radiation *penetrating rays emitted by a radioactive source *ranges from cosmic and gamma rays to...
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RADIATION*Penetrating rays emitted by a radioactive source *Ranges from Cosmic and Gamma Rays to Radio Waves
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RADIOACTIVE DECAY*Unstable atoms have excess internal energy.*the nucleus can undergo a spontaneous change towards a more stable form.
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3 types of RADIATION3 types of RADIATION
αα – radiation – radiation(alpha radiation)(alpha radiation)
ß– radiation– radiation(beta radiation)(beta radiation)
γγ – radiation – radiation(gamma radiation)(gamma radiation)
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αα – decay: – decay:*Emission of an *Emission of an αα – particle – particle*Particle is a Helium nucleus*Particle is a Helium nucleus
*Element changes to a *Element changes to a new element – a new element – a TransmutationTransmutation occurs occurs
44
22HHee
ααoror 42
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αα – decay – decay equationequation
Atomic mass decreases by 4Atomic mass decreases by 4
Atomic number decreases by Atomic number decreases by 22
234
92UU
230
90
TThh
++4
2HeHe
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αα – decay – decay
226
88 RaRa 222
86 RnRn ++4
2 HeHe
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αα – decay – decay
*Particle carries a positive *Particle carries a positive chargecharge
*Large, heavy particle - *Large, heavy particle - moves slowlymoves slowly
*Little penetrating power *Little penetrating power
*stopped by skin or a sheet *stopped by skin or a sheet of paperof paper
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ß -ß - decaydecay
*Emission of a beta - particle*Emission of a beta - particle
*Particle is an electron*Particle is an electron
*A transmutation occurs - a *A transmutation occurs - a neutron changes into a proton neutron changes into a proton and an electronand an electron
00
-1-1ee oror
oo
--11
ß
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ß -ß - decay equationdecay equation
*Atomic mass stays the same*Atomic mass stays the same
*Atomic number increases by *Atomic number increases by 11
14
6
C o
-1e
14
7
N +
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ß -ß - decaydecay
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ß -ß - decaydecay
*Particle carries a negative *Particle carries a negative chargecharge
*Small, light-weight particle*Small, light-weight particle
**fast-movingfast-moving*Penetrates 1-2 cm of skin *Penetrates 1-2 cm of skin or or water water
*can be stopped by metal sheet *can be stopped by metal sheet a few mm thicka few mm thick
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γγ – radiation – radiation
Emission of Emission of electromagnetic energyelectromagnetic energy
from an atom’s nucleusfrom an atom’s nucleus
No particles are emittedNo particles are emitted
A transmutation does A transmutation does not occurnot occur
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γγ – radiation – radiationIdentical to X-raysIdentical to X-raysEnergy transmitted in Energy transmitted in
waveswavesGreat penetrating Great penetrating
power - can pass power - can pass through human through human bodybody
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γγ – radiation – radiation
*Thick barriers of lead,*Thick barriers of lead,
concrete, or water concrete, or water are used as are used as protection against protection against them them
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Graph of unstable nuclei Too many neutrons
Tend to beta decay
Too many protons and neutrons
Tend to alpha decayToo many protons
Capture e- to convert p+ to n0
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Many radioactive Many radioactive elements have to elements have to go through a go through a series of decays series of decays to reach a stable to reach a stable isotopeisotope
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Detecting Radiation
Radiation is ionizing radiation – it knocks electrons off of the substances it hits to produce ionsInstruments can detect this process
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Detecting Radiation
Geiger counter – uses gas to detect radiation. Ionized gas particles conduct electricity and produce audible clicks
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Detecting Radiation
Scintillation counter - uses phosphor to detect radiationPhosphors produce flashes of light when hit by ionizing radiation
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Detecting Radiation
Film badge – uses photographic film to detect radiationWorn by personnel working near radiation sources to monitor exposure
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Half – lifeHalf – life
The Half-life is the time it takes The Half-life is the time it takes for half of the atoms of a for half of the atoms of a radioactive substance to decay.radioactive substance to decay.
After one half-life the level of After one half-life the level of radioactivity of a substance is radioactivity of a substance is halved, after two half-lives it is halved, after two half-lives it is reduced to one quarter, and so onreduced to one quarter, and so on
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Half-lifeGraph
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FissionFission
Fission is a nuclear process in Fission is a nuclear process in which a heavy nucleus splits which a heavy nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei after into two smaller nuclei after being bombarded with being bombarded with neutronsneutrons
nn1
0++ 235
92 UU236
92 UU
142
56 BBaa
91
36 KrKr
1
0nn
++1
0nn
1
0nn
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Fission ReactionFission Reaction
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Fission reactionsFission reactions
Controlled fission is used Controlled fission is used in Nuclear Reactors to in Nuclear Reactors to produce useful energyproduce useful energy
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FusionFusion
Fusion occurs when two Fusion occurs when two nuclei combine to produce nuclei combine to produce a nucleus with a heavier a nucleus with a heavier massmass
2
1H +
3
1 H4
2 HeHe +1
0 nn + energy
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Fusion ReactionFusion Reaction FusionFusion
reactionsreactions release morerelease more energy thenenergy then fission fission reactions reactions
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