Black line
Processing errorsChemical errors
Developer contamination processing hanger clipsDirty roller in automatic processor
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White spot or patch
Processing errorsChemical errors
Contamination with fixer before processing
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Yellowish brown discoloration
Processing errorsChemical errors
Exhausted solution or insufficient rinsing
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Processing errorsFilm Handling errors
Writing linesAppear on the radiograph due to writing on the film packet with ballpoint pen or lead pencil.It may appear black or white.
Finger nail artifactBlack or whit crescent shape mark due to rough handling of the film.
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Developer cut off
Processing errorsFilm Handling errors
A straight blank white border due to underdeveloped portion. The film may not be completely immersed in the developer solution.
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Fixer cut off
Processing errorsFilm Handling errors
A straight black border. The film may not be completely immersed in the developer solution.
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Processing errorsFilm Handling errors
Overlapped filmFilm that overlap in developer are white, while that overlap in fixer are black
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Processing errorsFilm Handling errors
Smudge (finger print)
When the film touched by fingers contaminated with developer or fixer
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Processing errorsFilm Handling errors
Scratched film
White lines appear on the film due to careless handling of the film.
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Processing errorsFilm Handling errors
Static electricityThin black branching lines Occurs when two surfaces are rubbed together against each other vigorously, this creates an electric charges with visible light emitted which is capable of exposing the x-ray film, thus leading to ionization of AgBr crystals at this area.Occur most frequently during periods of low humidity
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Metallic partial denture
Blurred
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Reverse image
Apices cut off
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Dropped corner
Distortion
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Elongation
Horizontal overlap
Double image
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Low denisty
Static electricity
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White spot or patch
Yellowish brown discoloration
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Reverse image
Cone-cut
Developer cut off
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Thank You