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Raccomandazioni per i l contouring del rinofaringe

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Supplementary Figure 2. Recommended atlas of the tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube (ET), cochlea, IAC,

TMJ, temporal lobe, brainstem, parotid gland, spinal cord, optic nerve, chiasm, submandibular gland,

pituitary, mandible, eyes, lens, brachial plexus, tongue(oral cavity), larynx, pharyngeal constrictors and

trachea as OARs based on CT-MRI fusion in NPC patients.


Supplementary References 1: The list of literatures relative to OARs contouring!

1. Baxi S, Park E, Chong V, Chung HT. Temporal changes in IMRT contouring of organs at

risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma - the learning curve blues and a tool that could help.

Technol Cancer Res Treat 2009; 8:131-140.

2. Gondi V, Tome WA, Rowley HA, Mehta MP. Hippocampal Contouring: A Contouring

Atlas for RTOG 0933. 2011.

3. Penumetcha N, Kabadi S, Jedynak B, et al. Feasibility of geometric-intensity-based

semi-automated delineation of the tentorium cerebelli from MRI scans. J Neuroimaging

2011; 21:e148-55.

4. Chau RM, Leung SF, Kam MK, et al. A split-organ delineation approach for dose

optimisation for intensity-modulated radiotherapy for advanced T-stage nasopharyngeal

carcinoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2008; 20:134-41.

5. Bonilha L, Kobayashi E, Cendes F, Li LM. The importance of accurate anatomic

assessment for the volumetric analysis of the amygdala. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005;

38:409-18.

6. Wang SZ, Yan XJ, Guo M, et al. Clinical analysis of otitis media with effuse after 3D

planning system based radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. China Oncol 2006;

16:503–7.

7. Walker GV, Ahmed S, Allen P, et al. Radiation-induced middle ear and mastoid

opacification in skull base tumors treated with radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys

2011; 81:e819-e823.

8. Wang SZ, Wang WF, Guo M, et al. Analysis of anatomic factors controlling the morbidity


of radiation-induced otitis media with effusion. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2007; 85: 463–

468.

9. Wang SZ, Li J, Miyamoto CT, et al. A study of middle ear function in the treatment of

nasopharyngeal carcinoma with IMRT technique. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2009;

93:530-3.

10. Hsin CH, Chen TH, Young YH, Liu WS. Comparison of otologic complications between

intensity-modulated and two-dimensional radiotherapies in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

patients. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2010; 143: 662-8.

11. Bhandare N, Antonelli PJ, Morris CG, Malayapa RS, Mendenhall WM.

Ototoxicity after radiotherapy for head and neck tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;

67:469-79.

12. Petsuksiri J, Sermsree A, Thephamongkhol K, et al. Sensorineural hearing loss after

concurrent chemoradiotherapy in nasopharyngeal cancer patients. Radiat Oncol 2011; 6:19.

13. Pacholke HD, Amdur RJ, Schmalfuss IM, Louis D, Mendenhall WM. Contouring the

middle and inner ear on radiotherapy planning scans. Am J Clin Oncol 2005; 28:143-147.

14. Pan CC, Eisbruch A, Lee JS, Snorrason RM, Ten Haken RK, Kileny PR. Prospective study

of inner ear radiation dose and hearing loss in head-and-neck cancer patients. Int J Radiat

Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 61:1393-1402.

15. Low WK, Burgess R, Fong KW, Wang DY. Effect of radiotherapy on retro-cochlear

auditory pathways. Laryngoscope 2005; 115:1823-1826.

16. Chen WC, Jackson A, Budnick AS, et al. Sensorineural hearing loss in combined modality

treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 2006; 106 (Suppl. 4):820-829.


17. Bhandare N, Jackson A, Eisbruch A, Radiation therapy and hearing loss. Int J Radia Oncol

Biol Phy 2010; 76:S50-7.

18. Zuur CL, Simis YJ, Lamers EA, et al. Risk factors for hearing loss in patients treated with

intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head-and-neck tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys

2009; 74:490-6.

19. Parashar B, Kuo C, Kutler D, et al. Importance of contouring the cervical spine levels in

initial intensity-modulated radiation therapy radiation for head and neck cancers:

implications for re-irradiation. J Cancer Res Ther 2009; 5:36-40.

20. Kong FM, Ritter T, Quint DJ, et al. Consideration of dose limits for organs at risk of

thoracic radiotherapy: atlas for lung, proximal bronchial tree, esophagus, spinal cord, ribs,

and brachial plexus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 81:1442-1457.

21. Leung WM, Tsang NM, Chang FT, Lo!CJ. Lhermitte's sign among nasopharyngeal cancer

patients after radiotherapy. Head Neck 2005; 27:187-194.

22. Harari PM, Song S, Tome WA. Emphasizing Conformal Avoidance vs. Target Definition

for IMRT Treatment Planning in Head and Neck Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys

2010; 77: 950–958.

23. Ezhi M, Starkschall G, Mohan R, Cox J, Komski R. Validation of a model-based

segmentation approach to propagating normal anatomic regions of interest through the 10

phases of respiration. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 71: 900-6.

24. Weiss W, Wijesooriya K, Ramakrishnan V, Keall P. Comparison of intensity-modulated

radiotherapy planning based on manual and automatically generated contours using

deformable image registration in four-dimensional computed tomography of lung cancer


patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 70: 572–581.

25. Qatarneh SM, Noz ME, Hyodymaa S, Maguire GQ, Kramer EL, Crafoord J. Evaluation of

a segmentation procedure to delineate organs for use in construction of a radiation therapy

planning atlas. Int J Med Inform 2003; 69: 39-55.

26. Pak D, Vineberg K, Feng F, Ten Haken RK, Eisbruch A. Lhermitte sign after chemo-IMRT

of head-and-neck cancer: incidence, doses, and potential mechanisms. Int J Radiat Oncol

Biol Phys 2012; 83(5):1528-33.

27. Uhl M, Sterzing F, Habl G, et al. CT-myelography for high-dose irradiation of spinal cord

and paraspinal tumors with helical tomotherapy: revival of an old tool. Strahlenther Onkol

2011; 187:416-20.

28. Brouwer CL, Steenbakkers RJ, Van den Heuvel E, et al. 3D Variation in delineation of

head and neck organs at risk. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7:32.

29. Schreibmann E, Fox T. Towards automated planning for unsealed source therapy. J Appl

Clin Med Phys 2012; 13:3789.

30. Urbano TG, Clark CH, Hansen VN, et al. Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) in

locally advanced thyroid cancer: Acute toxicity results of a phase I study. Radiother

Oncol 2007; 85:58-63.

31. Zwicker F, Roeder F, Hauswald H, et al. Reirradiation with intensity-modulated

radiotherapy in recurrent head and neck cancer.Head Neck 2011; 33:1695-702.

32. Park SH, Park HC, Park SW, et al. Multi-institutional Comparison of Intensity Modulated

Radiation Therapy (IMRT) Planning Strategies and Planning Results for Nasopharyngeal

Cancer. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24:248-55.


33. Eisbruch A, Marsh LH, Dawson LA, et al. Recurrences near base of skull after IMRT for

head-and-neck cancer: implications for target delineation in high neck and for parotid gland

sparing. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 59:28-42.

34. Claus F, Duthoy W, Boterberg T, et al. Intensity modulated radiation therapy for

oropharyngeal and oral cavity tumors: clinical use and experience. Oral Oncol 2002;

38:597-604.

35. Chen AM, Li BQ, Farwell DG, Marsano J, Vijayakumar S, Purdy JA. Improved dosimetric

and clinical outcomes with intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer of

unknown primary origin. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 79:756-62.

36. Dirix P, Nuyts S. Evidence-based organ-sparing radiotherapy in head and neck cancer.

Lancet Oncol 2010; 11:85-91.

37. Strigari L, Benassi M, Arcangeli G, Bruzzaniti V, Giovinazzo G, Marucci L. A novel dose

constraint to reduce xerostomia in head-and-neck cancer patients treated

with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 77:269-76.

38. Zhang Y, Lin J, Zhou W, Tang J, Liao Y. Dosimetric verification and clinical efficacy

of intensity modulated radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue

Bao Yi Xue Ban 2009;34: 879-85

39. van Rij CM, Oughlane-Heemsbergen WD, Ackerstaff AH, Lamers EA, Balm AJ, Rasch

CR. Parotid gland sparing IMRT for head and neck cancer improves xerostomia related

quality of life. Radiat Oncol 2008; 3:41.

40. Huang K, Xia P, Chuang C, Weinberg V, et al. Intensity-modulated chemoradiation for

treatment of stage III and IV oropharyngeal carcinoma: the University of California-San


Francisco experience. Cancer 2008; 113:497-507.

41. Seung S, Bae J, Solhjem M, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head-and-neck

cancer in the community setting. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 72:1075-81.

42. Bhide S, Clark C, Harrington K, Nutting CM. Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Improves

Target Coverage and Parotid Gland Sparing When Delivering Total Mucosal Irradiation in

Patients With Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck of Unknown Primary Site Med

Dosim 2007; 32:188-95.

43. Guerrero Urbano MT, Clark CH, et al. Target volume definition for head and neck intensity

modulated radiotherapy: pre-clinical evaluation of PARSPORT trial guidelines. Clin Oncol

(R Coll Radiol) 2007; 19:604-13.

44. Lee NY, de Arruda FF, Puri DR, et al. A comparison of intensity-modulated radiation

therapy and concomitant boost radiotherapy in the setting of concurrent chemotherapy for

locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66:966-74.

45. Braam PM, Terhaard CH, Roesink JM, Raaijmakers CP. Intensity-modulated

radiotherapy significantly reduces xerostomia compared with conventional radiotherapy.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66:975-80.

46. de Arruda FF, Puri DR, Zhung J, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for the

treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 64:363-73.

47. Kwong DL, Pow EH, Sham JS, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for early-stage

nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a prospective study on disease control and preservation of

salivary function. Cancer 2004; 101:1584-93.


48. Chao KS, Ozyigit G, Blanco AI, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for

oropharyngeal carcinoma: impact of tumor volume. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;

59:43-50.

49. Parliament MB, Scrimger RA, Anderson SG, et al. Preservation of oral health-related

quality of life and salivary flow rates after inverse-planned intensity- modulated

radiotherapy (IMRT) for head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;

58:663-73.

50. van Asselen B, Dehnad H, Raaijmakers CP, Roesink JM, Lagendijk JJ, Terhaard CH. The

dose to the parotid glands with IMRT for oropharyngeal tumors: the effect of reduction of

positioning margins. Radiother Oncol 2002; 64:197-204.

51. Lee N, Xia P, Quivey JM, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of

nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an update of the UCSF experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol

Phys 2002; 53:12-22.

52. Sultanem K, Shu HK, Xia P, et al. Three-dimensional intensity-modulated radiotherapy in

the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the University of California-San Francisco

experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 48:711-22.

53. Wu Q, Manning M, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Mohan R. The potential for sparing of parotids and

escalation of biologically effective dose with intensity-modulated radiation treatments of

head and neck cancers: a treatment design study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;

46:195-205.

54. Butler EB, Teh BS, Grant WH 3rd, et al. Smart (simultaneous modulated accelerated

radiation therapy) boost: a new accelerated fractionation schedule for the treatment of head


and neck cancer with intensity modulated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;

45:21-32.

55. Grégoire V, Jeraj R, Lee JA, O'Sullivan B. Radiotherapy for head and neck tumours in

2012 and beyond: conformal, tailored, and adaptive? Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:e292-300.

56. Scrimger R. Salivary gland sparing in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Expert Rev

Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:1437-48.

57. Anand AK, Jain J, Negi PS, et al. Can dose reduction to one parotid gland prevent

xerostomia?--A feasibility study for locally advanced head and neck cancer patients treated

with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2006; 18:497-504.

58. Faggiano E, Fiorino C, Scalco E, et al. An automatic contour propagation method to follow

parotid gland deformation during head-and-neck cancer tomotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2011;

56:775-91.

59. Feng M, Demiroz C, Karen A, et al. Normal Tissue Anatomy for Oropharyngeal Cancer:

Contouring Variability and Its Impact on Optimization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012;

84:e245-9.

60. Mukesh M, Benson R, Jena R, et al. Interobserver variation in clinical target volume and

organs at risk segmentation in post-parotidectomy radiotherapy: can segmentation

protocols help? The British Journal of Radiology 2012; 85: e530–e536.

61. Loo SW, Martin WM, Smith P, Cherian S, Roques TW. Interobserver variation in parotid

gland delineation: a study of its impact on intensity-modulated radiotherapy solutions with

a systematic review of the literature. Br J Radiol 2012; 85:1070-7.

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