r. s. envirolink technologies pvt. ltd. -...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Sawalkote HEP (1856 MW)

April 2015

Prepared for: Jammu & Kashmir Power Development Corporation

Prepared by:

R. S. Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 402, RADISSON SUITES COMMERCIAL PLAZA,

B-BLOCK, SUSHANT LOK-I, GURGAON Ph: +91-124-4295383 : www.rstechnologies.co.in

http://www.rstechnologies.co.in/

Scheme for Accreditation of EIA Consultant Organizations

List of Accredited Consultant Organizations (Alphabetically)/ Rev. 29/ April 07, 2015 Page 1 *denotes Provisionally Accredited Consultants

List of Accredited EIA Consultant Organizations – 172

(as on April 07, 2015)

S. No.

Consultant Organization

Scope of Accreditation

As per NABET Scheme Project or Activity as per Schedule of MoEF Notification dated

September 14, 2006 and subsequent amendments

Sector Number

Name of Sector Category

1

Aarvee Associates Architects Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd. * Address: 8-2-5, Ravula Residency Srinagar Colony, Hyderabad E.mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Tel.: 040-23737633 Conditions apply

34 Highways, Railways, transport terminals, mass rapid transport system

A 7 (f)

2

ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited (formerly known as ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd.) Address: No. 2, 2nd Street, Thangam Colony, Anna Nagar West, Chennai – 600040 E-mail:[email protected], [email protected]

1 Mining of minerals (Opencast only) A

1 (a) (i) Mining (Open cast and Underground) B

3 Irrigation projects only A 1 (c )

4 Thermal Power Plant A 1 (d)

8 Metallurgical industries (sec. ferrous only)

B 3 (a)

9 Cement Plants A 3 (b)

10 Petroleum refining industry A 4 (a)

15 Leather/skin/hide processing A 4 (f)

mailto:[email protected]





Scheme for Accreditation of EIA Consultant Organizations

List of Accredited Consultant Organizations (Alphabetically)/ Rev. 29/ April 07, 2015 Page 100 *denotes Provisionally Accredited Consultants

S. No.

Consultant Organization

Scope of Accreditation

As per NABET Scheme Project or Activity as per Schedule of MoEF Notification dated

September 14, 2006 and subsequent amendments

Sector Number

Name of Sector Category

complexes

125

R. K. Consultants * Address: 17-E/ 403, C. H.B, Jodhpur- 342008 E.mail:[email protected], [email protected] Tel.: 0291- 2706098, 09829021098 Conditions apply

1 Mining of minerals (Open cast only) A 1 (a) (i)

126

R. S. Envirolinks Technologies Pvt. Ltd. * Address: 402, Radisson Suites Commercial Plaza, B Block, Sushant Lok 1, Gurgaon – 122009 e. mail: [email protected] Tel.: 0124 – 4295383 09810136853 Conditions apply

1 Mining of minerals (Open cast only) A 1 (a) (i)

3 River Valley, Hydel, Drainage and Irrigation projects

A 1 (c)

27

Oil & gas transportation pipeline (crude and refinery/ petrochemical products), passing through national parks/ sanctuaries/coral reefs /ecologically sensitive Areas including LNG terminal

A 6 (a)

33 Jetties only B 7 (e)

34 Railways only A 7 (f)

40 (i) Automobile and Auto Components - -



CONTENTS Page No.

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 SAWALKOTE H.E PROJECT 1

1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS 7

1.3.1 Soil 7

1.3.2 Ambient Air Quality 7

1.3.3 Noise & Traffic 8

1.3.4 Land use/ Land cover 8

1.3.5 Forest Types 8

1.3.6 Floristics 9

1.3.7 Faunal Elements 11

1.3.8 Aquatic Ecology 12

1.3.9 Fisheries 14

1.4 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS 14

1.4.1 Impacts during Construction Phase 14

1.4.2 Impacts during Operation Phase 20

1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 23

1.5.1 Biodiversity Conservation and Management Plan 23

1.5.2 Catchment Area Treatment Plan 23

1.5.3 Fisheries Development Plan 23

1.5.4 Solid Waste Management 24

1.5.5 Public Health Delivery System 24

1.5.6 Energy Conservation Measures 24

1.5.7 Muck Disposal Plan 24

1.5.8 Landscaping & Restoration for Quarry & Working Areas Plan 25

1.5.9 Air & Water Management Plan 25

1.5.10 Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan 26

1.5.11 Compensatory Afforestation Plan 26

1.5.12 Rehabilitation & Resettlement Plan 26

1.5.13 Environmental Monitoring Plan 27

1.5.14 Disaster Management Plan 27

1.5.15 Cost Estimates of EMP 27

JKSPDCL Executive Summary of Sawalkote HEP

RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 INTRODUCTION Sawalkote HEP is a run-of-the-river project that will be using the water of Chenab river

between two operational hydropower projects viz. Baglihar HEP and Salal HEP. Project

components including submergence area are spread in Ramban, Reasi and Udhampur

districts of Jammu & Kashmir. The dam site is located near Tangar village, around 40 km

from Ramban Town. The underground powerhouse site is located just downstream of dam

axis on the left bank of Chenab River. The location of the project is shown in Figure 1.

JKSPDC is executing the project as state sector project and was initially planned with

installed capacity of 1200 MW. Scoping clearance of Sawalkote HEP of 1200 MW project

was accorded by Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC),

Government of India vide letter no. J-12011/19/2011-IA.I dated October 13, 2011. During

DPR preparation, based upon approved Hydrology, the installed capacity of the project was

revised to 1856 MW and same has been approved by CEA in April 2012 - 1406 MW as stage

1 and 450 MW as stage 2. Subsequently, scoping clearance was revalidated by MoEF&CC

for Installation capacity of 1856 MW vide letter no. J-12011/19/2011-IA.I dated June 12,

2013.

The Chandra and the Bhaga rivers constitute the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab. They rise

from the Himalayas in Lahaul area of Himachal Pradesh. The combined stream then known

as Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab, flows in north west direction through the Pangi valley of

H.P. and enters Padar area of Kishtwar, in J&K. At Bandarkot near Kishtwar it receives its

major tributary, the Marusudar river and then flows in southern direction for about 25 km

through a gorge through Pir Panjal range and enters the valley between the Pir Panjal and

the Dhaola Dhar ranges. The river then flows almost in westerly direction up to the Salal

dam site and then takes a southerly turn and enters into the plains near Akhnoor. The total

length of the river up to Akhnoor site is about 650 kms and the catchment area is 21,808

sq. km. The mean elevation of the Chenab basin is 3600 masl. The catchment of Chenab

above Sawalkote is marked by accentuated orographic features with elevations ranging

from 610m to 6100m. The catchment intercepted at the project site is 19475 sq. km.

Considerable area is under snow and glaciers. The catchment area map of Chenab river up

to Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project site is given in Figure 2.

1.2 SAWALKOTE H.E. PROJECT The Sawalkote H.E. project envisages diversion of Chenab river with dam site near Tangar

village, around 40 km from Ramban town. The total installed capacity of the project is 1856

MW with an underground power house located just downstream of dam axis on the left

bank of Chenab River. Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project is proposed upstream of the under

operation 690 MW Salal H. E. Project. The salient features of the project are given in Table

1. The layout map of the project is given at Figure 3.



Table 1: Salient features of Sawalkote H.E. project

1 Location

(i) State Jammu & Kashmir

(ii) Districts Ramban, Udhampur and Reasi

(iii) River Chenab

(iv)

Location of dam & Power House site

330 11'N 750 06'E

2 Hydrology

(i) Catchment Area 19475 km2

(ii) Design flood (PMF) 18711 cumecs

3 Reservoir

(i)

Full Reservoir (FRL) /Maximum water level (MWL) EL.695m

(ii) Min. Draw down level EL.692.8 m

(iii) Reservoir Area 11 km2

(iv) Gross storage at FRL/MWL 530 MCM

(v) Operational Pondage 23.84 MCM

4 Concrete Dam

(i) Type Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) gravity dam

(ii) Dam top EL.697.5m

(iii) River bed level at dam site EL.534m

(iv) Deepest foundation level EL.505m

(v) Maximum height of dam 192.5 m from deepest foundation level

5 Diversion Tunnel

(i) Diameter, nos. & shape 13.5m X 19m, 3 no. Horse shoe shaped

(ii) Length 965m, 1130m, 1280m

(iii)

Diversion discharge (Monsoon in 25years return flood)

9292 cumecs (Monsoon) 2977 cumecs (Non Monsoon)

6 Coffer Dam

(i) Type Earth & rock fill coffer dam

(ii) Max. height of u/s Coffer Dam 53m

(iii) Top of upstream cofferdam 588m

(iv) Max. height of d/s Coffer Dam 38m

(v) Top of d/s cofferdam 570m

7 Spillway

(i) Design flood (PMF) 18711 cumecs

(ii)

Crest level, No. and Size 5 no of size 11 m x 16.5 m with crest at EL. 657 m. And 2 no. of size 13 m x 20 m with crest at EL. 675 m

(iii) Energy dissipation Ski jump bucket

(iv) Plunge Pool EL 515m

8 Intake

(i) Numbers Two for stage-I & one for stage-II

(ii) Intake sill level EL.675m

(iii) Design discharge 519.16 m3/s and 479.19 m3/s for Stage- I 319.46 m3/s for Stage-II

9 Head Race Tunnel

(i) Numbers Two for stage-I & one for stage-II

(ii) Size and type 12.5 m for stage -I & 10.5 m for stage-II

(iii) Design discharge 519.16 m3/s and 479.19 m3/s for Stage- I 319.46 m3/s for Stage-II

(iv) Length About 200m each

10 Pressure Shaft/Penstock

(i) Numbers Six for stage 1 & two for stage 2

(ii) Type Steel lined

(iii) Diameter 6m Each except PS6 with 6.7m dia. 2.75m size penstock for 56MW unit

(iv) Length



Inclined Horizontal

130m to 140m 50m to 115m

11 Powerhouse Cavern

(i) Type Underground

(ii) Turbine axis elevation EL.525m

(iii) Type of turbine Vertical Francis

(iv) Generating unit in MW For Stage-I 6x225 MW & 1x56MW For Stage-II 2x225MW

(v) Rated head 154.4m

(vi) Design discharge 159.73 cumecs (for each 225MW unit) 39.97 cumecs (for 56MW unit)

(vii) Power house cavern size 23m(W)X46.5m(H)X218m(L) for stage-I 23m(W)X46.5m(H)X64m(L) for stage-II

12 Transformer Cavern

(i) Size 15m(W)x23.5m(H)x211m(L) (Stage-I) 15m(W)x23.5m(H)x56m(L) (Stage-II)

13 Surge Gallery

(i) Size

18m(W)x42m(H)x170m(L) combined for units 1,2,3 and 4

10m (W)x57m(H)x75m(L) combined for unit 5,6 and EU

18m (W)x42m(H)x85m(L) combined for units 7 and 8 of Stage-II

14 TRT

(i) Numbers & type Three for Stage-I & one for Stage-II

(ii) Size & Shape 10.5m dia each

(iii) Design discharge through each tunnel

319.46 cumecs Additional discharge of 39.97 cumecs in TRT3

(iv) Length (excluding outlet structure)

TRT-1=1733m TRT-2=1710m TRT-3=150m TRT stage-2=1904m

(v) Outlet invert level EL.530m (TRT1,2 and TRT-stage2) EL.532.5m(TRT3)

Tail water level at Rated discharge at TRT Outlet (TRT1, 2 and TRT-stage2)

Tail water level at Rated discharge at TRT Outlet (TRT3)

EL.534m EL.537m

15 Power Generation

(i) Installed capacity 1406 MW (Stage-I) 450 MW (Stage-II)

(ii)

Design energy (Stage-I, 1406 MW)- 7022 MU Design Energy (Stage-II, 450 MW) – 976 MU Total Design energy (Stage-I & Stage – II) – 7998 MU



Figure 1: Location Map of Sawalkote H.E. Project



Figure 2: Catchment area map of Sawalkote HE project



Figure 3: Layout map of Sawalkote H.E. Project



1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS Data on the existing environmental parameters in the study area delineated as per the

approved Terms of Reference (TOR) for EIA studies by Ministry of Environment, Forests &

Climate Chang (MoEF&CC), Government of India was collected to understand the present

setting of the environment at the project site. The base line status is described briefly in

the following sections:

1.3.1 Soil

The majority of project study area (i.e. more than 80%), based upon the maps procured

from National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP), Nagpur, falls under

Lithic Udorthent of Entisols and Entic Haplumbrepts of Inceptisols. Lithic Udorthent are

characterized by shallow depth, and are loamy-skeletal soils found on very steeply sloping

hill summit with very severe erosion hazard while Entic Haplumbrepts are deep, loamy-

skeletal soils found on moderately steep slopes with severe erosion hazard.

The bulk density of soil samples collected from the study area varied from 1.06 to 1.35

(gm/cc). Water holding capacity was recorded highest at Metra village near Jaiswal Bridge.

The soil of the area is typically sandy loam type. Soil of study area is alkaline in nature at

most of the sites with pH values ranging from 7.54 to 8.54. Organic matter content also is

good. The lower pH values and good organic are mainly due to presence of decomposed

agricultural waste and leaf litter. The texture of soil in general is medium and is

predominantly sandy-loamy. Electrical conductivity ranged between 412.2 µs/cm and 480.3

µs/cm. The concentration main nutrients like Nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil is

indicative of medium soil fertility rating whereas the concentration of potassium is on the

lower side. Salinity is also low at all locations.

1.3.2 Ambient Air Quality

The sources of air pollution in the study area are vehicular traffic, dust arising from

unpaved village roads and domestic fuel burning. The air environment around project site

is free from any significant pollution source. Air quality monitoring was carried out as per

the new air quality parameters conforming to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards

for Industrial Residential, Rural & Other Areas.

The NOx values ranged from 5.2 to 24.7 g/m3 at various stations covered as a part of the

study. The NOx level observed at various sampling stations was much lower than the

permissible limit of 40 g/m3 for industrial, residential and rural areas.

The maximum PM10 level observed during ambient air quality monitoring conducted was

40.5 g/m3 at Ramban (Highway) near village Seri. The PM10 level at various stations

covered during ambient air monitoring was below the permissible limit (60 µg/m3)

specified for industrial, residential, rural and other areas.

The maximum PM2.5 level observed during ambient air quality monitoring conducted was

31.9 g/m3 at Ramban (Highway) near village Seri. The PM2.5 level at various stations

covered during ambient air quality monitoring was below the permissible limit (40 µg/m3)

specified for industrial, residential, rural and other areas.



1.3.3 Noise & Traffic

Unwanted sound that is loud and unpleasant or unexpected is termed as noise pollution. It

has adverse impact on the daily activities of the human being and animals. The adverse

impact of the noise on human and animals also depends upon time, season and the quality

of sound. Noise levels were monitored during the studies at various locations in the Direct

Impact Area of the project. The sound levels on an average ranged from 55.9 to 61.8 dB(A).

1.3.4 Land use/ Land cover

The land use/ land cover pattern of the study was interpreted from LANDSAT satellite data

and the classified land use/ land cover categories interpreted. For the present study, Land

use/ Land cover maps prepared by National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space

Research Organisation (ISRO) of Dept. of Space with Directorate of Ecology, Environment

and Remote Sensing, J&K as partner under Natural Resource Census (NRC) project of

National Natural Resource Repository (NRR) programme was used. Majority of the area i.e

around 40% of the area is covered with dense vegetation with scrub land as second

predominant land use in the area; as given below:

S.No. Land Use/ Land Cover Area (%)

1 Dense Forest 40.56 2 Open Forest 1.15 3 Scrub Land 34.56 4 Cultvation 19.71 5 Settlement 0.17 6 Barren Land 2.53 7 Water Body 1.32

Total 100.00

1.3.5 Forest Types

The forest types of the study area have been described as per the Revised Survey of Forest

Types of India by Champion & Seth (1968). The following different forest types are

encountered in the study area.

Montane Sub-Tropical Pine Forest (Upper or Himalayan Chir Pine Forest) – 9/C1b

Sub-Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest (Olea cuspidata Scrub forest) – 10/C1a

Sub-Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest (Acacia modesta Scrub forest) – 10/C1b

Montane Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Quercus incana forest) – 12/C1a

Montane Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Quercus dilatat forest) – 12/C1b

Montane Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Moist Deodar forest) – 12/C1c

Montane Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Western Mix Coniferous forest) – 12/C1d

Montane Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Moist Temperate deciduous forest) – 12/C1e

Montane Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Pinus walliciana forest) – 12/C1f

Montane Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Quercus semecarpifolia forest) – 12/C2a

Montane Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Himalayan upper oak-fir forest) – 12/C2b

Montane Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Himalayan Temperate pastures) – 12/DS3

Montane Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Alder forest) – 12/1S1

Montane Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest (Low level Blue Pine forest) – 12/2S1

Sub Alpine Forest (West Himalayan Sub Alpine fir forest) – 14/C1a

Alpine Moist Scrub (Birch/Rhododendron Scrub forests) – 15/C1b

Alpine Moist Scrub (Alpine Pastures) – 15/C3



1.3.6 Floristics

1.3.6.1 Taxonomic Diversity

During the field surveys and also based upon available information, an inventory of 342

plant species in the study area was prepared. The number of plant species recorded in

various taxonomic groups is: Angiosperms - 304, Gymnosperms - 4, Pteridophytes - 16,

Bryophytes - 9, Lichens - 9.

A brief description of each group is given in the following paragraphs.

Angiosperms

In all 304 species of angiosperms belonging to 95 families were recorded. These include

trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers. The dominant families in the study area are Asteraceae,

Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae and Solanaceae.

Gymnosperms

This group is represented by 4 species in the study area.

Pteridophytes

Sixteen species of Pteridophyte was recorded from the area, Adiantum capillus-veneris,

and Equisetum ramossimum are found abundant in the study area.

Bryophytes

The study area is comparatively dry and only nine species of bryophytes were found from

the study area. Commonly found bryophyte species are Polytrichum juniperinum,

Marchantia polymorpha, Polytrichum juniperinum and Funaria calcarea.

Lichens

Nine genera of Lichen were recorded from the study area

1.3.6.2 Density & Diversity

The density of trees varied from site to site depending upon elevation and the extent of

area subjected to road construction in the area. The overall tree density throughout the

study area ranged from minimum of 160 number of trees/ha to maximum of 360 trees/ha.

Highest tree density was recorded at sampling site located near Kanga Village, followed by

sampling site located along the Chinji nala near Dharamkund and sampling site located

near Tangar village and lowest was at proposed dam site.

The shrub layer was quite prominent at all sampling sites and the density of shrub layer

varied from 1600 plants/ha to 3290 plants/ha, lowest density was found at sites located in

upstream catchment of proposed reservoir of Sawalkote HEP and highest at sampling site

located along Bechlari river, right bank of Chenab river.

The density of herbaceous plant species varied from season to season amongst all sampling

sites. In winter season herb density is highest at sampling site located near Kanga village

(88550 plants/ha) and lowest at Sampling site located near Tangar village (40100

plants/ha). In summer season, highest density was recorded from sampling site V1 (177000

plants/ha) located in the upstream of proposed reservoir area of the project and lowest

herb density (117000 plants/ha) was found near proposed dam site. In monsoon season

maximum herb density was observed from sampling site located near Kanga village

(206000 plants/ha). Lowest herb density during monsoon was recorded from proposed

dam site (135000 plants/ha).



According to Importance Value Index (IVI) most dominant tree species at different

locations are Eucalyptus citriodora, Bauhinia variegata, Punica granatum, Toona ciliata,

Dalbergia sissoo and Pinus roxburghi.

Amongst the shrubs, Daphne cannabina was the single species with high IVI values i.e.

more than 50. Species having IVI value more than 40 are Dodonaea viscosa, Adathoda

zeylanica, Urtica dioica, Eupatorium adenophorum, Debregeasia salicifolia, Solanum

nigrum, Rubus foliolosus, Berberis asiatica, Nerium indicum and Rhamnus varigatus.

Eupatorium adenophorum and Debregeasia salicifolia are frequentlay distributed species.

To understand the species richness Shannon Weiner Diversity was calculated for trees,

shrubs and herbs, separately. The species diversity in tree and shrub was 1.66 to 2.19 and

2.17 to 2.55 respectively. The species diversity in herbs was always higher during monsoon

period and varied from 2.23 to 2.60.

1.3.6.3 Economically Important Plants

The local people utilise various plants species in their day to day life. Mainly plants are used

as timber, fuel wood, fodder, vegetable, medicinal, thatching and wild edible.

Knowledgeable and elder persons of study area villages were interviewed and information

on plants parts (seed, bark, leaf & root) used and indigenous knowledge was gathered.

Secondary information was also collected to know the ethnobotanical importance of the

region. Commonly used plants species for medicinal purposes in the area are given below:

Family name Botanical

name Local name

Parts used

Disease/ailment Mode of preparation

Asparagaceae Polygonatum verticillata

Salam mishri

Roots

Spermatorrhoea, Haemorrhoid Fresh roots are cleaned, broken into small pieces and kept in water overnight. Next day these are ground in the same water. About 10 ml of this solution is taken regularly empty stomach in the morning to cure spermatorrhaea (locally called Dhat) and piles.

Asteraceae Artemisia sieversiana

Charmara Leaves

Analgesic, Aborifacient Decoction of leaves is given to the pregnant ladies as an abortifacient. Paste prepared from the leaves is also applied on wounds to cure pain and swelling

Berberidaceae Berberis aristata

Kshamal Flower Acidity The flowers are boiled in water and filtered. The extract is taken orally.

Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa

Bhaang Seed

Arthiritis Seed oil is extracted by expulsion and is warmed by heating. The warm oil is massaged on the affected part(s). The treatment is undertaken at bedtime once a day.

Lamiaceae Ajuga bracteosa

Neel-kanthi

Leaves

Ulcer, Sores, Dyspnea Leaf powder is given to cure ulcer of mouth. Decoction of leaves (3–4 drops) is given thrice a day to small children (4–5 months old) who have breathing problems and also to cure internal sores

Poaceae Cynodon Drub Leaves Nasal breeding Entire above ground parts



Family name Botanical

name Local name

Parts used

Disease/ailment Mode of preparation

dactylon are crushed with water. Two to three drops of this extract are poured in the nostril to cure nasal bleeding.

Polygonaceae Rumex hastatus

Almoru Leaves Nasal bleeding Leaves are believed to have cooling properties and help in stopping nasal bleeding.

Rosaceae Prinsepia utilis

Bhekal Seed

Arthritis The seed oil is extracted by expulsion and is warmed by heating. The warm oil is massaged on the affected part (s) at bedtime.

Rutaceae Zanthoxylum armatum

Timru Bark Toothache The bark is removed from the stem. Small piece of bark is chewed for 4-5 minutes.

1.3.6.4 RET Species

The conservation status of all 266 species of angiosperms, gymnosperms, and lower plants

recorded from the study area was assessed. Their conservation status following IUCN Red

list of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3 was studied. Out of these, Juglans regia is

categorised under Near Threatened (NT) category and Jacaranda mimosifolia in Vulnerable

(VU) category and 16 species reported from the area are under Least Concern (LC)

category.

1.3.7 Faunal Elements

1.3.7.1 Mammals

During the surveys only 4 mammalian species belonging to 3 orders in the study could be

sighted. The Common mongoose was observed near Tatsun nala, a troop of Rhesus

monkeys were sighted near Ramban and Dharamkund area, Indian Crested Porcupine and

Himalayan five-striped Palm Squirrel were sighted in area between Ramban and dam site.

However, according to the list prepared based upon secondary data 21 species of

mammals are reported from the area.

1.3.7.2 Avi-fauna

The surveys of the birds in the surveys revealed the presence of swiftlets, doves, pigeons,

crow, drongo, thrushes, redstart, bushchat, tits, bulbul, myna’s, forktails, etc. 42 species of

bird species belonging to 25 families inhabit these areas. The sighting of Plumbeous Water

Redstart and White Capped Water Redstart was made mostly near the water body like

river and nalas. While Pigeons Dove, swifts and martin were sighted mostly near the

settlements. Black kite was seen near the river bank at Ramban town and Himalayan

Griffon vulture was sighted near Seri village along the National Highway.

1.3.7.3 Herpetofauna

Herpeto-fauna were sampled on the same transects marked for mammals and birds.

During the survey Laudakia tuberculata (Kashmir Rock Agama), Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis

(Skittering frog) and Asymblepharus ladacensis (Ladakhi Rock skink) were sighted in the

study area besides these no other herpetofauna species were encountred during the

survey.



1.3.7.4 Insects

Total 15 insect species are reported from the study area.

1.3.7.5 Butterflies

A total of 15 species of butterflies belonging to 5 families were recorded from the

surroundings of proposed project area. Nymphalidae family was represented by 6 species

followed by Lycaenidae, Libellulidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae respectively. Among the

butterflies, Indian Cabbage White (Pieris canidia indica), Plain Tiger Pale Grass and Blue Pansy

were most dominant at all sites while others were observed only at two or three sites of the

study area.

1.3.7.6 Threatened & Endangered Fauna

Only two of the mammals in the study area fall under the category RET fauna. Common

leopard is falls under Near Threatened category and Himalayan Black Bear comes under

Vulnerable category as per IUCN Red list of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3 and both

fall under Schedule I as per Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.

According to WPA (1972) two species fall under Schedule-I viz. Panthera pardus (Leopard),

Himalayan Black Bear. Four species fall under Schedule-II, and two species under Schedule-III.

Among rest of the species two are under Schedule-IV and one is under Schedule-V.

All the birds in the study area fall under Least Concern category of IUCN. As per the Wildlife

(Protection) Act 1972 three bird species falls under Schedule I viz. Black Kite, Monal and

Kaleez pheasant.

1.3.8 Aquatic Ecology

1.3.8.1 Physico-chemical Water Quality

To study various physico-chemical and biological characteristics of Chenab river and its

tributaries, the sampling was carried out at 8 sites in the study area.

The temperature of the river water and its major tributaries fluctuated from 4.3C to 5.6C

in the winter, 10.9C to 13.4C in summer and 13.9C to 15.8C in monsoon season.

Electrical conductivity (EC) which is a measure of the ability of water to conduct an electric

current and it mainly depends on concentration of the ions dissolved in water ranged from

61 to 207 µS/cm during 3 seasons. Turbidity of surface water tends to increase during

runoff events as a result of increased overland flow, stream flow and erosion. The turbidity

level ranged from 11 to 34 NTU during 3 seasons.

The river water was relatively alkaline and the pH recorded at all the sites was more than 7

during all the three seasons and ranged from 7.10 to 7.87. The Dissolved oxygen (DO)

concentration was generally negatively correlated with water temperature. Dissolved

Oxygen was maximum i.e. 9.6 -10.9 mg/l during winter season followed by pre-monsoon

and monsoon. The water of Chenab is soft in nature with Total hardness varying from 23.6

to 68.9 mg/l. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations were quite low at all the sites and

increased from winter season to pre-monsoon season and lowest in monsoon season.



Coliforms were recorded from the Kali Khad, Bichlari River and Chainji nala and Ramban area

during winter season. This may be attributed to the anthropogenic activities which are

common in the watersheds of Bichlari River and Chainji nala.

1.3.8.2 Biological Parameters

Periphyton

In all total, 45 species of periphyton were identified in the samples collected from

proposed hydroelectric project study area. The periphyton community comprised of 34

species of Bacillariophyceae and 11 species of Fragilariophyceae class. The total number of

taxa recorded during different seasons varied from 22 in monsoon and 34 in pre-monsoon

45 in winter season. Among Bacillariophyceae 34, 26 and 18 species were recorded during

winter, pre-monsoon and monsoon sampling period, respectively. Most common species

are Achnanthes crenulata, Achnanthidium affinis, Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cocconeis

placentula var. euglypta, Cymbella excisa, Cymbella turgidula, Gomphonema clevei,

Gomphonema minutum and Reimeria sinuata species.

The Fragilariophyceae class was represented by 11 species wih 11, 8 and 4 species

recorded during winter, pre-monsoon and mosoon surveys, respectively. Most common

species are Hannae arcus, Diatoma hyemale, Diatoma vulgaris var. producta, Fragilaria

capucina and Fragilaria rumpens.

Phytoplankton

In all total, 29 species of phytoplankton were identified in the samples collected from

proposed project study area. The phytoplankton community comprised of 24 species of

Bacillariophyceae and 5 species of Fragilariophyceae. The total number of taxa recorded

during different seasons varied from 10 in monsoon and 19 in pre-monsoon 24 in winter

season. Among Bacillariophyceae 19, 15 and 9 species were recorded during winter, pre-

monsoon and mosoon sampling period respectively. Most common species are Achnanthes

crenulata, Achnanthidium affinis, Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cocconeis placentula var.

euglypta, Cymbella laevis, Gomphonema parvulum and Synedra ulna.

The Fragilariophyceae was represented by 5 species wih 5, 4 and 2 species recorded during

winter, pre-monsoon and monsoon surveys, respectively. Most common species are

Hannae arcus, Diatoma hyemale and Fragilaria capucina species.

Zooplankton

The zooplankton population is quite low in Chenab rivers owing to fast flows of the rivers.

Zooplanktons are represented by Vorticella sp. of Protozoa; Daphnia sp. of Cladocera and

Cyclops sp. of Copepoda. The important species of zooplankton are Vorticella and Daphnia

(Cladocera) found at most of the sampling sites during all season. The density of

zooplanktons ranged from 23 to 67 in winter season, 15 to 44 in summer season and 10 to

19 during monsoon.

Macro-invertebrates

The macro-invertebrate fauna of the study area comprised of six orders viz.

Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera during the survey.

Families Heptageniidae, Perlodidae and Chironomidae were most dominant group at all the



sampling sites of Chenab river in the winter season. The tributaries of Chenab river were

rich in macro-invertebrates. Heptageniidae, Baetidae Ephemerellidae and Hydroptilidae

and Chironomidae were the most common taxa of all the sampling sites studied.

1.3.9 Fisheries

During the field surveys experimental fishing was undertaken to know the type of fishes

available in Chenab River. Local people were interviewed about the type of fish found in

Chenab river. According to them and data gathered from literature fishes found are Snow

trouts like Schizothorax esocinus, S. richardsonii, S. plagiostomus, and S. labiatus and

inaddition Glyptosternum reticulatum, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout), Salmo trutta

fario (Brown trout), carps and mahseer are also reported from the river.

Among them Snow trouts Schizothorax esocinus and S. richardsonii are known to perform

local migration. To cope with the fall in the water temperature in winter months, they

descend to the lower stretches. When temperature rises from freezing levels to 100C-170C

in May and June then they ascend to upper stretches and tributaries to lay their eggs.

Fish fauna in the Chenab river and its streams is determined by the water temperature, the

flow velocity and type of substrate. The species found here are either endowed with strong

locomotion like Snow trout and Mahseer or have developed special organs of attachment

in species like Garra and Glyptosternoids. The fishes inhabiting the river and streams are

Mahseer (Tor spp.), minor carps (Labeo dero and L. dyocheilus), Lesser baril (Barilius

bendelisis), Sucher head (Garra gotyla), Snow Trout (Schizothorax spp.), Loaches

(Nemacheilus spp. and Botia birdi) and the Sissorid fishes (Glyposternum reticulatum,

Glyptothorax conirostris and G. pectinopterus).

During experimental fishing 5 individuals of trout fish (Schizothorax spp.) were captured

near Dharmkund of size varying from 25cm to 35 cm and weighing about 200 to 500g.

A consultation meeting was held with Assistant Director Fisheries, Field Inspector of

Fisheries Department and licenced fisherman at Ramban. The fisheries department officials

and the local fisherman told that not many fish species are found in the river.

Following C.A.M.P. guidelines all the fish species reported from Chenab river were assessed

for their conservation status. Tor putitora, T. tor and Glyposternum reticulatum are

categorized as ‘Endangered species and Schizothorax richardsonii, Garra gotyla and Labeo

dero have been placed under ‘Vulnerable’ category. According to IUCN Redlist only Tor

putitora falls under Endangered category while Schizothorax richardsonii is under

Vulnerable category and Tor tor under Near Threatened category.

1.4 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

1.4.1 Impacts during Construction Phase

Majority of the environmental impacts attributed to construction works are temporary in

nature, lasting mainly during the construction phase and often do not extend much beyond

the construction period. However, as the construction phase of Hydroelectric Projects is

fairly large and extend into several years, if these issues are not properly addressed, the



impacts can continue even after the construction phase for longer duration. Even though

the impacts due to construction are temporary in nature, they need to be reviewed closely

as they could be significant due to the nature and intensity of the impacts.

1.4.1.1 Impacts due to immigration of Construction Workers

At the time of peak construction work in the project, around 6500 persons are expected to

be engaged, including those from the local population. Majority of the Construction

workers will migrate into the area. Immigration of such a large population for a long

duration in remote area can cause serious impact on various environmental resources

including socio-economic profile of local population. The congregation of large number of

construction workers during the peak construction phase is likely to create problems of

sewage disposal, solid waste management, tree cutting to meet fuel requirement, etc.

Appropriate mitigating measures have been suggested in EMP, which needs to be

implemented to minimize such impacts. This population is expected to reside in the project

area at any given time.

1.4.1.2 Construction of Main Project Components

For construction of main project components major activities are excavation, mechanical

and civil construction work. Excavation will have impact in terms of muck generation.

Excavation and concreting process will require use of various construction equipment such as

batching plants, aggregate processing plants, dumper trucks, excavators, dozers, shotcrete

machines, jack hammers, generators, pumps, etc leading to generation of pollution in terms of

emissions, wastewater, noise and solid waste.

1.4.1.3 Quarrying Operations

Requirement of material from rock quarry is estimated to be of the order of 10 lakh m3.

The proposed quarry is located on left bank of Mandiyal Nala, tributary of Chenab. The

total volume of utilizable material available has been estimated as 77.6 Lakh m3. Total area

likely to be disturbed due to quarrying would be around 22 ha. Opening of the quarries will

cause visual impacts because they remove a significant part of the hills. Other impacts will

be the noise generated during aggregate acquisition through explosive and crushing, which

could affect wildlife in the area, air pollution is caused during the crushing operation to get

the aggregates to the appropriate size and transport of the aggregates to the site.

1.4.1.4 Operation of Construction Plant and Equipment

During the construction phase, various types of equipment will be brought to the site and

construction plants and repair workshops will be set up. These include crushers, batching

plant, drillers, earth movers, rock bolters, etc. The siting of these construction equipments

would require significant amount of space. In addition, land will also be temporarily

acquired, i.e. for the duration of project construction; for storage of the quarried material

before crushing, crushed material, cement, steel, etc.

These construction plant and repair workshops will have impact on ambient air quality due

to fugitive emissions associated with operation of DG sets to meet the power requirements

and other equipments; impact on water quality due to wastewater generation and impact

on soil due to solid waste generation. Management of such impacts with operation control



and appropriate pollution control equipment is essential to minimize their effect on

surrounding environment including local population and wildlife and same is discussed in

EMP. Additionally, proper siting of these facilities can also reduce the impact due to their

location. Their locations have been identified during the preparation of Detailed Project

Report, keeping in view the technical and economic criteria; however, same can be further

refined during set up, keeping in view:

Proximity to the site of use

Sensitivity of forests in the nearby areas

Wildlife, if any, in the nearby area

Proximity from habitations

Predominant wind direction

Natural slope and drainage

1.4.1.5 Muck Disposal

The construction would involve about 295,000 cum of soil excavation and 7,435,000 cum of

rock excavation. About 65% of rock excavation is expected to be used for producing coarse

and fine aggregate for concrete production and in fillings for developing areas for

construction facilities. Total quantity of excavation in common soil and balance 35%

quantity of rock excavation would have to be disposed in muck disposal area. Thus

considering swell factors 0.67 for rock and 0.75 for common soil and redeposit compaction

factor of 90%, total muck disposal area should have a capacity of about 3,406,810 cum.

Keeping the above requirement and vicinity of the excavation sites in view, two muck

disposal areas named as MDS-1 and MDS-2 have been identified. Total capacity of these

sites is about 4,820,068 cum.

Muck, if not securely transported and dumped at pre-designated sites, can have serious

environmental impacts, such as:

Can be washed away into the main river which can cause negative impacts on the

aquatic ecosystem of the river.

Can lead to impacts on various aspects of environment. Normally, the land is

cleared before muck disposal. During clearing operations, trees are cut, and

undergrowth perishes as a result of muck disposal.

In many of the sites, muck is stacked without adequate stabilization measures. In

such a scenario, the muck moves along with runoff and creates landslide like

situations. Many a times, boulders/large stone pieces enter the river/water body,

affecting the benthic fauna and other components of aquatic biota.

Normally muck disposal is done at low lying areas, which get filled up due to

stacking of muck. This can sometimes affect the natural drainage pattern of the

area leading to accumulation of water or partial flooding of some area which can

provide ideal breeding habitat for mosquitoes.

A detailed Muck Disposal Plan has been prepared to minimize the impact and is given in

Environmental Management Plan.

1.4.1.6 Road Construction

To access the project site 18 km approach road is under construction from Dharmkund to

Tangar village. A network of roads is also required to approach various locations of project site



such as Dam sites, Adits, Powerhouse, Main Access Tunnel (MAT) and Tailrace Tunnel (TRT)

portal, Dumping yards, quarry locations etc. It has been assessed that about 16.7 km length of

new road is required to be constructed to facilitate construction of various components. Apart

from the construction of new project roads of 45 km stretch of existing approach road from

Ramban to Dharmkund needs to be widened and strengthened for the movement of heavy

equipment and machinery in all weathers and round the year.

The major impacts likely to accrue as a result of construction of the roads are:

Loss of forest and vegetation by cutting of trees

Geological disturbance due to blasting, excavation, etc.

Soil erosion as the slope cutting operation disturbs the natural slope and leads to

land slips and landslides.

Interruption of drainage and change in drainage pattern

Disturbance of water resources with blasting and discriminate disposal of fuel and

lubricants from road construction machinery

Siltation of water channels/ reservoirs from excavated debris

Effect on flora and fauna

Air pollution due to dust from debris, road construction machinery, etc.

The indirect impact of the construction of new roads is the increase in accessibility to

otherwise undisturbed areas, resulting in greater human interference and subsequent

adverse impacts on the ecosystem. Appropriate management measures required to

mitigate adverse environmental impacts during road construction have been

recommended. The details of the same have been covered in Environmental Management

Plan.

1.4.1.7 Impact due to Acquisition of Land

Hydroelectric projects are location specific and require land to be acquired for various

project activities. For the development of Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project, land would be

acquired for construction of project components, submergence area, muck dumping,

quarrying, construction camps and colony, etc. Total land required for the construction of

Sawalkote H.E. Project activities is approximately 1401.35 ha. Based on the final project

layout, land requirement has been finalized as 1401.35 ha; as per the break up given

below.

Land requirement for Sawalkote HE project

S. No District Description Forest Land (Ha)

Private Land (Ha)

Govt. Land (Ha)

Total Area (Ha)

1 Ramban Submergence 386.6 136.65 507.3 1030.55

Utilities 9 39 19 67

2 Udhampur Submergence 55.75 - 7.25 63

Utilities 134 - - 134

3 Reasi Submergence 57.2 - 8 65.2

Utilities 41.6 - - 41.6 Total Land Break Up 684.15 175.65 541.55 1401.35

Major impact of land acquisition is permanent change of landuse, which is unavoidable.

Additionally, land acquisition has impacts on local population by way of loss of their

agriculture land and hence livelihood and also impact on flora and fauna by way of loss of



forest land and clearing of vegetation on acquired land. These impacts will be mitigated by

implementing R & R plan, Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Plan, as

discussed in EMP.

1.4.1.8 Impact on Water Quality

a) Sewage from Construction worker Camps

The disposal of untreated sewage can lead to water pollution, resulting in increase in

coliforms and other various pathogens, which can lead to incidence of water borne

diseases. Therefore, project authorities would be taking appropriate measures to check

such disposal into the river. In order to avoid any deterioration in water quality due to

disposal of untreated sewage from labour camps, appropriate sewage treatment facilities

will be commissioned in the labour camps.

b) Effluent from Construction Plants and Workshops

Discharge of untreated wastewater will adversely affect the water quality of receiving

water body. Turbidity and oil & grease levels will increase substantially in small tributaries,

especially, in lean season. To minimize the impact, such effluent needs to be treated in situ

before discharge to any water body or for land application.

c) Disposal of Muck

The major impact on the water quality arises when the muck is disposed along the river

bank. The project authorities have identified suitable muck disposal sites which are located

near the river channel. The muck will essentially come from the tunneling, road-building

activity, and other excavation works. The unsorted waste going into the river channel will

greatly contribute to the turbidity of water continuously for long time periods. The high

turbidity is known to reduce the photosynthetic efficiency of primary producers in the river

and as a result, the biological productivity will be greatly reduced. Therefore, the prolonged

turbid conditions would have negative impact on the aquatic life.

1.4.1.9 Impact on Terrestrial Flora

Major impact on the flora in and around the project area would be due to increased level

of human interferences. The workers may also cut trees to meet their requirements for

construction of houses, furniture. Normally in such situations, lot of indiscriminate use or

wastage of wood is also observed, especially in remote or inaccessible areas. Thus, it is

necessary to implement adequate surveillance to mitigate the adverse impacts on

terrestrial flora during project construction phase.

1.4.1.10 Impact on Terrestrial Fauna

a) Disturbance to Wildlife

During the construction period, large number of machinery and construction workers shall

be mobilized, which may create disturbance to wildlife population in the vicinity of project

area. The operation of various equipments will generate significant noise, especially during

blasting which will have adverse impact on fauna of the area. The noise may scare the

fauna and force them to migrate to other areas. Likewise siting of construction plants,

workshops, stores, labour camps etc. could also lead to adverse impact on fauna of the

area. During the construction phase, accessibility to area will lead to influx of workers and

the people associated with the allied activities from outside will also increase. Increase in

human interference could have an impact on terrestrial ecosystem.



b) Impacts on Migratory Routes

The faunal species observed in the project area are not migratory in nature. The proposed

submergence area is not the migratory route of wild animals. The construction of the

proposed H.E. Project will form a reservoir of 11 sq km, which is also not reported to be on

the migratory route of any major faunal species.

1.4.1.11 Impact on Aquatic Ecology

Major sources of construction related impacts on water quality will be from erosion of the

disturbed area required for the construction activities (construction sites, concrete batch

plants, material storage areas, vehicle maintenance areas, disposal areas), from waste

water discharge from the construction labour camps and from contaminated water (oil,

grease, petro chemicals, cement and chemicals) resulting from various construction

activities. The primary impact will be the potential for introducing sediments and pollutants

to the adjacent river body during the period of construction, thereby affecting aquatic

habitats and water source for residents and wildlife downstream of the construction areas.

1.4.1.12 Impact on Noise Environment

Sources of noise will be the vehicles and equipment for excavation and stationary

equipment, including concrete batch plant located at the construction sites. Other sources

of noise will be the use of explosives for blasting purposes for construction activities,

drilling machines and quarrying and crushing activities.

1.4.1.13 Impact on Air Quality

In general hydropower projects do not affect the air quality in a significant manner. The

sources and activities that might affect air quality in the project area are vehicular traffic,

dust arising from unpaved village roads and domestic fuel burning. The air environment

around project site is free from any significant pollution source. Therefore, ambient air

quality is quite good in and around the project area.

1.4.1.14 Traffic Analysis

Traffic analysis is carried out by understanding the existing carrying capacity of the roads

near to the project site and the connecting main roads in the area. Then depending on the

capacity of the muck generation, the number of trucks that will be added to the present

scenario will be compared to the carrying capacity.

1.4.1.15 Impact on Socio-economic Environment

a) Positive Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment

The following positive impacts are anticipated on the socio-economic environment of the

local people of villages of project area during the project construction and operation

phases:

i) A number of marginal activities and jobs would be available to the locals during

construction phase.

ii) Developer bringing large scale investment to the area will also invest in local area

development and benefit will be reaped by locals. Education, medical,

transportation, road network and other infrastructure will improve.



iii) The availability of electricity in the rural areas will reduce the dependence of the

locals on alternative energy sources namely forest.

iv) With increased availability of electricity, small-scale and cottage industries are likely

to come up in the area.

v) The proposed project site is well connected by road. Efforts to be made to develop

eco-tourism, which could earn additional revenue.

b) Negative Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment

Such projects, in addition, to positive impact on socio-economic environment may also

bring certain negative impact due to influx of outside population. Workforce will reside in

that area for around five years and also there will be large influx of drivers and other

workers on temporary basis. This influx of people in otherwise isolated area may lead to

various social and cultural conflicts during the construction stage. Developers need to take

help of local leaders, Panchayat and NGOs to ensure minimum impact on this count.

c) Increased incidence of Diseases

Large scale activity in the area due to the proposed project may become a cause of spread

of HIV/AIDS in the project area due to following reasons:

• Project requires long-term input of labour from outside the area.

• Project requires that significant numbers of project employees be separated

from their families for long periods of time

• Project involves the creation of large, temporary construction camp(s).

• Increases mobility of people in and out of the area (job seekers, formal and

informal service providers).

• Requires participation / resettlement of the local population.

d) Indirect and Cumulative Impacts on Natural Resources

The improved year round access to the whole project area from new and upgraded roads

will enable people to settle in the area. Use of the improved access will enable movement

from one area to another. This translates into the development of roadside villages, and a

potential increased pressure on the natural resources in the vicinity of the roads. The

increased pressure will include uncontrolled logging, hunting of wildlife, non-timber forest

product collection, livestock husbandry, the cultivation in forest areas and forest fires.

These impacts are expected during the economic development of the river basin, and are

expected to be managed by the basin level catchment area treatment plan, and the

proposed Environmental Master Plan for the state.

1.4.2 Impacts during Operation Phase

On completion of the construction of the project, the land used for construction activities,

muck dumping, quarrying, etc. will be restored. Construction workers who have resided in

that area will move to another project site. By ensuring all the mitigation and management

measures, as planned for this project, are implemented to minimize the impact of

construction phase, large part of the area will go back to its original form. However, there

will be some permanent changes such as dam across the river, reservoir formation,

powerhouse and project colony. Hydropower projects are considered as clean source of

renewable energy as there are no significant pollution generation sources during project

operation. There is no air and water pollution from the project operation. Similarly



generation of solid and hazardous waste is also insignificant.

One critical impact of operation of hydropower projects has received substantial attention

from environmentalists in last two to three decades based on the observations made on

operational projects in developed countries is the decrease in flow in the downstream

stretch. Diversion of water from dams to powerhouse will make the intermediate stretch of

the river almost dry especially during lean season. Impact becomes significant if several

projects are planned in cascade and/or large headrace tunnels making the intermediate

stretch (es) very large. Low flow in the section of the river adversely impacts the aquatic

ecology including fish fauna, riparian vegetation and fauna dependent on it; and

downstream users. These impacts cannot be totally mitigated, however, they can be

minimized by scientifically assessing the environmental flow requirement of the

intermediate stretch not only in lean season but also in other months.

1.4.2.1 Impact on Water Resources

a) Impact of reduction in downstream flow

The construction of dam and diversion of water for power generation would lead to the

reduction in water discharge in the river stretch downstream of dam. To maintain

ecological needs and downstream requirement, environmental releases are be suggested

for monsoon, lean and other months for entire year.

b) Impact on Water Quality

Due to decrease in the discharge and change in water quality, the population of

microorganisms will be affected. Algae like Achnanthidium minutissima, which is

characteristic of fast flowing and clean river waters would be affected due to decreased

discharge. The species like Synedra ulna and Nitzschia sp. will become abundant in the

stretch between dam site and powerhouse site as these species prefer shallow waters.

The various aspects covered as a part of impact on water quality during project operation

phase are:

o Effluent from project colony

o Impacts on reservoir quality

o Eutrophication risks

1.4.2.2 Terrestrial Fauna

During project operation phase, the accessibility to the area will improve due to

construction of roads, which in turn may increase human interferences leading to marginal

adverse impacts on the terrestrial ecosystem. Since significant wildlife population is not

found in the region, no major adverse impacts are anticipated on this account.

1.4.2.3 Aquatic Ecology

a) Impacts on aquatic ecology

The proposed project will create a reservoir of 11 sq. km. The diversion structure will

change the fast flowing river to a quiescent lacustrine environment. The creation of a pond

will bring about a number of alterations in physical, abiotic and biotic parameters both in

upstream and downstream directions of the proposed dam site. The micro and macro

benthic biota is likely to be most severely affected as a result of the proposed project.



b) Impacts on fisheries

This is one of the most serious impacts of hydropower projects during their operation

phase. Operation of the plant will involve diversion of water by a high dam. Reduced flows

and changed flow regime downstream will alter the aquatic ecology and change the fish

habitat altogether.

To minimize this impact, a separate study has been conducted and same has been presented in

report. It prescribes releases from dam for monsoon, lean and other months for whole year to

ensure that the intermediate stretch receive adequate flow round the year.

1.4.2.4 Impact due to peaking

Peaking operation is an integral part of hydropower projects, where during low flow period

water is stored in reservoir and used to run the plant at full capacity for limited number of

hours during the day, to match the peak demand hours based on grid requirement. During

the water storage period only minimum mandatory environment flow is released whereas

during peak power generation the entire design discharge is released in the river

downstream of powerhouse. This diurnal variation in the flow regime is considered as

significant environment impact on the downstream reach of the river especially during the

lean season or low flow period. Typically during lean season the natural flow in the river is

much lower than that of design discharge (which is close to monsoon average flow).

Downstream reach is free flowing river stretch for about 30 Km upto the tip of reservoir of

Salal HEP. This stretch will be impacted because of diurnal flow variation due to peaking

operations of Sawalkote HEP during low flow period.

To quantify the impacts of diurnal flow variation, hydro-dynamic modeling has been carried

out for about 15 km of river stretch downstream of Sawalkote HEP and simulation results

for variation in water levels and flow velocity have been calculated. The downstream reach

is represented by the river cross sections, arranged by JKSPDC. The river cross sections do

not give the bed profile; which is limiting factor to exactly calculate the water depth and

velocity at a particular location downstream of the dam. However, to understand the depth

and velocity variations these indicative results hold good.

As the impacts are more prominent in lean season, lean season discharge data is used for

the flow modeling. Based on 10-daily discharge data of 90% dependable year, average lean

season peaking is observed for about four hours; keeping this in view lean season release

and peaking discharge table is prepared and used for hydrodynamic routing using MIKE 11

model in order to get the resulting discharge series at different locations downstream of

Sawalkote HEP.

An inundation map due to this peaking has been prepared. As can be seem from the

results, diurnal depth variation is significant and is of the order of 3.45 m of minimum to

6.54 m of maximum. It is observed that river largely remain confined to the gorge in the

downstream stretch and this diurnal flow variation leading to fluctuation of water levels

will not impact habitation; however, aquatic life will be impacted. Further, velocity will

increase from a minimum of 1-2 m/s to 3-4 m/s and goes as high as 6 m/s and 8 m/s at

certain locations; this would further impact the aquatic fauna in this reach. As discussed,

during baseline, Mahseer is predominant species in this reach, which remains in the main



river during lean season. Due to diurnal flow variation and high velocity, its habitat will

shrink and remain confined to tributaries only.

1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

1.5.1 Biodiversity Conservation & Management Plan

The main objective of Biodiversity Conservation and Management Plan is sustainable use of

natural resources, which involves scientific management of natural wealth vis-à-vis

developmental activities that are likely to affect these resources. The threats to natural

terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems generally arise due to construction and associated

activities like congregation of migrant labour in the project and this is compensated by

implementing conservation and management plan. The main objectives of the plan are:

a) Support to traditional governing institutions

b) Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) Plantations

c) Wildlife Management

d) Awareness and Information programmes

e) Habitat improvement

f) Monitoring and Evaluation

The estimated cost of implementation of various activities envisaged in the Biodiversity

Conservation and Management Plan would be Rs. 340.00 lakh.

1.5.2 Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan

The Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) plan highlights the management techniques to

control erosion in the catchment area of a water resource project. The life span of a

reservoir is greatly reduced due to erosion in the catchment area. Adequate preventive

measures are thus needed for the treatment of catchment for its stabilization against

future erosion.

In the present study, CAT Plan has been formulated for the free draining catchment till the

proposed dam site on Chenab river. The total area of the free draining catchment is

1307.85 sq km. The plan has been prepared as per the guidelines of Soil & Land Use Survey

of India (SLUSOI), Government of India.

The catchment area treatment involves

Understanding of the erosion characteristics of the terrain and,

Suggesting remedial measures to reduce the erosion rate.

The estimated cost of implementation of CAT plan including monitoring and evaluation is

Rs. 5929.00 lakh.

1.5.3 Fisheries Development Plan

The development plan will have to take into account the impact of other operational

hydropower projects on Chenab river and its fisheries which have already been affected by

the presence of the other projects. For this inputs from the Department of Fisheries,

Government of Jammu & Kashmir, have provided valuable information on Chenab fish and

fisheries in general and on the experiences from artificial hatching and stocking of Mahseer

in particular.



A budgetary provision of Rs.488.00 lakh has been kept for the Fishery Development and

Conservation Plan of the project.

1.5.4 Solid Waste Management

The project authority shall, within the territorial area of the project complex/ colony, be

responsible for the implementation of the provision of Solid Wastes Management.

Adequate facilities for collection, conveyance and disposal of solid waste will be developed.

Any solid waste generated in the project complex/ project colony/ labour colony, shall be

managed and handled appropriately. Various aspects of solid waste management include:

Reuse/Recycling

Storage/Segregation

Collection and Transportation

Disposal

The total budget in order to manage the solid waste generated from the construction

camp/colony, and also during operation phase has been proposed to Rs.1088.00 lakh.

1.5.5 Public Health Delivery System

Medical services at secondary level play a vital and complimentary role to the tertiary and

primary health care systems and together form a comprehensive district based health care

system. Following activities are proposed:

Six fully equipped ambulances to provide pre-hospital care.

Four first-aid posts need to be established.

As the existing medical facilities in the area are not adequate, budget provisions

have been made for strengthening existing PHC in the area.

Budget for Health Awareness/ Vaccination Camps.

Budgetary estimates for public health delivery system to be implemented for a period of

7.5 years have been worked out as Rs.962.00 lakh.

1.5.6 Energy Conservation Measures

In project area, most of the families have LPG for cooking purpose; therefore there is not

much pressure on the nearby forests for wood. However, the existing facilities will become

insufficient for supply of kitchen fuel for the migrant population during the construction of

the project. Therefore, the project authorities would make adequate arrangements such as

Community kitchen, Supply of Kitchen fuel, efficient cooking facilities and Solar Lantern.

A total grant of Rs.870.00 lakh has been assigned towards the provision of kitchen fuel, and

other facilities including establishment of community kitchen or canteens for the migrant

workers.

1.5.7 Muck Disposal Plan

The project would generate substantial quantity of muck from excavation of various

structures. The total quantity of muck likely to be generated from open excavation

including construction and widening of the roads is about 77.30 lakh cum. However after

the utilization of muck for different project components and also considering the swell

factor total estimated quantity to be disposed of is about 34.07 lakh cum. Most of the

excavated material is proposed to be dumped at 2 suitable locations identified specifically



for this purpose. Total capacity of these sites is about 48.2 lakh cum.

The estimated cost of the relocation and rehabilitation of excavated material will be

Rs.5128.00 lakh.

1.5.8 Landscaping & Restoration for Quarry & Working Areas Plan

Total requirement of rock materials for construction of various project components has

been estimated at 58 lakh m3. Due to huge requirement of construction material for the

proposed project, it was decided to utilize the excavated rock mass which will be derived

from stripping of dam abutment, powerhouse cavern, tail race tunnel, diversion tunnels,

access tunnels etc. depending upon their suitability. It is estimated that 74 lakh m3 of rock

excavation shall be carried out in the project components. Nearly 65% of this quantity (48

lakh m3) shall be utilized or project components.

The requirement of material needed from rock quarry was estimated from the difference

between the total requirement of materials and utilization of excavated rock material from

project components. Requirement of material from rock quarry is estimated to be of the

order of 10 lakh m3. The proposed quarry is located on left bank of Mandial Nala, tributary

of Chenab. The volume calculations are given as under:

The area at Section A = 16157 m2

The area at Section B = 13696 m2

Average Area = 14926 m2

Length of quarry site = 800 m

Volume = 11941200 m3

Considering 65% as useful material, maximum yield = 77.6 Lakh m3

Thus, the capacity of the quarry is sufficient to meet the balance requirement of 10 lakh m3

of rock material. Therefore the extent of quarrying shall be restricted to the actual

requirement after utilizing the available and suitable rock from excavations from project

components. Total area likely to be disturbed due to quarrying would be around 22 ha.

The landscaping and restoration plan will be implemented with help of landscaping experts

and in consultation with Jammu & Kashmir state Horticulture Department as well as

Ramban Forest Division and the coordination and funding will be provided by the project

proponent.

The estimated cost for the restoration works, landscaping of quarry areas, road side

plantations, and creation of green belt around reservoir and colonies and working sites

would be Rs.322.18 lakh.

1.5.9 Air & Water Management Plan

Various mitigation and management measures have been discussed to reduce the impacts

of air, noise and water pollution to ensure that impacts on these counts are reduced to

minimum possible during the entire construction phase.

Developer needs to ensure that all the required measures are implemented and have to set

up a team to monitor the implementation of mitigation measures. Institutional



arrangement is essential for ensuring the implementation of all the EMP components.

Therefore, an in-house dedicated team needs to be set up and budgetary provisions needs

to be kept for outsourcing services of expert organizations.

A budget of Rs. 282.50 lakh is proposed for out sourcing services for expert organization.

1.5.10 Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan

The reservoir to be formed due to impoundment by Dam with FRL at El. 695m is expected to

spread over an area of more than 1100 Ha for a length of about 30 km along the river Chenab.

The cost of various engineering measures to prevention of slope failure and treatment of

landslides, involved in reservoir rim treatment plan is Rs. 1234.00 lakh.

1.5.11 Compensatory Afforestation Plan

The Sawalkote H.E. Project is being constructed in the jurisdiction of Gandri, Banihal,

Ramban, Udhampur and Panchari forest ranges of Batote, Ramban and Mohar Forest

Divisions. The total land required for the construction of Sawalkote H.E. Project activities is

approximately 1401.35 ha with 684.15 ha of forest land; out of which 143 ha is

underground.

As per the guidelines of Forest Conservation Act, 1980 block plantation is to be taken up

two times of the above ground component of forest land diversion [541.15 ha x 2 =

1082.30 ha]. So the compensatory afforestation to be taken up on 1082.30 Ha on

forestland over degraded forest areas, it is also proposed to have avenue plantation along

the proposed roads with iron guard fencing work around the new plantation with angle

iron in the diverted land to maintain the ecological balance of the areas.

The estimated cost of Compensatory Afforestation programme is Rs. 541.15 lakh.

In addition the total cost under Net Present Value (NPV) as per the notification of Hon’ble

Supreme of India is Rs.3449.37 lakh.

1.5.12 Rehabilitation & Resettlement Plan

The Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan has been prepared to comprehensively address

the issues arising out of land acquisition, assessment of land/house/asset coming under

acquisition, estimation of extent of loss and compensation to be offered in line with The

Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and

Resettlement Act, 2013 (RFCT_LARR).

For the development of Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project, land would be acquired for construction

of project components, submergence area, muck dumping, quarrying, construction camps and

colony, etc. Based on the final project layout, land requirement has been finalized as 1401.35 ha.

Of which, 175.65 ha is private and remaining is forest and government land.

1477 PAFs belonging to 575 households with a total population of 3977 from 13 villages

have been identified as affected families by the project authorities and same list have been

used for socio-economic survey and preparation of R&R Plan. During the survey 28 persons



have been identified as vulnerable persons i.e. widow and disabled.

Total financial requirement for implementation of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement

plan and Local Area Development plan is Rs. 21250.00 lakh.

1.5.13 Environmental Monitoring Plan

Based on the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment study, various

Environmental Management Plans viz. Biodiversity Conservation & Management,

Catchment Area Treatment, Fisheries Development, Solid Waste Management, Public

Health Delivery System, Energy Conservation Measures, Muck Disposal, Compensatory

Afforestation, etc. have been proposed. In order to monitor the impact and efficacy of

these plans a number of parameters have been proposed for monitoring during and after

the completion of the management plans.

A sum of Rs. 331.00 lakh has been allocated to implement various activities and

programmes envisaged under EMP.

1.5.14 Disaster Management Plan

In order to visualize the worst case scenario Dam Break Modeling exercise was undertaken

and an inundation map was prepared. Based upon the outputs generated from this

modeling, a Disaster Management Plan has been formulated. This plan presents warning

and notification procedures to be followed in case of failure or potential failure of the dam.

The purpose is to provide timely warning to the population likely to be affected and alert

key people who have to take respective actions in case of an emergency.

The estimated total cost of execution of disaster management plan including the

equipment would be Rs. 310.50 lakh.

1.5.15 Cost Estimates of EMP

An amount of Rs. 42525.55 lakh has been allocated for the implementation of different

environmental management plans. The summary of total cost estimates for the execution

of different plans is given in table below.

S. No. Management Plans Amount (Rs.in lakh)

1 Biodiversity Conservation & Management Plan 340.00 2 Catchment Area Treatment Plan 5929.00 3 Fisheries Development Plan 488.00 4 Solid Waste Management Plan 1088.00 5 Public Health Delivery System 962.00 6 Energy Conservation Measures 870.00 7 Muck Disposal Plan 5128.00 8 Landscaping and Restoration Plan 322.18 9 Air & Water Management Plan 282.50

10 Reservoir Rim Treatment 1234.00 11 Compensatory Afforestation Plan & NPV 3990.37 12 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan 21,250.00 13 Environmental Monitoring Programme 331.00 14 Dam Break Modeling 310.50

Total* 42525.55 *Excluding the Cost of trees

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