Racial Stigma

EC 1370

Prof. Glenn C. Loury

February 4, 2010

Inter-marriage

• Interracial Marriage Signifies Assimilation

• History of anti-miscegenation laws.– Maryland first, 1661– Most states had by late 19th century– 1967: Sup. Ct. outlaws in Loving vs. Virginia

• Inter-marriage will change how we think about race

• Identity choices/dilemmas for children.

Mid-1960s: welfare policy becomes “raced” in media coverage and the American public mind

Correlation: r = .03 (1950-65) r = .68 (1966-96)

Social Capital in a Diverse Society:

Who Bridges? Who Bonds?

Robert D. PutnamHarvard University

Herfindahl index of racial homogeneity

Inte

r-ra

cia

l tru

st

East Bay (CA)

National

Denver

Rural South Dakota

North Minneapolis

MinneapolisRochester

Delaware

Boulder

Boston

Grand Rapids

Seattle

Bismarck

Lewiston (ME)

Silicon Valley

Greensboro

New Hampshire

Cleveland

Fremont (MI)

Indiana

Montana

Yakima

Central Oregon

York (PA)

Winston-Salem

Detroit

San Francisco

San Diego

St. Paul

Los Angeles

Kalamazoo

Rural West Virginia

Houston

East Tennessee

Cincinnati

Chicago

Syracuse

Charlotte

BirminghamBaton Rouge

Atlanta

Phoenix

Herfindahl index of racial homogeneity

Tru

st o

f ow

n e

thn

ic g

rou

p

East Bay (CA)

National

Denver

Rural South Dakota

North Minneapolis

Minneapolis

Rochester

Delaware

Boulder

Boston

Grand Rapids

Seattle

Bismarck

Lewiston (ME)

Silicon Valley Greensboro

New Hampshire

Cleveland

Fremont (MI)

Indiana

Montana

Yakima

Central Oregon

York (PA)

Winston-Salem

Detroit

San Francisco

San Diego

St. Paul

Los Angeles

Kalamazoo

Rural West Virginia

Houston

East TennesseeCincinnati

Chicago

Syracuse

Charlotte

Birmingham

Baton Rouge

Atlanta

Phoenix

Herfindahl index of racial homogeneity

Gin

i in

de

x o

f in

com

e in

eq

ua

lity

East Bay (CA)

National

Denver

Rural South Dakota

North Minneapolis

Minneapolis

Rochester

Delaware

Boulder

Boston

Grand Rapids

Seattle

Bismarck

Lewiston (ME)Silicon Valley

Greensboro

New Hampshire

Cleveland

Fremont (MI)

Indiana

Montana

Yakima

Central Oregon

York (PA)

Winston-Salem

Detroit

San Francisco

San Diego

St. Paul

Los Angeles

Kalamazoo

Rural West VirginiaHouston

East Tennessee

CincinnatiChicago

Syracuse

Charlotte

Birmingham

Baton Rouge

Atlanta

Phoenix

Neighborhood Racial Composition Preferences

Two Paths to Civic Incorporation

Europe (Welfare State Remedies for Social Marginality)• Unemployment/welfare are seen as problems of “social exclusion”• Social-democratic activism incorporate marginal into “mainstream”

versus

United States (A Quasi-Paternalism Governs the Poor)• Social dysfunction, behavioral pathology, and personal

disorganization as the sources of marginality

• “Telling the Poor What to Do” (Help and Hassle) – Directive, supervisory, and punitive policies– Supports to enable preferred behavior (faith-based)

-.5

0.5

Pol

icy

Pop

ulat

ion

Rel

ativ

e to

199

0

1990 1995 2000y ear

Receiv ing Cash Assistance Incarcerated

The American Path Chosen: Change in Numbers Incarcerated and Receiving Cash Aid:1990-2000