radioactive debris from operations upshot and knothole - u.s. atomic energy commission

8/9/2019 RADIOACTIVE DEBRIS FROM OPERATIONS UPSHOT AND KNOTHOLE - U.S. Atomic Energy Commission

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U N I T E D S TA TE S A T O M I C E N E R G Y C O M M I S S I O N

. N Y 0 - 4 5 5 2 ( D E L . )

RADIOACTrPE DEBRIS PROM OPERATIONS

UPSHOT AND KNOTHOLE

Photostat Price $ / 3" . / ? / 9

M i c r o f i l m P r i ce S 4 ^ . ^ g

A va i l a b l e f r o m the

O f f i c e of Techn ica l Se rv ices

Department of Commerce

Wash ing ton 25, D. C.



DISCLAIMER

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306 Comparison of Air Conceatirations with Fallout00

3*7 Comparison of Area Gajsma with. Falloatoo»«»ooooo

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TBBOEBIICAL DBCAT CURVES

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CHAPTES 3« FINDINGS

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5*2 Particle Sise Distribution of Radioactive Dust

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APPENDIXAl Fallout Outside Uo S« Following Each Burst,aoaa oo, 65



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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTIOW

The monitoring siirrey desc ribe d in this report is one of a

series coordinated by tbe Health and Safety Divisioa of the Ne w York

Operati ons Office beginning with the weapons tests early in 195lo These

surveys have been mads for health ntoaitciriRg and to provid® injEbrmation

useful to the phctographi3 industry and othsrs whos-© operations are inter^

fered wit h b y small aecuits &f radioactive contamination» Such operati ons

in cl ud e low^lare l x-daia-64.on lasasTjrementa for estimating the age of ge=

ological and arehealogisal spe-slia^r^gj, for Icsa'sing uranitim mi ne s and oil

fields , and for oths^ purpose a o

The report corers the astivitiss of tns National Monitoring

System for the paricd Mars h lat to Ju ne 15th;, ISiZp dur ing wh ic h sleveEs

nucl ea? devices wsr© flrsd at the Net'aia Prc Ting Grcu ndSo

This 3U2r/^ is similar In plan to tha monitorin g prcgraja forthe Spring 1952; weap ons tast s-o Eefsj^^nses 2 , i* aad $ S.T'B reports ofmonitoring ops/'aticns ^cadacted during oths^ tsst series»

The prcgran employed a world-îd-» network of 125 sampling

locations wit h its gr-ât^-st l^nslty in th^ Unltsd Stat es, It had thecooperation of the DiT-ijicn of Blclcg7' and MtilslxiSj the Test Organ s

izationp the Weathsr Buj-saifl tiie Dapar'tmsnt of

Defenses the Canadi an W6aths:^ Ssi^s'icsj, t h ^ A-Citlc^ fBc^^ Cas ua lt y Cc m=

mission and the Civi l A^ronaatl cs Admlnistratlc^'io

All but the first two in this list c f agencies provided

sampling stations ani pe^*3cnnslo Thii Ci'"ll Asrcnaiitica Admin is tr at ion



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Chapter 2

METHODS

2.1 DESIGN OF THE PROGRAM - ^

To estimate tha activity settling out of the atmosphere^Weather Bureau personnel at 96 cities in the United States collecteddaily samples by exposing one foot sqtiares of gummed cellulose acetate

filmo At a portion of the n3t"?crk<) in tha noirtlieast qaadxant of acircle about 2000 miles in diameter5 centered at the Proving Grounds5another typo of samples, intended to furnish estimates of radioactivesuspended matter in the air^ was also collected. The second type ofsample was a circle of filter pape r through which a measured volume ofair had been drawn by a suction ptaap.

Within about 500 miles of tha test, sit® the dust cloud flrcaa anuclear explosion ma y be concentrated in a sjsall ap&cso A fixed network

in this region cannot eacnomically be mads dense enough. To improve thacoverage, eight mobile teams of two men each were deployed after eachburst with the center team under the expected trajectory of the cloud.The teams made radiattan measuraments and collected special samples forparticle size st udies in addition to the two principal types collectedat the fixed stations.

All samples were mailed to the Health and Safety Division

laboratory. New York Operations Office where their beta activity was

meas ured, usually from three to ten days after ccllection.



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position, gummed side up , by a frame elevated three feet above the ground

or roof of the weather station. In most cases the duplicate frames wereplaced six feet apart but i n some cities one frame was set up at each oftwo weather stations, usually at a suburban airport and in the city,.

Filtered dust samples were collected b y pumping air through a

filter paper circle at the rate of approximately one cubic meter per

minute. The flow rate was read from a rotameter attached to the airpump,

Aerotej! and cascade impactor samples (collected only by themobile teams) served the purpose of providing estimates of particlesize. The aerotec device is an attachment to th e high volume sampl er.By imparting a rotary motion to the air entering the sampler it bringsabout centrifugal separation of the dust into two fractions. The largeparticles drop out of the air stream and are collected in a bottle partlyfilled with water. The small particles are collected on the filter ofthe high volume sampler.

The cascade impactor divides the dust of an air sample intolive flractions. The velocity of tha air stream is varied in four stagesby means of orifices and-dust is collected at each stage by impingementon a slide coated with si licone, Dust of a fifth stage containing thesmallest particles is collected on a paper filter9

Two of the mobile teams operated automatic dust sampl ers. Eachsampler includes a pump which draws air through a filter paper tape 9

Every twenty minutes a fresh part of the tape is moved into position for

filterlng9 Design air flow is approximately 2 Cof,m„| thus each twentyminute sample represents kO cubic feet or 1 cubic meter in round num ber s,Radl oact i^ ty of the sample is automatically measured and recorded during



UNCLASSIFIED

They collected settled and filtered dust samples and used

survey instruments to measure radiation from the grotrnd and from thefilter paper used to collect the filtered sam ples. The principal pu r

pose of the radiation measur^&ents was to detect the passage of the

Tadl oact ive cloud. On the basis of these readings the teams increased

or decreased the length of the sampling period for the filtered sample .

When meteorological information and the radiation readings indicated

that the cloud had passed and that no further significant fallout or

airborne activity was to be expected, the sampling was discontinued

and the teams returned to their base at Ogde n, The time for dis coo-

tinning sampling nas uocuilly about 1 ^ or i. aays alter the burst .

In addition to the standard filtered and settled dust sampOLas,which were collected in the same manner as at the fixed stations but fordifferent sampling periods (sea section 3.2), two of the teams collectedaerotec and cascade impactor samples and operated autonatls recordingair dust samplers a



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Chapter 3

FIHDINGS

The relationships among the several kinds of data make itImpractical to discuss each kind a s it is introduced. For this reasonthe results of the survey are presented in this chapter with littlecoonteot and discussed in Chapter U,

3.1 CUMULATIVE FALLOUT

Figures 3,1 to 3,11 ar e maps o f the United States showing fal lout occurring between bursts extrapolated to Janiiary 1, 195Uo Bursts #7and #9 were evidently responsible for much grea ter fallout than any of theothers. Because of this fact the arbitrary procedure of attributing al lactivity to the most recent burst may have caused considerable error inthe mapped totals for bursts #8 and #1 0.

Figure 3al2 is a map showing tota l fallout for the seriesextrapolated to January 1, 19 5^.

392 RADIOACTIVE DUST IN AIR

Airborne activity, at locations where analysis of mobile teamfiltered samples demonstrated the presence of radioactive suspendedmat ter , is plotted ag ainst time in figures 3,13 to 3*329 The findingsare discussed in Chapter k In relation to the fallout pattern 9

Observers at fixed stations in Nevad a, Idaho, Montana, Utah,



i UNCLASSIFIED

distribution curve on logarithmic probability paper and read the mass

media n diameter by linear interpolation from the graph , Tbble 3.1presents the mas s median diameters of samples having more activity than100 d/m>ir3.

Parti&le ^ize classification was also effected with theaerotec attachment'to th e •Hi Volume* sampl er, the pomp used for collecting the unfractionated a ir dust samp les, !Ihe aerotec Imparts tothe air a rotary motion which causes centrifugal separation of largeparticles firom the stream before it passes through the paper filter

of tha «Hi Volume" samp ler. ^

The aerotec sample activities and their distribution expressedas the percentage of small particles are listed i n Table 3,2, The borderline particle size between the two fractions is estimated at 5 mi crons.The activities of the individual fractions are also included in the table«

3.U DECAY DATA

Values of the exponent, I, read from logarithmic graphs ofdec ay data ar e shown in Table 3«3<> Results are listed for all the sampleswhic h were counted for deca y except those not clearly attributable to adefinite burst and therefore of unknown age.

The mean is 1,30. Only a portion of the samples from the firstand last bursts tend to confirm the figure, 1,2 , which is customarilyused.

Since the observed decay rates differ from those calculatedfrcmi the Way-Wign er formula, using the exponent 1,2, it is desirable



UNCLASSIFIED

activity of the sample was generated by b urst 7 and the ratios of cor

responding ordinates read from the two curves measures th e error whichwould be committed by attributing it to burst 6,

The mistaken burst assignment results in an estimated activity

only one-third of the true value at the time of sampling. In extrapolating to the future.the error is in the direction of high values and byday 85 , four weeks after burst 7, the exaggeration will be in the ratio

28l, The ratio reaches 2,7 on d ay ICOO and 3,0 on da y ItOOO,

Figure 3ouO shows a similar pair of curves based on a 2k hoursampla collected at Salt Lake City on the day of burst 2, The mostprobable time of "occurrence of the fallout was 12 hoars after b urs t

since this was the tima of arrival of the mafcSmiam air concentration atOgden (see Fig . 3ol5) and an estimate of activity at this time basedon a misassignment to burst 1 wil l be only one=>twelffeh of the tru e

value. The same mistake will produse an estimate exaggerated by afactor of 2 on day 300,

The samples used for illustration were collected shortly afterthe burs ts which they represent and thsy possessed exceptionally hi ghactivitiesa They were chosen to show the greatest possible effect ofan erroneous btirst assignment on the cimailat-ive total s. However , it

is in Just such cases that the bxirst assignments are most reliabl e, andit is 4>robable that this ty pe of error ha s been confined to older a;id

less active samples which influence the totals relatively lit tle.

3.6 COMPARISON OF AIR CONCENTRATIONS WITH FALLOUT

Settled dust samples were collected by the mobile teams



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concentration m ay occur without the other and (2) more often they wil l

occur together and when they do the fallout per square foot per day islikely to exceed the airborne concentration p er cubic meter b y a factor

in the hundreds.

3.7 COMPARISON OF AREA GAMMA WITH FALLOUT

The measurements with survey instruments mad y by the mobileteams included gamma readings taken three feet above the ground. If

the radiation is duti to fallout ;Lt snoula oe proportional to the a mountof radioactive dust on the ground surfaoe at the time the read ing ismade. In the absence of dist|23îng fkctors such as rainfall and radi o-activa deca y one wotild expect the falloat, as estimated from the gammedfilm sam ple , to be proportional to the difference in the gamma readingsat the end and the beginning of the sampling period, Tb reduce the e ffects of these di sturbing factors the maximum 2k hour gummed film resultfor each mobile team operation was chosen for study and it was comparedwith the maximum gamma reading of the 2k hour period, rather than with

the difference between the final and initial read ings .

Figure 3,i4l is a scatter diagram showing h©/ resul ts of thiscomparisoika The equation of the fitted line isg

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DATE3/24/533/30/53

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'•4

U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY CONWISSIONN EW YOR K O PER A T I O N S O F F I C E


FALLOUT, BURST 4 (d /m /ft ^ on 1/1/54)

DATE4/fl/534/10/53

F I G .

3 .4

CHECKED BY

D. B. Lynch

- 12 -

UNCUSSIFIED

- • ^ ' • - • " • • •



UNCLASSIFIED


N EW Y OR K O P E R A T I O N S O F F I C E


FALLOUT. BURST 5 ( d/ m/ ft^ on 1/1/54)

DATE

4 / 1 1 / 5 34 / 1 7 / 5 3

F I G .

3 .5

CHECKED BY

D. B. Lynch

- 1 3 -

UNCLASSIFIED

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N EW YO R K O P E R A T I O N S O F F I C E


FALLOUT, BURST fl (d/ m/ ft^ on 1/1/54)

DATE

4 / 1 8 / 5 3V 2 4 / 5 3

F I G . ICHECKED BY

D. B. Lynch

- l U -

UNCLASSIFIKD

W A S H I N G T O N

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. . . . M ni - - m mi f f i f . . . i i . i i ah r a i a j M ^ i i i & i x . . — . . . . ^ . . — j . ^ ^ , . ^ . - . ^ 1 J . , . . . , . , . . • - . , !• . .^f •—i^g^,f(|n i|„r-t . . - .«..«.-.-. .>, -^^,^' "^-"^^ • -^- • ' - ^• • i i r^-ir^' • * i n i Tn ' i - i ^ ^-i *^" * '^^' *^^^--• ^^• n i i i r^ l i i ii t f^ [fc i i ii ^i i ii ^mri i rrita^fii l it-''T'--^^^'^-'^^'^^'^^^^ tfimw i



UNCUSSIFIED BOSTON

CAR IBOU

U . S . ATOMIC ENERGY COKWISSION

N EW Y OR K O P E R A T I O N S O F F I C E



DATE

4 / 2 5 / 5 35/7/53

F I G .

3 . 7

CHECKED BY

D. S. Lynch

- 1 5 -UNCUSSIFIED

M IAM I

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BOSTON



UNCUSSIFIED

1


N EW YO R K O PER A T I O N S O F F I C E



DATE5/aA53

5/18/53

F I G .

3 .8

CHECKED BY

D. S. Lynch

- 16 -

UNCUSSIFIED

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»

UNCUSSIFIED BOSTON

CAR I BOU

U . S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

NEW YORK OPERA TIONS OFFI CE


FALLOUT, BURST 9 ( d / m / f f ^ on 1 / 1 / 5 4 )

DATE5 / 1 9 / 5 35 / 2 4 / 5 3

FIG.

3. 9

loiECkED BY

]). S. Lynch

- 17 -

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UNCUSSIFIED BOSTON




N E W Y O R K O P E R A T I O N S O F F I C E


FALLOUT, BURST 10 ( d / m / f t ^ on 1/1/54)

DATE5/25/53e/3/53

FIG. CHECKED BY

3,10 D. B. Lynch

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UNCUSSIFIED"

S E A T T L E

BOSTON

C A R I B O U

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U . S . ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

N EW Y O R K O P E R A T I O N S O F F I C E


FALLOUT, BURST 11 ( d / m / f t ^ on 1/1/54)

DATE6 /4 /538 /9 /53

F I G .

3 . 1 1

CHECKED BY

D. S Lynch

- 1 9 -

UNCLASSIFIED

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Table 3»l - Continued

Burst

11

Looat lon bStart TlM»

G9 C» T»

BieaiksTllle» Utah6A-I60O

6/^-0l|001

6/ -1600

ProTo, Utah6A-II4OO

B e t a ,

190

15 015 0

650780

230

MassMedianDiam*

598

I9OO98

1 .11.1

5 .2

01

;

k

n:-

N1

GeozBetrloStandardDeTJatlon

29 2

1. 81.5

3 .6298

PeroentLs8s Than5 Microns

E t9U95

899 0

295 1*701

t 3



Ta bl e 3 . 2 - PARTICLE SIZE D ISTR lBDn (»f OF RADIOACTIVE DDST IV AIR

(Aeroteo Samples)

Burst

No 9

1

R

m

2

H

m

N

H

3

k

5

•

6

•

Location

Cortes, Colo9

N N

Elko, Nevada

It N

H M

Ogden, Utah

N N

Wendover, Utah

Albaquerque, N o M .

El Centre, Callf9

Tucson, Arlsona

• H

Winslev, Arlsona

Needles, Calif9

Start

Date

GC T

3/17

3/18

3/17

3/2i*

3/25

3/2k

3/25

3/2U

U A

k/6

V ii

V1 2

I4/I8

Via

start

Time

GC T

1700

1700

1500

ihoo

11*00

11*00

11*00

1300

li*00

li*00

1500

1500

1300

1700

Sampling

Period

Hrs.

21*

3.33

21*

21*

8

2k

6

21*

2

21*

21*

6

^

21*

Beta,d/m/il3

36,800

1*00

305

680

910

3,21*6

5 6 7

190

105

, 1 0 0

110

102

4.51*1*

k6 k

Per Cent SmallerThan 5 Miorona

6 8

O9 O

8

2

9 9 . 2

2.

5 8

IOO9O

10

50

6 U

18

3k

3k

Table 3 .2 •> Continued



BurstNoo

6

w

».

1

H

n

It

N

It

n

*

Ii

H

8

«

Locat ion

Albaquerque, NoMo

W H

Farmington, NoMo

Wlnslcfw, Arizona

Grand «toa t30 n, Colob

Gunnison, Coloa

Albuqueifqus, NoMo

Farmingtitn, NoMo

It M

Deltap Utah

n K

Hanks v i l l e , Utah

Ogden, Utah

Cortes, C0I09

Gx'and Ju ns tio u, Ooloo

S t a r tDateGCT

V 1 8

V 1 9

V 1 9

V 2 5

U/26

V 2 6

V 2 6

V 2 5

I4/26

V 2 5

k/26

V 2 6

I4/26

5 / 8

5 /8

S t a r tTimeOCT

1300

1300

ll*00

1500

11*00

11*30

1500

11*00

11*00

1300

1300

ll*00

1700

1500

ll*00

SamplingPeriod

Hrso

21*

16 3A

Ii*

21*

21*

18 ^

18

21*

20

2U

20

18

16

21*

21*

d A A 5

I.90I*

1,280

2,658

l+,028

3P91*0

155

l*ol465

20 8

3p860

1,1*82

921*

370

260

781*

312

Per Cent ^nailerThan ^ Microns

3361

67

1*2

70

29

20

85

lOOeO

6

10

0 . 0

13

3

37



BurstNo 9

8

9

H

t t

m

m

m

10

It

H

R

R

uR

W

R

R

Lseation

Grand Junction, Ooloo

R m

W R

Albuquerque, VoMo

W R

P a m i n g t o n , N o M o

R R

Hanksville , Utah

R R

Vendove r, Ut ah

R o o k S p r i n g s , 1 ^ 9

H R

Co r t e z, C0 I 0 9

Farmington, NoMo

R <t

Hanksville, Uta h

R R

T a b l e 3

S t a r t

DateGC T

5/9

5/19

5/20

5/19

5/20

5/19

5/20

5/25

5/26

5/25

5/25

5/26

6/^

6A

6/^

6A

6A

o2 - Cohtinued

S t a r t

TimeO C T

11*00

121*5

13 0 0

1600

160 0

1200

1200

170 0

170 0

163 0

1700

1700

11*00

170 0

170 0

160 0

1600

Sampling

PeriodHrs 9

15

21*

8

2k

3

21*

12

2k

2

2k

21*

6

17

2k

Ik

2k

15

Beta,d/m/i?

2,560

1*«326

lp2l*8

3 e l60

1«752

5*650

1,280

529

31 0

799

128

1*071*

221*

168

1*80

752

381*

P er C ent S e l l e rThan 5 Microns

hk

7

k

7

16

I9O

10

18

36

98

38

28

92

31*

65

21

98

" ' * ^ ' - — i ^ - ^ - ^ - itii || . . • . , . • » , , . . . . . -.- -I... «| |. | ,, I (..-J.<a»«»..^.i t . ; t - » . . . . - , t . . . i ^ . . . . i . »- ,i.«»»n»—If -i-mf |,(t^^..-..fi...,..a



S t a t i o n

Neir Torks N . T.

Cortez, Colorado

Cortes, Colorado

Corte?, ColoradsOgden, Utah

Ogden, Utah

Salt Lake City, Utah

Winslow^ Arizona

Win slow, Arizona

Salt Lakp City, Utah

Farmington; N * M»

Farmington, N . M*

Albany, Nefw York

Billings, Montana

Grand Junct ion, ColOo

Grand J unct ion, Colo

Grand Junction, Colo.

UNCLASSIFIED

TBble 3.3 =• DECAY RXPONERT, X

SamplingDa y

3/18

3/16

3/18

3/ip3/21*

3/21*

3/21*

V19

1*A9

V2 0V2 6

V2 7

V2 6

5/9

5/20

5/20

. 5/19

SampleTSrpe

Settled

Aerotes*

Aerote<5*»

FilteredSettled

Settled

Settled

Filtered

Filtered

FilteredFiltered

Filtered

Settled

Filtered

Filtered

Filtered

Filtered

Burst

1

1

1

12

2:

2

6

6

67

7

7

8

9

99

r

1.36

I0I8

1.22

loOl*

lo33

1.33

1.36

lo35

lo36

loi*31.35

1.33

1.1*7

1.26

1.35

1.39

1.37

MfUMIMU^Mldu&aiiiM <-..j,.,.iM«..t^.u.- . .. . . . _ „ - t i ' . - . ^ , . j . ^ . , . . ^ . . . . . . . . . „ . . ^ . j i „ . ^ . „ ., ,, , . , . . ., ^ ^ . 1 1 . i , - i j . . j n , -r . rM tlir l lr t- r i i l i

UNCLASSIFIED



10'

10=

>

u

10^

^

\

1\

n \V \

1 \ \\ \ \

\ V \I ^ ^\ \\

\ \\ \

s vV

-

•

. . . J . , . , . . . . . ^ > 1 .- .....•••>...,.-. J..,,. ^ ..t...,,..-,.„ ,j:: .» f, .Wli-it.,. .„ r.i.jaiti<[i.iia,«IJ.,n.fM



UNCLASSIFIED

—^ -^-'-\l • y . . . - " — - ^ i - J

UNCLASSIFIED



I0 7

I0«

f:>•

1

I

II

* • • *

.11,wV\ \

v >\

I : I2

--

\



Table 3.1*

Mb.

1

2

»

at

6

•

n

K

7

•

«

Ml

It

•>

B U R S TDateOC T

3/17

3/2U

R

H

V18

«

R

tt

V25

«l

w

tt

R

tt

TimeGCT

1320

1310

K

N

1235

N

tt

tt

1230

W

tt

tt

tt

tt

Location

Cortez, Colorado

Elko, Nevada

Ogden, Utah

Wendover, Utah

Winslow, Arizona

Needles, Cal ifornia

Albuquerque, N. Mo

Farmington, N. Mo

Winslow, Arizona

Grand Junction, C0I09

Albuquerque, No M«

Farmingto n, N9 M9

Delta, Utah

Hanksville, Utah

MOBILE TEAM

Max. AirAotivitv(d/m/ft2)

1,1* I io5

l*o5 X 10**

2.5 X io5

io3 X 10 ^

loi I 1 0^

396 I io5

59!* X io5

692 X io5

I92 X io5

I9O X 10**

I93 X 10**

I93 X io5

595 X io5

1.0 X lo'*

DATA

Time of Max ,Hrs. After

Burst

13

10

12

15

16

20

S 2

32

16

1*0

36

1*0

2S(

32

Fallout (dA/ft2)Extrapolated toTim e of MajC9

293 X 106

1*97 X io5

295 X lo7

1*,8 X 10^

I98 X 106

8,0 X lol*

I95 X 1 0^

399 X lol*

9 9O X 10 ^

i*90 X io5

996 X io5

iJlvX 10 ^

29l*x io5

298 X 1 0^

• i M M i l i M M i i a i i M 9 a i l i M H H M i i R i M M M > i a 9 9 9 ^ ^ •i l iJIHMkMMMM

""1

!

Jtmmmm ^ ^ • -



tT i

Table 3.1* -

B U R S TDate Time

No 9 GCT GCT Location

9 5/19 1205 Farmingto n, N. Mo

• < tt R Grand' Junction, C0I09

" " " Albuquerque, No M9

11 6/1* 1115 Cort es, Colorado

I I • R R Farmington, No Mo

M ^ tt R- tt Hanksville, Utah

Continued

Max . Air

Activity

. (d/m/ftg)

2o2 X 105

9,2 X lol*

1,5 110 **

2*5 X lo3

1*97 X io 3

lol I lo'*

Time of Maxo

Hrs9 After

Burst

12

16

16

3027

28

Fallout (d/Vft^)

Extrapolated to

Time of Max.

397 X 106

390 X 106

396 X 10^

i»6 X io5

6,6 X lo5

1,7 X lo5

. Ji-«.Vt« ^ f' J- i^

,.>.._ ^ . '^-^•A.Mrtfft H V iii^rrt-f^^'*'*'*'^^*^*-"-^

UVCLA3SIF|E|>



12

)0

J 8

•ou.omo

J 6•J

^-

o_>

-

•

-

.

w

/

/

/

/

/

w

UNCLASSIFIED



Chapter k

DISCUSSION

The purpose of this chapter is to present a cjaalitative desc rip^tion of the findings following each burst based orj all the pertinent data.,which include air concentrations and decay rates as w$ll as fallout ac tiv îty.

Four of the ele- -en test explosions ware followed by low levelsof fallout activity possibly attriouoaoê lo «arj.ier ourstSo Jailoot

and ai r concentrations after four other bursts were moderate and formedtime and space patte rns tending to jtistify attributing the activity tothe latest bursts before samplingo Ilie remaining tnree explosionsj,mimbers,23 7 and 9s"were clearly responsible for most of the activityshown on their respective mapSj, Figurea 3o2<, 3oT and 3.99 ameczating tomore than 7$ % of the total for the s erie s. These inferenoas depend onboth the air concentration and gumnea film data aiod ^hsy infLueaace tksinterpretation of the decay rate result s.

k» l BUHSTS 1 fiROUGH

.Only I95I of the total fallout is attiîbuted 1&0 the first H r®explosions. Most of this ii-action (11)6) osourrî between March 2k%t and3lst3 the dates c f bursts 2 and 3,

Salt Lake City experienced an especially heavy falloat on the

2lfiik and 25 th , BxtrapiQlated to 8J1 hours af^â? bur^t the fallout fbr ttia

day o f the explosion am c mt ed to 28pOOOpOCO d/as/ ' e "Sljg Nerada amdCasp er , WjrtMing ware also sceaoa of ijaapr fallosalj en tisai d ay , rang ing

•• a..> a^ --..« i-n„ ,1,-, ,.^ ,. - , „ , „ , — . . . ^ . . j ^ . . . , -lY'i-, ,, 11 r»i I r ••^••^•- ..^1.-.. > •.-• ....- <•• „-...:••, »...-.. .••.... - 1 . .f-. • i.,.«.J.il,f, ,,- „i-.1,1. ..f, >^ »ai

UHCLASSIFIED



Peak activlly arrived at 51ko a nd Ogden about 1 2 hours afterburst and this was the reason for extrapolat ing Salt Lake City fkllout

to 12 hour ag e.

Bursts 1 , 3, ii and 5 accounted fbr only 8^ of the tot al fal l- ^out for the series* Daring the periods following each of these exp losions the mobi le tea ms found significant concentrat ions of rad ioactivedust in the air only at Cor tez, Colorado (Figure 3.13) after burst 1, •The lower levels o f activity, not considered significant, at other mobi leteam locatio ns showed two indications that the mat eri al in the samplesma y have contained residual frttm earlie r oursi;3. One sign was a steady

diminution in the computed concentrat ions Arom a maximum a t the start o fthe sampling period and the o ther sign was a low value of the decay ex ponent i^nL* in Table 3 .3 ) . If the activities of samples collected afterburst 5 are attributed to b urst h the decay exponents appear typical andthe air concentrations show random fluctuatio ns at a low leve l. Thepossibili ty of the samples containing r esidual activity makes it unsafeto assume that the map s for b ursts 3 and 5 present a true pi cture of thefallout attri butable to those e xpl osions. Some o f the activity shown onthese ma ps ma y have heea generated b y bursts 2 and k»

li.2 BUBSTS 6 THROUGH 11

Sim ila rly, a considerable part of the activity after bursts 8and 1 0 ma y have been due to numbers 7 and 9* Bursts 6 and 10 are chargedrespectively with 2% and ^% of the series to ta l. The mobi le tea ms foundnegligible airborne a ctivity after these explosions and the low valuesof the de cay exponent are consistent wit h the hypothesis that the samples

tested for decay are attributable to ear lier b ursts. Number 7 accountedfor ^$% and numbe r 9 for 31jC of the t ota l fallout for the series and it

•••- - -' - I ( a ^ i f l i l i a . i . f - i n f , . - . . - - • • ^ r . . , i - ^ V ; - , - ^ < i - , . , . . , * . t ^ . , . m . t i . ^ n

UHCIASSIPIED



The fallout at Albany for the period between bursts 7 and 8was Il4.,000 i/n/tt^ extrapolat ed to January 1, 1951+, It was exceed ed

at Las Vega s, Nevada and Roswall, New Me xico, where the cumulativefallout for t he same period was 30,000 and 22,000 6/m/t^ respectively,

• * . • '

Outside the Albany area bursts 7 and 9 were praotioally equalas sources of fall out. The dust from number 9 spread throughout the

I » country producing activities over 500 i/m/ti^ (extrapolated to January 1,19 54) at suoh widel y separated stations as Metrquette, Albuquerque andAtla nta, The mobi le tea ms found maximum conoentratious of radio aotivityin the ai r a t Farming-con, ' %m maxLQ®^ and Grand Junctio n, Col or ad o, irtiere

the levels reached 210,000 and 90,000 d / i 0 6 (see Figures 3«27 and 3,28),There was sane a otivity a t Albuquerque, New Maudoo {Figure 3,29)o

O n , the nap, Fig%ire 3»6o one oan tr ace the pa th of r" '»"<'"'™aotivi-ty foll owing bnarst 6 along the Gulf C oast -through 1*8 Veg as, Alb uquerque, Port Arthur and New Orl eans, Total fallout over the natio n -wasmo de ra te . Typical patt erns of airb orne conoen-bration were esdiibited atfour of the mob ile stations and are shwon in Figure s 3o i7 *o 3<»20« Themaximum was 10,800 d/ia/i5 at Wiaalow, Arisona, The maximum fallout,5«-t00 (J/iy ft (corrected to January 1, 1954) occurred at Albuquerq ue,

The fallout after the last explosion of the series -was 2 ^ of-Uie total, A pa-th of maximiaa aotivity is distinguishable throughIfyomlng, Colorado, Kansas, l^ssourio Illinoia, Michigan and New YorkoAir activity oonosntrstlons at Cor tez, Colo rado, Farmington, New Mexi co,

• . and Hanksville, Utah ar e plotted in Figures 3,30 to 3o32<>

in sxxmmary, it appe ars that bursts 2, 7 and 9 wer e responsiblefor most of the a ot lvi-^ found in the gummed film and filtered air samplesi

• .. • J r . < ^ - , . ^ ^ . > . ^ . ^ V ^ ^ . , . . . ^ ^ , . . . ^ . , ^ . ^ - - .^^J.^ ....••—-^.-:-^.- ^. .t......-.^t. .... •..-. .-A. .•..•.,•,..-...„•--• ..... ^.. •f.*Jt.»*ig>.^»-...t.iri.iiii-l i.. rTi rtf i^i .>* M.„ i.> ^^



REFEBSNCES

! • I 1 0 < ^ 0 5 - S e c r e t"R adio activ e Deb ris From Op era tions Tumbler & Snapper"Part I = He alth & Sa fety D ivis ion - January 12 , 1953

HIO-U512 - Secret•R ad ioa etiv e D ebris From Op erations Tumbler & Snapper"Par t I I - R, Jo L i s t , Weather Bureau =• February 25 , 1953

2 . NTO-U522 = Secret"R adioa ctive De bris From Ope ration Ivy *Health & Sa fe ty Div i s io n - Ap r i l 28 , 1953

Pr iva te Communication = U nc la ss ifi edProfessor Herbert Clark ofR e n ssal a er P o l y t e c h n ic In s t i t u t e

U# NIO-li555 - Se cr et"A Meteorological Analysis of the Transport of

Debris From Operation Ivy"

Lo F, Hubert, L, Machta & R. J, List, Weather Bureau

October 30, 1953

5. NIO-1576 - Secret



Appendix

WORLD-WIDE MONITORING

This discussion of the world-wide sampling network is pre

sented separately in a n appendix in order to avoid unnecessary classifi

cation of information on nat ion wide monitoring.

1 OPERATICW OF THE NETWORK

Sampling stations distributed throughout the world, most ofthem in the Northern hemisphere5, were provided by the Weat)ier Bur eau , the

State Depar tmen t, t he Air Force , the Na-vy, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Com

mis sion, the Canadian Wea ther Service and the Canadian a-tomic energy i n-

s-tallation at Chal k Riv er .

The stations are listed in Table A-1. As Indicated in the-table, twenty-four hour fallout samples were collected at some of themand seven day samples at othe rs. Except for the longer sampling period

at some localities the -world=wide network operated in exactly the samemanne r as the fixed s-tations in the United States which collected dus tsettling on gummed film. This was the only type of sample collectedoutside the Uni-ted S-tates.

2 FINDINGS

The activity falling out during the periods between bursts

was extrapolated to January 1 , 195U and the results are listed in Table Al©



p f C < iu



Burst No. tBurst Dat«^»*

AnchorageAlaska

Nor-fch BayOntario

MooeooneeOntario

Moncton

New Bninswick

Montreal

Quebec

Seven IslandsQuebec

Winnipeg

Manitoba

Churchill

Manitoba

Reglna

Saskatchewan

Edmonton

Alber-ta

Table Al - FALLOUT OUTSIDE U, S. FOLLOWING EACH BURST(d/m/ft2 extrapolated to Jan. 1, I95I+)

1 2 3 1 + 5 . 6 I 8 9 10 11. 5717 iT ^ 3/^1 1^6 i / l l 1 /16 V^5 578 5A 9 5 / ^ ^

0

0 57

21

9 200 15 e ? 5i* 27

0 510 45 18 12 3 33 33 6

0 lobo 3

0 16 30 3 0 I42 3

9 480 300 21 21 27 90

6 6 540 36 290 16 170

3 9 3600 59 18 21

57 76 200 66

3 240 84 90 54 21

3 6 3 0 24 15 6 200 12

TOTAL

33

66 0

9^0

UPO

3700

1500

190

550

27 0

c •



Table Al - Continued

Burst No, t

Burst Datet*

IVestwick

Scotland

Rhein Main

Oemany

Pre-boria

South Africa

DakarFr . West Africa

Tripoli

Tripolitania

BiroshimaJapan

NagasakiJapan

Anderson A,F,B,Guam

HonoluluHawaii

1 i l k 5 , ^ 2 8 i i o u

^ i/ ihl li/L^ l b b / §/L. I2!!±

0 6

15 330

0

6

0

24

12

0 36

81 27

12

27 12

93

27

72

6

2

6

3

6

0

9

3

0

0

9

9

0

0

0

3

15

0

9

51

59

3

160

120

360

450

6

9

HO

510

0

72

30

36

5

18

24

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

6

36

0

18

36

42

2%

0

6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

P29

lObo

6

300

230

490

670

42

54

* The last column ll'Sts -total fallout from 3/l7 to 6/9* Each o-ther colmpn represents aperiod from the burst date at the head of -the column to the day before the next burst.

l i i i iai iMi i# - l lg llJ^ ^ •1^ 1 ^ I ' i & i i i i •IMaiata

Table Al - Continued



CU3

•K J

Burst No. tBurst Dat es*

Port HardyBritish Columbia

Prince Georg eBritish Columbia

Port SimpsonMachensen

Deep River• Ontario

1 StephenvilleNewfoundland

ThuleGreenland

KeflavlkIceland

Albrdo k A.F.B.

Canal Zone

Kindley A,F,B,Bermuda

LimaPeru

1 2

3>^7 3 M

0 1^

0 6

0 0

6o 15

9 3

3 6

3 3

3 0

3 39 0

0 6

4 5 - 6 B 10 11S . ^ TOTAL

12 3 6 1 2 2 1 1 8 6 1 2 3 100

5 3 3 21 30 6 27 15 9 120

3 IS 24 6 6

3 12 3 30 72 0 31 170

3 6

0 $1 6 24o 66 0 30

6 6 Q 16

60

0 93 4800 100 69 33 ^ 0 5100

24'

400

36

15 30 15 100 no 3900 2go 540 45 5 ^

6 0

radioactive debris from operations upshot and knothole - u.s. atomic energy commission

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