r on the application of smith v secretary of state for defence

8/9/2019 R on the Application of Smith v Secretary of State for Defence

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ùhknkic z|mneehkgb~ kg rfknf ~fe ~mubfx ig m|he| yui~fkgb xfe nm|mge|‛~kgyuk~kxkmg' Kg l|kgbkgb fe| ncikd D|~ ^dkxf |eckeh uzmg xfe Fudig \kbfx~ Inx9;;6' ^fe nmgxegheh xfix xf|mubfmux xfe xkde xfix fe| ~mg ri~ kg K|iy xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd mreh fkd i hux{ xm |e~zenx fk~ |kbfx xm ckae ughe| i|xknce < ma xfeEu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~ igh xfix xfe kgyue~x ic~m fih xm ~ixk~a{ xfe

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z|mxenxkmg ma xfe Fudig \kbfx~ Inx 9;;6 &–xfe F\I—+ rfeg mux~khe fk~ li~e= K~ficc nicc xfk~ –xfe ù|k~hknxkmg k~~ue—' Ka ~m# du~x xfe heixf ma ~unf i ~mchke| le xfe~ulènx ma ig kgyue~x xfix ~ixk~ake~ xfe z|mnehu|e~ xfix i|xknce < ma xfe Eu|mzeigNmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~ &–xfe Nmgqegxkmg—+ kdzcknkxc{ |eyuk|e~ rfe|e xfe|ek~ |ei~mg xm leckeqe xfix i heixf di{ le ixx|kluxilce xm heaiucx mg xfe zi|x ma i

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Zibe >

Xfe ù|k~hknxkmg k~~ue

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8' ênxkmg 1&9+ ma xfe F\I z|mqkhe~0

–Kx k~ ugcirauc am| i zulckn iuxfm|kx{ xm inx kg i ri{ rfknf k~kgnmdzixklce rkxf i Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx'—

ênxkmg 9 heakge~ xfe Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ i~ kgncuhkgb i|xknce~ < xm 9< igh 98 ma xfeNmgqegxkmg'

5' Kx k~ nmddmg b|mugh xfix xfe F\I k~ nizilce ma izzc{kgb mux~khe xfexe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# lux xfix ~enxkmg 1&9+ rkcc mgc{ lekga|kgbeh l{ nmghunx xfix xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x rmuch fmch xm fiqe qkmcixeh iNmgqegxkmg |kbfx' Xfk~ ri~ hexe|dkgeh l{ xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg \ &Ic$ôekgk+ qên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| Heaegne _<::6T IN 95>' Kx amccmr~ xfix# kg m|he| xm henkherfexfe| nmghunx fi~ kga|kgbeh ~enxkmg 1&9+ ma xfe F\I kx k~ gene~~i|{ xm nmg~khe| xfe idlkx ma izzcknixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Dm|e zi|xknuci|c{# gm ncikd nig~unneeh ughe| xfe F\I ugce~~ xfe|e fi~ leeg i l|einf ma i Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx ma i

ze|~mg rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd xfix ~fmuch fiqe leeg~enu|eh zu|~uigx xm i|xknce 9'

1' I|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg z|mqkhe~0

–Xfe Fkbf Nmgx|inxkgb Zi|xke~ ~ficc ~enu|e xm eqe|{mge rkxfkg xfek| ù|k~hknxkmg xfe |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~ heakgeh kg ênxkmg 9 ma xfk~Nmgqegxkmg'—

Xfe ù|k~hknxkmg k~~ue k~ rfexfe|# mg xfe x|ue kgxe|z|exixkmg ma i|xknce 9# L|kxk~fx|mmz~ mze|ixkgb mg am|ekbg ~mkc aicc rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd'Xfe|e fi~ |enegxc{ b|mrg i ~dicc lmh{ ma iuxfm|kx{# lmxf kg xfk~ nmugx|{ igh ix^x|i~lmu|b# heickgb rkxf xfe izzcknixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg xm xfe inxkqkxke~ ma i|deh am|ne~ mg am|ekbg ~mkc' Xfe B|igh Nfidle| ~ix xm nmg~khe| xfk~ yue~xkmg kg

Ligomqkn q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &<::9+ 99 LF\N 8>5# rfknf fi~ leeg |enmbgk~eh lmxf kg xfk~ nmugx|{ igh ix ^x|i~lmu|b i~ i ceihkgb ni~e mg xfe ~nmze ma ù|k~hknxkmgughe| i|xknce 9' K z|mzm~e xm ~xi|x l{ nmg~khe|kgb xfix ni~e'



Zibe 8

Ligomqkn

2' Akqe ma xfe izzcknigx~ kg Ligomqkn re|e ncm~e |ecixkqe~ ma nkqkckig~ okcceh l{ik| ~x|koe~ ni||keh mux mg i |ihkm igh xeceqk~kmg negx|e kg Lecb|ihe l{ dedle|~ ma

GIXM# rfeg kgxe|qegkgb kg xfe Om~mqm nmgacknx kg 9;;;' Xfe ~kvxf izzcknigx fihfkd~eca leeg kgù|eh kg xfe |ikh~' Xfe n|kxknic k~~ue kg |ecixkmg xm ihdk~~klkckx{ ri~rfexfe| xfe izzcknigx~ igh xfek| henei~eh |ecixkqe~ nide rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe |e~zmghegx ^xixe~ rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg'

6' Xfe izzcknigx~ amugheh xfek| ni~e mg xfe |ei~mgkgb ma xfe Nmu|x kg Cmkpkhmuq Xu|oe{ &9;;5+ <: EF\\ ;;' Xfe Nmu|x fech kg xfix ni~e xfix i B|eeo N{z|kmx#rfm ncikdeh kg |ecixkmg xm xfe hk~zm~~e~~kmg ma fe| z|mze|x{ kg Gm|xfe|g N{z|u~#ri~ zmxegxkicc{ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma Xu|oe{ am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 l{

|ei~mg ma xfe ainx xfix Xu|oe{ eve|nk~eh –eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc— ma Gm|xfe|g N{z|u~'Xfe izzcknigx~ kg Ligomqkn innezxeh xfix xfe{ nmuch gmx nmgxegh xfix xfe inxkmg ma xfe dedle| ^xixe~ kg lmdlkgb Lecb|ihe zux xfed ughe| ig mlckbixkmg kg |ecixkmg xmxfe ml~e|qigne ma icc ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ kg xfe i|ei lmdleh# lux i|bueh xfixxfe{ ~fmuch le fech innmugxilce am| xfm~e |kbfx~ xfix hkh aicc rkxfkg xfek| nmgx|mc#igh kg zi|xknuci| xfe |kbfx xm ckae ma xfm~e rfmd xfe{ lmdleh'

;' Xfe Nmu|x izzckeh xfe z|kgnkzce~ ib|eeh kg xfe Qkeggi Nmgqegxkmg mg xfeCir ma X|eixke~ 9;1; &–xfe Qkeggi Nmgqegxkmg—+ xm xfe xi~o ma kgxe|z|exkgb i|xknce

9' Xfu~ kx zikh z|kdi|{ |ebi|h xm xfe gixu|ic deigkgb ma xfe rm|h~ u~eh# lux ic~mxmmo kgxm nmg~khe|ixkmg xfe x|iqiuv z|ëzi|ixmk|e~ &xfe –x|iqiuv—+ igh ^xixe z|inxkne' Xfk~ izz|minf nmgx|i~xeh rkxf xfe izz|minf xfix xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x fi~ihmzxeh ma x|eixkgb xfe Nmgqegxkmg i~ i –ckqkgb kg~x|udegx— rfeg nmg~khe|kgb xfedigge| kg rfknf kx mze|ixe~' Xfe Nmu|x |enmbgk~eh xfk~ ix zi|i~ 18 igh 15 luxnmddegxeh xfix xfe ~nmze ma i|xknce 9 ri~ hexe|dkgixkqe ma –xfe ~nmze igh |einf ma xfe egxk|e Nmgqegxkmg ~{~xed ma fudig |kbfx~‛ z|mxenxkmg—' Xfe Nmu|x ri~kghknixkgb xfix xfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 9# igh xfu~ xfe ~nmze ma izzcknixkmg ma xfeNmgqegxkmg# nmuch gmx nfigbe mqe| xkde# igh xfk~ ~eed~ zcikgc{ nm||enx i~ i dixxe| ma z|kgnkzce' K ~ficc he~n|kle xfk~ i~ –xfe m|kbkgic deigkgb z|kgnkzce—'

9:' Xfe Nmu|x izz|minfeh xfe gixu|ic deigkgb ma –ù|k~hknxkmg— mg xfe z|edk~exfix xfk~ fih xm le nmg~mgigx rkxf xfe deigkgb ma xfix rm|h ughe| z|kgnkzce~ ma

zulckn kgxe|gixkmgic cir' Ughe| xfe~e z|kgnkzce~ xfe ù|k~hknxkmgic nmdzexegne ma i^xixe ri~ z|kdi|kc{ xe||kxm|kic' Xfu~0

–‡i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg du~x le nmg~khe|eh xm |eacenx xfk~m|hkgi|{ igh e~~egxkicc{ xe||kxm|kic gmxkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg# mxfe| li~e~ma ù|k~hknxkmg lekgb evnezxkmgic igh |eyuk|kgb ~zenkic ù~xkaknixkmg kgxfe zi|xknuci| nk|nud~xigne~ ma einf ni~e‡Kg oeezkgb rkxf xfe



Zibe 5

e~~egxkicc{ xe||kxm|kic gmxkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg# xfe nmu|x fi~ innezxehmgc{ kg evnezxkmgic ni~e~ xfix inx~ ma xfe nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~

ze|am|deh# m| z|mhunkgb eaaenx~# mux~khe xfek| xe||kxm|ke~ nignmg~xkxuxe ig eve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg l{ xfed rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg'— &zi|i~ 19 igh 12+

99' Xfu~ xfe Nmu|x fech xfix –ù|k~hknxkmg— kg i|xknce 9 ri~ gmx ckdkxeh xm xfexe||kxm|{ mqe| rfknf i ^xixe eve|nk~e~ cirauc iuxfm|kx{' Kx evxegheh kg evnezxkmgicnk|nud~xigne~ |eyuk|kgb ~zenkic ù~xkaknixkmg xm mxfe| li~e~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg' Xfehkaaknucx{ kg heckgeixkgb i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg i|k~e~ kg khegxka{kgb igh heakgkgb xfeevnezxkmg~ xm xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg'

9<' Xfe Nmu|x |enmbgk~eh xfix mge ~unf evnezxkmg i|m~e rfe|e i dedle| ^xixe

fih xioeg eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma zi|x ma xfe xe||kxm|{ ma igmxfe| dedle| ^xixe' K ~ficcnicc xfk~ xfe z|kgnkzce ma –eaaenxkqe xe||kxm|kic nmgx|mc—' Cmkpkhmu q Xu|oe{evedzckakeh xfk~ ù|k~hknxkmg' Xfe Nmu|x ù~xkakeh xfk~ evnezxkmg l{ |edi|okgb ix

zi|i 6: xfix xfe kgfilkxigx~ ma Gm|xfe|g N{z|u~ rmuch fiqe amugh xfed~ecqe~evncuheh a|md xfe legeakx~ ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg ~iaebui|h~ igh ~{~xed rfknf xfe{fih z|eqkmu~c{ eg`m{eh l{ Xu|oe{‛~ –eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc— ma xfe xe||kxm|{ igh l{ xfeinnmdzig{kgb kgilkckx{ ma xfe N{z|kmx Bmqe|gdegx# i~ i nmgx|inxkgb ^xixe# xm aucakcxfe mlckbixkmg~ xfix kx fih ughe|xioeg ughe| xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Xfu~ xfe Nmu|xizzei|eh xm |e~x|knx xfe z|kgnkzce ma eaaenxkqe xe||kxm|kic nmgx|mc xm xfe xe||kxm|ke~ ma xfe nmgx|inxkgb ^xixe~'

9>' Xfe Nmu|x dihe xfe amccmrkgb nmddegx~ ilmux xfk~ feih ma ù|k~hknxkmg0

–29' Kg ~ud# xfe ni~e cir ma xfe Nmu|x hedmg~x|ixe~ xfix kx~|enmbgkxkmg ma xfe eve|nk~e ma evx|i$xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg l{ inmgx|inxkgb ~xixe k~ evnezxkmgic0 kx fi~ hmge ~m rfeg xfe |e~zmghegx~xixe# xf|mubf xfe eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma xfe |eceqigx xe||kxm|{ igh kx~kgfilkxigx~ il|mih i~ i nmg~eyuegne ma dkckxi|{ mnnuzixkmg m| xf|mubf xfe nmg~egx# kgqkxixkmg m| inyuke~negne ma xfe bmqe|gdegx ma xfix xe||kxm|{# eve|nk~e~ icc m| ~mde ma xfe zulckn zmre|~ gm|dicc{ xm

le eve|nk~eh l{ xfix bmqe|gdegx'—

–6:' ‡Kg ~fm|x# xfe Nmgqegxkmg k~ i ducxk$cixe|ic x|eix{ mze|ixkgb#~ulènx xm i|xknce 51 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg# kg ig e~~egxkicc{ |ebkmgicnmgxevx igh gmxilc{ kg xfe cebic ~zine &e~zine ù|khkyue+ ma xfenmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~' Xfe A\[ ncei|c{ hme~ gmx aicc rkxfkg xfk~ cebic~zine' Xfe Nmgqegxkmg ri~ gmx he~kbgeh xm le izzckeh xf|mubfmuxxfe rm|ch# eqeg kg |e~zenx ma xfe nmghunx ma nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~'Innm|hkgbc{# xfe he~k|ilkckx{ ma iqmkhkgb i biz m| qinuud kg fudig



Zibe 1

|kbfx~‛ z|mxenxkmg fi~ ~m ai| leeg |eckeh mg l{ xfe Nmu|x kg aiqmu| ma e~xilck~fkgb ù|k~hknxkmg mgc{ rfeg xfe xe||kxm|{ kg yue~xkmg ri~ mgexfix# lux am| xfe ~zenkakn nk|nud~xigne~# rmuch gm|dicc{ le nmqe|eh

l{ xfe Nmgqegxkmg'—

I|xknce 51 egilce~ i Nmgx|inxkgb ^xixe xm henci|e xfix xfe Nmgqegxkmg ~ficc evxeghxm icc m| ig{ ma xfe xe||kxm|ke~ am| rfm~e kgxe|gixkmgic |ecixkmg~ xfe ^xixe k~|e~zmg~klce' Xfu~# kdzcknkxc{ igh zi|ihmvknicc{# xfe z|kgnkzce ma eaaenxkqe xe||kxm|kicnmgx|mc hme~ gmx izzei| xm izzc{ iuxmdixknicc{ xm ~unf xe||kxm|ke~ „ ~ee ic~m Luk qigXfigf q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;;:+ >> [ei|lmmo ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mgFudig \kbfx~ 5; ix z 19? Cmkpkhmu q Xu|oe{ ix zi|i~ 61$62? [mgbfmgb q Zm|xubic \ezm|x~ ma @uhbdegx~ igh Henk~kmg~ 9;;; „ KV# zz >65# >;9$>;<'

98' Xfe Nmu|x |eènxeh xfe ~ubbe~xkmg xfix evx|i$xe||kxm|kic inx~ nmuch l|kgbkghkqkhuic~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma ~mde Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ luxgmx mxfe|~' Kx ~ikh ix zi|i 250

–‡xfe nmu|x k~ ma xfe qker xfix xfe rm|hkgb ma i|xknce 9 hme~ gmx z|mqkhe ig{ ~uzzm|x am| xfe izzcknigx~‛ ~ubbe~xkmg xfix xfe zm~kxkqemlckbixkmg kg i|xknce 9 xm ~enu|e ‖xfe |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~ heakgeh kgênxkmg K ma xfk~ Nmgqegxkmg‛ nig le hkqkheh igh xikcm|eh kginnm|higne rkxf xfe zi|xknuci| nk|nud~xigne~ ma xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kic

inx kg yue~xkmg igh# kx nmg~khe|~ kx~ qker kg xfk~ |e~zenx ~uzzm|xeh l{xfe xevx ma i|xknce 9; ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Kgheeh xfe izzcknigx~‛izz|minf hme~ gmx evzcikg xfe izzcknixkmg ma xfe rm|h~ ‖rkxfkg xfek|

ù|k~hknxkmg‛ kg i|xknce 9 igh kx eqeg bme~ ~m ai| i~ xm |eghe| xfm~erm|h~ ~uze|acumu~ igh heqmkh ma ig{ zu|zm~e' Fih xfe h|iaxe|~ ma xfeNmgqegxkmg rk~feh xm eg~u|e ù|k~hknxkmg i~ evxeg~kqe i~ xfixihqmnixeh l{ xfe izzcknigx~# xfe{ nmuch fiqe ihmzxeh i xevx xfe ~idei~ m| ~kdkci| xm xfe nmgxedzm|igemu~ i|xknce~ 9 ma xfe amu| BegeqiNmgqegxkmg~ ma 9;8;'—

K ~ficc he~n|kle xfk~ i~ xfe –rfmce zinoibe z|kgnkzce—'

95' Xfe Nmu|x ~kgbceh mux am| ~zenkic degxkmg i~ ig evidzce ma ig evnezxkmgicni~e ma evx|i$xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg xfix aecc rkxfkg i|xknce 9# xfe ni~e ma H|mph igh

@igmu~eo q A|igne igh ^zikg &9;;<+ 98 EF\\ 285' K ~ficc nmg~khe| xfk~ henk~kmgkg hue nmu|~e'



Zibe 2

91' Xfe Nmu|x gmxeh i gudle| ma mxfe| evidzce~ ma ^xixe~ eve|nk~kgb evx|i$xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg# kdzc{kgb# K leckeqe# xfix xfm~e iaaenxeh rmuch le rkxfkg xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ^xixe kg yue~xkmg rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 90

–Ihhkxkmgicc{# xfe Nmu|x gmxe~ xfix mxfe| |enmbgk~eh kg~xigne~ ma xfeevx|i$xe||kxm|kic eve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg l{ i ~xixe kgncuhe ni~e~kgqmcqkgb xfe inxkqkxke~ ma kx~ hkzcmdixkn m| nmg~uci| ibegx~ il|mihigh mg lmi|h n|iax igh qe~~ec~ |ebk~xe|eh kg# m| ac{kgb xfe acib ma# xfix~xixe' Kg xfe~e ~zenkakn ~kxuixkmg~# nu~xmdi|{ kgxe|gixkmgic cir ighx|eix{ z|mqk~kmg~ fiqe |enmbgk~eh xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kic eve|nk~e ma

ù|k~hknxkmg l{ xfe |eceqigx ~xixe'—

92' Xfe izzcknigx~ kg Ligomqkn ic~m |eckeh mg xrm ihdk~~klkckx{ henk~kmg~ xfix

z|mneeheh mg i hkaae|egx li~k~ ma i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg xfix fi~ leeg he~n|kleh i~–~xixe ibegx iuxfm|kx{—# gidec{ he ainxm nmgx|mc l{ ~xixe ibegx~ ma ze|~mg~ i~mzzm~eh xm xe||kxm|{# K~~i q Xu|oe{ &Izzcknixkmg Gm >96<9-;1+ &ug|ezm|xeh+ >:Di{ <::: igh Śnicig q Xu|oe{ &Izzcknixkmg Gm 81<<9-;;+ &ug|ezm|xeh+ 98Henedle| <:::' Xfe B|igh Nfidle| ~rezx xfe~e i~khe rkxf xfe nmddegx xfix kggekxfe| ni~e ri~ xfe k~~ue ma ù|k~hknxkmg |ik~eh l{ xfe |e~zmghegx Bmqe|gdegx#ihhkgb xfix xfe de|kx~ ma xfm~e ni~e~ fih {ex xm le henkheh' Xfe |e~zmghegxBmqe|gdegx~ kg Ligomqkn# kgncuhkgb xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# fih kg ainx innezxeh xfeevk~xegne ma ù|k~hknxkmg kg xfm~e ni~e~ mg xfe li~k~ xfix kx ri~

–xfe i~~e|xkmg m| eve|nk~e ma cebic iuxfm|kx{# inxuic m| zu|zm|xeh# mqe| ze|~mg~ mrkgb ~mde am|d ma iccebkigne xm xfix ~xixe m| rfm fiqe leeg l|mubfx rkxfkg xfix ~xixe‛~ nmgx|mc'—

D| Eihke YN# am| xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe# fi~ gmx kg xfk~ Nmu|x innezxeh ig{ bege|ic z|kgnkzce rfe|el{ i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg nig le li~eh mg xfe eve|nk~e ma nmgx|mc l{^xixe ibegx~ mqe| kghkqkhuic~ i~ mzzm~eh xm xe||kxm|{' Kx k~ nmgqegkegx ix xfk~ zmkgxxm nmg~khe| xfe x|eixdegx l{ xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x ma xfe yue~xkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg mgxfe ~ul~xigxkqe fei|kgb~ kg xfm~e xrm ni~e~'

Śnicig igh K~~i

96' Kg Śnicig &<::5+ 89 EF\\ ;65 xfe izzcknigx# i Xu|o# ri~ figheh mqe| xmXu|ok~f maaknkic~ ilmi|h i Xu|ok~f ik|n|iax ix Gik|mlk' Ix xfe ~ul~xigxkqe fei|kgb#amccmrkgb xfix leam|e xfe Nmu|x &<::>+ >2 EF\\ <>6# xfe B|igh Nfidle| |enm|heh ix zi|i ;9 xfix kx ri~



Zibe 6

–nmddmg b|mugh xfix# hk|enxc{ iaxe| lekgb figheh mqe| xm xfeXu|ok~f maaknkic~ l{ xfe Oeg{ig maaknkic~# xfe izzcknigx ri~ ughe| eaaenxkqe Xu|ok~f iuxfm|kx{ igh xfe|eam|e rkxfkg xfe ‖ù|k~hknxkmg‛ ma xfix ~xixe am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma I|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg# eqegxfmubf kg xfk~ kg~xigne Xu|oe{ eve|nk~eh kx~ iuxfm|kx{ mux~khe kx~xe||kxm|{' Kx k~ x|ue xfix xfe izzcknigx ri~ zf{~knicc{ am|neh xm |exu|gxm Xu|oe{ l{ Xu|ok~f maaknkic~ igh ri~ ughe| xfek| iuxfm|kx{ ighnmgx|mc amccmrkgb fk~ i||e~x igh |exu|g xm Xu|oe{'—

9;' Xfe ~ul~xigxkqe fei|kgb kg K~~i &<::8+ 89 EF\\ 512 xmmo zcine leam|e xfeênmgh ênxkmg# xf|ee dedle|~ ma rfknf fih leeg zi|x{ xm xfe henk~kmg kg

Ligomqkn' Xfe izzcknigx~# K|iyk gixkmgic~# iccebeh xfix xfek| |ecixkqe~ fih leegugciraucc{ i||e~xeh# hexikgeh# kcc$x|eixeh igh okcceh l{ Xu|ok~f x|mmz~ kg xfe nmu|~ema i dkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg kg Gm|xfe|g K|iy' Xfe ncikd aikceh leniu~e xfe{ re|e ugilce

xm z|mqe xfk~' Xfe Nmu|x fih# fmreqe|# ze|dkxxeh Xu|oe{ xm nficcegbe xfe evk~xegnema i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg# iclekx xfix gm nficcegbe mg xfk~ b|mugh fih leeg dihe ixxfe ihdk~~klkckx{ fei|kgb' Xfe Nmu|x ix zi|i~ 16$1; |eae||eh xm xfe ~ul~xigxkqehenk~kmg kg Cmkpkhmu q Xu|oe{ &9;;1+ <> EF\\ 59># zi|i 5< am| xfe z|mzm~kxkmgxfix0

–Innm|hkgb xm xfe |eceqigx z|kgnkzce~ ma kgxe|gixkmgic cir# i ^xixe‛~|e~zmg~klkckx{ di{ le egbibeh rfe|e# i~ i nmg~eyuegne ma dkckxi|{inxkmg „ rfexfe| cirauc m| ugcirauc „ xfix ^xixe kg z|inxkne eve|nk~e~

eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma ig i|ei ~kxuixeh mux~khe kx~ gixkmgic xe||kxm|{' Xfemlckbixkmg xm ~enu|e# kg ~unf ig i|ei# xfe |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~ ~ex muxkg xfe Nmgqegxkmg he|kqe~ a|md xfe ainx ma ~unf nmgx|mc# rfexfe| kx leeve|nk~eh hk|enxc{# xf|mubf kx~ i|deh am|ne~# m| xf|mubf i ~ulm|hkgixecmnic ihdkgk~x|ixkmg'—

<:' Xfe Nmu|x regx mg xm ~i{# ix zi|i 290

–Dm|emqe|# i ^xixe di{ ic~m le fech innmugxilce am| qkmcixkmg ma xfeNmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~ ma ze|~mg~ rfm i|e kg xfe xe||kxm|{ma igmxfe| ^xixe lux rfm i|e amugh xm le ughe| xfe am|de| ^xixe‛~iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc xf|mubf kx~ ibegx~ mze|ixkgb „ rfexfe| ciraucc{m| ugciraucc{ „ kg xfe cixxe| ^xixe'—&Nkxixkmg~ mdkxxeh+'

Xfk~ ncei|c{ ihqigne~ ~xixe ibegx iuxfm|kx{ i~ ig icxe|gixkqe xm eaaenxkqe xe||kxm|kicnmgx|mc i~ i li~k~ ma i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg'



Zibe ;

Ic$ ôekgk

<9' Xfe kdzcknixkmg~ ma xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x‛~ henk~kmg kg Ligomqkn |enekqehhexikceh igic{~k~ kg Ic$ôekgk kg xfe Hkqk~kmgic Nmu|x# xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic igh xfe

Fmu~e ma Cm|h~' Xfk~ Nmu|x mubfx xm nmg~khe| xfe nmgncu~kmg~ ma xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ xm le heakgkxkqe ugce~~ xfe~e fiqe zcikgc{ leeg kgqickhixeh l{ ~ul~eyuegxhenk~kmg~ ma xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x'

<<' Xfe ncikdigx~ re|e |ecixkqe~ ma ~kv K|iyk nkqkckig~ rfm fih leeg okcceh l{ m| kg xfe nmu|~e ma mze|ixkmg~ l{ L|kxk~f ~mchke|~ kg xfe ze|kmh amccmrkgb nmdzcexkmgma di`m| nmdlix mze|ixkmg~ kg K|iy igh leam|e xfe i~~udzxkmg ma iuxfm|kx{ l{ xfeK|iyk Kgxe|kd Bmqe|gdegx' Akqe ma xfe~e re|e ~fmx kg ~ezi|ixe kgnkhegx~ kg Li~|i'Xfe ~kvxf# D| Lifi Dmu~i# ri~ leixeg xm heixf l{ L|kxk~f x|mmz~ rfkce hexikgeh kg

i L|kxk~f dkckxi|{ hexegxkmg ugkx' Xfe ncikdigx~ ~mubfx kghezeghegx egyuk|ke~ kgxmxfe~e heixf~# |ec{kgb uzmg xfe F\I' Xrm z|eckdkgi|{ k~~ue~ re|e leam|e xfeNmu|x' Hkh xfe F\I izzc{ mux~khe xfe xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg igh re|e xfe ~kv K|iyknkxkpeg~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg= Xfe Fmu~e# Cm|h Lkgbfid hk~~egxkgb# ig~re|eh xfe ak|~xyue~xkmg kg xfe iaak|dixkqe'

<>' ^m ai| i~ nmgne|g~ xfe ~enmgh yue~xkmg# xfe idlkx ma i|xknce 9 fih leegevfiu~xkqec{ nmg~khe|eh l{ xfe Hkqk~kmgic Nmu|x _<::8T ERFN <;99 &Ihdkg+?

_<::2T YL 98: rfknf fih igic{~eh nf|mgmcmbknicc{ icc xfe |eceqigx ^x|i~lmu|biuxfm|kxke~# kgncuhkgb Ligomqkn' Xfe nmu|x nmgncuheh xfix xfe~e e~xilck~feh xfix xfe z|kdi|{ deigkgb ma –rkxfkg xfek| ù|k~hknxkmg— kg i|xknce 9 ri~ rkxfkg xfe xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe nmgx|inxkgb ^xixe~# ~ulènx xm i gudle| ma evnezxkmg~' Xfe|e ri~gm bege|ic evnezxkmg rfe|el{ xfm~e ~ulènx xm xfe eve|nk~e ma ~xixe ibegx iuxfm|kx{aecc rkxfkg xfe i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ^xixe' Kg~mai| i~ K~~i fih fech xm xfenmgx|i|{# kx ~fmuch le hk~|ebi|heh i~ kgnmg~k~xegx rkxf xfe henk~kmg kg Ligomqkn'

<8' Xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic _<::5T ERNI Nkq 91:;? _<::2T YL 98: hkaae|eh mgxfe ci~x zmkgx# fmchkgb xfix K~~i ri~ iuxfm|kxixkqe igh hedmg~x|ixeh xfix i|xknce 9

ù|k~hknxkmg ri~ e~xilck~feh l{ xfe eve|nk~e ma nmgx|mc mqe| kghkqkhuic~ l{ ^xixeibegx~# lmxf rkxfkg igh mux~khe xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma nmgx|inxkgb ^xixe~'

<5' Xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ z|eae||eh xfe |ei~mgkgb ma xfe Hkqk~kmgic Nmu|x' Xfedi`m|kx{ izz|minfeh xfe k~~ue ma i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg mg xfe ammxkgb xfix xfk~ ri~e~~egxkicc{ i dixxe| am| xfe ^x|i~lmu|b nmu|x igh xfe Fmu~e ~fmuch gmx nmg~x|uei|xknce 9 i~ fiqkgb ig{ au|xfe| |einf xfig xfix e~xilck~feh l{ xfix Nmu|x' I~ xm xfix

z|e$edkgegne ~fmuch le bkqeg xm xfe henk~kmg ma xfe B|igh Nfidle| kg Ligomqkn'Xfe Fmu~e ri~# fmreqe|# aineh rkxf xfe ainx xfix# ~m ai| i~ D| Lifi Dmu~i ri~nmgne|geh# xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe fih innezxeh xfix# leniu~e fe hkeh i~ i |e~ucx ma



Zibe 9:

dk~nmghunx xfix xmmo zcine ix i hexegxkmg negx|e rkxfkg i L|kxk~f dkckxi|{ li~e# fedex fk~ heixf –rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg— ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9'

<1' Xfe ncikdigx~ ~mubfx xm |ec{ mg i z|kgnkzce ma ~xixe ibegx iuxfm|kx{# i|bukgbxfix ka ~unf iuxfm|kx{ ri~ eve|nk~eh mqe| kghkqkhuic~# xfk~ l|mubfx xfed rkxfkg xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg am| zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9' Xfe di`m|kx{ ri~ x|mulceh l{ xfe ainx xfix~mde ~xixedegx~ ma xfe Nmu|x kg K~~i re|e fi|h xm |enmgnkce rkxf Ligomqkn# igh

zi|xknuci|c{ rkxf xfe rfmce zinoibe z|kgnkzce' Kg~mai| i~ K~~i nmuch gmx le|enmgnkceh rkxf Ligomqkn# xfe di`m|kx{ fech xfix kx ~fmuch le hk~|ebi|heh' Xfu~Cm|h \mhbe| fech# ix zi|i 2;0

–‡xfe rfmce zinoibe ma |kbfx~ izzcke~ igh du~x le ~enu|eh rfe|e i

nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe fi~ ù|k~hknxkmg' Xfk~ de|ec{ |eacenx~ xfe gm|dicughe|~xighkgb xfix i nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe niggmx zkno igh nfmm~e idmgbxfe |kbfx~ kg xfe Nmgqegxkmg0 kx du~x ~enu|e xfed icc xm eqe|{mgerkxfkg kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg' Ka xfix k~ ~m# xfeg kx ~ubbe~x~ xfix xfe mlckbixkmgughe| i|xknce 9 nig i|k~e mgc{ rfe|e xfe nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe fi~ ~unfeaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma xfe xe||kxm|{ ma igmxfe| ~xixe xfix kx nmuch ~enu|exm eqe|{mge kg xfe xe||kxm|{ icc xfe |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~ kg ~enxkmg 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg'—

<2' Cm|h L|mrg ni||keh mux i hexikceh igic{~k~ ma xfe ^x|i~lmu|b ù|k~z|uhegne'Fe |enmbgk~eh ~mde gi||mr nixebm|ke~ rfe|e xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x fih amughi|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg kg nk|nud~xigne~ rfe|e xfe ^xixe fih gmx bmx xe||kxm|kic nmgx|mc

„ k||ebuci| evx|ihkxkmg ~unf i~ Śnicig igh inxkqkxke~ ma edli~~ke~ igh nmg~ucixe~'Xfe~e evnezxkmg~ izi|x# Cm|h L|mrg nmg~khe|eh xfe rfmce zinoibe z|kgnkzce xm lema kdzm|xigne0

–9<6' Xfe|e k~ mge mxfe| negx|ic mlènxkmg xm xfe n|eixkmg ma xfe rkhe li~k~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg fe|e nmgxegheh am| l{ xfe izzeccigx~ ughe| xfe|ul|kn ‖nmgx|mc igh iuxfm|kx{‛# bmkgb le{mgh xfix i|k~kgb kg ig{ ma xfegi||mrc{ |enmbgk~eh nixebm|ke~ ic|eih{ hk~nu~~eh igh {ex ~fm|x ma xfix i|k~kgb a|md xfe eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma xe||kxm|{ rkxfkg xfe Nmugnkcma Eu|mze i|ei' Ligomqkn &igh cixe| I~~igkhpe+ ~xigh~# i~ ~xixeh# am| xfe kghkqk~klce gixu|e ma i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg0 kx niggmx le ‖hkqkhehigh xikcm|eh‛' I~ Ligomqkn fih ei|cke| zmkgxeh mux# ix zi|i 8:0

‖xfe izzcknigx‛~ kgxe|z|exixkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg rmuchkgqe|x igh hkqkhe xfe zm~kxkqe mlckbixkmg mg nmgx|inxkgb~xixe~ xm ~enu|e xfe ~ul~xigxkqe |kbfx~ kg i digge| geqe| nmgxedzcixeh l{ i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg'‛



Zibe 99

Rfeg# dm|emqe|# xfe Nmgqegxkmg izzcke~# kx mze|ixe~ i~ ‖i ckqkgbkg~x|udegx'‛ Ñnicig z|mqkhe~ ig evidzce ma xfk~# i |enmbgkxkmg xfixxfe kgxe|z|exixkmg ma i|xknce < fi~ leeg dmhkakeh nmg~eyuegx mg ‖xfexe||kxm|ke~ egnmdzi~~eh l{ xfe dedle| ~xixe~ ma xfe Nmugnkc ma Eu|mze _fiqkgbT lenmde i pmge a|ee ma nizkxic zugk~fdegx‛0 zi|i9;5' &Zi|i~ 18 igh 15 ma Ligomqkn# K di{ gmxe# nmgx|i~x mg xfe mgefigh ‖xfe Nmgqegxkmg‛~ ~ul~xigxkqe z|mqk~kmg~‛ igh ‖xfe nmdzexegnema xfe Nmgqegxkmg m|big~‛# xm lmxf ma rfknf xfe ‖ckqkgb kg~x|udegx‛izz|minf izzcke~ igh# mg xfe mxfe| figh# xfe ~nmze ma i|xknce 9 „ ‖xfe~nmze igh |einf ma xfe egxk|e Nmgqegxkmg‛ „ xm rfknf kx hme~ gmx'+Lei| kg dkgh xmm xfe |kbmu| rkxf rfknf xfe nmu|x izzcke~ xfeNmgqegxkmg# recc evedzckakeh l{ xfe ~e|ke~ ma ni~e~ a|md xfe nmgacknxpmge ma ~muxf ei~xe|g Xu|oe{ kg rfknf# xfe ~xixe‛~ hkaaknucxke~gmxrkxf~xighkgb# gm hkcuxkmg fi~ leeg ze|dkxxeh ma xfe kgqe~xkbixkqemlckbixkmg~ i|k~kgb ughe| i|xknce~ < igh >'

9<;' Xfe zmkgx k~ xfk~0 evnezx rfe|e i ~xixe |eicc{ hme~ fiqe eaaenxkqenmgx|mc ma xe||kxm|{# kx niggmx fmze xm ~enu|e Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ rkxfkgxfix xe||kxm|{ igh# ugce~~ kx k~ rkxfkg xfe i|ei ma xfe Nmugnkc ma Eu|mze# kx k~ ugckoec{ kg ig{ eqegx xm akgh ne|xikg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg|kbfx~ kx k~ lmugh xm ~enu|e |enmgnkcilce rkxf xfe nu~xmd~ ma xfe|e~khegx zmzucixkmg'—

<6' Izzc{kgb Ligomqkn# xfe di`m|kx{ fech xfix xfe akqe K|iyk nkxkpeg~ rfm fih leeg okcceh kg Li~|i re|e gmx rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9'

<;' Cm|h L|mrg kghknixeh xfix fe rmuch |enmbgk~e xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| D| Lifi Dmu~i mgc{ mg xfe li~k~ ma ig igicmb{ rkxf xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kic evnezxkmg dihe am| edli~~ke~' Fmreqe|# kg i ~ul~eyuegx ihdk~~klkckx{henk~kmg kg Ic$îihmmg igh Duahfk q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &<::;+ 8; EF\\ Ê ;5 xfe^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x fi~ fech xfix hexikgee~ kg L|kxk~f hexegxkmg negx|e~ kg K|iy aecc

rkxfkg Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ù|k~hknxkmg l{ |ei~mg ma

–xfe xmxic igh evncu~kqe he ainxm# igh ~ul~eyuegxc{ he ù|e# nmgx|mceve|nk~eh l{ xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd iuxfm|kxke~ mqe| xfe z|edk~e~ kgyue~xkmg' — &zi|i 66+

>:' I dm|e |enegx evidzce ma rfe|e xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x fi~ eyuixeh nmgx|mcmqe| kghkqkhuic~ rkxf i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg k~ xfe henk~kmg ma xfe B|igh Nfidle| kgDehqeh{eq igh mxfe|~ q A|igne &Izzcknixkmg Gm >>;8-:>+ ùhbdegx heckqe|eh mg<; Di|nf <:9:' Mg xfe fkbf ~ei~ i A|egnf ri|~fkz lmi|heh i de|nfigx qe~~ec#



Zibe 9<

n|ereh l{ xfe izzcknigx~ rfm re|e ~u~zenxeh ma lekgb egbibeh kg h|ub ~dubbckgbigh nmdzuc~m|kc{ e~nm|xeh kx mg i 9> hi{ qm{ibe kgxm L|e~x' Xfe nmu|x fech ix zi|i12 xfix i~ xfe qe~~ec igh kx~ n|er re|e# ix cei~x he ainxm# ughe| xfe nmgx|mc ma A|igne# xfe{ re|e eaaenxkqec{ ughe| A|igne‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce9' Xfk~ henk~kmg# rfeg ihheh xm xfix kg K~~i ~ubbe~x~ xfix xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x di{

le z|ezi|eh xm amugh i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg mg ~xixe ibegx iuxfm|kx{# eqeg xfmubf xfk~ z|kgnkzce hme~ gmx ~eed nmg~k~xegx rkxf xfe izz|minf kg Ligomqkn'

Begxce

>9' Xfe zm~~klkckx{ xfix L|kxk~f ~mchke|~ ~e|qkgb il|mih re|e rkxfkg xfe i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd leniu~e xfe{ re|e ughe| xfe iuxfm|kx{ ma xfeUgkxeh Okgbhmd ri~ ~fm|xc{ hk~dk~~eh l{ Cm|h Lkgbfid kg \ &Begxce+ q Z|kde

Dkgk~xe| _<::6T IN 9>51' Fe ~ikh# ix zi|i 60

–&>+ Xfe mlckbixkmg ma dedle| ~xixe~ ughe| i|xknce 9 ma xfeNmgqegxkmg k~ xm ~enu|e ‖xm eqe|{mge rkxfkg xfek| ù|k~hknxkmg‛ xfe|kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~ kg xfe Nmgqegxkmg' ûlènx xm ckdkxeh evnezxkmg~igh ~zenkakn evxeg~kmg~# xfe izzcknixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg k~xe||kxm|kic0 xfe |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~ i|e m|hkgi|kc{ xm le ~enu|eh xmxfm~e rkxfkg xfe lm|he|~ ma xfe ~xixe igh gmx mux~khe' Fe|e# xfe heixf~ma Au~kcke| Begxce igh X|mmze| Nci|oe mnnu||eh kg K|iy igh icxfmubf

xfe{ re|e ~ulènx xm xfe iuxfm|kx{ ma xfe heaeghigx~ xfe{ re|e ncei|c{gmx rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe UO i~ xfix evz|e~~kmg kg xfeNmgqegxkmg fi~ leeg kgxe|z|exeh0 \ &Ic$ôekgk+ q ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe

am| Heaegne _<::6T IN 95># zi|i~ 2;# 9<;'—

Xfe mxfe| dedle|~ ma xfe Fmu~e evz|e~~eh bege|ic ib|eedegx rkxf Cm|h Lkgbfid'I|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg ri~ gmx# fmreqe|# ix xfe fei|x ma xfe ni~e# xm xfe evxegx xfixxfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic# rfm~e henk~kmg ri~ uzfech# fih gmx amugh kx gene~~i|{ xmhenkhe xfe zmkgx' Begxce gmgexfece~~ cegh~ ~uzzm|x xm xfe igic{~k~ ma xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg Ic$ôekgk' Xfe ncikdigx~ kg Ic$ôekgk fiqe xioeg xfek| ni~e xm ^x|i~lmu|bigh xfk~ rkcc bkqe xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x i au|xfe| mzzm|xugkx{ xm nci|ka{ xfk~ hkaaknucxi|ei ma kx~ ù|k~z|uhegne'

ûldk~~kmg~

><' Am| xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe# D| Eihke ~uldkxxeh xfix Z|kqixe ^dkxf ri~ mgc{rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd rfeg fe ri~ rkxfkg xe||kxm|{ xfixri~ ughe| xfe eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd' Mg xfk~ li~k~ fe nmgneheh

xfix i|xknce < fih izzckeh hu|kgb xfm~e ze|kmh~ rfeg Z|kqixe ^dkxf ri~ rkxfkg xfe



Zibe 9>

dkckxi|{ li~e# rfknf kgncuheh xfe xkde ma fk~ heixf' Rfeg# fmreqe|# fe ri~ gmxrkxfkg xe||kxm|{ nmgx|mcceh l{ xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# fe ri~ gmx rkxfkg i|xknce 9

ù|k~hknxkmg' Fk~ zm~kxkmg kg xfm~e nk|nud~xigne~ hkh gmx aicc rkxfkg ig{ ma xfe|enmbgk~eh evnezxkmg~ xm xfe bege|ic z|kgnkzce xfix i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg ri~xe||kxm|kic' Kg ~m ~uldkxxkgb fe |eckeh kg zi|xknuci| mg Ligomqkn# Ic$ôekgk ighBegxce'

>>' Am| D|~ ^dkxf Dk~~ Hkgif \m~e YN dihe kx ncei| xfix fe| ni~e ri~ gmx li~eh mg Z|kqixe ^dkxf fiqkgb leeg mg xe||kxm|{ ughe| xfe he ainxm nmgx|mc ma xfeUgkxeh Okgbhmd# gm| uzmg Z|kqixe ^dkxf fkd~eca fiqkgb leeg ughe| xfe he ainxmnmgx|mc ma xfe I|d{# i~ i ^xixe ibegx# lux uzmg xfe ainx xfix Z|kqixe ^dkxf ri~~ulènx xm xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd i~ i dixxe| ma lmxf hmde~xkn ighkgxe|gixkmgic cir' Fe ri~ ~m ~ulènx l{ |ei~mg ma fk~ ~xixu~ i~ i dedle| ma xfeI|deh Am|ne~' Dk~~ \m~e ~uldkxxeh xfix ~mchke|~ re|e kg xfe ~ide zm~kxkmg i~

mxfe| ^xixe ibegx~# ~unf i~ hkzcmdix~# nmg~uci| ibegx~ igh ùhbe~' Rfeg eve|nk~kgb^xixe zmre|~ mux~khe xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfe ^xixe xfe{ xfed~ecqe~ |edikgeh ~ulènx xmxfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ^xixe'

>8' D| Lecmaa YN izzei|eh am| xfe Kgxe|qege|# xfe Eyuickx{ igh Fudig \kbfx~Nmddk~~kmg' Fe ~uzzm|xeh Dk~~ \m~e‛~ ~uldk~~kmg~' Fe ~uldkxxeh xfix xfeiuxfm|kxke~ heickgb rkxf nmgx|mc ma xe||kxm|{# m| nmgx|mc ma ze|~mg~# hkh gmx xmunf mgxfe li~k~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg i~~e|xeh kg xfk~ ni~e' Xfix ri~ ze|~mgic ù|k~hknxkmg# rfknf#xm yumxe a|md zi|i 92 ma fk~ r|kxxeg ni~e#

–hme~ gmx hezegh mg i ze|~mg‛~ cmnixkmg' Kx k~ amugheh mg xfe|enkz|mnic |kbfx~ igh mlckbixkmg~ ma gixkmgic~ igh xfek| ~xixe#rfe|eqe| xfe{ di{ le'—

D| Lecmaa innezxeh xfix xfe z|enk~e yue~xkmg ma rfexfe| i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg nmuch le amugheh mg xfk~ li~k~ fih gmx i|k~eg leam|e xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x'

Xfe henk~kmg ma xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic'

>5' Xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic fech xfix i|xknce 9 |eyuk|eh xfe evk~xegne ma i ù|k~hknxkmgic ckgo igh xfix xfk~ |eyuk|edegx ri~ ~ixk~akeh kg xfe ni~e ma Z|kqixe^dkxf# am| xfe |ei~mg~ ~ex mux kg zi|i <; ma kx~ ùhbdegx' Dedle|~ ma xfe i|deham|ne~ re|e0

–‡~ulènx xm Ugkxeh Okgbhmd dkckxi|{ cir rkxfmux xe||kxm|kic ckdkx

igh di{ le x|keh l{ nmu|x di|xkic rfexfe| xfe maaegne k~ nmddkxxehkg Egbcigh m| ec~erfe|e' Xfe{ i|e ic~m ~ulènx xm xfe bege|ic



Zibe 98

n|kdkgic igh nkqkc cir' ^mchke|~ ~e|qe il|mih i~ i |e~ucx ma igh zu|~uigx xm xfe eve|nk~e ma Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| xfed'Xfu~ xfe cebickx{ ma xfek| z|e~egne igh ma xfek| inxkmg~ hezegh~ mgxfek| lekgb ~ulènx xm Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ù|k~hknxkmg igh nmdzc{kgbrkxf Ugkxeh Okgbhmd cir' I~ i dixxe| ma kgxe|gixkmgic cir# gmkga|kgbedegx ma xfe ~mqe|ekbgx{ ma xfe fm~x ~xixe k~ kgqmcqeh kg xfeUgkxeh Okgbhmd eve|nk~kgb ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~ ~mchke|~ ~e|qkgbil|mih'—

>1' Xfe Nmu|x ri~ ic~m kgacuegneh l{ rfix kx ze|nekqeh i~ xfe kccmbknickx{ ma fmchkgb xfix Z|kqixe ^dkxf ri~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg rfeg mg dkckxi|{ z|edk~e~#

lux gmx rfeg mux~khe xfed0

–‡kx k~ innezxeh xfix i L|kxk~f ~mchke| k~ z|mxenxeh l{ xfe 9;;6 Inxigh xfe Nmgqegxkmg rfeg fe k~ ix i dkckxi|{ li~e' Kg mu| ùhbdegx# kxdioe~ gm ~eg~e xm fmch xfix fe k~ gmx ~m z|mxenxeh rfeg kg igidlucigne m| kg i x|uno m| kg xfe ~x|eex m| kg xfe he~e|x' Xfe|e k~ gm~eg~klce |ei~mg am| gmx fmchkgb xfix xfe|e k~ i ~uaaknkegx ckgo lexreegxfe ~mckhe| i~ qknxkd igh xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd rfexfe| fe k~ ix i li~em| gmx' ^m xmm# ka fe k~ nmu|x$di|xkicceh am| ig inx nmddkxxeh kg K|iy#fe ~fmuch le egxkxceh xm xfe z|mxenxkmg ma i|xknce 1 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmgrfe|eqe| xfe nmu|x di|xkic xioe~ zcine'—

Xfe deigkgb ma –ù|k~hknxkmg—

>2' I|xknce >9 ma xfe Qkeggi X|eix{ ci{~ hmrg i gudle| ma bege|ic |uce~ ma kgxe|z|exixkmg' Xfe ak|~x k~ xfix0

–I x|eix{ ~ficc le kgxe|z|exeh kg bmmh aikxf kg innm|higne rkxf xfem|hkgi|{ deigkgb xm le bkqeg xm xfe xe|d~ ma xfe x|eix{ kg xfek| nmgxevx igh kg xfe ckbfx ma kx~ mlènx igh zu|zm~e'—

–@u|k~hknxkmg— fi~ dm|e xfig mge m|hkgi|{ deigkgb' Xfe deigkgb~ bkqeg l{ xfe^fm|xe| Mvam|h Hknxkmgi|{ kgncuhe xfe amccmrkgb0

–9' Eve|nk~e ma ùhknkic iuxfm|kx{# m| ma xfe augnxkmg~ ma i ùhbe m| cebic x|klugic? zmre| ma ihdkgk~xe|kgb cir m| ù~xkne' Ic~m# zmre| m| iuxfm|kx{ kg bege|ic'



Zibe 95

–<' Xfe evxegx m| |igbe ma ùhknkic m| ihdkgk~x|ixkqe zmre|? xfexe||kxm|{ mqe| rfknf ~unf zmre| evxegh~—'

>6' @mrexx‛~ Hknxkmgi|{ ma Egbck~f Cir# <gh eh &9;22+# iaxe| bkqkgb xfe z|kdi|{

deigkgb ma –cebic iuxfm|kx{— bme~ mg xm ~xixe0

–@u|k~hknxkmg ic~m ~kbgkake~ xfe hk~x|knx m| bemb|izfknic ckdkx~ rkxfkgrfknf xfe ùhbdegx~ m| m|he|~ ma i nmu|x nig le egam|neh m| evenuxeh' Xfk~ k~ ~mdexkde~ nicceh xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg'—

>;' Xfu~ xfe zf|i~e –rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg— nig lei| xfe gixu|ic deigkgb–~ulènx xm xfe iuxfm|kx{ ma— lux nig eyuicc{ lei| xfe gixu|ic deigkgb –rkxfkg xfe

xe||kxm|{ mqe| rfknf iuxfm|kx{ k~ eve|nk~eh—'

8:' Xfe|e i|e hkaae|egx qi|kexke~ ma iuxfm|kx{ xfix nig le he~n|kleh i~–ù|k~hknxkmg—' Mzzegfekd‛~ Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir# ;xf eh &9;;<+# qmc 9# he~n|kle~xfe~e igh xfek| |ecixkmg~fkz xm xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg0

–¢ 9>1 ^xixe ù|k~hknxkmg kg bege|ic ^xixe ù|k~hknxkmg nmgne|g~e~~egxkicc{ xfe evxegx ma einf ~xixe‛~ |kbfx xm |ebucixe nmghunx m| xfenmg~eyuegne~ ma eqegx~' Kg z|inxkne ù|k~hknxkmg k~ gmx i ~kgbce

nmgnezx' I ~xixe‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg di{ xioe qi|kmu~ am|d~' Xfu~ i ~xixedi{ |ebucixe nmghunx l{ cebk~cixkmg? m| kx di{# xf|mubf kx~ nmu|x~#|ebucixe xfm~e hkaae|egne~ rfknf nmde leam|e xfed# rfexfe| i|k~kgbmux ma xfe nkqkc m| n|kdkgic cir? m| kx di{ |ebucixe nmghunx l{ xiokgbevenuxkqe m| ihdkgk~x|ixkqe inxkmg rfknf kdzkgbe~ dm|e hk|enxc{ mgxfe nmu|~e ma eqegx~# i~ l{ egam|nkgb kx~ cir~ m| xfe henk~kmg~ ma kx~nmu|x~' Xfe evxegx ma i ~xixe‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg di{ hkaae| kg einf ma xfe~enmgxevx~'

Xfe ù|k~hknxkmg nmgne|g~ lmxf kgxe|gixkmgic cir igh xfe kgxe|gic cirma einf ~xixe' Xfe am|de| hexe|dkge~ xfe ze|dk~~klce ckdkx~ ma i~xixe‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg kg xfe qi|kmu~ am|d~ kx di{ xioe# rfkce xfe cixxe|

z|e~n|kle~ xfe evxegx xm rfknf# igh digge| kg rfknf# xfe ~xixe kg ainxi~~e|x~ kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg'

¢ 9>2 Xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg I~ icc ze|~mg~ igh xfkgb~ rkxfkg xfexe||kxm|{ ma i ~xixe aicc ughe| kx~ xe||kxm|kic iuxfm|kx{# einf ~xixegm|dicc{ fi~ ù|k~hknxkmg $ cebk~cixkqe# nu|kic igh evenuxkqe „ mqe|

xfed' Xe||kxm|kickx{ k~ xfe z|kdi|{ li~k~ am| ù|k~hknxkmg? ‡



Zibe 91

¢ 9>6 @u|k~hknxkmg mqe| nkxkpeg~ il|mih Kgxe|gixkmgic cir hme~ gmx z|eqegx i ~xixe a|md eve|nk~kgb ù|k~hknxkmg# rkxfkg kx~ mrg xe||kxm|{#mqe| kx~ gixkmgic~ x|iqecckgb m| |e~khkgb il|mih# ~kgne xfe{ |edikgughe| kx~ ze|~mgic iuxfm|kx{' Innm|hkgbc{# kx di{ cebk~cixe rkxf|ebi|h xm xfek| nmghunx rfeg il|mih# ceq{ xive~ kg |e~zenx ma xfek| i~~ex~ m| ei|gkgb~ il|mih# m| cebk~cixe kg |e~zenx ma xfek| am|ekbg

z|mze|x{' Kg icc ~unf ni~e~# fmreqe|# xfe ~xixe‛~ zmre| xm egam|ne kx~cir~ hezegh~ uzmg kx~ gixkmgic lekgb kg# m| |exu|gkgb xm# kx~ xe||kxm|{m| fiqkgb xfe|e z|mze|x{ ibikg~x rfknf xfe{ nig le egam|neh'—

89' Dm~x fudig |kbfx~ nig mgc{ le xfe ~ulènx ma z|mxenxkmg# m| kgxe|ae|egne# l{xfe ^xixe ka xfe kghkqkhuic rfm eg`m{~ xfed k~ rkxfkg xfe ihdkgk~x|ixkqe# m| evenuxkqe# iuxfm|kx{ ma xfe ^xixe' Xfk~ k~ mlqkmu~c{ x|ue ma xfe |kbfx~ xfix z|mxenx xfe

ze|~mg# gidec{ xfm~e z|mxenxeh l{ i|xknce~ <# > 8 igh 5 igh k~ ic~m x|ue ma i|xknce~ 6#

;# 9:# 99 igh 9<' îqe kg evnezxkmgic nk|nud~xigne~ xfm~e |eyuk|kgb ^xixe z|mxenxkmg ma xfe~e |kbfx~ rkcc le rkxfkg xfe xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ^xixe kgyue~xkmg' Kg |e~zenx ma xfe~e |kbfx~ kx z|mhune~ i ze|aenxc{ ~eg~klce |e~ucx xmkgxe|z|ex –rkxfkg xfek| ù|k~hknxkmg— kg i|xknce 9 i~ deigkgb rkxfkg xfe xe||kxm|kic

ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Dedle| ^xixe~'

8<' Zulckn kgxe|gixkmgic cir |enmbgk~e~ xfix lmxf cebk~cixkqe igh ùhknkiciuxfm|kx{ nig le eve|nk~eh mqe| kghkqkhuic~ rfexfe| xfe{ i|e kg~khe m| mux~khe xfexe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ^xixe' Xfe eve|nk~e ma xfe~e x{ze~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg di{

recc fiqe zmxegxkic kdzinx mg ~mde fudig |kbfx~# lux gmx mg mxfe|~' Xfe^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x izzei|~ xm fiqe |enmbgk~eh# ix cei~x kdzcknkxc{# xfix xfe eve|nk~ema xfe~e x{ze~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg nig l|kgb xfm~e rfm i|e ~ulènx xm xfed –rkxfkg xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg— am| zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9# rfexfe| m| gmx xfe{ i|e rkxfkg xfe xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ^xixe# kg |ecixkmg xm xfm~e |kbfx~ xfix i|e iaaenxeh' Kg ~unfnk|nud~xigne~ xfe|e nig le gm yue~xkmg ma xfe –rfmce zinoibe z|kgnkzce— izzc{kgb'K ~ficc bkqe i gudle| ma evidzce~'

8>' I|xknce 1 z|mxenx~ xfe |kbfx xm i aik| x|kic' Xfe Egbck~f nmu|x eve|nk~e~ evx|i$

xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg kg heakgeh nk|nud~xigne~ kg |ecixkmg xm nkqkc ncikd~' Ka iam|ekbge| |e~khegx il|mih k~ kdzceiheh l{ i |e~khegx ma xfk~ nmugx|{ kg xfe Egbck~fnmu|x# kx k~ fi|h xm leckeqe xfix xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x rmuch fmch xfe Egbck~fncikdigx egxkxceh xm xfe legeakx ma i|xknce 1 lux xfe am|ekbg heaeghigx gmx ~m egxkxceh'Lmxf rmuch le rkxfkg xfe ùhknkic ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Egbck~f nmu|x igh xfe|e rmuch~eed i ~x|mgb ni~e am| eyuixkgb xfix rkxf i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg kg xfe nmgxevx ma xfeizzcknixkmg ma i|xknce 1' ûnf ig izz|minf rmuch ~eed kdzcknkxc{ xm fiqe leeginnezxeh l{ xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x kg zcegi|{ ~e~~kmg kg H|mph igh @igmu~eo q

A|igne igh ^zikg &9;;<+ 98 EF\\ 285' Xfe izzcknigx~ kg xfix ni~e fih leeg x|kehkg n|kdkgic z|mneehkgb~ kg Ighm||i l{ i X|klugic# z|e~kheh mqe| l{ i A|egnf ùhbe'

Ighm||i ri~ gmx zi|x{ xm xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Xfe izzcknigx~ nmdzcikgeh# gmge xfece~~# ma qkmcixkmg ma xfek| i|xknce 1 |kbfx~ xm i aik| x|kic' Xfe Nmu|x fech xfix xfe ùhbe



Zibe 92

fih gmx leeg ~kxxkgb kg fk~ nizinkx{ i~ i A|egnf ùhbe# lux i~ ig Ighm||ig ùhbe# lux izzei|~ xm fiqe innezxeh xfix fih xfk~ gmx leeg ~m xfe izzcknigx~ rmuch fiqeaicceg rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma A|igne am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 kg |ecixkmg xmxfek| i|xknce 1 |kbfx~' Xfk~ rmuch gmx# fmreqe|# fiqe egxkxceh xfed xm ncikd ibikg~xA|igne xfe legeakx ma z|mxenxkmg ma xfe |e~x ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~'

88' Rfix ma xfe z|mze|x{ |kbfx~ z|mxenxeh l{ i|xknce 9 ma xfe Ak|~x Z|mxmnmc=Dig{ am|ekbg |e~khegx~ mrg z|mze|x{ kg xfk~ nmugx|{' I|e xfe{ rkxfkg xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9= Kg Ni|~mg q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd& Izzcknixkmg Gm 8<968-:5+ ùhbdegx 91 Di|nf <:9: xfe B|igh Nfidle| |ucehihdk~~klce ncikd~ ibikg~x xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd l{ 9> ze|~mg~ egxkxceh xm L|kxk~f^xixe zeg~kmg~ am| qkmcixkmg ma i|xknce 98 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg kg nmdlkgixkmg rkxfi|xknce 9 ma xfe Ak|~x Z|mxmnmc' Icc xfe ncikdigx~ fih ei|geh zeg~kmg~ l{ rm|okgb kgL|kxikg# lux fih edkb|ixeh xm ^muxf Ia|kni# Iu~x|icki m| Nigihi mg |exk|edegx' Xfe

|ezm|x ~xixe~# kg zi|i 9 xfix xfe{ re|e icc L|kxk~f gixkmgic~# lux zi|i <9 ~xixe~ xfixmge ma xfed |edikgeh ig Iu~x|ickig gixkmgic' Xfe li~k~ ma xfe ncikd ri~hk~n|kdkgixkmg ibikg~x xfe ncikdigx~ kg xfix xfek| zeg~kmg~ re|e gmx ckgoeh xmUgkxeh Okgbhmd kgacixkmg# kg nmgx|i~x xm xfe zm~kxkmg ma zeg~kmge|~ |e~khegx rkxfkgxfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd' Gekxfe| leam|e xfe Egbck~f nmu|x~ gm| leam|e xfe ^x|i~lmu|bNmu|x ri~ xfe|e ig{ hk~nu~~kmg ma xfe li~k~ uzmg rfknf xfe ncikdigx~ re|e x|eixehi~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9' Mge

zm~~klce ig~re| k~ xfix leniu~e xfek| zeg~kmg |kbfx~ re|e bmqe|geh l{ cebk~cixkmg#xfe{ aecc rkxfkg xfe cebk~cixkqe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd kg |ecixkmg xmxfm~e |kbfx~' Xfe|e nmuch le gm yue~xkmg# fmreqe|# ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd fiqkgb

xm iaam|h xfed z|mxenxkmg kg |ecixkmg xm xfe rfmce zinoibe ma Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~'

85' Kg V q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;2;+ 95 H\ 9>2# xfe Nmddk~~kmg |ucehkgihdk~~klce mg xfe de|kx~ i ncikd l{ i L|kxk~f nkxkpeg# rfm ri~ edzcm{eh l{ xfeEu|mzeig Nmddk~~kmg igh |e~khegx kg L|u~~ec~# am| qkmcixkmg ma i|xknce 9 ma xfeNmgqegxkmg kg nmdlkgixkmg rkxf i|xknce > ma xfe Ak|~x Z|mxmnmc' ^fe nmdzcikgehxfix ~fe fih gm |kbfx xm qmxe kg Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ecenxkmg~ rfe|ei~ dedle|~ ma xfehkzcmdixkn ~e|qkne igh xfe I|deh Am|ne~ ~xixkmgeh mux~khe xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd|exikgeh xfek| |kbfx xm qmxe' Xfe Nmddk~~kmg fech xfix xfe hk~n|kdkgixkmg ri~

ù~xkakeh kg xfix xfe~e ze|~mg~ re|e gmx qmcugxi|kc{ il|mih lux fih leeg ~egx il|mihxm ~e|qe xfek| nmugx|{' Xfe{ aecc xm le |ebi|heh i~ |e~khegx$nkxkpeg~# kg nmgx|i~x xmxfe izzcknigx rfm ri~ ckqkgb il|mih qmcugxi|kc{' Kx ri~ gmx# fmreqe|# ~ubbe~xehxfix xfe izzcknigx hkh gmx aicc rkxfkg xfe i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd' Xfe li~k~ am| xfk~ ù|k~hknxkmg ri~ ze|fiz~ xfix# kg |ecixkmg xm qmxkgb|kbfx~# gixkmgic~ aicc rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfek| mrg ^xixe# rfexfe| m| gmx xfe{i|e rkxfkg xfe xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg'

81' Xfe|e i|e mxfe| ni~e~ xfix ~ubbe~x xfix rfe|e mge ^xixe hecebixe~ xm igmxfe|

^xixe iuxfm|kx{ xm nmgx|mc i zi|xknuci| i|ei ma bmqe|gdegx xfix egbibe~ mge ma xfeNmgqegxkmg |kbfx~# xfm~e ~ulènx xm xfe eve|nk~e ma xfe cixxe| ^xixe‛~ iuxfm|kx{ rkcc



Zibe 96

le heedeh xm le rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe cixxe| ^xixe am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce9 kg |ecixkmg xm xfix |kbfx0 H|mph? V igh [ q ^rkxpe|cigh &9;22+ ; H\ 52?Begxkcfmdde# ^nfiaa$Legfih`k igh Pe|muok q A|igne &Izzcknixkmg Gm~ 86<:5-;;#86<:2-;;# 86<:;-;;+ &ug|ezm|xeh+ 98 Di{ <::<' I |enegx henk~kmg ma xfe^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x z|mqkhe~ i qi|kixkmg mg xfk~ xfede' Kg ^xezfeg q Dicxi &Gm 9+ &<::;+ 5: EF\\ 988 xfe izzcknigx ri~ i L|kxk~f ~ulènx rfm fih leeg i||e~xehigh hexikgeh kg ^zikg zu|~uigx xm ig i||e~x ri||igx xfix fih leeg k~~ueh l{ iDicxe~e Nmu|x xfix fih gmx leeg nmdzexegx xm k~~ue kx' Xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x# ma kx~mrg dmxkmg# nmg~khe|eh i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg' Kx |edi|oeh ix zi|i 850

–xfe yue~xkmg xm le henkheh k~ rfexfe| xfe ainx~ nmdzcikgeh ma l{ xfeizzcknigx nig le ixx|kluxeh xm Dicxi—

Xfe Nmu|x biqe ig iaak|dixkqe ig~re| xm xfk~ yue~xkmg igh fech xfix xfe izzcknigx‛~nmdzcikgx~ ughe| i|xknce 5 egbibeh xfe |e~zmg~klkckx{ ma Dicxi ughe| xfeNmgqegxkmg' Gm z|kgnkzceh evzcigixkmg ri~ bkqeg am| xfk~ hezi|xu|e a|md xfexe||kxm|kic izz|minf xm i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg mxfe| xfig xfe zi~~ibe yumxeh ilmqerfknf# ka izzckeh bege|icc{# rmuch |eghe| xfix izz|minf gubixm|{'

82' Xfe~e ni~e~ dkbfx le xfmubfx xm ~uzzm|x i bege|ic z|kgnkzce xfix xfe|e rkcc le ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9 rfegeqe| i ^xixe eve|nk~e~ iuxfm|kx{# le kxcebk~cixkqe# ùhknkic m| evenuxkqe# rfknf iaaenx~ i Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx ma i ze|~mg#

rfexfe| xfix ze|~mg k~ rkxfkg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfix ^xixe m| gmx' ^m ai| i~ xfe eve|nk~ema evenuxkqe iuxfm|kx{ k~ nmgne|geh# mge nig zm~xucixe xfix xfk~ |eyuk|e~ eaaenxkqenmgx|mc# ekxfe| ma xe||kxm|{ m| ma kghkqkhuic~# leam|e i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg k~e~xilck~feh' Xfe ainx |edikg~# fmreqe|# xfix xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x fi~ gmx

z|mzmugheh ig{ ~unf bege|ic z|kgnkzce' Gm| nig ~unf i z|kgnkzce |eihkc{ le|enmgnkceh rkxf xfe z|mzm~kxkmg# izz|mqeh kg Ligomqkn# xfix i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg k~e~~egxkicc{ xe||kxm|kic kg gixu|e igh xfix mxfe| li~e~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg i|e evnezxkmgicigh |eyuk|e ~zenkic ù~xkaknixkmg kg xfe zi|xknuci| nk|nud~xigne~ ma einf ni~e'

86' Xfe|e i|e nmdzecckgb |ei~mg~ am| amccmrkgb xfe izz|minf ma xfe B|ighNfidle| kg Ligomqkn# yukxe izi|x a|md xfe |ei~mg~ xfix ceh xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ xmx|eix kx i~ i cighdi|o henk~kmg' Xfe x|iqiuv xm rfknf xfe Nmu|x |eae||ehhedmg~x|ixe xfix xfe nmgx|inxkgb ^xixe~ re|e nmgne|geh rkxf xfe digge| kg rfknfxfm~e rkxfkg xfek| xe||kxm|ke~ re|e x|eixeh' Kx k~ gmx n|ehklce xfix xfe nfigbe xm xfe

zf|i~e rkxfkg xfek| ù|k~hknxkmg ri~ kgxegheh xm eaaenx i aughidegxic evxeg~kmg xmxfe ~nmze ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg rkxfmux xfk~ lekgb ncei|c{ |eacenxeh kg xfe x|iqiuv' Xfeyue~xkmg xfeg k~ rfexfe|# izzc{kgb xfe m|kbkgic deigkgb z|kgnkzce# kx k~ |kbfx xmkgncuhe i ^xixe‛~ i|deh am|ne~ il|mih i~ aicckgb rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ^xixeam| zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 l{ |ei~mg ma xfe ~zenkic ~xixu~ xfix xfe{ eg`m{' Xfix k~ xfe

z|mzm~kxkmg xfix Dk~~ \m~e ihqigne~ igh kx k~ mge xfix k~# i~ xfe B|igh Nfidle|



Zibe 9;

zmkgxeh mux kg Ligomqkn# gmx |eacenxeh l{ ^xixe z|inxkne' Kx k~# au|xfe|dm|e# icdm~xrfmcc{ ug~uzzm|xeh l{ ^x|i~lmu|b ù|k~z|uhegne'

8;' K ~i{ –icdm~x— fiqkgb |ebi|h xm xfe amccmrkgb zi~~ibe kg xfe ihdk~~klkckx{

henk~kmg ma xfe Nmddk~~kmg kg N{z|u~ q Xu|oe{ &9;25+ < H\ 9<50

–6‡Xfe Nmddk~~kmg au|xfe| ml~e|qe~ xfix gixkmgic~ ma i ^xixe#kgncuhkgb |ebk~xe|eh ~fkz~ igh ik|n|iax~# i|e zi|xc{ rkxfkg kx~

ù|k~hknxkmg rfe|eqe| xfe{ di{ le# igh xfix iuxfm|k~eh ibegx~ ma i^xixe# kgncuhkgb hkzcmdixkn m| nmg~uci| ibegx~ igh i|deh am|ne~# gmxmgc{ |edikg ughe| kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg rfeg il|mih lux l|kgb ig{ mxfe|

ze|~mg~ m| z|mze|x{ ‖rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg‛ ma xfix ^xixe# xm xfeevxegx xfix xfe{ eve|nk~e iuxfm|kx{ mqe| ~unf ze|~mg~ m| z|mze|x{'

Kg~mai| i~# l{ xfek| inx~ m| mdk~~kmg~# xfe{ iaaenx ~unf ze|~mg~ m| z|mze|x{# xfe |e~zmg~klkckx{ ma xfe ^xixe k~ egbibeh'—

5:' K id gmx iri|e ma ig{ mxfe| ^x|i~lmu|b ù|k~z|uhegne xfix ~ubbe~x~ xfixi|deh am|ne~ |edikg ughe| xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma i ^xixe rfeg il|mih igh xfe|ei~mgkgb ma xfe Nmddk~~kmg kg xfk~ ni~e ri~ ai| rkhe| xfig xfix ma xfe Nmu|xrfeg heickgb rkxf Xu|oe{‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg kg Gm|xfe|g N{z|u~ kg Cmkpkhmu q Xu|oe{&9;;5+ <: EF\\ ;;'

59' Dk~~ \m~e h|er ixxegxkmg xm ^x|i~lmu|b ù|k~z|uhegne xfix fmch~ xfix xfm~eiaaenxeh l{ xfe nmghunx ma i ^xixe‛~ hkzcmdixkn igh nmg~uci| maaknkic~ il|mih nigaicc rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ^xixe# rfknf ri~ izzckeh l{ xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeickg \ &L igh mxfe|~+ q ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| Am|ekbg igh Nmddmgreicxf Iaaik|~_<::8T ERNI Nkq 9>88? _<::5T YL 18>' ^fe ~uldkxxeh xfix kx amccmreh a|md xfk~xfix ~unf maaknkic~ re|e xfed~ecqe~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfek| ^xixe~ igh xfixxfe ~ide z|kgnkzce ~fmuch izzc{ xm xfe i|deh am|ne~'

5<' K fiqe ~mde hkaaknucx{ rkxf xfe cmbkn ma xfe z|mzm~kxkmg xfix ^xixe ibegx~

rfm~e inx~ l|kgb xfm~e iaaenxeh l{ xfed rkxfkg i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg du~x# kgnmg~eyuegne# xfed~ecqe~ ic~m le rkxfkg xfe i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ^xixe rfm~eibegx~ xfe{ i|e lux# dm|e aughidegxicc{# kx hme~ gmx ~eed xm de xfix xfe igicmb{

lexreeg hkzcmdixkn igh nmg~uci| maaknkic~ igh dedle|~ ma xfe i|deh am|ne~ k~nmdzecckgb'

5>' Dm|e nmdzecckgb re|e xfe zmkgx~ dihe l{ Dk~~ \m~e kg |ecixkmg xm xfeugkyue ~xixu~ ma dedle|~ ma xfe i|deh am|ne~' Rfeg xfe Nmgqegxkmg ri~ ib|eehdeg rfm re|e L|kxk~f nkxkpeg~ re|e ckilce xm nmg~n|kzxkmg ughe| xfe Gixkmgic

ê|qkne &I|deh Am|ne~+ Inx 9;86 igh# kg nmg~eyuegne ma nmg~n|kzxkmg# |eghe|eh



Zibe <:

~ulènx xm xfe evenuxkqe iuxfm|kx{ ma xfe i|deh am|ne~ igh xm xfe cebk~cixkqe igh ùhknkic |ebkde~ xfix izzckeh xm xfe i|deh am|ne~' I ~kdkci| ~kxuixkmg gm hmulxevk~xeh kg xfe ni~e ma mxfe| nmgx|inxkgb ^xixe~' Xmhi{ xfe ~ide k~ x|ue ma xfm~e rfmqmcugxee| xm ~e|qe kg xfe i|deh am|ne~ „ ~ee xfe he~n|kzxkmg ma xfe |eceqigxcebk~cixkmg ~ex mux l{ Cm|h Digne kg fk~ ùhbdegx ix zi|i 9;:' Ughe| hmde~xkn cirigh kg innm|higne rkxf zulckn kgxe|gixkmgic cir# dedle|~ ma xfe i|deh am|ne~|edikg ughe| xfe cebk~cixkqe# ùhknkic igh evenuxkqe iuxfm|kx{ ma xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd# rfexfe| ~e|qkgb rkxfkg m| mux~khe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd xe||kxm|{' A|md xfeqkerzmkgx ma hmde~xkn cir xfe{ nig xfu~ le ~ikh xm le rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfeUgkxeh Okgbhmd rfe|eqe| xfe{ i|e' Kx k~ gmx ixx|inxkqe xm zm~xucixe xfix# rfeg xfe{i|e mux~khe xfe xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg kg xfe ~e|qkne ma xfek| nmugx|{ xfe{ cm~e xfe

z|mxenxkmg iaam|heh l{ xfe Nmgqegxkmg igh xfe F\I' Xfix# fmreqe|# k~ gmx xfeyue~xkmg' Xfe yue~xkmg k~ rfexfe|# kg nmgncuhkgb xfe Nmgqegxkmg# xfe nmgx|inxkgb^xixe~ ib|eeh xfix i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg ~fmuch evxegh xm i|deh am|ne~ rfeg ~e|qkgbil|mih i~ ig evnezxkmg xm xfe e~~egxkicc{ xe||kxm|kic gixu|e ma xfix ù|k~hknxkmg' Rfixre|e xfe z|inxknic kdzcknixkmg~ ma ~m hmkgb=

58' Kx k~ gmx rfmcc{ |eick~xkn xm nmg~khe| xfe ze|nekqeh kdzcknixkmg~ ma xfeizzcknixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg kg 9;5> l{ |eae|egne xm xfe |eyuk|edegx~ ma xfeNmgqegxkmg# xfix fiqe leeg khegxkakeh l{ xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x ~kgne 9;5>' Kg

zi|xknuci|# kx k~ ze|fiz~ gmx |eick~xkn xm izzc{ xm nmghkxkmg~ kg 9;5> xfe zm~kxkqemlckbixkmg~ kg |ecixkmg xm i|xknce < xfix fiqe yukxe |enegxc{ leeg cikh hmrg l{ xfe^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x' Kx k~ gmgexfece~~ kg~x|unxkqe xm nmg~khe| xfe kdzcknixkmg~ ma izzc{kgb xfe Nmgqegxkmg xm i|deh am|ne~ ~e|qkgb il|mih'

55' Kx k~ gmx z|inxknilce am| i ^xixe xm ~enu|e dig{ ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ igha|eehmd~ am| x|mmz~ kg inxkqe ~e|qkne il|mih' I|xknce < k~# fmreqe|# zcikgc{ nizilcema lekgb egbibeh' Xfe ~iaex{ ma xfe ckqe~ ma xfm~e akbfxkgb il|mih nig hezeghn|kxknicc{ mg xfe inx~ m| mdk~~kmg~ ma ^xixe ibegx~# nmqe|kgb xfe eyukzdegx rkxfrfknf xfe{ i|e ~uzzckeh# xfe dk~~kmg~ mg rfknf xfe{ i|e ~egx# igh ~x|ixebkn ighxinxknic henk~kmg~ xioeg l{ nmddighe|~ kg xfe akech' Ka xfe x|mmz~ i|e rkxfkg xfei|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ^xixe xfe yue~xkmg i|k~e~ ma fmr ai| xfe~e dixxe|~ aiccrkxfkg xfe ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~ kdzm~eh l{ i|xknce <' Kg~mai| i~ xfe{ hm# xfe

yue~xkmg xfeg i|k~e~ ma rfexfe| xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg i|k~e~ eqe|{ xkde i~e|qknedig k~ okcceh kg nk|nud~xigne~ rfknf di{ kgqmcqe i ~fm|xnmdkgb kg xfe

ze|am|digne ma xfm~e ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~' Xfe~e i|e yue~xkmg~ xfix K ~ficcevzcm|e rfeg ihh|e~~kgb xfe Kgyue~x K~~ue'

51' Xfe Nmgqegxkmg ri~ ib|eeh kg xfe iaxe|dixf ma i bcmlic nmgacknx kg rfknfdkcckmg~ ma x|mmz~ fih leeg hezcm{eh' Kg 9;88 xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd fih mqe| 8'5dkcckmg x|mmz~ ~e|qkgb' L|kxk~f ni~uicxke~ kg xfe ri| gudle|eh ilmux >>:#:::' L{9;5: xfe gudle| ma L|kxk~f x|mmz~ kg ~e|qkne fih |ehuneh xm ilmux 2::#:::# dig{

ma rfmd re|e nmg~n|kzx~' Rfkce xfe Nmgqegxkmg ri~ lekgb gebmxkixeh xfe Om|eigRi| ri~ kg z|mb|e~~' L|kxk~f ni~uicxke~ kg xfix ri| gudle|eh ilmux 2::'



Zibe <9

52' He|mbixkmg k~ ze|dkxxeh ughe| i|xknce 95 –kg xkde ma ri| m| mxfe| zulcknede|begn{ xf|eixegkgb xfe ckae ma xfe gixkmg—# icxfmubf xfe|e nig le gm he|mbixkmga|md i|xknce < evnezx kg |e~zenx ma heixf~ |e~ucxkgb a|md cirauc inx~ ma ri|' Gmhe|mbixkmg ri~ dihe# igh x|mmz~ re|e hezcm{eh il|mih kg nk|nud~xigne~ aicckgb~fm|x ma xfm~e ze|dkxxkgb he|mbixkmg ughe| i|xknce 95'

56' Xfe nmgx|inxkgb ^xixe~ dkbfx recc gmx fiqe nmgxedzcixeh xfix xfeizzcknixkmg ma i|xknce < xm x|mmz mze|ixkmg~ il|mih rmuch fiqe kgqmcqeh mlckbixkmg~~unf i~ xfm~e K fiqe hk~nu~~eh ilmqe# lux rfixeqe| xfe kdzcknixkmg~ dkbfx fiqe~eedeh# kx k~ ugckoec{ xfix xfe{ rmuch fiqe izzei|eh i he~k|ilce nmg~eyuegne ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' ^m ai| i~ xfk~ nmugx|{ k~ nmgne|geh# kx k~ ~kbgkaknigx xfix rfeg xfeN|mrg Z|mneehkgb~ Inx 9;82 |eghe|eh xfe N|mrg ~u~nezxklce xm nkqkc ~ukx igevnezxkmg ri~ dihe kg |ecixkmg xm xfe i|deh am|ne~' Mgc{ kg 9;62 hkh xfe N|mrgZ|mneehkgb~ &I|deh Am|ne~+ Inx |edmqe xfix evnezxkmg' Xfk~ hme~ gmx cke fizzkc{

rkxf xfe z|mzm~kxkmg xfix xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd lmugh kx~eca xm xfe ml~e|qigne ma xfeNmgqegxkmg mlckbixkmg~ xmri|h kx~ i|deh am|ne~ il|mih rfeg kx |ixkakeh xfeNmgqegxkmg kg 9;59'

5;' Xmhi{ xfe ~kpe ma xfe am|ne~ dikgxikgeh l{ nmgx|inxkgb ^xixe~ k~ i a|inxkmg ma xfm~e xfix xfe{ dikgxikgeh rfeg xfe Nmgqegxkmg ri~ ib|eeh' Eqe|{ heixf ma iL|kxk~f ~e|qknedig il|mih k~ gmr |ezm|xeh kg xfe L|kxk~f z|e~~' Xfe lmhke~ ma L|kxk~f ~e|qknedeg rfm hke mg inxkqe ~e|qkne i|e acmrg lino igh lu|keh kg xfk~nmugx|{# igh kx k~ xfk~ ainx rfknf dioe~ kx dighixm|{ xm fmch ig kgyue~x kg einf

ni~e' Xfe ni|e xfix k~ xioeg xm iqmkh ni~uicxke~ igh xfe z|mnehu|e~ xfix i|e amccmrehrfeg ni~uicxke~ mnnu| i|e xm le nmddegheh# lux xfe{ rmuch gmx fiqe ~eedeh

z|inxknilce kg 9;5>'

1:' Kg Ic$ôekgk ix zi|i 9:2 Cm|h L|mrg evz|e~~eh xfe qker xfix xfe Fmu~e~fmuch gmx nmg~x|ue i|xknce 9 i~ |einfkgb ig{ au|xfe| xfig xfe evk~xkgb ^x|i~lmu|b

ù|k~z|uhegne ncei|c{ ~fmr~ kx xm |einf' K eghm|~e xfix nmddegx' Re i|e fe|eheickgb rkxf xfe ~nmze ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg igh evzcm|kgb z|kgnkzce~ xfix izzc{ xm iccnmgx|inxkgb ^xixe~' Xfe nmgxegxkmg xfix i ^xixe‛~ i|deh am|ne~# l{ |ei~mg ma xfek|

ze|~mgic ~xixu~# aicc rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ^xixe am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9k~ gmqec' K hm gmx leckeqe xfix xfe z|kgnkzce~ xm le he|kqeh a|md xfe ^x|i~lmu|b ù|k~z|uhegne# nmgacknxkgb i~ ~mde ma xfed i|e# ncei|c{ hedmg~x|ixe xfix xfenmgxegxkmg k~ nm||enx' Xfe z|mze| x|klugic xm |e~mcqe xfk~ k~~ue k~ xfe ^x|i~lmu|bNmu|x kx~eca# igh kx rkcc fiqe xfe mzzm|xugkx{ xm hm ~m rfeg kx nmg~khe|~ Ic$ôekgk'Am| xfe~e |ei~mg~ K rmuch fmch xfix xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic ~fmuch gmx fiqe fech xfixZ|kqixe ^dkxf ri~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd rkxfkg xfedeigkgb ma i|xknce 9 ix xkde~ rfeg fe ri~ gmx rkxfkg z|edk~e~ ughe| xfe eaaenxkqenmgx|mc ma xfe i|d{' Xfk~ nmgncu~kmg# igh xfe |ei~mgkgb xfix fi~ ceh xm kx# innm|h~rkxf xfe nmdz|efeg~kqe igic{~k~ ma xfe |eceqigx ù|k~z|uhegne kg xfe ùhbdegx ma

Cm|h Nmcckg~'



Zibe <<

19' Am| xfe~e |ei~mg~ K rmuch iccmr xfe izzeic ibikg~x xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic‛~m|he| mg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg k~~ue'

Xfe Kgyue~x K~~ue

Xfe gixu|e ma xfe k~~ue

1<' Xfe Kgyue~x K~~ue i|k~e~ mg xfe z|edk~e xfix Z|kqixe ^dkxf ri~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 9 ix xfe xkde ma xfe eqegx~ xfix ceh xm fk~ heixf# ~m xfix fe ri~ egxkxceh xm xfe z|mxenxkmg ma i|xknce <ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg'

1>' I|xknce < ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg z|mqkhe~0

–9' Eqe|{mge‛~ |kbfx xm ckae ~ficc le z|mxenxeh l{ cir' Gm mge ~ficc lehez|kqeh ma fk~ ckae kgxegxkmgicc{ ~iqe kg xfe evenuxkmg ma i ~egxegnema i nmu|x amccmrkgb fk~ nmgqknxkmg ma i n|kde am| rfknf xfk~ zegicx{k~ z|mqkheh l{ cir'—

Kg \ &Dkhhcexmg+ q Re~x ^mde|~ex Nm|mge| _<::8T UOFC 9:? _<::8T < IN 96< xfe

Izzeccixe Nmddkxxee ma xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~# kg i nmg~khe|eh mzkgkmg# ~uddi|k~ehxfe ^x|i~lmu|b ù|k~z|uhegne i~ xm xfe eaaenx ma xfk~ z|mqk~kmg0

–<' Xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx~ fi~ |ezeixehc{ kgxe|z|exehi|xknce < ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg i~ kdzm~kgb mg dedle| ~xixe~~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~ gmx xm xioe ckae rkxfmux ù~xkaknixkmg igh ic~mxm e~xilck~f i a|iderm|o ma cir~# z|eniuxkmg~# z|mnehu|e~ igh deig~ma egam|nedegx rfknf rkcc# xm xfe b|eixe~x evxegx |ei~mgilc{

z|inxknilce# z|mxenx ckae'

>' Xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x fi~ ic~m kgxe|z|exeh i|xknce < i~ kdzm~kgb mgdedle| ~xixe~ i z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg xm kgkxkixe ig eaaenxkqe zulcknkgqe~xkbixkmg l{ ig kghezeghegx maaknkic lmh{ kgxm ig{ heixfmnnu||kgb kg nk|nud~xigne~ kg rfknf kx izzei|~ xfix mge m| mxfe| ma xfe am|ebmkgb ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~ fi~ leeg# m| di{ fiqe leeg#qkmcixeh igh kx izzei|~ xfix ibegx~ ma xfe ~xixe i|e# m| di{ le# kg~mde ri{ kdzcknixeh— &|eae|egne~ mdkxxeh+'

Xfe Kgyue~x K~~ue k~ nmgne|geh rkxf xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg'



Zibe <>

18' Xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg |eyuk|e~ i ^xixe# ma kx~ mrg dmxkmg# xm ni||{ muxig kgqe~xkbixkmg kgxm i heixf xfix fi~ xfe amccmrkgb aeixu|e~0

k+ Kx du~x fiqe i ~uaaknkegx ecedegx ma zulckn ~n|uxkg{ ma xfe

kgqe~xkbixkmg m| kx~ |e~ucx~'

kk+ Kx du~x le nmghunxeh l{ i x|klugic xfix k~ kghezeghegx ma xfe ~xixeibegx~ rfm di{ lei| ~mde |e~zmg~klkckx{ am| xfe heixf'

kkk+ Xfe |ecixkqe~ ma xfe henei~eh du~x le ilce xm zci{ ig izz|mz|kixe zi|xkg kx'

kq+ Kx du~x le z|mdzx igh eaaenxkqe' Xfk~ deig~ xfix kx du~x ze|am|d kx~e~~egxkic zu|zm~e~' Xfe~e i|e xm ~enu|e xfe eaaenxkqe kdzcedegxixkmg

ma xfe hmde~xkn cir~ rfknf z|mxenx xfe |kbfx xm ckae igh xm eg~u|e xfeinnmugxilkckx{ ma ~xixe ibegx~ m| lmhke~ am| heixf~ mnnu||kgb ughe| xfek| |e~zmg~klkckx{'

Xfe~e aeixu|e~ i|e he|kqeh a|md xfe ^x|i~lmu|b `u|k~z|uhegne# i~ igic{~eh kgDkhhcexmg igh \ &C &I Zixkegx++ q ^en|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| @u~xkne _<::6T UOFC 16?_<::;T IN 566' K ~ficc he~n|kle ig kgqe~xkbixkmg xfix fi~ xfe~e aeixu|e~ i~ ig–i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixkmg—'

15' Xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg kdzcknkx kg i|xknce < ri~ ak|~x |enmbgk~eh l{ xfe

^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x kg DnNigg q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;;5+ <9 EF\\ ;2' ^kgne xfegxfe Nmu|x fi~ |ezeixehc{ amugh ~unf ig mlckbixkmg xm fiqe evk~xeh# lux icri{~ kgxfe nmgxevx ma i ni~e kg rfknf xfe |e~zmghegx ^xixe fi~ leeg fech xm fiqe leeg kg

l|einf ma i ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg kdzm~eh l{ i|xknce <' Xfk~ k~ gm hmulx leniu~enmdzcikgx~ ma qkmcixkmg ma xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg ma i|xknce < i|e mgc{ ckoec{ xm

le l|mubfx l{ |ecixkqe~ leam|e xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x rfe|e xfe~e i|e ignkcci|{ xmnmdzcikgx~ ma ~ul~xigxkqe l|einfe~ ma i|xknce <' Kx fi~ leeg ~xixeh mg i gudle| ma mnni~kmg~ xfix xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg ughe| i|xknce < k~ zi|i~kxkn uzmg xfeevk~xegne ma xfe i|xknce < ~ul~xigxkqe |kbfx igh niggmx evk~x kghezeghegxc{ „ ~ee# am| evidzce# Cm|h Lkgbfid‛~ ml~e|qixkmg~ ix zi|i 1 ma Begxce'

11' Xfe Kgyue~x K~~ue fi~ leeg am|ducixeh kg xfe ib|eeh ^xixedegx ma Ainx~ ighK~~ue~ i~ amccmr~0

–Rfexfe| xfe a|e~f kgyue~x kgxm Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf du~x nmgam|drkxf xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg kdzckeh kgxm I|xknce < ma xfeNmgqegxkmg'—



Zibe <8

Kg xfe ak|~x kgyue~x xfe Nm|mge| biqe i gi||ixkqe qe|hknx rfknf kgncuheh xfe akghkgbxfix Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf

–ri~ niu~eh l{ i ~e|kmu~ aikcu|e xm |enmbgk~e igh xioe izz|mz|kixe

~xez~ xm ihh|e~~ xfe hkaaknucx{ xfix fe fih kg ih`u~xkgb xm xfe nckdixe'—

^ul~eyuegxc{# mg 5 @igui|{ <::2 xfe Nm|mge| biqe i |uckgb fmchkgb xfix xfe|eyuk|edegx~ ma i|xknce < hkh gmx izzc{ xm xfe kgyue~x leniu~e ig{ ~fm|xnmdkgb~|ecixeh xm i aikcu|e xm amccmr xfe z|mnehu|e~ xfix ~fmuch fiqe izzckeh igh gmx xm ig{heaenx~ kg xfm~e z|mnehu|e~# ~m xfix xfe|e ri~ gm yue~xkmg ma ig{ ~ul~xigxkqe

l|einf ma i|xknce <'

12' Xfe li~k~ uzmg rfknf D|~ ^dkxf fi~ ~unne~~aucc{ nficcegbeh xfk~ |uckgb fi~|ik~eh ig kdzm|xigx k~~ue ma z|kgnkzce' Lmxf Dk~~ \m~e igh D| Lecmaa fiqenmgxegheh xfix ig i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixkmg du~x le fech rfegeqe| i dedle| ma xfei|deh ~e|qkne~ hke~ mg inxkqe ~e|qkne igh xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic fi~ ~m amugh'

16' Xfe i|budegx fi~ z|mneeheh mg xfe amccmrkgb li~k~' Xfe|e i|e xrm hkaae|egxx{ze~ ma kgyue~x' Xfe ak|~x fi~ xfe aeixu|e~ xfix xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic khegxkakeh kg \q Nm|mge| am| Gm|xf Fudle|~khe igh ^nugxfm|ze# Ev z @idke~mg _9;;5T YL 9 &i– @idke~mg kgyue~x—+' Xfe ~enmgh fi~ xfe aeixu|e~ xfix xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~khegxkakeh kg \ &Dkhhcexmg+ q Re~x ^mde|~ex Nm|mge| _<::8T UOFC 9:? _<::8T <IN 96< &i –Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x—+' Ka xfe |eyuk|edegx~ ma i|xknce < izzc{# xfe nm|mge| du~x nmghunx i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x' Xfe Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x rkcc ihh|e~~ ig{ iccebehaikcu|e~ mg xfe zi|x ma xfe ^xixe xm nmdzc{ rkxf xfe ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~ kdzm~eh

l{ i|xknce <'

1;' Leam|e ihh|e~~kgb xfe Kgyue~x K~~ue hk|enxc{ K z|mzm~e xm evzcikg i gudle| ma |e~e|qixkmg~ xfix K fiqe kg |ecixkmg xm xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg0

k+ K hm gmx ~ee fmr xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg nig rm|o ka kx k~ ckdkxeh xmig mlckbixkmg xm fmch ig i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixkmg ka# igh mgc{ ka# xfe|ei|e b|mugh~ am| ~u~zenxkgb i l|einf l{ xfe ^xixe ma i ~ul~xigxkqei|xknce < mlckbixkmg'

kk+ K yue~xkmg xfe evxegx ma xfe hk~xkgnxkmg lexreeg i @idke~mg kgyue~xigh i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x'

kkk+ Xfe|e k~ i di`m| hkaaknucx{ kg khegxka{kgb xfe ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~xfix i|xknce < kdzm~e~ mg i ^xixe kg |ecixkmg xm xfe ~iaex{ ma kx~ i|deh

am|ne~'



Zibe <5

kq+ K yue~xkmg xfe evxegx xm rfknf ig kgyue~x# eqeg i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x#rkcc gene~~i|kc{ le ig izz|mz|kixe z|mne~~ am| hk~nfi|bkgb xfe

z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg'

Xfe hux{ xm kgqe~xkbixe heixf

2:' Xfe hux{ xm fmch ig i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixkmg i|k~e~ rfe|e xfe|e i|e b|mugh~am| ~u~zenxkgb xfix i heixf di{ kgqmcqe l|einf l{ xfe ^xixe ma mge ma xfe~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~ kdzm~eh l{ i|xknce <' Xfk~ |ik~e~ xfe yue~xkmg ma fmr xfe^xixe k~ xm khegxka{ xfix xfe|e i|e b|mugh~ am| ~unf ~u~zknkmg' Ig{ eaaenxkqe ~nfedeam| z|mxenxkgb xfe |kbfx xm ckae du~x ~u|ec{ |eyuk|e i ~xibeh ~{~xed ma kgqe~xkbixkmgma heixf~# ughe| rfknf xfe ak|~x ~xibe xioe~ zcine iuxmdixknicc{ kg |ecixkmg xm eqe|{heixf# rfexfe| m| gmx xfe|e i|e b|mugh~ am| ~u~zenxkgb xfix xfe|e k~ ig{xfkgbugxmri|h ilmux xfe heixf' Rfe|e xfe ak|~x ~xibe ~fmr~ xfix xfe heixf fi~ gmx# m|

di{ gmx fiqe# |e~ucxeh a|md gixu|ic niu~e~# xfe|e rkcc le i |eyuk|edegx am| iau|xfe| ~xibe m| ~xibe~ ma xfe kgqe~xkbixkmg' Xfe |eyuk|edegx am| ig i|xknce <kgqe~xkbixkmg rkcc mgc{ i|k~e ka xfe z|enehkgb ~xibe ma xfe kgqe~xkbixkmg hk~ncm~e~xfix xfe|e k~ i zm~~klkckx{ xfix xfe ^xixe fi~ gmx nmdzckeh rkxf i ~ul~xigxkqe i|xknce <mlckbixkmg'

29' Kg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ~unf i ~xibeh ~{~xed ma kgqe~xkbixkgb heixf~ evk~x~'Icc heixf~ i|e |eyuk|eh xm le |ebk~xe|eh ughe| xfe Lk|xf~ igh Heixf~ \ebk~x|ixkmgInx 9;5>' \ebk~x|ixkmg |eyuk|e~ i heixf ne|xkaknixe ne|xka{kgb xfe niu~e ma heixf

a|md i hmnxm| m| nm|mge|' Rfe|e xfe|e k~ hmulx i~ xm rfexfe| xfe heixf k~ hue xmgixu|ic niu~e~# kx rkcc le |ezm|xeh xm i nm|mge|' Fe xfeg henkhe~ rfexfe| au|xfe| egyuk|ke~ geeh xm le ni||keh mux' Xfe~e di{ xioe xfe am|d ma i zm~x$dm|xedevidkgixkmg m| ig kgyue~x' ^enxkmg 6 ma xfe Nm|mge|~ Inx 9;66 |eyuk|e~ i nm|mge| xm fmch ig kgyue~x rfe|e xfe lmh{ ma i ze|~mg k~ c{kgb rkxfkg fk~ hk~x|knx igh xfe|ek~ |ei~mgilce niu~e xm ~u~zenx xfix xfe henei~eh fi~ hkeh i qkmcegx m| ig uggixu|icheixf# fi~ hkeh i ~uhheg heixf ma rfknf xfe niu~e k~ ugogmrg m| fi~ hkeh kg z|k~mgm| kg ~unf zcine m| kg ~unf nk|nud~xigne~ i~ xm |eyuk|e ig kgyue~x ughe| ig{ mxfe| Inx'

2<' Xfe kgyue~x ri~ he~kbgeh xm ze|am|d i ainx akghkgb |mce' Kx ri~ gmx kgxeghehgene~~i|kc{ xm le xfe akgic ~xibe ma xfe kgqe~xkbixkmg' Kx~ dighixe evz|e~~c{evncuhe~ hexe|dkgkgb nkqkc m| n|kdkgic ckilkckx{' Kx k~# fmreqe|# lekgb u~eh i~ xfeizz|mz|kixe z|mne~~ am| hexe|dkgkgb rfexfe| xfe|e fi~ leeg i qkmcixkmg ma xfe^xixe‛~ i|xknce < mlckbixkmg~'



Zibe <1

@idke~mg igh Dkhhcexmg Kgyue~x~

2>' @idke~mg kgqmcqeh ig izzcknixkmg am| ùhknkic |eqker l|mubfx l{ xfe l|mxfe| ma i dig rfm fih figbeh fkd~eca kg fk~ z|k~mg necc' Xfe |ezm|x ma xfe ni~e ~ubbe~x~

xfix xfe eqkhegne ihhuneh ix xfe kgyue~x ma xfe z|k~mge| nmqe|eh kg hexikc xfenk|nud~xigne~ xfix ceh uz xm fk~ ~uknkhe' Kx ri~ xfe izzcknigx‛~ ni~e xfix xfe z|k~mgiuxfm|kxke~ re|e iri|e ma xfe higbe| xfix fk~ l|mxfe| rmuch nmddkx ~uknkhe ighaikceh xm xioe xfe ~xez~ xfix xfe{ ~fmuch fiqe hmge xm z|eqegx xfk~' Fe ~uldkxxeh xmxfe nm|mge| xfix fe ~fmuch hk|enx xfe ù|{ xm nmg~khe| rfexfe| xfe heixf ma fk~

l|mxfe| ri~ niu~eh m| nmgx|kluxeh xm l{ –cino ma ni|e—' Xfe nm|mge| |eau~eh xm hm~m igh kx ri~ xfk~ henk~kmg xfix ri~ nficcegbeh l{ ùhknkic |eqker' Xfe k~~ue xfu~|ecixeh# gmx xm xfe ~nmze ma xfe kgqe~xkbixkmg xfix fih xioeg zcine# lux i~ xm xfeqe|hknx xfix xfe ù|{ re|e ze|dkxxeh xm bkqe'

28' ^k| Xfmdi~ Lkgbfid D\# bkqkgb xfe ùhbdegx ma xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic#x|ineh xfe ~xixuxm|{ fk~xm|{ ma xfe nm|mge|‛~ |mce igh h|er zi|xknuci| ixxegxkmg xmxfe amccmrkgb ~xixuxm|{ z|mqk~kmg~# rfknf i|e ~xkcc kg am|ne' Ughe| ~enxkmg 6&9+ ma xfe Nm|mge|~ Inx 9;66 i nm|mge| fi~ xm fmch i kgyue~x rfeg i lmh{ k~ c{kgb rkxfkgfk~ hk~x|knx igh xfe|e k~ |ei~mg xm xfkgo xfix xfe henei~eh fi~ hkeh i qkmcegx m| uggixu|ic heixf# m| fi~ hkeh i ~uhheg heixf ma rfknf xfe niu~e k~ ugogmrg# m| fi~hkeh kg z|k~mg m| kg ~unf nk|nud~xigne~ i~ xm |eyuk|e ig kgyue~x ughe| ig{ mxfe| Inx' ênxkmg 99&5+&l+&k+ igh &kk+ |eyuk|e~ xfe nm|mge|‛~ ù|{ xm ~ex mux kg igkgyuk~kxkmg rfm xfe henei~eh ri~ igh –fmr# rfeg igh rfe|e— fe nide l{ fk~

heixf' Xfe Nm|mge|~ \uce~ 9;68 z|mqkhe0

–>1&9+ Xfe z|mneehkgb~ igh eqkhegne ix ig kgyue~x ~ficc le hk|enxeh~mcec{ xm i~ne|xikgkgb xfe amccmrkgb dixxe|~# gidec{―&i+ rfm xfehenei~eh ri~? &l+ fmr# rfeg igh rfe|e xfe henei~eh nide l{ fk~heixf? &n+ xfe zi|xknuci|~ am| xfe xkde lekgb |eyuk|eh l{ xfe\ebk~x|ixkmg Inx~ xm le |ebk~xe|eh nmgne|gkgb xfe heixf' &<+ Gekxfe| xfe nm|mge| gm| xfe ù|{ ~ficc evz|e~~ ig{ mzkgkmg mg ig{ mxfe| dixxe|~'

8:' Gm ze|~mg ~ficc le iccmreh xm ihh|e~~ xfe nm|mge| m| xfe ù|{ i~xm xfe ainx~'

89' Rfe|e xfe nm|mge| ~kx~ rkxf i ù|{# fe ~ficc ~ud uz xfe eqkhegnexm xfe ù|{ igh hk|enx xfed i~ xm xfe cir leam|e xfe{ nmg~khe| xfek| qe|hknx igh ~ficc h|ir xfek| ixxegxkmg xm |uce~ >1&<+ igh 8<'



Zibe <2

8<' Gm qe|hknx ~ficc le a|ideh kg ~unf i ri{ i~ xm izzei| xmhexe|dkge ig{ yue~xkmg ma ―&i+ n|kdkgic ckilkckx{ mg xfe zi|x ma igideh ze|~mg# m| &l+ nkqkc ckilkckx{'

8>' I nm|mge| rfm leckeqe~ xfix inxkmg ~fmuch le xioeg xm z|eqegx xfe|enu||egne ma aixickxke~ ~kdkci| xm xfix kg |e~zenx ma rfknf xfe kgyue~xk~ lekgb fech di{ iggmugne ix xfe kgyue~x xfix fe k~ |ezm|xkgb xfedixxe| kg r|kxkgb xm xfe ze|~mg m| iuxfm|kx{ rfm di{ fiqe zmre| xmxioe ~unf inxkmg igh fe di{ |ezm|x xfe dixxe| innm|hkgbc{'—

25' Kg uzfmchkgb xfe nm|mge|‛~ |uckgb# xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic ~ex mux i gudle| ma bege|ic z|kgnkzce~# rfknf kgncuheh xfe amccmrkgb0

–&9+ Ig kgyue~x k~ i ainx$akghkgb kgyuk|{ nmghunxeh l{ i nm|mge|#rkxf m| rkxfmux i ù|{# xm e~xilck~f |eckilce ig~re|~ xm amu| kdzm|xigx

lux ckdkxeh ainxuic yue~xkmg~' Xfe ak|~x ma xfe~e |ecixe~ xm xfe khegxkx{ma xfe henei~eh# xfe ~enmgh xm xfe zcine ma fk~ heixf# xfe xfk|h xm xfexkde ma heixf' Kg dm~x ni~e~ xfe~e yue~xkmg~ i|e gmx fi|h xm ig~re|

lux kg i dkgm|kx{ ma ni~e~ xfe ig~re| di{ le z|mlcedixknic' Xfeamu|xf yue~xkmg# igh xfix xm rfknf eqkhegne igh kgyuk|{ i|e dm~xmaxeg igh dm~x ncm~ec{ hk|enxeh# |ecixe~ xm fmr xfe henei~eh nide l{fk~ heixf' \uce >1 |eyuk|e~ xfix xfe z|mneehkgb~ igh eqkhegne ~ficc

le hk|enxeh ~mcec{ xm i~ne|xikgkgb xfe~e dixxe|~ igh am|lkh~ ig{evz|e~~kmg ma mzkgkmg mg ig{ mxfe| dixxe|'

&<+ Lmxf kg ~enxkmg 99&5+&l+&kk+ ma xfe Inx ma 9;66 igh kg |uce>1&9+&l+ ma xfe \uce~ ma 9;68# ‖fmr‛ k~ xm le ughe|~xmmh i~ deigkgb‖l{ rfix deig~'‛ Kx k~ gmxerm|xf{ xfix xfe xi~o k~ gmx xm i~ne|xikgfmr xfe henei~eh hkeh# rfknf dkbfx |ik~e bege|ic igh ai|$|einfkgbk~~ue~# lux ‖fmr‡xfe henei~eh nide l{ fk~ heixf#‛ i dm|e ckdkxehyue~xkmg hk|enxeh xm xfe deig~ l{ rfknf xfe henei~eh nide l{ fk~heixf'

&>+ Kx k~ gmx xfe augnxkmg ma i nm|mge| m| fk~ ù|{ xm hexe|dkge# m| izzei| xm hexe|dkge# ig{ yue~xkmg ma n|kdkgic m| nkqkc ckilkckx{# xmizzm|xkmg bukcx m| ixx|kluxe lcide'—

21' Dkhhcexmg ic~m kgqmcqeh ig kgyue~x mg i z|k~mge| rfm fih figbeh fkd~eca kg fk~ necc' ^kdkci| iccebixkmg~ ma gebcenx re|e dihe igh mgne ibikg xfe eqkhegnenmqe|eh xfe nk|nud~xigne~ ceihkgb uz xm xfe henei~eh‛~ ~uknkhe' Xfe ù|{ figheh

xfe nm|mge| i gmxe ~xixkgb xfix xfe Z|k~mg ê|qkne fih aikceh kg kx~ hux{ ma ni|e xm



Zibe <6

xfe henei~eh# lux xfe nm|mge| nmgncuheh xfix xfk~ nmuch gmx le izzegheh xm xfekgyuk~kxkmg' Xfe qe|hknx ri~ nficcegbeh mg xfe b|mugh &gmx mzeg kg @idke~mg+ xfixkx hkh gmx nmdzc{ rkxf xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg~ ma i|xknce <' Cm|h Lkgbfid#heckqe|kgb xfe nmg~khe|eh henk~kmg ma xfe Nmddkxxee# fech xfix rfe|e i|xknce < ri~egbibeh kx dkbfx le gene~~i|{# kg innm|higne rkxf ~enxkmg > ma xfe Fudig \kbfx~Inx# xm bkqe xfe |eceqigx ~xixuxm|{ z|mqk~kmg~ i hkaae|egx deigkgb xm xfix rfknf xfeNmu|x ma Izzeic fih cikh hmrg kg @idke~mg' Xfe nfigbe ri~ gmx i lkb mge0

–>5' Mgc{ mge nfigbe k~ kg mu| mzkgkmg geeheh0 xm kgxe|z|ex ‖fmr‛ kg~enxkmg 99&5+&l+&kk+ ma xfe Inx igh |uce >1 &9+&l+ ma xfe \uce~ kg xfe

l|mihe| ~eg~e z|eqkmu~c{ |eènxeh# gidec{ i~ deigkgb gmx ~kdzc{ ‖l{rfix deig~‛ lux ‖l{ rfix deig~ igh kg rfix nk|nud~xigne~‛'

>1' Xfk~ rkcc gmx |eyuk|e i nfigbe ma izz|minf kg ~mde ni~e~# rfe|ei x|ihkxkmgic ~fm|x am|d qe|hknx rkcc le yukxe ~ixk~ainxm|{# lux kx rkccnicc am| i nfigbe ma izz|minf kg mxfe|~ &zi|i~ >:$>9 ilmqe+' Kg xfecixxe| nci~~ ma ni~e kx du~x le am| xfe nm|mge|# kg xfe eve|nk~e ma fk~hk~n|exkmg# xm henkhe fmr le~x# kg xfe zi|xknuci| ni~e# xm ecknkx xfe

ù|{"~ nmgncu~kmg mg xfe negx|ic k~~ue m| k~~ue~'—

22' Xfe henk~kmg kg Dkhhcexmg fi~ leeg bkqeg ~xixuxm|{ eaaenx l{ ~enxkmg 5 &<+ma xfe Nm|mge|~ igh @u~xkne Inx <::;' Xfix ~enxkmg z|mqkhe~0

–5 Dixxe|~ xm le i~ne|xikgeh

&9+ Xfe zu|zm~e ma ig kgqe~xkbixkmg ughe| xfk~ Zi|x kgxm i ze|~mg‛~heixf k~ xm i~ne|xikg―

&i+ rfm xfe henei~eh ri~?&l+ fmr# rfeg igh rfe|e xfe henei~eh nide l{ fk~ m| fe| heixf?&n+ xfe zi|xknuci|~ &ka ig{+ |eyuk|eh l{ xfe 9;5> Inx xm le

|ebk~xe|eh nmgne|gkgb xfe heixf'

&<+ Rfe|e gene~~i|{ kg m|he| xm iqmkh i l|einf ma ig{ Nmgqegxkmg|kbfx~ &rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma xfe Fudig \kbfx~ Inx 9;;6 &n 8<++#xfe zu|zm~e degxkmgeh kg ~ul~enxkmg &9+&l+ k~ xm le |eih i~ kgncuhkgbxfe zu|zm~e ma i~ne|xikgkgb kg rfix nk|nud~xigne~ xfe henei~eh nide

l{ fk~ m| fe| heixf'

&>+ Gekxfe| xfe ~egkm| nm|mge| nmghunxkgb ig kgqe~xkbixkmg ughe| xfk~Zi|x kgxm i ze|~mg‛~ heixf gm| xfe ù|{ &ka xfe|e k~ mge+ di{ evz|e~~

ig{ mzkgkmg mg ig{ dixxe| mxfe| xfig―



Zibe <;

&i+ xfe yue~xkmg~ degxkmgeh kg ~ul~enxkmg &9+&i+ igh &l+&|eih rkxf ~ul~enxkmg &<+ rfe|e izzcknilce+?&l+ xfe zi|xknuci|~ degxkmgeh kg ~ul~enxkmg &9+&n+'

Xfk~ k~ ~ulènx xm zi|ib|izf 2 ma ^nfehuce 5'—

26' Kx ~eed~ xm de xfix xfe mgc{ hkaae|egne xfix xfe henk~kmg ma xfe Fmu~e kgDkhhcexmg rmuch fiqe dihe xm ekxfe| xfe @idke~mg kgyue~x m| xfe Dkhhcexmgkgyue~x rmuch fiqe leeg xm xfe am|d ma xfe qe|hknx' Kg einf ni~e xfe Nm|mge| izzei|~ xm fiqe ze|dkxxeh evzcm|ixkmg ma xfe |eceqigx nk|nud~xigne~ he~zkxe xfeainx xfix fe hkh gmx ze|dkx xfe~e xm le |eacenxeh kg xfe qe|hknx' K yue~xkmg rfexfe| xfe|e k~# kg x|uxf# ig{ hkaae|egne kg z|inxkne lexreeg i @idke~mg igh i Dkhhcexmgkgyue~x# mxfe| xfig xfe qe|hknx' Ka xfe|e k~# nmug~ec re|e gmx kg i zm~kxkmg xm evzcikg

kx' Nm|mge|~ izzei| a|eyuegxc{ xm fiqe eve|nk~eh nmg~khe|ilce cixkxuhe i~ xm xfe~nmze ma xfe kgyuk|{ „ xfe kgyue~x kgxm xfe ~fmmxkgb~ kg Bkl|icxi| xfix re|e xfe~ulènx ma DnNigg q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;;5+ <9 EF\\ ;2 evedzckake~ xfk~' Xfeam|d ma xfe qe|hknx rkcc# gm hmulx le hknxixeh l{ xfe eqkhegne xfix ede|be~ ix xfekgyue~x# lux K fiqe hkaaknucx{ rkxf xfe nmgnezx xfix xfe kgyue~x kx~eca di{ kgdkh~x|eid ughe|bm i ~kbgkaknigx nfigbe kg nfi|inxe| a|md i @idke~mg xm iDkhhcexmg kgyue~x' Fmr ai| kx k~ izz|mz|kixe xm rkheg xfe ~nmze ma ig kgyue~x kgm|he| xm nmg~khe| iccebixkmg~ ma l|einf ma mlckbixkmg~ kdzm~eh l{ i|xknce < k~ idixxe| xm rfknf K ~ficc |eqe|x'

Xfe ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~ ma i|xknce < kg |ecixkmg xm i|deh am|ne~'

2;' Ka i|deh am|ne~ mg inxkqe ~e|qkne il|mih i|e rkxfkg i ^xixe‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg am| zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9# xfe yue~xkmg i|k~e~ ma xfe ~nmze ma xfe ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~kdzm~eh l{ i|xknce <' Rmuch xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x fmch xfix xfe{ evxegh xm xfeiheyuin{ ma xfe eyukzdegx rkxf rfknf xfe am|ne~ i|e z|mqkheh? xm xfe zciggkgb ighevenuxkmg ma dkckxi|{ digmeuq|e~= Xfe~e yue~xkmg~ i|e gmx ei~{ xm ihh|e~~# lux igiaak|dixkqe ig~re| ne|xikgc{ niggmx le evncuheh'

6:' DnNigg kgqmcqeh xfe ~fmmxkgb l{ ig Î^ ugkx ma xf|ee dedle|~ ma xfe z|mqk~kmgic K\I rfm re|e ~u~zenxeh ma lekgb ilmux xm hexmgixe i lmdl kgBkl|icxi|' Xfe Nmu|x fech xfix i|xknce < kdzm~eh ~ul~xigxkqe huxke~ kg |ecixkmg xm xfe

zciggkgb# evenuxkmg igh nmgx|mc ma xfe mze|ixkmg# igh i z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg xmkgqe~xkbixe xfe~e dixxe|~ kg xfe ckbfx ma xfe ni~uicxke~' Xfe Nmu|x ihmzxeh i ~kdkci| izz|minf xm heixf~ xfix |e~ucxeh a|md xfe mze|ixkmg~ ma xfe \u~~kig dkckxi|{ rfegnmghunxkgb ~ul~xigxkic dkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg~ ibikg~x kg~u|begx~0 K~i{eqi# [u~uzmqiigh Li~i{eqi q \u~~ki &Izzcknixkmg Gm~ 52;82$8;-::+ igh K~i{eqi q \u~~ki

&Izzcknixkmg Gm 52;5:-::+# henk~kmg~ ma <8 Ael|ui|{ <::5' Xfe|e rmuch ~eed gm|ei~mg rf{ xfe Nmu|x dkbfx gmx ihmzx i ~kdkci| izz|minf xm mze|ixkmg~ |e~ucxkgb kg



Zibe >:

xfe heixf ma i ^xixe‛~ mrg ~mchke|~' Xfe ainx~ ma xfk~ ni~e hm gmx |eyuk|e xfe Nmu|xxm heakge xfe evxegx ma xfe zm~kxkqe hux{ xfix i|xknce < kdzm~e~ mg i ^xixe kg |ecixkmgxm kx~ i|deh am|ne~'

Fmr izz|mz|kixe k~ ig kgyue~x am| xfe hk~nfi|be ma i|xknce < z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg~=

69' I~ K fiqe zmkgxeh mux# kgyue~x~ re|e he~kbgeh xm ze|am|d i ainx akghkgbaugnxkmg i~ i ~xibe kg ig mqe|icc ~nfede ma kgqe~xkbixkmg xfix rmuch nmddegne

leam|e xfe kgyue~x igh dkbfx nmgxkgue iaxe| kx' Ig kgyue~x rkcc gmx le xfeizz|mz|kixe qefknce am| icc kgyuk|ke~ kgxm ^xixe |e~zmg~klkckx{ am| cm~~ ma ckae' Igkgyue~x rmuch gmx fiqe leeg xfe izz|mz|kixe deig~ ma hexe|dkgkgb rfexfe| xfeheixf ma i qknxkd ma ger qi|kigx N@H# nmgx|inxeh a|md eixkgb LÊ kgaenxeh leea#

kgqmcqeh bmqe|gdegx |e~zmg~klkckx{# gm| am| hexe|dkgkgb xfe k~~ue~ ma ^xixe|e~zmg~klkckx{ am| xfe –Lcmmh{ ûghi{— okcckgb~' Ig kgyue~x nig z|mze|c{ nmgncuhexfix i ~mchke| hkeh leniu~e i acino ìnoex ri~ zke|neh l{ i ~gkze|‛~ luccex' Kx hme~gmx ~eed xm de# fmreqe|# xfix kx rmuch le i ~ixk~ainxm|{ x|klugic am| kgqe~xkbixkgbrfexfe| dm|e eaaenxkqe acino ìnoex~ nmuch igh ~fmuch fiqe leeg ~uzzckeh l{ xfeDkgk~x|{ ma Heaegne' Ka xfe i|xknce < mlckbixkmg evxegh~ xm nmg~khe|kgb xfenmdzexegne rkxf rfknf dkckxi|{ digmeuq|e~ fiqe leeg evenuxeh# i nm|mge|‛~kgyue~x niggmx le xfe izz|mz|kixe dehkud am| xfe kgyuk|{'

Du~x ig i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixkmg le fech rfegeqe| i dedle| ma xfe i|deh ~e|qkne~hke~ mg inxkqe ~e|qkne=

6<' Dk~~ \m~e i|bueh xfix xfe ^xixe ri~ ughe| i zm~kxkqe mlckbixkmg xm xioe icc|ei~mgilce ~xez~ xm z|mxenx xfe ckqe~ ma dkckxi|{ |en|ukx~# rfm re|e ~ulènx xm xfeiuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc ma xfe ^xixe' Kx amccmreh xfix ig{ heixf ma i ~e|qknedig mginxkqe ~e|qkne zmxegxkicc{ egbibeh xfe |e~zmg~klkckx{ ma xfe ^xixe' Icc xfe eqkhegneri~ ckoec{ xm le ughe| xfe nmgx|mc ma xfe ^xixe' Rfe|e i ~mchke| hkeh mg inxkqe~e|qkne# rfexfe| fe ri~ i nmg~n|kzx# i |ebuci| m| i |e~e|qk~x xfk~ x|kbbe|eh xfemlckbixkmg xm fmch ig kghezeghegx kgqe~xkbixkmg' Xfk~ ri~ ne|xikgc{ xfe ni~e rfe|exfe nk|nud~xigne~ ma i ~mchke|‛~ heixf kghknixeh xfe zm~~klkckx{ ma i ~{~xedkn m| mze|ixkmgic aikckgb l{ dkckxi|{ ze|~mggec'

6>' Xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic nmg~khe|eh i gudle| ma ni~e~ ma heixf~ kg xfe nu~xmh{ma xfe ^xixe# ma mge okgh m| igmxfe|# rfe|e xfe i|xknce < z|mnehu|ic hux{ fih leegfech xm i|k~e' Kx fech ix zi|i ;:0



Zibe >9

–Xfe yue~xkmg kg xfe kg~xigx izzeic k~ rfexfe| rfix di{ le nicceh xfenu~xmh{ z|kgnkzce~ izzc{ xm i ni~e ckoe xfk~ rfe|e xfe henei~eh cm~xfk~ ckae rfkce ~e|qkgb i~ i ~mchke| kg xfe Xe||kxm|kic I|d{'—

Xfe Nmu|x regx mg xm bkqe ig iaak|dixkqe ig~re| xm xfk~ yue~xkmg# ix cei~x kg xfenk|nud~xigne~ ma i heixf a|md niu~e~ ~unf i~ xfm~e xfix |e~ucxeh kg Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~heixf'

68' Xfe mlckbixkmg xm fmch ig i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixkmg k~ x|kbbe|eh l{nk|nud~xigne~ xfix bkqe b|mugh am| ~u~zknkmg xfix xfe ^xixe di{ fiqe l|einfeh i~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg kdzm~eh l{ i|xknce <' Xfix kg kx~ xu|g |ik~e~ xfe yue~xkmg ma xfe ~nmze ma xfe ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~ xfix i ^xixe mre~ kg |ecixkmg xm kx~ i|deham|ne~# rfknf K fiqe |ik~eh ilmqe' Rfixeqe| xfe ~nmze ma xfm~e mlckbixkmg~ K hm gmx

nmg~khe| xfix xfe heixf ma i ~mchke| mg inxkqe ~e|qkne ma kx~eca |ik~e~ i z|e~udzxkmgxfix xfe|e fi~ leeg i l|einf ma xfm~e mlckbixkmg~' X|mmz~ mg inxkqe ~e|qkne i|e ix|k~o ma lekgb okcceh he~zkxe xfe eve|nk~e ma hue hkckbegne l{ xfm~e |e~zmg~klce am| hmkgb xfek| le~x xm z|mxenx xfed' Heixf ma i ~e|qknedig a|md kccge~~ gm dm|e |ik~e~ig kgae|egne ma l|einf ma hux{ mg xfe zi|x ma xfe ^xixe xfig xfe heixf ma i nkqkckig kgfm~zkxic' Am| xfe~e |ei~mg~ K |e`enx xfe ~uldk~~kmg xfix xfe heixf ma i ~e|qknedigmg inxkqe ~e|qkne# i~~udkgb xfix xfk~ mnnu|~ rkxfkg xfe i|xknce 9 `u|k~hknxkmg ma i^xixe# iuxmdixknicc{ bkqe~ |k~e xm ig mlckbixkmg xm fmch ig i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixkmg'

Kgyuk|ke~ kgxm xfe heixf~ ma ~e|qknedeg'

65' K fiqe ic|eih{ |eae||eh xm xfe ainx xfix# rfixeqe| xfe |eyuk|edegx~ ma xfeNmgqegxkmg di{ le# xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd fi~ i ~xibeh ~{~xed ma kgqe~xkbixkmg kgxmheixf~' Rfe|e i heixf mnnu|~ kg nk|nud~xigne~ kgqmcqkgb i zulckn iuxfm|kx{# ig kg$fmu~e kgqe~xkbixkmg rkcc maxeg z|enehe xfe kgyue~x igh z|mqkhe qicuilcekgam|dixkmg xm i~~k~x xfe kgyue~x' Kg xfe z|e~egx ni~e xfe ^zenkic Kgqe~xkbixkmg~L|ignf ma xfe Dkckxi|{ Zmckne ni||keh mux ig kgqe~xkbixkmg kgxm Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~heixf igh xrm Lmi|h~ ma Kgyuk|{ dihe |ezm|x~' Kx ri~ leniu~e xfe ak|~x ma xfe~e ri~gmx hk~ncm~eh xm xfe nm|mge| xfix i ~enmgh kgyue~x k~ xm le fech' K rmuch evzenx xfixkg xfe ni~e ma eqe|{ dkckxi|{ heixf kg ~e|qkne ~mde am|d ma kgxe|gic kgqe~xkbixkmg k~fech'

61' I~ xfe lmhke~ ma ~e|qknedeg rfm hke m| i|e okcceh mg inxkqe ~e|qkne il|mihi|e l|mubfx lino xm xfk~ nmugx|{# ig{ kgxe|gic kgqe~xkbixkmg xfix fi~ xioeg zcine rkcc

le amccmreh l{ i zulckn kgyue~x xfix rkcc ~ixk~a{ dig{ ma xfe |eyuk|edegx~ ma igi|xknce < kgqe~xkbixkmg' Kx rkcc maxeg le mgc{ kg xfe nmu|~e ma xfe kgyue~x xfix kx rkcc

lenmde izzi|egx xfix xfe|e k~ ig k~~ue i~ xm rfexfe| xfe|e fi~ leeg i l|einf l{ xfe^xixe ma kx~ zm~kxkqe i|xknce < mlckbixkmg~' Mgc{ ix xfix ~xibe rkcc kx le izz|enkixehxfix xfe eve|nk~e xfix k~ kg z|mb|e~~ k~ mge nicceh am| l{ i|xknce < igh mge xfix du~x#



Zibe ><

ka zm~~klce# ~ixk~a{ xfe |eyuk|edegx~ ma xfix i|xknce' Rfexfe| xfe kgyue~x rkcc le xfeizz|mz|kixe dehkud xm hm xfk~ rkcc hezegh mg xfe gixu|e ma xfe mlckbixkmg xfix k~iccebeh xm fiqe leeg l|moeg' Xfe henk~kmg kg Dkhhcexmg# igh ~enxkmg 5&<+ ma xfe<::; Inx xfix bkqe~ eaaenx xm kx# |eyuk|e~ xfe nm|mge| xm ihizx xfe qe|hknx# kg~mai| i~xfk~ k~ zm~~klce# kg m|he| xm ~ixk~a{ xfe |eyuk|edegx~ ma i|xknce <'

Du~x xfe ~enmgh kgyue~x ~ixk~a{ xfe z|mnehu|ic |eyuk|edegx~ ma i|xknce <=

62' Xfe Nm|mge| |uceh ix xfe egh ma xfe ak|~x kgyue~x xfix kx ri~ gmx gene~~i|{ xm~ixk~a{ xfe z|mnehu|ic |eyuk|edegx~ ma i|xknce <' Nmcckg~ @ igh xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeicfiqe fech xfix xfe Nm|mge| ri~ dk~xioeg' K ib|ee' Xfk~ k~ gmx# fmreqe|# leniu~eZ|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf mg inxkqe ~e|qkne# ma kx~eca# biqe |k~e xm i ~u~zknkmg ma l|einf

l{ xfe ^xixe ma kx~ ~ul~xigxkqe i|xknce < mlckbixkmg~' Kx k~ leniu~e xfe eqkhegne xfix

ri~ zcineh leam|e xfe Nm|mge| fi~ |ik~eh xfe zm~~klkckx{ xfix xfe|e ri~ i aikcu|e kgxfe ~{~xed xfix ~fmuch fiqe leeg kg zcine xm z|mxenx ~mchke|~ a|md xfe |k~o zm~eh l{xfe evx|ede xedze|ixu|e~ kg rfknf xfe{ fih xm ~e|qe' Mg xfe ainx~ hk~ncm~eh kx ri~i|builce xfix xfe|e ri~ i l|einf ma xfe ^xixe‛~ ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~ ughe| i|xknce<' Xfk~ ri~ egmubf xm x|kbbe| xfe geeh xm bkqe i qe|hknx xfix nmdzckeh rkxf xfe|eyuk|edegx~ ma i|xknce <' K id gmx nmgqkgneh xfix xfe Nm|mge|‛~ gi||ixkqe qe|hknxaikceh xm hm xfk~' Kx ~uddi|k~eh xfe ainx~ ceihkgb xm Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf ighegheh0

–@i~mg Bem|be ^dkxf‛~ heixf ri~ niu~eh l{ i ~e|kmu~ aikcu|e xm|enmbgk~e igh xioe izz|mz|kixe ~xez~ xm ihh|e~~ xfe hkaaknucx{ xfix fefih kg ih`u~xkgb xm xfe nckdixe—'

66' Xfe ger kgyue~x k~ ckoec{ xm |enekqe dm|e hexikceh eqkhegne ma xfenk|nud~xigne~ ~u||mughkgb Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf' Kg nmghunxkgb xfix kgyue~x xfeNm|mge| ~fmuch ne|xikgc{ ixxedzx xm ~ixk~a{ xfe |eyuk|edegx~ ma ig i|xknce <kgqe~xkbixkmg'

6;' Am| xfe~e |ei~mg~ K rmuch hk~dk~~ xfe izzeic mg xfe ~enmgh k~~ue'

CM\H FMZE

;:' K ib|ee rkxf Cm|h Zfkcckz~ xfix i dedle| ma xfe ^xixe‛~ i|deh am|ne~ k~ gmx# l{ |ei~mg ma fk~ m| fe| ze|~mgic ~xixu~ innm|hkgb xm xfe dkckxi|{ cir igh hk~nkzckgema xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# rkxfkg xfe `u|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ~xixe am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma

i|xknce 9 ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~' Xm fmch mxfe|rk~e rmuch le xm bm le{mgh xfe nixebm|ke~ xfix fiqe fkxfe|xm leeg |enmbgk~eh l{ xfe



Zibe >>

^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x kg ni~e~ xfix hm gmx i|k~e a|md xfe eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma xe||kxm|{rkxfkg xfe Nmugnkc ma Eu|mze i|ei'

;9' Lux# i~ xm xfe |ei~mg~ am| xfk~ qker# K id kg aucc igh |e~zenxauc ib|eedegx

xmm rkxf xfe ùhbdegx ma Cm|h Nmcckg~' Kx k~ ze|fiz~ rm|xf gmxkgb# kg ~uzzm|x ma fk~nmgncu~kmg xfix xfe|e i|e gm zmckn{ b|mugh~ am| evxeghkgb xfe ~nmze ma xfeNmgqegxkmg xm dedle|~ ma xfe i|deh ~e|qkne~ ~e|qkgb il|mih ~kdzc{ leniu~e xfe{i|e ughe| xfe iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# xfix kg ig kgxe|qkerrfknf fe biqe ~fm|xc{ iaxe| fk~ |exk|edegx i~ Z|e~khegx ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx~# Cupku~ Rkchfile| yue~xkmgeh fmr xfe Nmu|x nmuch augnxkmgeaaenxkqec{ i~ i nmu|x rfeg xfe|e ri~ gm z|m~zenx ma kx inyuk|kgb |eckilce eqkhegnenmgne|gkgb xfe ~kxuixkmg le{mgh xfe a|mgxke|~ ma Dedle| ^xixe~' Fe ~ubbe~xeh xfixevzenxkgb xfe Nmu|x xm inx kg ~unf nk|nud~xigne~ |k~oeh xu|gkgb kx kgxm inidzikbgkgb m|bigk~ixkmg diokgb iccebixkmg~ rkxfmux ~mckh eqkhegne' Fe ~ir xfk~

i~ i nmdzecckgb |ei~mg xm le qe|{ ni|eauc ilmux evxeghkgb xfe gmxkmg ma evx|i$xe||kxm|kickx{ xmm ai| igh xm le ri|{ ilmux hezi|xkgb xmm dunf a|md xfe Ligomqkn

ùhbdegx0 \eacenxkmg~ ma i Am|de| Z|e~khegx ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx~ _<:9:T EF\C\ 91;# 928'

;<' Kx k~ mge xfkgb# xfe|eam|e# xm |enmbgk~e i Dedle| ^xixe‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| ze|~mg~ rkxfkg ig i|ei le{mgh xfe a|mgxke|~ ma xfe Dedle| ^xixe~ mqe| rfknf xfek| i|deh am|ne~ fiqe e~xilck~feh xmxic igh evncu~kqe he ainxm nmgx|mc ~unf i~ idkckxi|{ li~e# i dkckxi|{ fm~zkxic m| i hexegxkmg negx|e# mg xfe igicmb{ rkxf xfe

evx|i$xe||kxm|kic evnezxkmg dihe am| edli~~ke~0 Ic$îihmmg igh Duahfk q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &Izzcknixkmg Gm 198;6-:6+ &ug|ezm|xeh+ >: @uge <::;# zi|i 66' Kx k~yukxe igmxfe| xm evxegh xfix ù|k~hknxkmg xm i|ei~ mux~khe z|edk~e~ ma xfix okgh mqe| rfknf xfe i|deh am|ne~ di{ le mze|ixkgb lux mqe| rfknf xfe{ hm gmx fiqeevncu~kqe nmgx|mc# rfe|e xfe ~iaebui|hkgb ma Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ niggmx lebui|igxeeh igh rfe|e |eckilce eqkhegne ilmux xfe nk|nud~xigne~ ma iccebehqkmcixkmg~ nmuch le fi|h xm nmde l{ leniu~e xfe ~xixe mqe| rfm~e xe||kxm|{ xfe~emze|ixkmg~ i|e lekgb nmghunxeh k~ gmx i zi|x{ xm xfe Nmgqegxkmg' I henk~kmg xfixxfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg ~fmuch evxegh xfix ai| kg xfk~ ni~e rmuch le ckoec{xm fiqe z|mamugh nmg~eyuegne~ am| mxfe| Dedle| ^xixe~ igh# kx rmuch ~eed a|md

rfix Cupku~ Rkchfile| fi~ ~ikh# am| xfe Nmu|x kx~eca' I henk~kmg ma xfix okgh k~ le~x ceax xm ^x|i~lmu|b'

;>' K rmuch kg ig{ eqegx |e~zenxaucc{ eghm|~e xfe qker evz|e~~eh l{ Cm|hL|mrg ma Eixmg$ughe|$Fe{rmmh kg \ &Ic$ôekgk+ q ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| Heaegne_<::6T IN 95># zi|i 9:2# am| xfe au|xfe| |ei~mg~ fe bkqe~ kg xfk~ ni~e# xfix i|xknce 9~fmuch gmx le nmg~x|ueh i~ |einfkgb ig{ au|xfe| xfig xfe evk~xkgb ^x|i~lmu|b

ù|k~z|uhegne ncei|c{ ~fmr~ kx xm |einf' K ic~m rmuch fmch xfix Z|kqixe ^dkxf ri~gmx rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 9

rfeg fe ri~ mux~khe fk~ li~e rfkce ~e|qkgb kg K|iy' Xfe|e k~ gmxfkgb xfix K rmuchrk~f xm ihh mg xfe ak|~x k~~ue'



Zibe >8

;8' Xfe ~enmgh k~~ue kg xfk~ izzeic k~ rfexfe| xfe a|e~f kgyue~x kgxm Z|kqixe^dkxf‛~ heixf rmuch fiqe xm nmdzc{ rkxf xfe z|mnehu|ic kgqe~xkbixm|{ mlckbixkmgbui|igxeeh l{ i|xknce < ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Ix ak|~x ~kbfx xfk~ yue~xkmg k~ inihedkn

leniu~e xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe ib|ee~ xfix fe rkcc gmx ~uldkx xm xfe ger nm|mge| kgxfe a|e~f kgyue~x xfix xfe ~nmze ma xfe kgqe~xkbixkmg# m| xfe gixu|e ma xfe qe|hknx#~fmuch le ce~~ l|mih xfig rmuch le izz|mz|kixe ka xfe kgyue~x du~x ~ixk~a{ xfemlckbixkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ughe| xfix i|xknce0 ~ee xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic‛~

ùhbdegx _<::;T > RC\ 9:;;# zi|i 1<' Xfk~ k~ mg xfe i~~udzxkmg xfix# i~ Z|kqixe^dkxf hkeh mg li~e# fe ri~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd rkxfkgxfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 9 rfeg fe hkeh igh leniu~e xfe akghkgb~ ma xfe nm|mge| ixxfe ak|~x kgyue~x kghknixe i zm~~klce l|einf ma xfe zm~kxkqe mlckbixkmg xm e~xilck~f

z|mne~~e~ xm heic rkxf xfe |k~o ma feix~x|moe igh f{ze|xfe|dki' Lux# i~ D~ \m~eYN am| xfe |e~zmghegx zmkgxeh mux# i nmgne~~kmg i~ xm xfe ~nmze ma xfe kgyue~xrmuch gmx lkgh xfe nm|mge|' Xfe yue~xkmg rfexfe| xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg ri~x|kbbe|eh l{ Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf ri~ i|bueh leam|e Nmcckg~ @# kg xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic igh leam|e xfk~ Nmu|x mg xfe li~k~ xfix kx |ik~eh ig kdzm|xigx k~~ue ma

z|kgnkzce' Kx~ kdzm|xigne k~ gmx ckdkxeh xm ni~e~ rfe|e dedle|~ ma xfe i|deh am|ne~i|e ~e|qkgb kg zcine~ ~unf i~ K|iy igh Iabfigk~xig' Kx evxegh~ xm ni~e~ rfe|e ix xfexkde ma xfek| heixf xfe{ re|e ~e|qkgb kg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd „ kg Gm|xfe|g K|ecigh#am| evidzce „ m| rkxfkg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma igmxfe| Nmugnkc ma Eu|mze Dedle| ^xixe'

;5' Kg xfe kheic rm|ch xfk~ rmuch le ig edzx{ yue~xkmg' Xfe nm|mge| rmuch fiqenmdzcexe a|eehmd xm hexe|dkge xfe ~nmze ma fk~ mrg kgyuk|{ igh xm ihizx xfe am|digh nmgxegx ma fk~ qe|hknx innm|hkgb xm xfe geeh~ ma einf ni~e' Xfix fmreqe| k~ gmx

fmr xfe ~nfede am| xfe nmghunx ma kgyue~x~ fi~ leeg he~kbgeh kg Egbck~f cir' I~Cm|h Lkgbfid ma Nm|gfkcc evzcikgeh kg \ &Dkhhcexmg+ q Re~x ^mde|~ex Nm|mge| _<::8T < IN 96<# zi|i~ >8$>5# xfe ~nfede rfknf fi~ leeg eginxeh l{ igh ughe| xfe iuxfm|kx{ ma Zi|ckidegx du~x le |e~zenxeh# ~iqe xm xfe evxegx xfix i nfigbe ma kgxe|z|exixkmg k~ |eyuk|eh xm fmgmu| xfe kgxe|gixkmgic mlckbixkmg~ ma xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd ughe| xfe Nmgqegxkmg0 ~ee ic~m \ &înoe|+ q Re~x [m|o~fk|e Nm|mge| _<::8T 9 RC\ 2;1# zi|i <2' Xfe n|unkic hkaae|egne k~ xm le amugh kg xfe ri{ xferm|h –fmr— kg ~enxkmg 99&5+&l+&kk+ ma xfe Nm|mge|~ Inx 9;66 igh |uce >1&9+&l+ ma xfe Nm|mge|~ \uce~ 9;68 k~ xm le kgxe|z|exeh' Xedzxkgb xfmubf kx di{ le xm hezi|xa|md Dkhhcexmg l{ henci|kgb xfix xfe|e k~ |eicc{ gm dixe|kic hkaae|egne lexreeg xfeaugnxkmg~ ma xfe nm|mge| igh xfe ù|{ kg xfe xrm x{ze~ ma kgyue~x i~ Cm|h Zfkcckz~fi~ kghknixeh# K xfkgo am| icc xfe |ei~mg~ xfix re|e bkqeg kg xfix ni~e re ~fmuch gmxhm ~m' Xfe xedzxixkmg xm hm xfk~# ihmzxkgb rfix xfe ~fe|kaa di{ hm rfeg fe k~diokgb fk~ hexe|dkgixkmg innm|hkgb xm xfe ^nmxxk~f dmhec# ri~ nmga|mgxeh igh|e~k~xeh kg Dkhhcexmg# igh K xfkgo xfix re du~x amccmr xfe henk~kmg xfix ri~ xioegkg xfix ni~e' Mg xfe mxfe| figh K rmuch gmx rk~f xm ckdkx xfe ~nmze xfix k~ iqikcilcexm xfe nm|mge| ughe| |uce 8> ma xfe Nm|mge|~ \uce~ 9;68' Fmr ai| fe di{ bm kg

zu|~ukgb ckge~ ma kgyuk|{ kg m|he| xm hexe|dkge rfexfe| fe ~fmuch dioe i |ezm|xughe| xfix |uce rkxf i qker xm z|eqegxkgb xfe |enu||egne ma ~kdkci| aixickxke~ du~xhezegh mg fk~ ùhbdegx i~ xm rfix k~ izz|mz|kixe kg xfe nk|nud~xigne~'



Zibe >5

;1' Kx k~ mgc{ kg ni~e~ rfe|e xfe i|xknce < z|mnehu|ic hux{ izzcke~# xfe|eam|e#xfix xfe Dkhhcexmg izz|minf k~ iqikcilce xm xfe nm|mge|' Kx rkcc xfeg le gene~~i|{am| fkd xm nmghunx ig kgyuk|{ rfknf k~ –eaaenxkqe—# i~ xfix evz|e~~kmg ri~evzcikgeh l{ xfe B|igh Nfidle| kg \id~ifik q Xfe Gexfe|cigh~ &<::2+ 81 EF\\ ;6># zi|i~ ><8$><5? ~ee ic~m \ &C &I Zixkegx++ q ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| @u~xkne&Eyuickx{ igh Fudig \kbfx~ Nmddk~~kmg kgxe|qegkgb+ _<::;T IN 566# zi|i 26#

ze| Cm|h \mhbe| ma Ei|c~ae||{' Lux xfix izz|minf k~ gmx iqikcilce kg icc ni~e~' Kxi|k~e~ mgc{ kg xfe nmdzi|ixkqec{ aer ni~e~ rfe|e xfe ~xixe‛~ |e~zmg~klkckx{ am| xfeheixf k~ m| di{ le egbibeh0 \ &Fu|~x+ q Cmghmg Gm|xfe|g Hk~x|knx Nm|mge| _<::2T< IN 96;# zi|i 86 Cm|h L|mrg ma Eixmg$ughe|$Fe{rmmh' Kg icc mxfe| ni~e~ xfe

z|mneehkgb~ du~x le nmghunxeh innm|hkgb xm xfe |ebkde am| nmghunxkgb kgyue~x~ kgEgbcigh igh Rice~ i~ ~uddi|k~eh kg \ q Nm|mge| am| Gm|xf Fudle|~khe igh ^nugxfm|ze# Ev z @idke~mg _9;;5T YL 9' ênxkmg 5 ma xfe Nm|mge|~ igh @u~xkne Inx<::; fi~ |exikgeh xfe hk~xkgnxkmg lexreeg xfe~e xrm am|d~ ma kgyue~x' Kx k~ mgc{rfe|e gene~~i|{ xm iqmkh i l|einf ma ig{ ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ xfix kx ze|dkx~xfe Dkhhcexmg izz|minf0 ~ee ~enxkmg 5&<+'

;2' Xfe ~nfede rfknf Zi|ckidegx fi~ eginxeh kg ~enxkmg 5 ma xfe <::; Inx k~henezxkqec{ ~kdzce' Kg z|inxkne fmreqe| kx bkqe~ |k~e xm i qi|kex{ ma z|mlced~ xmrfknf xfe Nmu|x‛~ ixxegxkmg ri~ h|irg l{ nmug~ec' Re niggmx |e~mcqe xfed icc kgxfk~ ni~e' Lux ix xfe |mmx ma dm~x# ka gmx icc# ma xfed cke~ xfe z|mlced ma hexe|dkgkgbrfexfe| xfe ni~e kg figh k~ mge rfknf ixx|inx~ xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg xfix k~kdzm~eh l{ i|xknce <' Kg l|mih xe|d~# kx k~ x|kbbe|eh l{ ig{ heixf mnnu||kgb kgnk|nud~xigne~ kg rfknf kx izzei|~ xfix ig{ mge m| dm|e ma xfe ~ul~xigxkqe

mlckbixkmg~ xfix i|xknce < kdzm~e~ gmx xm xioe ckae rkxfmux ù~xkaknixkmg# igh xme~xilck~f i a|iderm|o ma cir~# z|eniuxkmg~# z|mnehu|e~ igh deig~ ma egam|nedegxrfknf rkcc xm xfe b|eixe~x evxegx z|inxknilce z|mxenx ckae# fi~ leeg# m| di{ fiqe

leeg# qkmcixeh kg nk|nud~xigne~ kg rfknf kx izzei|~ xfix ibegx~ ma xfe ~xixe i|e# m| di{ le# kg ~mde ri{ kdzcknixeh0 \ &Dkhhcexmg+ q Re~x ^mde|~ex Nm|mge| _<::8T <IN 96<# zi|i~ < igh >' Xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg hezegh~ mg xfe evk~xegne ma xfe~ul~xigxkqe |kbfx' Kx niggmx evk~x kghezeghegxc{0 \ &Begxce+ q Z|kde Dkgk~xe| _<::6T IN 9>51# zi|i 1'

;6' ^mde ~kxuixkmg~ kg rfknf xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg k~ x|kbbe|eh i|e gmrrecc |enmbgk~eh' Xfe ~uknkhe ma ig kghkqkhuic rfkce kg xfe nu~xmh{ ma xfe ~xixe k~xfe z|kde evidzce' Kx fi~ leeg evxegheh xm xfe ni~e rfe|e i z|k~mge| ixxedzxeh xmnmddkx ~uknkhe rfkce kg nu~xmh{ igh ~uaae|eh l|ikg hidibe0 \ &C &I Zixkegx++ qên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| @u~xkne &Eyuickx{ igh Fudig \kbfx~ Nmddk~~kmgkgxe|qegkgb+ _<::;T IN 566' Xfk~ k~ leniu~e kx fi~ leeg |enmbgk~eh xfix z|k~mge|~i~ i nci~~ z|e~egx i zi|xknuci| |k~o ma ~uknkhe igh leniu~e xfm~e rfm fiqe nu~xmh{ma xfed# i~ ibegx~ ma xfe ~xixe# i|e m| di{ le kg ~mde ri{ kdzcknixeh' I Dkhhcexmgkgyue~x k~ |eyuk|eh kg icc xfe~e ni~e~# leniu~e kx k~ ix cei~x zm~~klce xfix xfe z|k~mgiuxfm|kxke~ aikceh xm xioe xfe ~xez~ xm z|mxenx xfe z|k~mge|‛~ ckae xfix xfe ~ul~xigxkqe

|kbfx |eyuk|e~' I~ Cm|h \mhbe| ma Ei|c~ae||{ ~ikh kg C‛~ ni~e# zi|i 5;# ~uknkhe k~ kg



Zibe >1

xfk~ |e~zenx ckoe ig{ mxfe| qkmcegx heixf kg nu~xmh{' Xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmgevxegh~ xm z|k~mge|~ i~ i nci~~ k||e~zenxkqe ma xfe zi|xknuci| nk|nud~xigne~ kg rfknfxfe heixf mnnu||eh' Xfe ainx xfix xfe{ i|e ughe| xfe ni|e igh nmgx|mc ma xfeiuxfm|kxke~ l{ rfmd xfe{ i|e fech bkqe~ |k~e xm ig iuxmdixkn mlckbixkmg xmkgqe~xkbixe xfe nk|nud~xigne~' Xfe ~ide k~ x|ue ma ~uknkhe~ nmddkxxeh l{ mxfe|~~ulènx xm nmdzuc~m|{ hexegxkmg l{ i zulckn iuxfm|kx{# ~unf i~ zixkegx~ ~uaae|kgba|md degxic kccge~~ rfm fiqe leeg hexikgeh ughe| xfe Degxic Feicxf Inx~0 îqibeq ^muxf E~~ev Zi|xge|~fkz GF^ Amughixkmg X|u~x &DKGH kgxe|qegkgb+ _<::;T IN169' Xfk~ izz|minf fi~ xfe de|kx ma nci|kx{' Eqe|{mge ogmr~ a|md xfe mux~ex xfixxfe kgyue~x kg xfe~e ni~e~ du~x amccmr xfe bukhigne xfix ri~ bkqeg kg Dkhhcexmg#

zi|i~ >1$>6'

;;' Xfe k~~ue leam|e xfe Nmu|x k~ rfexfe| kx k~ zm~~klce xm infkeqe eyuic nci|kx{kg xfe ni~e ma ig kgyue~x kgxm xfe heixf ma i ~mchke|' ^mchke|~ rfm hke rfkce kg

dkckxi|{ nu~xmh{ i|e# ma nmu|~e# kg xfe ~ide zm~kxkmg i~ ig{ mxfe| z|k~mge|' Xfek| ni~e fi~ xfe legeakx ma xfe ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg# ~m xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmgizzcke~' ^m xmm hme~ xfe ni~e ma dedle|~ ma xfe mxfe| i|deh ~e|qkne~ rfm hke kg~unf nk|nud~xigne~' Xfe yue~xkmg k~ fmr ai|# ka ix icc# xfe hexikgee~‛ izz|minf nig

le izzckeh xm mxfe| ~kxuixkmg~ rfknf ~e|qknedeg igh ~e|qknermdeg egnmugxe| kgxfe ~e|qkne ma xfek| nmugx|{# ix fmde m| il|mih' Heixf di{ mnnu| a|md gixu|icniu~e~ i~ recc i~ i |e~ucx ma gebcenx m| kgù|{' Igh aixic kgù|ke~ di{ mnnu| hue xmxfe dk~fighckgb ma eyukzdegx hu|kgb x|ikgkgb m| kg mxfe| ~kxuixkmg~ rfeg ze|~mggeci|e gmx egbibeh kg nmdlix i~ recc i~ kg xfe aine ma xfe eged{' Xfe nmgacknx~ kg K|iyigh Iabfigk~xig fiqe l|mubfx xfe k~~ue kgxm b|eixe| z|mdkgegne' Lux xfe ~kxuixkmg

xfix re aine xmhi{ k~ kg z|kgnkzce gm hkaae|egx a|md xfix rfknf dedle|~ ma xfei|deh am|ne~ ~e|qkgb lmxf ix fmde igh il|mih fiqe aineh am| dig{ {ei|~'

9::' Xfe ~kgbce nfi|inxe|k~xkn rfknf nu||egxc{ ugkxe~ icc mu| ~e|qkne ze|~mggec k~xfix xfe{ fiqe qmcugxee|eh am| xfe l|ignf ma xfe ~e|qkne xm rfknf xfe{ lecmgb' Xfk~izzcke~ xm xfm~e rfm fiqe dihe xfek| z|mae~~kmg kg xfe i|deh ~e|qkne~ i~ recc i~xfm~e# ckoe Z|kqixe ^dkxf# rfm nfm~e xm ~e|qe zi|x$xkde kg |e~e|qe am|ne~ ~unf i~xfe Xe||kxm|kic I|d{' Dighixm|{ dkckxi|{ ~e|qkne gm cmgbe| evk~x~ kg xfk~ nmugx|{'Am| xfk~ |ei~mg K rmuch le |ecunxigx xm amccmr xfe bukhigne ma xfe ^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x

xfix k~ xm le amugh kg ni~e~ ~unf i~ Nfedle| q \u~~ki# &Izzcknixkmg Gm 2966-:>+&ug|ezm|xeh+ > @uc{ <::6' Xfe izzcknigx kg xfix ni~e ri~ nicceh uz am| xrm {ei|~dighixm|{ dkckxi|{ ~e|qkne kg xfe nmu|~e ma rfknf fe ri~ ~ulènxeh xm kcc$x|eixdegxigh fi|i~~degx' Xfe nmu|x ri~ ni|eauc xm ~x|e~~ kg zi|i 8; xfix dig{ inx~ xfixrmuch nmg~xkxuxe heb|ihkgb m| kgfudig x|eixdegx kg |e~zenx ma z|k~mge|~ di{ gmx|einf xfe xf|e~fmch ma kcc$x|eixdegx rfeg xfe{ mnnu| kg xfe i|deh am|ne~# z|mqkhehxfe{ nmgx|kluxe xm xfe ~zenkakn dk~~kmg ma xfe i|deh am|ne~ kg rfknf xfe{ am|d zi|x#am| evidzce x|ikgkgb am| lixxce$akech nmghkxkmg~0 Egbec q Xfe Gexfe|cigh~ &Gm 9+ &9;21+ 9 EF\\ 182' Lux xfe he~n|kzxkmg rfknf kx biqe kg zi|i 5: ma xfe hux{ xfixxfe ^xixe mre~ xm ze|~mg~ ze|am|dkgb dkckxi|{ ~e|qkne ri~ hk|enxeh ~zenkaknicc{ xm



Zibe >2

ni~e~ rfe|e kx henkhe~ xm nicc uz m|hkgi|{ nkxkpeg~ xm ze|am|d dkckxi|{ ~e|qkne' Xfixhe~n|kzxkmg niggmx le izzckeh xm xfm~e rfm ~e|qe kg xfe i|deh am|ne~ i~ qmcugxee|~'

9:9' Kx k~ x|ue# ma nmu|~e# xfix xfm~e rfm `mkg xfe i|deh ~e|qkne~ i~ qmcugxee|~

innezx xfe mlckbixkmg xm nmdzc{ rkxf dkckxi|{ hk~nkzckge' Xfe{ i|e x|ikgeh xm mle{m|he|~# igh xfe{ i|e ~ul`enx xm ~ignxkmg~ ka xfe{ hm gmx hm ~m' Z|kqixe ^dkxf hkh gmxnfmm~e xm bm xm K|iy' Fe |enekqeh i gmxkne ma nmdzuc~m|{ nicc uz' Lux kx ri~ inmghkxkmg ma xfe ~e|qkne am| rfknf fe qmcugxee|eh xfix fe rmuch mle{ kg~x|unxkmg~ma xfk~ okgh' K hm gmx xfkgo xfix fk~ ~kxuixkmg nig le hk~xkgbuk~feh a|md xfix ma ig{mxfe| dedle| ma xfe i|deh ~e|qkne~ rfm k~ hezcm{eh mg inxkqe ~e|qkne' Xfe|e k~ incm~e igicmb{ rkxf deg igh rmdeg rfm qmcugxee| am| ~e|qkne kg xfe ede|begn{~e|qkne~' Ak|e$akbfxe|~# kg zi|xknuci|# di{ aine ~kxuixkmg~ ma b|eix higbe| rfe|exfek| ckqe~ i|e ix |k~o' Lux xfe{ amccmr kg~x|unxkmg~ leniu~e xfix k~ i gene~~i|{ zi|xma xfe `ml xfe{ fiqe nfm~eg xm hm'

9:<' Kx k~ xedzxkgb xm ~ecenx evidzce~ ma ni~e~ rfe|e xfe niu~e ma i ~mchke|‛~heixf di{ le ixx|kluxeh xm aikcu|e~ mg xfe zi|x ma xfe ^xixe igh xm nmgncuhe xfix xfk~ainx kg kx~eca bkqe~ |k~e xm xfe geeh am| i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x' Lux K rmuch |e~k~x xfk~xedzxixkmg' Xfe evidzce~ xfix Cm|h \mhbe| bkqe~ kccu~x|ixe xfe hkaaknucx{' Fe ~i{~xfix fe rmuch izzc{ xfe |ei~mgkgb i~ xm i z|k~mge| nmddkxxkgb ~uknkhe xm i |ir|en|ukx xm xfe i|deh am|ne~ rfm nmddkxxeh ~uknkhe hu|kgb kgkxkic dkckxi|{ x|ikgkgbkg li||ino~ kg xfk~ nmugx|{0 zi|i 996' Re fiqe gm eqkhegne xfix |ir |en|ukx~ xm xfei|deh ~e|qkne~ i|e kg xfk~ |e~zenx e~zenkicc{ qucge|ilce# lux xfk~ |eae|egne nicc~ xm

dkgh xfe x|ibkn ni~e~ ma xfe amu| {mugb ~mchke|~ rfm hkeh ix Heez Nux Li||ino~ lexreeg 9;;5 igh <::< rfknf innm|hkgb xm xfe Dkgk~x|{ ma Heaegne re|e icc ni~e~ma ~uknkhe' Xfm~e ~mchke|~ re|e ~xkcc kg x|ikgkgb# lux xfe{ re|e gmx |ir |en|ukx~' Xfex|ikgkgb xfe{ re|e ughe|bmkgb ix Heez Nux ri~ i nmu|~e ma au|xfe| x|ikgkgb#ihhkxkmgic xm xfe kgkxkic x|ikgkgb rfknf xfe{ fih |enekqeh kg ig I|d{ X|ikgkgb\ebkdegx' Rfe|e hme~ mge h|ir xfe ckge lexreeg xfe |ir |en|ukx igh xfe dm|e~ei~mgeh ~mchke| rfm k~ ~xkcc kg x|ikgkgb= Igh rfix ilmux ~nfmmcnfkch|eg rfmnmddkx ~uknkhe i~ i |e~ucx ma lucc{kgb a|md rfknf# i~ xfe{ du~x ixxegh ~nfmmc#xfe|e k~ gm e~nize= M| ~xuhegx~ rfm hm ~m leniu~e ma xfe z|e~~u|e~ xfe{ egnmugxe| kg nmccebe~ m| ugkqe|~kxke~= Xm evxegh xfe ~ul~xigxkqe i|xknce < mlckbixkmg xm

qmcugxee|~ rfkce xfe{ i|e ughe|bmkgb li~kn m| ihqigneh x|ikgkgb rmuch bm au|xfe| xfig fi~ ~m ai| leeg kghknixeh i~ gene~~i|{ l{ ^x|i~lmu|b'

9:>' Xfeg xfe|e k~ xfe evidzce xfix Cm|h \mhbe| bkqe~ ma heixf~ i~ i |e~ucx ma a|keghc{ ak|e a|md mxfe| L|kxk~f am|ne~0 zi|i 9<1' X|mmze| Hiqkh Nci|oe# xfe ~mg ma xfe ~enmgh ncikdigx kg \ &Begxce+ q Z|kde Dkgk~xe| _<::6T IN 9>51# ri~ okcceh l{a|keghc{ ak|e rfkce mg i|deh ~e|qkne rkxf xfe Yueeg‛~ \m{ic Cigne|~ kg K|iy' Feri~ h|kqkgb i Nficcegbe| < xigo rfeg kx ri~ ak|eh mg l{ igmxfe| Nficcegbe| < xigo a|md i hkaae|egx ugkx rfm~e n|er fih dk~xioeg kx am| ig eged{ qefknce' Xfix ri~

ig evidzce ma a|keghc{ ak|e l{ L|kxk~f am|ne~' Lux i gudle| ma mxfe| ~e|qknedeg#kgncuhkgb ~eqe|ic ~mchke|~ ~e|qkgb rkxf xfe Yueeg‛~ Mrg Fkbfcighe|~# re|e okcceh



Zibe >6

hu|kgb xfe ~ide nidzikbg rfeg xfek| i|dmu|eh qefknce ri~ ak|eh mg l{ i U^Lcino Firo Fecknmzxe|' I|e ni~e~ ma innkhegxic heixf~ hue xm a|keghc{ ak|e l{icckeh am|ne~ xm le hk~xkgbuk~feh a|md xfm~e rfknf i|e hue xm innkhegx~ niu~eh l{L|kxk~f am|ne~= Igh rf{ ~fmuch heixf~ hue xm a|keghc{ ak|e le hk~xkgbuk~feh a|mdheixf~ hue xm kgù|ke~ ~u~xikgeh i~ i |e~ucx ma xfe inxkmg~ ma mzzm~kgb am|ne~ xfixnmuch ic~m fiqe leeg iqmkheh ka dk~xioe~ fih gmx leeg dihe l{ xfe ~mchke|~xfed~ecqe~ m| l{ xfek| nmddighe|~= Xfe |k~o ma heixf hue xm a|keghc{ ak|e kg xfenmgau~kmg igh feix ma lixxce k~ mge ma xfe |k~o~ xfix i ~mchke| du~x aine i~ zi|x ma xfe dk~~kmg am| rfknf fe fi~ qmcugxee|eh' Xfe ~ide k~ x|ue ma xfe |k~o ma heixfrfkce kg x|ikgkgb hue# am| evidzce# xm dk~xioe~ dihe rfkce fighckgb reizmg~ m| mxfe| eyukzdegx m| xm evzm~u|e xm xfe ecedegx~'

9:8' Xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic izzckeh xfe z|kgnkzce xfix evxegh~ xfe z|mxenxkmg ma i|xknce < xm hexikgeh degxic zixkegx~ xm xfe ni~e ma ~mchke|~ ~unf i~ Z|kqixe ^dkxf

rfm hke ma feix~x|moe rfkce mg inxkqe ~e|qkne kg K|iy0 _<::;T > RC\ 9:;;# zi|i~9:8$9:5' Xfe e~~egne ma kx~ |ei~mgkgb k~ xm le amugh kg xfe~e ~egxegne~ xioeg a|md

zi|i 9:50

–_Xfe ~mchke|~T i|e ughe| xfe nmgx|mc ma igh ~ulènx xm i|d{hk~nkzckge' Xfe{ du~x hm rfix xfe i|d{ |eyuk|e~ xfed xm hm' Ka xfei|d{ ~egh~ xfed mux kgxm xfe he~e|x xfe{ du~x bm' Kg xfk~ |e~zenx xfe{i|e kg xfe ~ide zm~kxkmg i~ i nmg~n|kzx' Mgne xfe{ fiqe ~kbgeh uz am| i zi|xknuci| ze|kmh xfe{ nig gm dm|e hk~mle{ ig m|he| xfig i

nmg~n|kzx nig'—

Mg xfk~ li~k~ kx ~ir gm |ei~mg rf{ xfe{ ~fmuch gmx fiqe xfe ~ide z|mxenxkmg i~ k~iaam|heh l{ i|xknce < xm i nmg~n|kzx' K xfkgo xfix xfk~ |ei~mgkgb bme~ au|xfe| xfig xfe^x|i~lmu|b Nmu|x fi~ bmge kg xfe ni~e ma nmg~n|kzx~# i~ kx~ |eae|egne kg Nfedle| q

\u~~ki &Izzcknixkmg Gm 2966-:>+ > @uc{ <::6# zi|i 8;# xm |k~o~ kgfe|egx kg xfe~zenkakn dk~~kmg ma xfe i|deh am|ne~ ~fmr~' Lux kx ~eed~ xm de xm le mlènxkmgilcemg mxfe| b|mugh~' Dedle|~ ma mu| i|deh ~e|qkne~ i|e gmx nmg~n|kzx~' Xfe{ fiqenfm~eg xm innezx xfe hedigh~ ma dkckxi|{ hk~nkzckge' Dm|emqe|# ka xfe ainx xfix xfe{

du~x mle{ m|he|~ k~ xm le x|eixeh i~ xfe n|kxe|kmg# xfe|e k~ gm cmbknic ~xmzzkgb zcine'Eqe|{ ~kxuixkmg rfe|e heixf mnnu|~ kg nk|nud~xigne~ rfe|e xfe{ re|e mle{kgbm|he|~# a|md xfe x|ikgkgb b|mugh xm lixxce nmghkxkmg~# rmuch fiqe xm le x|eixeh kgxfe ~ide ri{' K rmuch |eènx xfe igicmb{ rkxf xfm~e rfm i|e kg xfe nu~xmh{ ma xfe~xixe' Xfe qmcugxee| ~mchke|‛~ hux{ xm mle{ m|he|~ k~ gmx nmdzi|ilce rkxf xfe ~xixema xfe hexikgee rfm k~ fech ibikg~x fk~ rkcc kg xfe ^xixe‛~ nu~xmh{'

9:5' Kg d{ mzkgkmg xfe ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg ughe| i|xknce < hme~ gmx evxeghiuxmdixknicc{ xm icc ~e|qkne ze|~mggec kg i qmcugxee| i|d{ rfkce xfe{ i|e mg inxkqe

~e|qkne ix fmde m| rkxfkg xfe i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg mqe|~ei~' Ckoe Cm|h Digne# K



Zibe >;

|ebi|h xfe z|mzm~kxkmg xfix icc heixf~ ma dkckxi|{ ze|~mggec mg inxkqe ~e|qkne|eyuk|e xm le kgqe~xkbixeh l{ i Dkhhcexmg x{ze kgyuk|{ i~ bmkgb xmm ai|0 zi|i <98'I~ K ~ikh kg \ &Begxce+ q Z|kde Dkgk~xe| _<::6T IN 9>51# zi|i 9;# xfe bui|igxee kgxfe ak|~x ~egxegne ma i|xknce <&9+ k~ gmx qkmcixeh ~kdzc{ l{ hezcm{kgb ~e|qknedegigh rmdeg mg inxkqe ~e|qkne mqe|~ei~ i~ zi|x ma ig m|bigk~eh dkckxi|{ am|ne rfknfk~ z|mze|c{ eyukzzeh igh nizilce ma heaeghkgb kx~eca# eqeg xfmubf xfe |k~o ma xfek|

lekgb okcceh k~ kgfe|egx kg rfix xfe{ i|e lekgb i~oeh xm hm' Lux mge du~x gmxmqe|cmmo xfe ainx xfix xfe|e fiqe leeg dig{ ni~e~ rfe|e xfe heixf ma ~e|qkne

ze|~mggec kghknixe~ i ~{~xedkn m| mze|ixkmgic aikckgb mg xfe zi|x ma xfe ^xixe' Xfe~edi{ |igbe a|md i aikcu|e xm z|mqkhe xfed rkxf xfe eyukzdegx rfknf k~ geeheh xm

z|mxenx ckae xm dk~xioe~ dihe kg xfe ri{ xfe{ re|e hezcm{eh hue xm lih zciggkgb m| kgiheyuixe izz|enkixkmg ma xfe |k~o~ xfix fih xm le aineh' Xfe~e i|e ni~e~ rfe|e xfekgqe~xkbixm| ~fmuch# i~ i|xknce < |eyuk|e~# xioe icc |ei~mgilce ~xez~ xm ~enu|e xfeeqkhegne |ecixkgb xm xfe kgnkhegx# xm akgh mux# ka zm~~klce# rfix niu~eh xfe heixf#igh xm khegxka{ xfe heaenx~ kg xfe ~{~xed rfknf l|mubfx kx ilmux igh ig{ mxfe| ainxm|~ xfix di{ le |eceqigx0 ~ee \ &Dkhhcexmg+ q Re~x ^mde|~ex Nm|mge| _<::8T <IN 96<# zi|i >1'

9:1' Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf# rfknf mnnu||eh mg li~e# ~eed~ xm de xm aicc kgxm xfk~nixebm|{' Xfk~ ri~ i zcine mqe| rfknf xfe i|deh am|ne~ fih evncu~kqe nmgx|mc# ~mxfe `u|k~hknxkmgic |eyuk|edegx ri~ ~ixk~akeh' Igh icc xfe ~kbg~ i|e xfix xfk~ ri~ iheixf rfknf dkbfx fiqe leeg z|eqegxeh ka z|mze| z|eniuxkmg~ fih leeg xioeg'Xfe|e k~ i ~uaaknkegx kghknixkmg ma i ~{~xedkn l|einf kg ig i|ei xfix ri~ rkxfkg kx~

`u|k~hknxkmg am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 xm egbibe xfe |e~zmg~klkckx{ ma xfe ^xixe xm

ni||{ mux ig eaaenxkqe kgqe~xkbixkmg kgxm xfe nk|nud~xigne~' Xfe|e k~ ~mdexfkgb xfixmubfx xm le kgyuk|eh kgxm# ka mgc{ xm eg~u|e xfix x|ibehke~ ma xfk~ m| i ~kdkci| okghhm gmx fizzeg ibikg' K rmuch fmch xfix xfk~ k~ egmubf xm x|kbbe| xfe i|xknce <

z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg ~m i~ xm |eyuk|e xfe nm|mge| xm nmghunx i Dkhhcexmg kgyuk|{kg fk~ ni~e'

9:2' K |enmbgk~e xfix xfe ni~e l{ ni~e izz|minf rfknf K aiqmu|# nmuzceh rkxf xfecino ma heakgkxkmg kg xfk~ i|ei ma xfe cir# n|eixe~ i qe|{ |eic z|mlced am| xfe zi|xke~i~ recc i~ am| nm|mge|~' Kx |k~o~ n|eixkgb ~ixecckxe ckxkbixkmg i~ henk~kmg~ i~ xm

rfexfe| i ni~e aicc~ mg mge ~khe ma xfe lmughi|{ i|e mzegeh uz am| nficcegbe#|e~ucxkgb kg heci{~ igh kgn|ei~eh nm~x~' Xfe ~mcuxkmg xm xfk~ fkbfc{ ug~ixk~ainxm|{~kxuixkmg cke~ kg i |eam|d ma xfe cir rfknf |e~x|knx~ kgyuk|ke~ kg Egbcigh igh Rice~rfknf i|e ma xfix okgh xm ni~e~ rfe|e xfe|e i|e b|mugh~ am| xfkgokgb xfix xfe~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg ughe| i|xknce < fi~ leeg qkmcixeh' Kx hme~ gmx cke kg evxeghkgbxfe zmxegxkic |einf ma i|xknce < xm i l|mihc{ heakgeh nixebm|{ ma ni~e~ rfknf di{recc he~e|qe ~{dzixf{ lux rfknf cke mux~khe xfe recc$heakgeh nk|nud~xigne~ kgrfknf xfe zm~kxkqe mlckbixkmg fi~ fkxfe|xm leeg fech xm izzc{' Xfe licigne ma ihqigxibe ugxkc xfe cir k~ |eam|deh cke~# K rmuch ~ubbe~x# kg fmchkgb xfe ckge ixni~e~ rfe|e xfe|e i|e b|mugh~ am| xfkgokgb xfix xfe|e ri~ i aikcu|e l{ xfe ^xixe kg

aucakcckgb kx~ |e~zmg~klkckx{ xm z|mxenx ckae igh gmx evxeghkgb kx xm ni~e~ rfknf#



Zibe 8:

icxfmubf kgqmcqkgb xfe ecedegx ma nmdzuc~kmg xfix k~ kgfe|egx kg ~e|qkne ckae# i|ex|uc{ mux~khe xfix nixebm|{'

9:6' K rmuch iccmr xfe izzeic ibikg~x xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic‛~ m|he| mg xfe ak|~x

k~~ue' K rmuch hk~dk~~ xfe izzeic mg xfe ~enmgh k~~ue'

CM\H \MHBE\

9:;' Xfe z|e~egx izzeic i|k~e~ mux ma xfe heixf ma Z|kqixe @i~mg ^dkxf mg 9>Iubu~x <::># rfkce ~e|qkgb kg K|iy' Fe hkeh ma feix ~x|moe' Mg xfe hi{ kg yue~xkmgxfe eaaenx~ re|e ak|~x gmxkneh rfeg Z|kqixe ^dkxf ri~ ~eeg c{kgb mg xfe acmm| kg xfe

^xihkud ix Ic Idi|if rfe|e fk~ innmddmhixkmg ri~' Fe ri~ xioeg xm xfedehknic ainkckx{ ix Nidz Ilu Gi`k rfe|e fe hkeh ~fm|xc{ iaxe|ri|h~' Leniu~e fehkeh ix xfe Nidz# rfknf ri~ xfe negx|e ma L|kxk~f mze|ixkmg~ kg xfe i|ei# xfeên|exi|{ ma ^xixe nmgnehe~ xfix fe hkeh rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd am| zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~igh Aughidegxic A|eehmd~ &–xfe Nmgqegxkmg—+' Xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe au|xfe| nmgnehe~ xfix xfe nk|nud~xigne~ ma fk~ heixf i|e ~unf i~ xm nicc am| ig kghezeghegxkgyuk|{ ughe| i|xknce < ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg'

99:' He~zkxe xfe~e nmgne~~kmg~# xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe i~o~ xfk~ Nmu|x xm henkhe zmkgx~ |ecixkgb xm xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg am| zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 igh xmxfe nk|nud~xigne~ kg rfknf ig kgyue~x rfknf nmdzcke~ rkxf xfe |eyuk|edegx~ kg \&Dkhhcexmg+ q Re~x ^mde|~ex Nm|mge| _<::8T < IN 96< &–i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x—+fi~ xm le fech' Xfe z|enk~e li~k~ igh evxegx ma xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe‛~ nmgne~~kmgmg xfe ak|~x zmkgx i|e gmx icxmbexfe| ncei| xm de' ^m ai| i~ xfe ~enmgh zmkgx k~nmgne|geh# xfe zi|xke~ izzei|eh xm ib|ee xfix nm|mge|~ igh cir{e|~ amugh kxhkaaknucx xm ogmr rfexfe|# kg i ni~e kgqmcqkgb xfe heixf ma i ~mchke| mg inxkqe~e|qkne mqe|~ei~# ig{ kgyue~x ~fmuch le i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x# m| rfexfe| kx ~fmuch~xi|x i – @idke~mg kgyue~x— &mge rfm~e dm|e ckdkxeh ~nmze k~ he~n|kleh kg \ q

Nm|mge| am| Gm|xf Fudle|~khe igh ^nugxfm|ze# Ev z @idke~mg _9;;5T YL 9+# luxeqmcqe kgxm i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x ka xfe nm|mge|‛~ kgqe~xkbixkmg ~eedeh xm |eyuk|e kx'

999' Am| xfe |ei~mg~ bkqeg l{ Cm|h Nmcckg~# xm rfknf K nmuch gmx zm~~klc{ ihhig{xfkgb ma qicue# K rmuch iccmr xfe izzeic mg xfe ak|~x k~~ue'

99<' Kx amccmr~ xfix# ceiqkgb i~khe xfe zm~kxkmg rfeg xfe{ i|e mg i UgkxehOkgbhmd li~e# ~mchke|~ mg inxkqe ~e|qkne mqe|~ei~ i|e gmx rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am| zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Kx amccmr~ ic~m

xfix xfek| heixf~ rkcc gmx bkqe |k~e xm ig{ |eyuk|edegx xm ni||{ mux ig i|xknce <



Zibe 89

kgqe~xkbixkmg' Geqe|xfece~~# xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe i~o~ am| i henk~kmg mg xfe zmkgx'I~ nmug~ec am| xfe |e~zmghegx zmkgxeh mux# ig k~~ue nmuch ne|xikgc{ i|k~e kg |ecixkmgxm i ~mchke| rfm fih leeg okcceh kg nmdlix kg xfk~ nmugx|{ „ Gm|xfe|g K|ecigh

z|mqkhkgb |enegx evidzce~'

99>' Ugam|xugixec{# nmug~ec‛~ ~uldk~~kmg~ ceax de# ix cei~x# ugncei| ilmux fmrevinxc{ i henk~kmg mge ri{ m| xfe mxfe|# i~ xm xfe am|d ma xfe kgyue~x# rmuch iaaenx~unf z|inxknic dixxe|~ i~ fmr xfe nm|mge| m| zi|xke~ z|ezi|eh am| xfe kgyue~x m| rfix rmuch fizzeg ka xfe nm|mge| henkheh# fica$ri{ xf|mubf# xfix kx ~fmuch lenmdei Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x' Xfe|e k~# xfe|eam|e# i ckdkx xm xfe bukhigne xfix xfk~ Nmu|x nigu~eaucc{ bkqe kg i ni~e rfe|e xfe zmkgx k~ dmmx igh kg rfknf re fiqe gmx leeg xmchma ig{ zi|xknuci| z|inxknic z|mlced~ xfix fiqe i|k~eg'

998' D~ \m~e YN igh D| Lecmaa YN ~uldkxxeh# fmreqe|# xfix xfe Nmu|x ~fmuchci{ hmrg „ igh kx rmuch fiqe xm le i dixxe| ma cir „ xfix icc kgyue~x~ kgxm xfe heixfma i ~mchke| mg inxkqe ~e|qkne ~fmuch le Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x~' Xfeg eqe|{mge rmuchogmr rfe|e xfe{ ~xmmh igh ~unf dixxe|~ i~ cebic ikh# |ez|e~egxixkmg ma |ecixkqe~igh xfe am|d ma ig{ eqegxuic qe|hknx rmuch le ncei| a|md xfe mux~ex' Xfe~uldk~~kmg k~ ~uze|aknkicc{ ixx|inxkqe „ igh# hmulxce~~ am| xfix |ei~mg# i ~mderfix~kdkci| i|budegx fi~ leeg x|keh leam|e' Kg \ &Fu|~x+ q Cmghmg Gm|xfe|g Hk~x|knx Nm|mge| _<::2T < IN 96;# <98# Cm|h L|mrg ma Eixmg$ughe|$Fe{rmmh heicx rkxfkx kg xfk~ ri{0

–Dkhhcexmg ncei|c{ innezxeh xfix @idke~mg ri~ nm||enxc{ henkheh'Re|e kx mxfe|rk~e# xfe Fmu~e nmuch ~kdzc{ fiqe mqe||uceh kx rkxfmux|enmu|~e xm xfe Fudig \kbfx~ Inx 9;;6 ix icc# cex icmge ~enxkmg >' Kxk~ zcikg xfix xfe Fmu~e ri~ gmx kgxeghkgb xfe Dkhhcexmg izz|minfxfe|eiaxe| xm izzc{ kg icc ni~e~' Kg xfe ak|~x zcine# ig i|xknce <kgqe~xkbixkqe mlckbixkmg mgc{ i|k~e~ kg xfe nmdzi|ixkqec{ aer ni~e~rfe|e xfe ~xixe‛~ |e~zmg~klkckx{ k~ m| di{ le egbibeh' ênmghc{# eqegrfe|e xfe mlckbixkmg hme~ i|k~e# kx rkcc maxeg le ~ixk~akeh rkxfmux|e~m|x xm i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x‘kg ~mde ni~e~ l{ n|kdkgic

z|mneehkgb~# kg zi|xknuci| ‖rfe|e i heaeghigx zceih~ gmx bukcx{ ighxfe x|kic kgqmcqe~ i aucc evzcm|ixkmg ma xfe ainx~ ~u||mughkgb xfeheixf‛ &zi|i >: ma xfe nmddkxxee‛~ mzkgkmg heckqe|eh l{ Cm|hLkgbfid ma Nm|gfkcc+? kg mxfe|~# ckoe DnNigg# rfe|e ‖~fm|x qe|hknx~kg xfe x|ihkxkmgic am|d rkcc egilce xfe ù|{ xm evz|e~~ xfek| nmgncu~kmgmg xfe negx|ic k~~ue nigqi~~eh ix xfe kgyue~x‛ ix zi|i >9 ma xfemzkgkmg' Icc xfk~ k~ ncei| a|md xfe nmddkxxee"~ mzkgkmg rfknf kgxe|d~ |enmbgk~e~ ix zi|i >1 xfix mgc{ ~mdexkde~ rkcc i nfigbe ma izz|minf le nicceh am|'—



Zibe 8<

995' Xfe oe{ zmkgx k~ xfix xfe henk~kmg kg Dkhhcexmg kgqmcqeh u~kgb ~enxkmg > ma xfe Fudig \kbfx~ Inx 9;;6 xm zcine ig evxegheh nmg~x|unxkmg mg ~enxkmg99&5+&l+&kk+ ma xfe Nm|mge|~ Inx 9;66 igh |uce >1 ma xfe Nm|mge|~ \uce~ 9;68 &^K9;68-55<+' Xfk~ ri~ ù~xkakeh mgc{ leniu~e xfe evxegheh nmg~x|unxkmg ri~gene~~i|{ kg m|he| xm deex xfe |eyuk|edegx~ ma i|xknce <' ^m nmug~ec‛~ ~uldk~~kmg|eicc{ kdzckeh xfix# i~ i nci~~# xfe heixf~ ma L|kxk~f ~mchke|~ mg inxkqe ~e|qkne kg#~i{# K|iy m| Iabfigk~xig# rmuch x|kbbe| xfe i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixkqe mlckbixkmg' Krmuch |eènx xfix izz|minf'

991' Kg \ &C&I Zixkegx++ q ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| @u~xkne _<::;T IN 566 i {mugbdig fih x|keh xm figb fkd~eca kg Aecxfid [mugb Maaeghe| Kg~xkxuxkmg' Xfeên|exi|{ ma ^xixe i|bueh xfix# ~kgne xfe mlckbixkmg mg xfe z|k~mg iuxfm|kxke~ xm

z|mxenx i z|k~mge| a|md fkd~eca k~ gmx il~mcuxe igh ~m mgc{ i|k~e~ kg zi|xknuci| nk|nud~xigne~# i ~uknkhe nig mnnu| rkxfmux xfe|e fiqkgb leeg ig{ l|einf ma xfe

iuxfm|kxke~‛ i|xknce < mlckbixkmg xm z|mxenx fkd' ^m xfe|e hkh gmx geeh xm le igkghezeghegx kgqe~xkbixkmg ugce~~ xfe|e ri~ ~mde zm~kxkqe |ei~mg xm leckeqe xfix xfeiuxfm|kxke~ fih kgheeh leeg kg l|einf ma xfek| mlckbixkmg xm z|mxenx xfe z|k~mge|' K|eènxeh xfix i|budegx kg xfe~e rm|h~# ix z 19;0

–5;' Xfix i|budegx k~ dk~xioeg' Rfegeqe| i z|k~mge| okcc~ fkd~eca#kx k~ ix cei~x zm~~klce xfix xfe z|k~mg iuxfm|kxke~# rfm i|e |e~zmg~klceam| xfe z|k~mge|# fiqe aikceh# ekxfe| kg xfek| mlckbixkmg xm xioe bege|icdei~u|e~ xm hkdkgk~f xfe mzzm|xugkxke~ am| z|k~mge|~ xm fi|d

xfed~ecqe~# m| kg xfek| mze|ixkmgic mlckbixkmg xm x|{ xm z|eqegx xfe zi|xknuci| z|k~mge| a|md nmddkxxkgb ~uknkhe' Bkqeg xfe ncm~eh gixu|ema xfe z|k~mg rm|ch# rkxfmux ig kghezeghegx kgqe~xkbixkmg {mu dkbfxgeqe| ogmr' ^m xfe|e du~x le ig kgqe~xkbixkmg ma xfix okgh xm akgh muxrfexfe| ~mdexfkgb hkh kgheeh bm r|mgb' Kg xfk~ |e~zenx i ~uknkhe k~ckoe ig{ mxfe| qkmcegx heixf kg nu~xmh{' Kg iaak|dkgb xfe geeh am| igeaaenxkqe am|d ma kgqe~xkbixkmg kg i ni~e kgqmcqkgb xfe ~uknkhe ma idig kg zmckne nu~xmh{# xfe Eu|mzeig nmu|x fech xfix ~unf igkgqe~xkbixkmg ~fmuch le fech ‖rfeg i |e~m|x xm am|ne fi~ |e~ucxeh kg i

ze|~mg‛~ heixf‛0 Iohmbhu q Xu|oe{# zi|i 5<'

1:' Kg \ &Dkhhcexmg+ q Re~x ^mde|~ex Nm|mge| _<::8T < IN 96<#igmxfe| ni~e ma i ~uknkhe kg nu~xmh{# ix z 9;9# zi|i ># Cm|h Lkgbfidma Nm|gfkcc ~uddi|k~eh xfe ù|k~z|uhegne ma xfe Eu|mzeig nmu|x i~kdzm~kgb ig mlckbixkmg xm fmch ig kghezeghegx kgqe~xkbixkmg ka ‖kxizzei|~ xfix mge m| mxfe| ma xfe ‡ ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~ fi~ leeg#m| di{ fiqe leeg# qkmcixeh igh kx izzei|~ xfix ibegx~ ma xfe ~xixe i|e#m| di{ le# kg ~mde ri{# kdzcknixeh'‛ D| Bkaakg ~ubbe~xeh xfix Cm|hLkgbfid‛~ am|ducixkmg ri~ kgnmg~k~xegx rkxf xfe|e lekgb i|eyuk|edegx am| ig kghezeghegx kgqe~xkbixkmg kg icc ni~e~ ma ~uknkhekg nu~xmh{' K hm gmx ib|ee' Kg ~uddi|k~kgb xfe ni~e cir# Cm|h



Zibe 8>

Lkgbfid ri~ |enmbgk~kgb xfix# rfe|e xfe nk|nud~xigne~ ma i z|k~mge|‛~ heixf kg nu~xmh{ kghknixe xfix xfe ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~ma xfe ~xixe di{ fiqe leeg qkmcixeh# ig{ qkmcixkmg# rfexfe| hue xm i~{~xedkn m| mze|ixkmgic aikcu|e# rkcc gene~~i|kc{ fiqe kgqmcqehdedle|~ ma xfe z|k~mg ~e|qkne kg mge nizinkx{ m| igmxfe|' Igkghezeghegx kgqe~xkbixkmg k~ xfe|eam|e |eyuk|eh xm ~ee rfexfe| xfe|eri~# kg ainx# i qkmcixkmg'—

992' Xfe ~xi|xkgb$zmkgx am| xfe |ei~mgkgb kg xfk~ zi~~ibe k~ xfix xfe z|k~mgiuxfm|kxke~ i|e ughe| lmxf ig mlckbixkmg xm xioe bege|ic dei~u|e~ xm hkdkgk~f xfemzzm|xugkxke~ am| z|k~mge|~ xm fi|d xfed~ecqe~ igh ig mze|ixkmgic mlckbixkmg# kgne|xikg ckdkxeh nk|nud~xigne~# xm x|{ xm z|eqegx i zi|xknuci| z|k~mge| a|mdnmddkxxkgb ~uknkhe' Xfe iuxfm|kxke~ i|e ughe| xfe~e mlckbixkmg~ leniu~e –ze|~mg~

kg nu~xmh{ i|e kg i qucge|ilce zm~kxkmg igh ‡ xfe iuxfm|kxke~ i|e ughe| i hux{ xm z|mxenx xfed—0 Ehri|h~ q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &<::<+ >5 EF\\ 862# 5:2# zi|i 51'Xfe|eam|e xfe de|e ainx xfix i z|k~mge| fi~ nmddkxxeh ~uknkhe kghknixe~ xfix xfe|edi{ fiqe leeg i aikcu|e mg xfe zi|x ma xfe z|k~mg iuxfm|kxke~ xm ze|am|d xfek| i|xknce< mlckbixkmg~ xm z|eqegx xfm~e kg nu~xmh{ a|md hmkgb ~m'

996' K rmuch izzc{ z|enk~ec{ xfe ~ide |ei~mgkgb ka# ~i{# i |ir |en|ukx xm xfei|deh am|ne~ nmddkxxeh ~uknkhe hu|kgb kgkxkic dkckxi|{ x|ikgkgb' Kx k~ mlqkmu~ „ igh

zi~x evze|kegne ~fmr~ $ xfix |en|ukx~# rfm i|e u~uicc{ qe|{ {mugb igh iri{ a|mdxfek| aidkcke~ igh a|kegh~ am| xfe ak|~x xkde# di{ le ugilce xm nmze rkxf xfe ~x|e~~e~ma dkckxi|{ hk~nkzckge igh x|ikgkgb' Kg xfe~e nk|nud~xigne~ K rmuch |ebi|h ~unf|en|ukx~ i~ qucge|ilce kghkqkhuic~ am| rfmd xfe dkckxi|{ iuxfm|kxke~ fiqeughe|xioeg |e~zmg~klkckx{' ^m xfe iuxfm|kxke~ du~x fiqe ~xiaa x|ikgeh# igh ~x|unxu|e~kg zcine# xm heic rkxf xfe zmxegxkic z|mlced~ rfknf di{# yukxe z|ehknxilc{# i|k~e'Xfe|eam|e# ka i ~uknkhe mnnu||eh kg ~unf nk|nud~xigne~# xfk~ rmuch ~ubbe~x xfixxfe|e dkbfx fiqe leeg i aikcu|e mg xfe zi|x ma xfe iuxfm|kxke~ xm hk~nfi|be xfek| mlckbixkmg xm z|mxenx xfe |en|ukx~' Xfe|e rmuch geeh xm le ig kghezeghegx kgyuk|{ „ e~zenkicc{ ~kgne |en|ukx~ i|e x|ikgeh kg i ncm~eh egqk|mgdegx'

99;' K rmuch xioe dunf xfe ~ide qker ma Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf kg xfk~ ni~e' Kxdi{ recc le xfix# kg xfe nk|nud~xigne~ kg K|iy ix xfe xkde# i ~mchke| nmuch hke ma feix~x|moe rkxfmux xfe|e fiqkgb leeg ig{ qkmcixkmg ma xfe I|d{‛~ mlckbixkmg~ughe| i|xknce <' Geqe|xfece~~# xfe ckoeckfmmh ma evx|ede feix igh kx~ zm~~klce eaaenx~mg ~mchke|~ re|e ogmrg xm xfe dkckxi|{ iuxfm|kxke~' Xfe|e ri~ ig mlqkmu~ geeh xmxioe izz|mz|kixe z|eniuxkmg~' ^m# rfe|e# i~ fe|e# i ~mchke| ~uaae|~ ~m lihc{ a|mdfeix~x|moe# rfkce kg fk~ ckqkgb innmddmhixkmg# xfix fe hke~ ~fm|xc{ iaxe|ri|h~# kx k~ix cei~x zm~~klce xfix xfe I|d{ iuxfm|kxke~ aikceh kg ~mde i~zenx ma xfek| i|xknce <mlckbixkmg xm z|mxenx fkd' Am| xfix |ei~mg K id ~ixk~akeh xfix# bkqeg fk~ nmgne~~kmgmg `u|k~hknxkmg# xfe ^en|exi|{ ma ^xixe ri~ nm||enx xm nmgnehe xfe geeh am| iDkhhcexmg kgyue~x kgxm Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf'



Zibe 88

9<:' K rmuch# fmreqe|# xioe ig egxk|ec{ hkaae|egx qker ma xfe heixf ma i x|ikgeh~mchke| kg inxkmg „ e b# rfeg i |mih~khe lmdl lcmr~ uz xfe qefknce kg rfknf fe k~

zix|mcckgb# m| rfeg fk~ ml~e|qixkmg zm~x k~ he~x|m{eh l{ i dm|xi| lmdl' Xfe ainxxfix xfe ~mchke| ri~ okcceh kg xfe~e nk|nud~xigne~ |ik~e~ gm z|kdi ainke ni~e am| ~i{kgb xfix xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd i|d{ iuxfm|kxke~ fiqe aikceh kg xfek| mlckbixkmg xm

z|mxenx fkd igh xfix xfe|e fi~# kg nmg~eyuegne# leeg i l|einf ma fk~ i|xknce <Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~'

9<9' Kg xfe ak|~x zcine# eqeg ka ig inxkqe ~e|qkne ugkx k~# kg ~mde ri{~ i ncm~ehrm|ch# kx rmuch le yukxe r|mgb xm nmg~x|unx ig{ i|budegx i|mugh xfe khei xfixm|hkgi|{ dedle|~ ma xfe am|ne~ i|e –qucge|ilce— kg xfe ~ide ri{ i~ z|k~mge|~ m| hexikgeh zixkegx~ m|# eqeg# nmg~n|kzx~ hmkgb dkckxi|{ gixkmgic ~e|qkne kg \u~~ki m| Xu|oe{' K fiqe ic|eih{ innezxeh xfix# kg xfe kgkxkic ~xibe~ ma xfek| x|ikgkgb# |en|ukx~xm xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am|ne~ di{ kgheeh le qucge|ilce kg xfk~ ~eg~e' Lux xfm~e

rfm zi~~ xf|mubf x|ikgkgb igh i|e innezxeh kgxm xfe am|ne~ i|e maxeg xfe |eqe|~e ma qucge|ilce0 xfek| x|ikgkgb igh hk~nkzckge dioe xfed ai| dm|e ~eca$|eckigx igh|e~kckegx xfig dm~x dedle|~ ma xfe zmzucixkmg igh# ~m ai| a|md lekgb k~mcixeh# xfe{am|d zi|x ma i b|muz rfm~e dedle|~ i|e ~uzzm|xkqe ma mge igmxfe|'

9<<' Eqeg dm|e kdzm|xigxc{# ig{ ~ubbe~xkmg xfix xfe heixf ma i ~mchke| kg nmdlixnmghkxkmg~ zmkgx~ xm ~mde l|einf l{ xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ma fk~ i|xknce < |kbfx xmckae k~ gmx mgc{ xm dk~xioe# lux $ dunf rm|~e $ xm heqicue# rfix mu| ~mchke|~ hm' Kx k~gmx ù~x xfix xfek| `ml kgqmcqe~ lekgb evzm~eh xm xfe |k~o ma heixf m| kgù|{' Xfix k~

x|ue ma dig{ `ml~# a|md ~xeezceìno~ xm ak|edeg# a|md xe~x$zkcmx~ xm hkqe|~'Ugkyuec{# xfe `ml ma dedle|~ ma xfe i|deh am|ne~ kgqmcqe~ xfed lekgb hezcm{eh kg~kxuixkmg~ rfe|e# i~ xfe{ recc ogmr# mzzm~kgb am|ne~ rkcc inxuicc{ le diokgb ihexe|dkgeh eaam|x# igh u~kgb icc xfek| |e~mu|ne~# xm okcc m| kgù|e xfed' Rfkce ~xez~nig le xioeg# l{ x|ikgkgb igh l{ z|mqkhkgb ~ukxilce i|dmu|# xm bkqe mu| x|mmz~~mde dei~u|e ma z|mxenxkmg ibikg~x xfe~e fm~xkce ixxino~# xfix z|mxenxkmg nig geqe|

le nmdzcexe' Heixf~ igh kgù|ke~ i|e kgeqkxilce' Kgheeh kx k~ z|enk~ec{ leniu~e# kgnmdlix# mu| x|mmz~ i|e kgeqkxilc{ evzm~eh xm xfe~e b|eix higbe|~ xfix xfe{ he~e|qeigh eg`m{ xfe ihdk|ixkmg ma xfe nmddugkx{' Xfe cmgb$e~xilck~feh evedzxkmg a|mdkgfe|kxigne xiv ma xfe e~xixe~ ma xfm~e rfm hke mg inxkqe ~e|qkne k~ ig

inogmrcehbdegx ma xfe ainx xfix dedle|~ ma xfe i|deh am|ne~ nig le nicceh uzmgxm |k~o heixf kg xfk~ ri{ kg xfe heaegne ma rfix xfe bmqe|gdegx ze|nekqe~ xm le xfegixkmgic kgxe|e~x'

9<>' K fiqe heckle|ixec{ |eae||eh xm –mu| ~mchke|~— igh –mu| x|mmz~— leniu~e kxdi{ recc le xfix gmx icc Nmugnkc ma Eu|mze nmugx|ke~ cmmo mg xfek| i|deh am|ne~ kgxfe ~ide ri{' Am| fk~xm|knic m| nucxu|ic |ei~mg~# ~mde di{ le |ecunxigx xm ~ee xfek| i|deh am|ne~ egbibe kg nmdlix m| ni||{ mux higbe|mu~ zeine$oeezkgb mze|ixkmg~'^m xfe{ di{ fiqe i qe|{ hkaae|egx ixxkxuhe xm xfe |k~o~ xm rfknf xfek| am|ne~ ~fmuch

le evzm~eh' Nm||e~zmghkgbc{# dedle|~ ma xfek| am|ne~ di{ gmx ixx|inx xfe ceqec ma



Zibe 85

zulckn e~xeed xfix dedle|~ ma mu| am|ne~# rfm i|e |ebuci|c{ evzenxeh xm aine qe|{|eic xf|eix~ ma heixf m| kgù|{# eg`m{'

9<8' Ix z|e~egx mu| x|mmz~ i|e evzm~eh xm b|eix higbe|~ kg Iabfigk~xig'

Kgeqkxilc{# dig{ fiqe leeg okcceh igh dig{ dm|e fiqe leeg rmugheh' Xm ~ubbe~xxfix xfe~e heixf~ igh kgù|ke~ nig icri{~# m| eqeg u~uicc{# le ~eeg i~ xfe |e~ucx ma ~mde aikcu|e xm z|mxenx xfe ~mchke|~# rfexfe| l{ xfek| kddehkixe nmdzigkmg~ m| l{dm|e ~egkm| maakne|~ m| bege|ic~ m| dkgk~xe|~# k~ xm hez|enkixe xfe l|iqe|{ ma xfedeg igh rmdeg rfm aine xfe~e higbe|~' Xfe{ i|e l|iqe z|enk~ec{ leniu~e xfe{ hmxfe `ml# ogmrkgb aucc recc xfix# fmreqe| dunf k~ hmge xm z|mxenx xfed# xfe{ i|ebmkgb xm le uz ibikg~x mzzm~kgb am|ne~ rfm i|e kgxegx mg okcckgb m| kgù|kgb xfedigh rfm i|e ~mdexkde~ bmkgb xm ~unneeh'

9<5' Xfk~ k~ xfe linob|mugh xm ig{ kgyue~x kgxm xfe heixf ma i ~mchke| mg inxkqe~e|qkne' Kg dm~x ni~e~ xfe ~xi|xkgb$zmkgx k~ xfix xfe ~mchke| hkeh i~ i |e~ucx ma iheckle|ixe ixxino l{ mzzm~kgb am|ne~ „ l{# ~i{# i dm|xi| lmdl# m| i |mih~khe lmdl#m| l{ ~gkze| ak|e' U~uicc{# ix cei~x# xfix rkcc ic~m le xfe egh$zmkgx ma xfe nm|mge|‛~kgqe~xkbixkmg leniu~e kx rkcc le ig iheyuixe he~n|kzxkmg gmx mgc{ ma fmr xfe ~mchke| ri~ okcceh# lux ic~m ma xfe nk|nud~xigne~ kg rfknf fe ri~ okcceh' Ma nmu|~e# kx rkccmaxeg „ ze|fiz~ eqeg u~uicc{ „ le zm~~klce xm ~i{ xfix xfe heixf dkbfx recc gmxfiqe mnnu||eh ka xfe ~mchke| fih gmx leeg m|he|eh xm ni||{ mux xfe zi|xknuci| zix|mc#m| ka fe fih leeg kg i qefknce rkxf xfknoe| i|dmu|$zcixkgb# m| ka xfe ml~e|qixkmg

zm~x fih leeg lexxe| z|mxenxeh' Lux# eqeg ka xfix k~ nm||enx# l{ kx~eca# kx hme~ gmx

zmkgx xm ig{ aikcu|e l{ xfe |eceqigx iuxfm|kxke~ xm hm xfek| le~x xm z|mxenx xfe~mchke|~‛ ckqe~' Kx rmuch mgc{ hm ~m ka „ nmgx|i|{ xm xfe qe|{ e~~egne ma inxkqedkckxi|{ ~e|qkne „ xfe iuxfm|kxke~ nmuch gm|dicc{ le evzenxeh xm eg~u|e xfix mu| x|mmz~ rmuch gmx le okcceh m| kgù|eh l{ mzzm~kgb am|ne~' Mg xfe nmgx|i|{# kg m|he| xm infkeqe i cebkxkdixe zeineoeezkgb mlènxkqe# i nmddighe| di{ fiqe xm m|he| fk~ deg xm ni||{ mux ig mze|ixkmg rfeg fe ogmr~ xfix xfe{ i|e evfiu~xeh m| xfixxfek| eyukzdegx k~ gmx kg xfe le~x nmghkxkmg' Kgheeh xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mgFudig \kbfx~ mre~ kx~ qe|{ evk~xegne xm nmugxce~~ kghkqkhuic~ rfm ni||keh muxmze|ixkmg~ kg ù~x ~unf nk|nud~xigne~'

9<1' Am| xfe~e |ei~mg~# K id ~ixk~akeh xfix# rfe|e i ~e|qknedig m| rmdig fi~ leeg okcceh l{ mzzm~kgb am|ne~ kg xfe nmu|~e ma dkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg~# xfe nm|mge| rkcc u~uicc{ fiqe gm li~k~ am| nmg~khe|kgb# ix xfe mux~ex# xfix xfe|e fi~ leeg iqkmcixkmg ma ig{ ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg ughe| i|xknce <' ^m i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x rkccgmx le nicceh am| „ igh kgheeh kx rmuch gmx le cirauc# kg ~unf nk|nud~xigne~# xm|exu|g xfe rkhe| qe|hknx rfknf k~ |eyuk|eh rfe|e i zmxegxkic qkmcixkmg ma i|xknce < k~ughe| nmg~khe|ixkmg' Ma nmu|~e# i~ fk~ kgqe~xkbixkmg z|mneeh~# xfe nm|mge| di{ugnmqe| ger kgam|dixkmg rfknf hme~ zmkgx xm i zm~~klce qkmcixkmg ma i|xknce <' Xmxioe ig evx|ede evidzce# kx di{ ede|be a|md xfe eqkhegne xfix xfe ~mchke| inxuicc{

hkeh i~ i |e~ucx ma a|keghc{ ak|e a|md mxfe| L|kxk~f am|ne~' Ix xfix zmkgx# xfe cebic zm~kxkmg rkcc nfigbe leniu~e xfe|e rkcc le |ei~mg xm leckeqe xfix xfe dkckxi|{



Zibe 81

iuxfm|kxke~ di{ kgheeh fiqe aikceh kg xfek| i|xknce < hux{ xm z|mxenx xfe ~mchke|‛~ckae' ^m xfe nm|mge| rkcc nmghunx xfe kgyue~x kg xfe digge| |eyuk|eh xm aucakc xfeUgkxeh Okgbhmd‛~ kgqe~xkbixm|{ mlckbixkmg ughe| i|xknce <'

9<2' Lux xfe nm|mge| k~ gmx nmgne|geh rkxf l|mih zmckxknic henk~kmg~ rfknf di{~eed xm fiqe i lei|kgb# igh di{ kgheeh inxuicc{ fiqe i lei|kgb# mg rfixfizzegeh' Xfk~ k~ ncei| a|md Ginfmqi q Lucbi|ki &<::5+ 8< EF\\ ;>># ;52# zi|i99:# rfe|e xfe B|igh Nfidle| he~n|kleh –xfe e~~egxkic zu|zm~e— ma ig i|xknce <kgqe~xkbixkmg i~ lekgb –xm ~enu|e xfe eaaenxkqe kdzcedegxixkmg ma xfe hmde~xkn cir~~iaebui|hkgb xfe |kbfx xm ckae igh# kg xfm~e ni~e~ kgqmcqkgb ~xixe ibegx~ m| lmhke~# xmeg~u|e xfek| innmugxilkckx{ am| heixf~ mnnu||kgb ughe| xfek| |e~zmg~klkckx{'— Mgne kxk~ e~xilck~feh# ~i{# xfix i ~mchke| hkeh leniu~e xfe lci~x a|md i |mih~khe lmdl

zegex|ixeh xfe i|dmu|$zcixkgb mg fk~ qefknce# kx di{ recc le kgae||eh xfix fe rmuchgmx fiqe hkeh ka xfe zcixkgb fih leeg ~x|mgbe|' Igh xfix ~kdzce ainx di{ le rm|xf

zmkgxkgb mux i~ i zm~~klce bukhe am| xfe auxu|e' Lux yue~xkmg~# ~i{# i~ xm rfexfe| kxrmuch fiqe leeg aei~klce xm akx ~x|mgbe| z|mxenxkmg# m| i~ xm rf{ xfe zi|xknuci| qefknce~ re|e u~eh kg xfe mze|ixkmg m| nidzikbg# m| i~ xm rf{ xfm~e qefknce~# i~mzzm~eh xm qefknce~ rkxf ~x|mgbe| z|mxenxkmg# re|e m|kbkgicc{ zu|nfi~eh l{ xfeDkgk~x|{ ma Heaegne# m| i~ xm rfexfe| kx rmuch fiqe leeg lexxe| xm fiqe dm|efecknmzxe|~ iqikcilce exn# icc |ik~e k~~ue~ rfknf i|e e~~egxkicc{ zmckxknic |ixfe| xfigcebic' Xfix lekgb ~m# i nu|kmu~ i~zenx ma nmug~ec‛~ ~uldk~~kmg~ leam|e xfk~ Nmu|xri~ xfe nmdzcexe il~egne ma ig{ |eae|egne xm Zi|ckidegx i~ xfe am|ud kg rfknf~unf dixxe|~ ~fmuch le |ik~eh igh helixeh igh kg rfknf dkgk~xe|~ ~fmuch le fech|e~zmg~klce' Ma nmu|~e# kg nmg~eyuegne ma z|e~~u|e l|mubfx xm lei| l{ Zi|ckidegx#

xfe bmqe|gdegx dkbfx ~ex uz ig kghezeghegx kgyuk|{ rkxf rkhe xe|d~ ma |eae|egnexm cmmo kgxm icc i~zenx~ ma i ~kxuixkmg# kgncuhkgb xfe zmckxknic i~zenx~' Lux re i|enmgne|geh rkxf xfe ~nmze ma i nm|mge|‛~ kgyue~x rfm~e augnxkmg k~ hkaae|egx' Dig{ma xfe k~~ue~ ilmux xfe heixf~ ma ~mchke|~ rfknf i|e# ughe|~xighilc{# ma xfe b|eixe~xnmgne|g xm xfek| |ecixkqe~ i|e kgheeh ma xfk~ dunf l|mihe| gixu|e' Kg ~fm|x# xfe{|ik~e yue~xkmg~ ma zmckn{# gmx ma cebickx{# igh ~m rmuch aicc mux~khe xfe ~nmze ma ig{i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixkmg rfknf i nm|mge| dkbfx le mlckbeh xm ni||{ mux'

9<6' Am| xfe~e |ei~mg~ K ib|ee xfix xfe nmgxegxkmg~ ihqigneh l{ D~ \m~e igh D|

Lecmaa ~fmuch le |e`enxeh'

CM\H RICOE\

9<;' Kg nmddmg rkxf mxfe| dedle|~ ma xfk~ Nmu|x K aeec ~mde hk~yukex ilmux mu| egbibkgb kg z|mx|inxeh heckle|ixkmg igh xfe z|ezi|ixkmg ma cegbxf{ `uhbdegx~ mgxrm k~~ue~ rfknf &i~ icc zi|xke~ ib|ee+ hm gmx inxuicc{ iaaenx rfix k~ xm fizzeg kgnmg~eyuegne ma xfe x|ibkn heixf ma Zxe ^dkxf' Kx k~ gmx xfe augnxkmg ma xfk~ Nmu|x xmheckqe| ihqk~m|{ mzkgkmg~# igh kg xfk~ ni~e re di{ le bmkgb ~mde ri{ le{mgh



Zibe 82

rfix rmuch le |ebi|heh i~ i z|mze| eve|nk~e ma ùhknkic zmre| kg i nmugx|{ rkxf ir|kxxeg nmg~xkxuxkmg z|mqkhkgb am| xfe ~ezi|ixkmg ma zmre|~ &am| kg~xigne xfe

zm~kxkmg kg Iu~x|icki k~ qe|{ aucc{ hk~nu~~eh kg i zize| –I Fudig \kbfx~ Inx# xfeNmu|x~ igh xfe Nmg~xkxuxkmg— z|e~egxeh xm xfe Iu~x|ickig Fudig \kbfx~Nmddk~~kmg l{ xfe Fmg Dknfiec DnFubf IN mg 5 Di|nf <::;+'

9>:' Xfe ainx xfix eqe|{ heixf ma i ~mchke| kg Iabfigk~xig l|kgb~ x|ibeh{ xm fk~ m| fe| aidkc{# igh ~m||mr xm xfe rfmce gixkmg# di{ gmx le i ~uaaknkegx |ei~mg am| ~x|exnfkgb mu| ù|k~hknxkmg xm xfe ckdkx~' Xfix k~ ughe|ckgeh l{ xfe ~enmgh k~~ue# i~xm nm|mge|~‛ kgyue~x~# rfknf fi~ ceh xm xfe ~uldk~~kmg ma au|xfe| hexikceh eqkhegnerfknf# kgam|dixkqe i~ kx k~# fi~ gm zm~~klce lei|kgb mg xfe ~enmgh kgyue~x rfknf k~xm le fech mg xfe heixf ma Zxe ^dkxf'

9>9' Mg xfe xrm k~~ue~ i|bueh leam|e xfe Nmu|x K |e~zenxaucc{ ib|ee rkxf Cm|hNmcckg~ mg xfe ak|~x k~~ue# igh rkxf Cm|h Zfkcckz~ igh Cm|h \mhbe| mg xfe ~enmghk~~ue' K rmuch zi|xknuci|c{ i~~mnkixe d{~eca rkxf zi|i~ 996$9<2 ma Cm|h \mhbe|‛~

ùhbdegx'

CIH[ FICE

9><' D|~ ^dkxf du~x rmghe| rf{ ~fe k~ kg xfk~ nmu|x' ^fe hkh gmx i~o xm le fe|e'Icc ~fe rigx~ k~ i z|mze| kgyuk|{# kg rfknf ~fe nig zci{ i z|mze| zi|x# kgxm fmr kxri~ xfix fe| ~mg @i~mg nide xm hke ma feix~x|moe rfkce ~e|qkgb rkxf xfe L|kxk~fi|d{ kg K|iy' ^fe rigx~ xm ughe|~xigh rfix fizzegeh xm fkd# lux ~fe ic~m rigx~mxfe|~ xm ughe|~xigh kx xmm# ~m xfix ig{xfkgb rfknf |ei~mgilc{ nig le hmge rkcc lehmge xm z|eqegx mxfe| aidkcke~ ~uaae|kgb i~ fe|~ fi~ ~uaae|eh' ^fe fih xm lebkgxfe~e z|mneehkgb~ leniu~e ma ~fm|xnmdkgb~ kg xfe ak|~x kgyue~x# rfknf i|e gmrnmgneheh lmxf l{ xfe Nm|mge| igh l{ xfe Dkgk~x|{ ma Heaegne' Xfe Dkgk~x|{ aikcehxm z|mhune xfe z|kgnkzic lmi|h ma kgyuk|{ |ezm|x kgxm Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf# kg~k~xehuzmg rfmce~ice |ehinxkmg ma xfe hmnudegx~ rfknf re|e hk~ncm~eh# igh xfe nm|mge| r|mgbc{ fech xfix fe fih gm zmre| xm m|he| hk~ncm~u|e ka xfe Dkgk~x|{ rmuch gmxib|ee' I~ xfe ùhbe nmddegxeh# –kx fi~ ~eedeh xm xfe aidkc{ xfix xfe I|d{ ri~nmgne|geh xm nmqe| uz ig{ ~fm|xnmdkgb~ igh xm z|mxenx kx~ |ezuxixkmg' Xfix di{ gmx

le i nm||enx nmgncu~kmg# lux kx k~ gmx ~u|z|k~kgb xfix kx fi~ leeg |einfeh— &zi|i 5+'

9>>' Lux icc xfix k~ gmr lefkgh fe|' I ger kgyue~x k~ xm le fech igh xfm~e zmkgx~i|e nmgneheh' Dm|e xfig xfix# D|~ ^dkxf rk~feh xm e~xilck~f xfix fe| ~mg fih hkeh–rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg— ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# ~m xfix fe igh ~fe re|e nmqe|eh

l{ xfe bui|igxee~ kg i|xknce < ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~' Xfk~kdzm~e~ uzmg xfe ~xixe i hux{# gmx mgc{ xm iqmkh xiokgb ckae# lux ic~m xm xioe

zm~kxkqe ~xez~ xm z|mxenx xfe |kbfx xm ckae kg i qi|kex{ ma ri{~' Mge ma xfe~e k~ xm



Zibe 86

fmch i z|mze| kgyuk|{# kg rfknf xfe aidkc{ ma xfe henei~eh di{ zci{ i z|mze| zi|x#ka kx izzei|~ xfix xfe ~xixe di{ fiqe aikceh kg kx~ |e~zmg~klkckx{ xm z|mxenx ckae' Lux

lmxf ma xfe~e zmkgx~ fiqe ic~m leeg nmgneheh' Xfe Dkgk~x|{ ma Heaegne innezx xfixZ|kqixe ^dkxf ri~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd rfeg fe hkeh'Xfe{ rkcc ic~m gmx mlènx xm ig kgyue~x rfknf evidkge~# gmx mgc{ xfe z|enk~e niu~ema fk~ heixf# lux ic~m xfe nk|nud~xigne~ kg rfknf kx xmmo zcine' Xfk~ k~ i~ ai| i~ xfe{m| ig{mge ec~e nig bm# leniu~e kx rkcc le am| xfe nm|mge| xm henkhe# mg xfe li~k~ ma xfix kgyuk|{# rfix ~m|x ma qe|hknx ~fmuch le heckqe|eh' Lux ka xfe eqkhegne re|e xmri||igx kx# xfe qe|hknx nmuch ncei|c{ le mge rfknf khegxkakeh ig{ l|einf xfix xfe|edi{ fiqe leeg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~ mlckbixkmg~ ughe| i|xknce <'

9>8' Xfix k~ icc xfix k~ geeheh xm henkhe xfk~ ni~e' Xfe Dkgk~x|{ ma Heaegne fiqeizzeiceh xm xfk~ nmu|x leniu~e lmxf xfe x|kic ùhbe igh xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeicinnezxeh xfe kgqkxixkmg ma lmxf zi|xke~ xm henkhe dm|e xfig xfe{ geeheh xm henkhe'

Ma nmu|~e xfe{ deigx xm le feczauc' Lux leniu~e xfe Dkgk~x|{ ma Heaegne hkh gmxckoe rfix xfe{ ~ikh# D|~ ^dkxf fi~ fih xm rikx am| dm|e xfig xrm {ei|~ am| xfe ni~exm le mqe| ~m xfix xfe a|e~f kgyue~x nig le i||igbeh' Ze|fiz~ rm|~e# kx k~ gmx ix iccncei| rfix xfk~ nmu|x k~ hmkgb' Xfe x|kic ùhbe m|he|eh xfix xfe ak|~x kgyuk~kxkmg ighqe|hknx le yui~feh igh i ger kgyue~x fech –xfix nmdzcke~ rkxf xfe z|mnehu|icmlckbixkmg~ kdzcknkx kg I|xknce < ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~# i~~ex mux kg xfe Nmu|x‛~ ùhbdegx—' &Fe ic~m hk~dk~~eh i nmdzexkgb ncikd l{ xfeDkgk~x|{ ma Heaegne lux xfe|e ri~ gm izzeic ibikg~x xfix'+ Xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeichk~dk~~eh xfe Dkgk~x|{‛~ izzeic' ^m xfe ùhbe‛~ m|he| ~xigh~' I~ K ughe|~xigh kx#xfe dm~x re dkbfx le i~oeh xm hm k~ xm hecexe xfe rm|h~ –i~ ~ex mux kg xfe Nmu|x‛~

ùhbdegx—' Fe dihe gm henci|ixkmg~ i~ xm xfe |kbfx~ ma xfe zi|xke~ ~m re i|e gmxi~oeh xm nfigbe xfm~e' ^m re i|e de|ec{ diokgb ml~e|qixkmg~ mg xrm evx|edec{kdzm|xigx igh kgxe|e~xkgb yue~xkmg~ lux re i|e gmx henkhkgb ig{xfkgb'

9>5' Kg xfm~e nk|nud~xigne~ K hmulx rfexfe| ig{ ma xfe kdzm|xigx igh kgxe|e~xkgbxfkgb~ rfknf i|e ~ikh ilmux xfm~e yue~xkmg~ kg xfk~ nmu|x nig le zi|x ma xfe e~~egxkicb|mugh~ am| mu| henk~kmg igh xfu~ lkghkgb uzmg mxfe| nmu|x~ kg auxu|e' Kg xfe rm|h~ma ^k| A|ehe|kno Zmccmno# nkxeh l{ Cm|h Heggkgb kg Ncm~e q ^xeec Nmdzig{ ma Rice~ Cxh _9;1<T IN >12# ix >66$>6;0

–@uhknkic iuxfm|kx{ lecmgb~ gmx xm xfe evinx rm|h~ u~eh kg xfk~ m| xfix ùhbdegx# gm| eqeg xm icc xfe |ei~mg~ bkqeg# lux mgc{ xm xfe z|kgnkzce~innezxeh igh izzckeh i~ gene~~i|{ b|mugh~ ma xfe henk~kmg'—

Ce~x kx le xfmubfx xfix Cm|h Heggkgb xmmo ig ugu~uic qker ma xfe nk|nud~xigne~ kgrfknf fe ri~ lmugh l{ z|eqkmu~ iuxfm|kx{# fe ic~m |eae||eh xm Cm|h êclm|ge CN#kg Nicehmgkig \ikcri{ Nmdzig{ q Ricoe|‛~ X|u~xee~ &966<+ 2 Izz Ni~ <5;# ix

<250



Zibe 8;

–I ùhbdegx rfknf k~ |kbfx# igh nmg~k~xegx rkxf ~mugh z|kgnkzce~#uzmg xfe ainx~ igh nk|nud~xigne~ ma xfe ni~e rfknf xfe Fmu~e fih xmhenkhe# geeh gmx le nmg~x|ueh i~ ci{kgb hmrg i |uce am| i~ul~xigxkicc{ hkaae|egx ~xixe ma ainx~ igh nk|nud~xigne~# xfmubf ~mde

z|mzm~kxkmg~# rkhe| xfig xfe ni~e kx~eca |eyuk|eh# di{ izzei| xm fiqe|enekqeh nmugxegigne a|md xfm~e rfm xfeg ihqk~eh xfe Fmu~e'—

Zkxfke| ~xkcc ri~ xfe Ei|c ma Fic~lu|{ CN kg Yukgg q Ceixfed _9;:9T IN 8;5# ix5:10

–' ' ' i ni~e k~ mgc{ ig iuxfm|kx{ am| rfix kx inxuicc{ henkhe~'—

Xenfgknicc{# xfe|eam|e# K leckeqe xfix mu| qker~ i|e gmx lkghkgb# lux xfe{ i|e ma nmu|~e ze|~ui~kqe' ^m kx k~ mgc{ zmckxe xm xfe zmre|auc i|budegx~ ihqigneh l{nmug~ec# igh xm xfe zixkegne rkxf rfknf D|~ ^dkxf fi~ ck~xegeh xm xfed# xm kghknixerfe|e K nu||egxc{ ~xigh mg einf ma xfe xrm l|mihe| k~~ue~'

9>1' Mg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg k~~ue# K |edikg ma xfe qker xm rfknf K ri~ kgnckgeh kg \&Begxce+ q Z|kde Dkgk~xe| _<::6T UOFC <:# _<::6T IN 9>51# xfix L|kxk~f ~mchke|~~e|qkgb kg K|iy re|e rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd rfeg xfe{ re|eokcceh# kg mge ni~e l{ –a|keghc{ ak|e— igh kg xfe mxfe| l{ i |mih ~khe lmdl' K idyukxe ncei| xfix xfk~ ri~ gmx zi|x ma xfe z|kgnkzce# m| e~~egxkic b|mugh# uzmg rfknfxfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ henkheh xfe ni~e0 xfk~ ri~ xfix xiokgb ni|e xm hk~nmqe| rfexfe| m| gmx xfe ri| ri~ cebic kg kgxe|gixkmgic cir fih gmxfkgb xm hm rkxf xfe hux{ kgi|xknce < xm z|mxenx ckae' Xfk~ nig ei~kc{ le xe~xeh' Kx rmuch fiqe dihe gm hkaae|egnexm xfe henk~kmg mg xfe k~~ue kg xfe ni~e rfe|e xfe ~mchke|~‛ heixf~ fih xioeg zcine0rfexfe| xfe{ re|e ncei|c{ –rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg— ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd m| rfexfe| xfe{ re|e gmx' Xfe Fmu~e hkh fei| ~mde i|budegx mg xfe zmkgx# luxgmxfkgb i~ aucc i~ xfe i|budegx rfknf xfk~ nmu|x fi~ fei|h' Icxfmubf K id ~m||{ xmhk~ib|ee rkxf nmcceibue~ rfm~e mzkgkmg~ i|e rm|xf{ ma xfe heeze~x |e~zenx# K ib|eerkxf xfe mzkgkmg~ ma Cm|h Digne igh Cm|h Oe||# igh am| xfe qe|{ aucc |ei~mg~rfknf xfe{ bkqe# igh xfe|e k~ gmxfkgb rfknf K nig u~eaucc{ ihh'

9>2' Mg xfe ~enmgh k~~ue# K ib|ee xfix xfk~ k~ i yue~xkmg am| i nm|mge| xmhexe|dkge mg xfe eqkhegne xfix ede|be~ ix xfe kgyue~x# lux K ic~m ib|ee rkxf Cm|hZfkcckz~ igh Cm|h \mhbe| xfix re ic|eih{ ogmr egmubf xm |ik~e xfe ~e|kmu~

zm~~klkckx{ xfix xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd di{ kg ~mde ri{ fiqe leeg kg l|einf ma kx~mlckbixkmg~ ughe| i|xknce <' ^m xfe ~nmze ma xfe kgyuk|{ du~x le rkhe egmubf xmcmmo kgxm xfk~ igh# hezeghkgb mg xfe nmgncu~kmg~ h|irg a|md xfe eqkhegne# xfeqe|hknx du~x le ilce xm |eacenx xfk~'



Zibe 5:

9>6' K hm gmx leckeqe xfix re i|e ekxfe| iccmrkgb m| hk~dk~~kgb ig izzeic mgekxfe| k~~ue# lux ka re i|e K rmuch hk~dk~~ kx mg lmxf'

CM\H L\MRG

9>;' I|e mu| i|deh ~e|qkne~ il|mih# kg K|iy# Iabfigk~xig m| rfe|eqe| ec~e xfe{di{ le nicceh uzmg xm akbfx# rkxfkg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg rkxfkg xfedeigkgb ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~= Xfix k~ xfen|kxknic ak|~x k~~ue am| henk~kmg mg xfk~ izzeic' Ka xfe{ i|e# xfeg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmdk~ |eyuk|eh xm ~enu|e xm xfed icc xfe Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~' ^mde rkcc~i{ xfix xfk~ k~ gm ce~~ xfig xfe{ he~e|qe' Xfe{ i|e l|iqe deg igh rmdeg#ughmulxehc{ egxkxceh xm xfe~e |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~ rfkc~x ~e|qkgb &~mdexkde~# i~

|enegxc{ kg Gm|xfe|g K|ecigh# mg inxkqe ~e|qkne+ ix fmde' Rf{ ~fmuch xfe{ gmxeg`m{ xfe ~ide |kbfx~ rfeg# rfexfe| xfe{ ckoe kx m| gmx# xfe{ i|e nicceh uzmg xm ainehigbe|~ il|mih= Rfeg il|mih# xfe{ i|e# iaxe| icc# ~xkcc ~ulènx xm UO dkckxi|{ cirigh# kgheeh# |edikg bege|icc{ ughe| xfe cebk~cixkqe# ùhknkic igh evenuxkqeiuxfm|kx{ ma xfe UO' Mxfe|~# fmreqe|# rkcc ~i{ xfix xm innm|h Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~igh a|eehmd~ xm mu| ~e|qkne~ rfkc~x egbibeh kg i|deh nmdlix rkxf fm~xkce am|ne~il|mih dioe~ gm ~eg~e ix icc' Kx nmuch ~e|qe mgc{ xm kgfklkx henk~kmg$diokgb kg xfeakech igh xm nmdz|mdk~e mu| ~e|qkne~‛ akbfxkgb zmre|'

98:' Am| d{ zi|x K nig |eihkc{ ~ee xfe am|ne ma lmxf i|budegx~ igh hm gmx z|exeghxm fiqe amugh xfk~ ig ei~{ ni~e xm henkhe' Kg xfe egh# fmreqe|# K fiqe nmgncuhehxfix# ~iqe kg ig evnezxkmgic ni~e ckoe xfix ma Z|kqixe ^dkxf fkd~eca rfm~e heixf|e~ucxeh a|md fk~ x|eixdegx mg li~e# Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ hm gmx bege|icc{ ixxinf xmmu| i|deh am|ne~ ~e|qkgb il|mih' Fiqkgb |ebi|h xm xfe gudle| igh cegbxf ma mxfe|

ùhbdegx~ kg xfe ni~e# d{ mrg |ei~mgkgb rkcc le l|kea' ^mdexkde~ ce~~ k~ dm|e'

989' K xioe i~ d{ ~xi|xkgb zmkgx xfe henk~kmg ma xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg \ &Ic$ôekgk+ q ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| Heaegne _<::6T IN 95> rfe|e K ~mubfx xm igic{~exfe evk~xkgb ^x|i~lmu|b ù|k~z|uhegne mg xfe |einf ma i|xknce 9' Gmxfkgb xfix K fiqe~kgne fei|h m| |eih fi~ ze|~uiheh de xfix xfix igic{~k~ k~ r|mgb' Kx ri~ ogmrg# ma nmu|~e# ix xfe xkde xfk~ ni~e ri~ i|bueh leam|e u~# xfix xfe izzcknixkmg kg Ic$ôekgk ri~ xm le fei|h kg ^x|i~lmu|b mg ; @uge <:9:# rkxf xfe ùhbdegx ma xfe B|ighNfidle| evzenxeh ~mde >$1 dmgxf~ cixe|# igh# mlqkmu~c{# ka xfe izzcknixkmg~unneeh~# kx k~ ckoec{ xm x|ig~am|d mu| ughe|~xighkgb ma xfe ~nmze ma i|xknce 9 kgni~e~ ma xfk~ ~m|x' Deigrfkce# fmreqe|# Ic$ôekgk du~x le i~~udeh xm le nm||enxigh# kg xu|g# xfe henk~kmg ma xfe B|igh Nfidle| kg Ligomqkn q Lecbkud &<::9+ 99EF\N 8>5 du~x le |ebi|heh i~ ^x|i~lmu|b‛~ |uckgb ùhbdegx mg xfe zmkgx'



Zibe 59

98<' Xfe|e fi~ leeg ~mde ~ubbe~xkmg &~ee# am| evidzce# zi|i~ <; igh >: ma Cm|hZfkcckz~‛ ùhbdegx+ xfix# ~kgne Ligomqkn# i rkhe| nmgnezx ma i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg

li~eh uzmg ~xixe ibegx iuxfm|kx{ fi~ leeg bikgkgb b|mugh kg ^x|i~lmu|b' Kg Ic$ôekgk &ix zi|i~ 9<8$9>9+ K heicx ix cegbxf rkxf mge zm~x$ Ligomqkn ^x|i~lmu|bhenk~kmg ~ikh xm ~uzzm|x ~unf ig izz|minf „ K~~i q Xu|oe{ &De|kx~+ &<::8+ 89EF\\ 512 „ igh nmgncuheh xfix kx ~fmuch gmx le ughe|~xmmh xm hex|inx kg ig{ ri{a|md xfe ncei|c{ |e~x|knxkqe izz|minf xm i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg ihmzxeh kg Ligomqkn' \eae|egne k~ gmr dihe xm dm|e |enegx ^x|i~lmu|b henk~kmg~# kg zi|xknuci| Ic$îihmmg igh Duahfk q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &<::;+ 8; EF\\ Ê ;5 igh Dehqeh{eq q

A|igne &Izzcknixkmg Gm >>;8-:>+ &ug|ezm|xeh+ <; Di|nf <:9:' Xm d{ dkgh#fmreqe|# gekxfe| ni~x~ ig{ |eic hmulx mg xfe Ligomqkn-Ic$ôekgk igic{~k~' Kg Ic$îihmmg xfe Nmu|x ix zi|i 1< nkxeh zi|i 9>< ma d{ mrg ùhbdegx kg Ic$ôekgk „ |enmbgk~kgb xfe UO‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| D| Dmu~i –e~~egxkicc{ l{ igicmb{ rkxf xfeevx|i$xe||kxm|kic evnezxkmg dihe am| edli~~ke~ &ig igicmb{ |enmbgk~eh xmm kg Fe~~q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;25+ < H\ 2<# i Nmddk~~kmg henk~kmg kg xfe nmgxevx ma iam|ekbg z|k~mg rfknf fih kx~eca |eae||eh xm xfe edli~~{ ni~e ma V q Aehe|ic

\ezulckn ma Be|dig{+— „ igh# ix zi|i~ 66$6;# nmgncuheh xfix0

– ' ' ' bkqeg xfe xmxic igh evncu~kqe he ainxm# igh ~ul~eyuegxc{ ic~m he ù|e# nmgx|mc eve|nk~eh l{ xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd iuxfm|kxke~ mqe| xfe z|edk~e~ kg yue~xkmg# xfe kghkqkhuic~ hexikgeh xfe|e# kgncuhkgb xfeizzcknigx# re|e rkxfkg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg &~ee Fe~~ qUgkxeh Okgbhmd ' ' '+' Xfk~ nmgncu~kmg k~# dm|emqe|# nmg~k~xegx rkxfxfe hknxi ma xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg Ic$ôekgk ' ' ' &~ee zi|i 1< ilmqe+'

Kg xfe Nmu|x‛~ qker# xfe izzcknigx~ |edikgeh rkxfkg xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg ugxkc xfek| zf{~knic x|ig~ae| xm xfe nu~xmh{ ma xfe K|iyk iuxfm|kxke~ mg >9 Henedle| <::6'—

Kx ~eed~ xm de ncei| xfix xfe Nmu|x ri~ xfe|e ihmzxkgb# |ixfe| xfig hmulxkgb# xfe Ic$ôekgk igic{~k~' Xfe henk~kmg ma xfe B|igh Nfidle| kg Dehqeh{eq k~~uaaknkegxc{ he~n|kleh ix zi|i >: ma Cm|h Zfkcckz~‛ ùhbdegx igh zi|i~ 96:$96< ma Cm|h Digne‛~ ùhbdegx' K niggmx ~ee fmr kx ~uzzm|x~ ig i|budegx am| i|xknce 9

ù|k~hknxkmg bege|icc{ kg |e~zenx ma i ~xixe‛~ i|deh ~e|qkne~ il|mih'

98>' Icc xfix ~ikh# K |enmbgk~e xfix rfkc~x xfe|e k~ gmxfkgb kg Ic$ôekgk &m|# kgheeh# Ligomqkn+ rfknf ~uzzm|x~ xfe |e~zmghegx‛~ i|budegx mg xfe z|e~egx izzeic# gekxfe| k~ xfe|e ig{xfkgb kg xfe ni~e~ rfmcc{ kgnmg~k~xegx rkxf kx' X|ue# i~ zi|i 19 ma

Ligomqkn ~xixeh# i|xknce 9 |eacenx~ ig –e~~egxkicc{ xe||kxm|kic gmxkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg#mxfe| li~e~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg lekgb evnezxkmgic igh |eyuk|kgb ~zenkic ù~xkaknixkmg kgxfe zi|xknuci| nk|nud~xigne~ ma einf ni~e'— Igh x|ue kx k~ xmm xfix xfe zi|xknuci|

li~k~ ma evnezxkmgic ù|k~hknxkmg lekgb nmgxegheh am| fe|e fi~ gmx z|eqkmu~c{ leeg|enmbgk~eh l{ xfe Nmu|x# xfe Nmddk~~kmg‛~ evz|e~~ |eae|egne xm i|deh am|ne~

|edikgkgb ughe| i ~xixe‛~ i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg rfeg il|mih &am| evidzce kg xfek| 9;25 ihdk~~klkckx{ henk~kmg kg N{z|u~ q Xu|oe{ < H\ 9<5 nkxeh ix zi|i 8; ma Cm|h



Zibe 5<

Zfkcckz~‛ ùhbdegx+ lekgb nmg~zknumu~c{ mdkxxeh a|md dm|e |enegx ~unfam|ducixkmg~' Geqe|xfece~~# i~ K |enmbgk~eh ix xfe mux~ex# mu| i|deh am|ne~ il|mihi|e ~ulènx gmx mgc{ xm UO dkckxi|{ cir lux ic~m xm xfe UO‛~ bege|ic n|kdkgic ighnkqkc cir igh &i~ xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic _<::;T > RC\ 9:;; zmkgxeh mux ix zi|i <; ma kx~ ùhbdegx+0 –I~ i dixxe| ma kgxe|gixkmgic cir# gm kga|kgbedegx ma xfe~mqe|ekbgx{ ma xfe fm~x ~xixe k~ kgqmcqeh kg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd eve|nk~kgb

ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~ ~mchke|~ ~e|qkgb il|mih—'

988' Zcikgc{# xfe|eam|e# kx nig |e~zenxilc{ le i|bueh xfix ~zenkic ù~xkaknixkmgevk~x~ am| innezxkgb ig evx|i$xe||kxm|kic li~k~ ma i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg kg xfek|

zi|xknuci| ni~e' I|builc{# dm|emqe|# xfk~ rmuch eckdkgixe ix i ~x|moe qi|kmu~izzi|egx igmdicke~ mxfe|rk~e |e~ucxkgb a|md xfe zm~kxkmg nmgxegheh am| l{ xfeên|exi|{ ma ^xixe „ am| evidzce# Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ ixxinfkgb xm i ~mchke| kg# ~i{# ixegxeh he~e|x li~e nidz &m| dkckxi|{ idlucigne+ lux gmx rfeg mux rkxf i zix|mc

b|muz# m|# kgheeh# xm i ~mchke| ckoe Z|kqixe ^dkxf rfm hke~ mg li~e lux gmx ze|fiz~ka fk~ f{ze|xfe|dki fih |e~ucxeh a|md kgiheyuixe ni|e igh rixe| maa li~e'

985' Xfe xrm z|kgnkzic |ei~mg~ rf{ am| d{ zi|x K rmuch |eènx xfe |e~zmghegx‛~i|budegx i|e xfe~e' Ak|~x# leniu~e# ka mu| i|deh am|ne~ il|mih i|e rkxfkg xfe |einfma xfe Nmgqegxkmg lux# i~ Ic$ôekgk henkhe~# xfe cmnic zmzucixkmg i|e gmx# xfm~e|e~zmg~klce am| xfe zciggkgb# nmgx|mc igh evenuxkmg ma dkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg~ rkcc mrei|xknce < &igh i|xknce >+ huxke~ xm mu| ~e|qknedeg lux gmx xm xfe nkqkckig~ rfm~e~iaex{ k~ ic~m kdze|kcceh l{ ~unf mze|ixkmg~' Xfix rmuch ~eed xm de ig mhh igh

ug~ixk~ainxm|{ ~kxuixkmg &gmx xm degxkmg i ~kxuixkmg ugckoec{ xm rkg xfe fei|x~ ighdkgh~ ma xfe cmnic zmzucixkmg+ igh xm ~kx ugei~kc{ rkxf xfe b|mrkgb ^x|i~lmu|b ni~ecir mg kgxe|gic i|deh nmgacknx „ rfknf# kx ~fmuch le gmxeh# fi~ gmx fkxfe|xm leeg~ubbe~xeh xm evxegh ic~m xm kgxe|gixkmgic i|deh nmgacknx ~kxuixkmg~' Ni~e~ ckoe E|bkq Xu|oe{+ &9;;6+ >< EF\\ >66 &evxeghkgb xfe z|kgnkzce~ e~xilck~feh kg DnNigg qUgkxeh Okgbhmd &9;;5+ <9 EF\\ ;2 xm ~kxuixkmg~ ma i|deh nmgacknx+# K~i{eqi#[u~uzmqi igh Lipi{eqi q \u~~ki &Izzcknixkmg Gm~ 52;82$8;-:: + &K~i{eqi K+ igh

K~i{eqi q \u~~ki &Izzcknixkmg Gm 52;5:-::+ &K~i{eqi KK+ &henk~kmg~ ma <8 Ael|ui|{<::5+ ~fmr# kg xfe nmgxevx |e~zenxkqec{ ma Xu|ok~f i|d{ mze|ixkmg~ ibikg~x xfeZOO kg Xu|oe{ igh \u~~kig i|d{ mze|ixkmg~ ibikg~x Nfenfg{ig ~ezi|ixk~x akbfxe|~

kg Nfenfg{i# xfe ENxF\ ncm~ec{ ~n|uxkgk~kgb xfe zciggkgb# nmgx|mc igh evenuxkmgma dkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg~ igh i~okgb rfexfe| icc xfk~ fi~ leeg hmge kg ~unf i ri{ i~xm dkgkdk~e# xm xfe b|eixe~x evxegx zm~~klce# |enmu|~e xm cexfic am|ne' Xfe evkbegnke~ma i|deh nmgacknx gmxrkxf~xighkgb# ^x|i~lmu|b |eyuk|e~ xfe ~xixe xm fiqe xioeg iccaei~klce z|eniuxkmg~ xm iqmkh m| ix cei~x dkgkdk~e kgnkhegxic cm~~ ma ckae' Kg icc xf|eeni~e~ ~ul~xigxkqe l|einfe~ ma i|xknce < re|e amugh e~xilck~feh' Kg K~i{eqi K # am| kg~xigne# xfe Nmu|x n|kxknk~eh xfe aikcu|e ma xfe mze|ixkmgic nmddigh xm xkdemu~c{nmddugknixe xfe ainx xfix nkqkckig~ di{ fiqe leeg kg xfe qknkgkx{ ma xfe am|ne~ mginxkqe hezcm{degx# xfe il~egne ma z|mqk~kmg ma am|ri|h ik| nmgx|mcce|~ xm hk|enx xfedkckxi|{ ik|n|iax zi|xknkzixkgb kg xfe ixxino# igh xfe hezcm{degx ma dk~~kce~ rkxf i

lci~x |ihku~ ma lexreeg >:: xm 6:: dex|e~ rfknf xfe Nmu|x |ebi|heh i~



Zibe 5>

hk~z|mzm|xkmgixe reizmg|{? kg K~i{eqi KK kx n|kxknk~eh xfe \u~~kig dkckxi|{‛~ aikcu|exm iheyuixec{ igxknkzixe xfe i||kqic ma Nfenfg{ig akbfxe|~# xfe il~egne ma ig{

z|eedzxkqe dei~u|e~ xm ri|g m| eqinuixe xfe zmzucine# xfe aikcu|e xm innu|ixec{yuigxka{ xfe mze|ixkmgic |k~o ma hezcm{kgb ik|n|iax i|deh rkxf feiq{ nmdlixreizmg~# igh xfe henk~kmg xm uxkck~e rfix ibikg xfe Nmu|x |ebi|heh i~hk~z|mzm|xkmgixe igh kghk~n|kdkgixe reizmg|{'

981' I~ nig le ~eeg# ^x|i~lmu|b‛~ nmgne|g kg xfe~e ni~e~ k~ e~~egxkicc{ am| xfe~iaex{ ma nkqkckig~ niubfx uz kg xfe nmgacknx „ nmgacknx# ma nmu|~e# mnnu||kgb rkxfkgxfe cebic ~zine &e~zine ù|khkyue + ma xfe |e~zenxkqe nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~' I~~udkgb

Ic$ôekgk k~ |kbfx# ~unf nkqkckig~ fiqe gm i|xknce < |kbfx~ ka xfe{ i|e mux~khe xfeNmugnkc ma Eu|mze i|ei' Kx k~# fmreqe|# xfe |e~zmghegx‛~ ni~e xfix xfe ~mchke|~ hm'K~ kx |eicc{ xm le ~ubbe~xeh xfix eqeg mux~khe xfe i|ei ma xfe Nmugnkc ma Eu|mze^x|i~lmu|b rkcc ~n|uxkgk~e i nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe‛~ zciggkgb# nmgx|mc igh evenuxkmg ma

dkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg~ xm henkhe rfexfe| xfe ~xixe‛~ mrg am|ne~ fiqe leeg ~ulènxeh xmevne~~kqe |k~o &|k~o# xfix k~# rfknf k~ hk~z|mzm|xkmgixe xm xfe mlènxkqe ~mubfx+=Di{ ^x|i~lmu|b ~i{ xfix i hkaae|egx ~x|ixeb{ m| xinxkn ~fmuch fiqe leeg ihmzxeh „

ze|fiz~ xfe u~e ma ik|zmre| m| cmgbe|$|igbe reizmg|{ xm dkgkdk~e xfe |k~o xmb|mugh x|mmz~ gmxrkxf~xighkgb xfix xfk~ dkbfx ceih xm fkbfe| nkqkckig ni~uicxke~=ûnf z|mlced~ rmuch xm d{ dkgh le kge~nizilce re|e ^x|i~lmu|b xm akgh i|deham|ne~ il|mih rkxfkg xfe |einf ma i|xknce 9 igh xfeg ihmzx rkxf |ebi|h xm xfek| i|xknce < |kbfx~ xfe izz|minf fkxfe|xm xioeg kg ~kxuixkmg~ ma kgxe|gic i|deh nmgacknx'

982' D{ ~enmgh z|kgnkzic |ei~mg am| gmx fmchkgb xfe UO‛~ i|deh am|ne~ il|mihxm le rkxfkg xfe ~xixe‛~ i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg k~ xfix xfk~ rmuch le xm bm au|xfe| xfigxfe ENxF\ fi~ {ex bmge# xm nmg~x|ue i|xknce 9 i~ |einfkgb au|xfe| xfig xfe evk~xkgb^x|i~lmu|b ù|k~z|uhegne ncei|c{ ~fmr~ kx xm |einf' I~ xfe ENxF\ kx~eca zmkgxeh muxkg Ligomqkn &zi|i 15+# –Xfe ~nmze ma i|xknce 9 ' ' ' k~ hexe|dkgixkqe ma xfe qe|{~nmze ma xfe nmgx|inxkgb zi|xke~‛ zm~kxkqe mlckbixkmg~ igh# i~ ~unf# ma xfe ~nmze igh|einf ma xfe egxk|e Nmgqegxkmg ~{~xed ma fudig |kbfx~‛ z|mxenxkmg—' I|xknce 9 k~ kgxfk~ |e~zenx xm le nmgx|i~xeh rkxf xfe Nmgqegxkmg‛~ ~ul~xigxkqe z|mqk~kmg~ igh rkxfxfe nmdzexegne ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg m|big~# xm lmxf ma rfknf &i~ xfe Nmu|x fih gmxehix zi|i 18+ xfe –ckqkgb kg~x|udegx— izz|minf izzcke~' Kx ri~ am| xfe~e |ei~mg~ xfix

icc ma u~ kg Ic$ôekgk henkheh xfix kx ri~ am| xfe ENxF\ xm bkqe xfe heakgkxkqekgxe|z|exixkmg ma i|xknce 9 igh xfix hmde~xkn nmu|x~ ~fmuch gmx nmg~x|ue kx i~ fiqkgbig{ rkhe| |einf xfig xfix e~xilck~feh l{ ^x|i~lmu|b‛~ evk~xkgb ù|k~z|uhegne' Xfeak|~x akqe izzeccigx~ xfe|e aikceh leniu~e# i~ Cih{ Fice zux kx &ix zi|i ;9+# ~fe hkhgmx xfkgo –xfix ^x|i~lmu|b rmuch kgeqkxilc{ fmch xfix xfe henei~eh ' ' ' re|e rkxfkgxfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe UO rfeg xfe{ dex xfek| heixf~—'

986' Xfix k~ ~kdkci|c{ d{ nmgncu~kmg kg xfe z|e~egx ni~e „ gmx# ma nmu|~e# rkxf|ebi|h xm Z|kqixe ^dkxf fkd~eca rfm~e heixf# kx k~ nmgneheh# mnnu||eh kg

nk|nud~xigne~ rfknf hkh aicc rkxfkg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg# lux |ixfe| rkxf |ebi|h xm mu| i|deh am|ne~ bege|icc{ rfkc~x ~e|qkgb il|mih' Am| xfe~e |ei~mg~#



Zibe 58

xmbexfe| rkxf xfm~e bkqeg l{ Cm|h Zfkcckz~ igh Cm|h Nmcckg~# K rmuch innezx xfeizzeccigx‛~ i|budegx uzmg xfe ak|~x k~~ue'

98;' Xfe ~enmgh k~~ue leam|e u~# icxfmubf m~xeg~klc{ |ik~eh rkxf |ebi|h xm Zxe

^dkxf‛~ heixf# kg |eickx{ kgqkxe~ mu| |uckgb i~ xm rfknf heixf~ idmgb~x xfe UO‛~i|deh am|ne~ il|mih |eyuk|e kgyue~x~ xfix nmdzc{ rkxf xfe i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixm|{mlckbixkmg' Zcikgc{ Zxe ^dkxf‛~ hme~' Eyuicc{ zcikgc{# ka xfe di`m|kx{ ma u~ i|e |kbfxmg xfe ak|~x k~~ue# xfix rmuch gmx le ~m kg |e~zenx ma dm~x ma mu| i|deh am|ne~il|mih &ix ig{ |ixe rfeg gmx ~e|qkgb rkxfkg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma igmxfe| Nmugnkc ma Eu|mze ~xixe+' Ka# fmreqe|# xfe di`m|kx{ ma u~ i|e r|mgb mg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg k~~ue kg|e~zenx ma mu| am|ne~ kg# am| evidzce# K|iy igh Iabfigk~xig# igh kg ig{ eqegx rkxf|ebi|h xm mu| i|deh am|ne~ mg# am| evidzce# inxkqe ~e|qkne kg Gm|xfe|g K|ecigh#xmbexfe| rkxf k~mcixeh ni~e~ ~unf i~ xfix ma Zxe ^dkxf# xfeg K id kg aucc ib|eedegxrkxf Cm|h Zfkcckz~‛ ùhbdegx mg xfk~ k~~ue igh xfe|e k~ ckxxce xfix K rk~f xm ihh'

95:' K ib|ee xfix xfe mlckbixkmg xm fmch ig i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixkmg i|k~e~ mgc{ rfegxfe|e k~ –b|mugh am| ~u~zknkmg xfix xfe ^xixe di{ fiqe l|einfeh i ~ul~xigxkqemlckbixkmg kdzm~eh l{ i|xknce <— &Cm|h Zfkcckz~ ix zi|i 68+ rfknf rmuch ne|xikgc{gmx m|hkgi|kc{ le xfe ni~e rfe|e i ~mchke| hke~ mg inxkqe ~e|qkne il|mih' K ib|eeic~m rkxf Cm|h \mhbe|‛~ ùhbdegx mg xfk~ zmkgx' I~ K ei|cke| ml~e|qeh kg \ &Fu|~x+q Cmghmg Gm|xfe|g Hk~x|knx Nm|mge| _<::2T < IN 96;# <98 &zi|i 86+0 –Ig i|xknce <kgqe~xkbixkqe mlckbixkmg mgc{ i|k~e~ kg xfe nmdzi|ixkqec{ aer ni~e~ rfe|e xfe~xixe‛~ |e~zmg~klkckx{ k~ m| di{ le egbibeh—'

959' K ib|ee ic~m rkxf Cm|h Zfkcckz~‛ ùhbdegx ix zi|i 69 xfix ig kgyue~x rkcc gmxicri{~ le xfe izz|mz|kixe qefknce am| hk~nfi|bkgb ig i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixm|{mlckbixkmg icxfmubf K gmxe rfix ri~ ~ikh kg xfe nmg~khe|eh mzkgkmg ma xfeNmddkxxee heckqe|eh l{ Cm|h Lkgbfid kg \ &Dkhhcexmg+ q Re~x ^mde|~ex Nm|mge| _<::8T < IN 96<# <:1 &zi|i 82+ xfix0 –kg xfe il~egne ma aucc n|kdkgic z|mneehkgb~#igh ugce~~ mxfe|rk~e gmxkakeh# i nm|mge| ~fmuch i~~ude xfix fk~ kgyue~x k~ xfedeig~ l{ rfknf xfe ~xixe rkcc hk~nfi|be kx~ z|mnehu|ic kgqe~xkbixkqe mlckbixkmgughe| i|xknce <—'

95<' K au|xfe| ib|ee rkxf Cm|h Zfkcckz~ xfix kg z|inxkne xfe mgc{ |eic hkaae|egne lexreeg i @idke~mg kgyue~x & \ q Nm|mge| am| Gm|xf Fudle|~khe igh ^nugxfm|ze# Ev z @idke~mg _9;;5T YL 9+ igh i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x k~ ckoec{ xm le rkxf |ebi|h xmkx~ qe|hknx igh akghkgb~# |ixfe| xfig kx~ kgyuk~kxm|kic ~nmze' I~ K zmkgxeh mux kg Fu|~x &zi|i~ <2 igh 59+# xfe ~nmze ma xfe kgyuk|{ k~ e~~egxkicc{ i dixxe| am| xfe nm|mge|'ûnf kgheeh fih leeg ecmyuegxc{ |enmbgk~eh kg @idke~mg kx~eca kg xfe Nmu|x‛~

ùhbdegx bkqeg xfe|e l{ ^k| Xfmdi~ Lkgbfid D\ &ix zi|i 98 ma xfe Nmu|x‛~bege|ic nmgncu~kmg~# z <1+0



Zibe 55

–Kx k~ xfe hux{ ma xfe nm|mge| i~ xfe zulckn maaknkic |e~zmg~klce am| xfenmghunx ma kgyue~x~# rfexfe| fe k~ ~kxxkgb rkxf i ù|{ m| rkxfmux# xmeg~u|e xfix xfe |eceqigx ainx~ i|e aucc{# aik|c{ igh aei|ce~~c{kgqe~xkbixeh' Fe k~ lmugh xm |enmbgk~e xfe inuxe zulckn nmgne|g|kbfxc{ i|mu~eh rfe|e heixf~ mnnu| kg nu~xmh{' Fe du~x eg~u|e xfixxfe |eceqigx ainx~ i|e evzm~eh xm zulckn ~n|uxkg{# zi|xknuci|c{ ka xfe|ek~ eqkhegne ma amuc zci{# ilu~e m| kgfudigkx{' Fe aikc~ kg fk~ hux{ ka fk~ kgqe~xkbixkmg k~ ~uze|aknkic# ~ckz~fmh m| ze|augnxm|{' Lux xfe|e~zmg~klkckx{ k~ fk~' Fe du~x ~ex xfe lmugh~ ma xfe kgyuk|{' Fe du~x|uce mg xfe z|mnehu|e xm le amccmreh' Fk~ henk~kmg~# ckoe xfm~e ma ig{mxfe| ùhknkic maakne|# du~x le |e~zenxeh ugce~~ igh ugxkc xfe{ i|eqi|keh m| mqe||uceh'—

95>' I~# fmreqe|# K ic~m zmkgxeh mux kg Fu|~x &zi|i 59+# xfe qe|hknx igh akghkgb~

i|e gmx i dixxe| am| xfe nm|mge|' Xfe~e i|e ~eqe|ec{ nk|nud~n|kleh rfeg ig kgyue~xk~ nmgakgeh xm i~ne|xikgkgb –l{ rfix deig~— xfe henei~eh nide l{ fk~ heixf &i

@idke~mg kgyue~x+? gmx ~m rfe|e xfe kgyue~x k~ xm aucakc xfe i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixm|{mlckbixkmg rfeg kx du~x ic~m i~ne|xikg –kg rfix nk|nud~xigne~— xfe henei~eh nide

l{ fk~ heixf &i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x+' ^mdexkde~# ma nmu|~e# i~ kg DnNigg q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;;5+ <9 EF\\ ;2 &xfe – Heixf mg xfe \mno — ni~e+# –~fm|x qe|hknx~ kgxfe x|ihkxkmgic am|d rkcc egilce xfe ù|{ xm evz|e~~ xfek| nmgncu~kmg mg xfe negx|ick~~ue nigqi~~eh ix xfe kgyue~x— & Fu|~x ix zi|i 86# nkxkgb Cm|h Lkgbfid kgDkhhcexmg ix zi|i >9+' Mxfe| xkde~# ze|fiz~ bege|icc{ kgheeh# ig i|xknce <mlckbixkmg rkcc |eyuk|e xfe nm|mge| m| ù|{ xm ~xixe nmgncu~kmg~ uzmg xfe kdzm|xigx

ughe|c{kgb k~~ue~ kg i ri{ xfix zcikgc{ bme~ le{mgh xfe ~m|x ma |e~x|knxeh qe|hknxiqikcilce kg i @idke~mg kgyue~x igh kg ~unf ni~e~ i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x k~ |eyuk|eh'Eqeg xfeg# fmreqe|# i~ gmxeh ix zi|i >2 ma Dkhhcexmg# xfe nmgncu~kmg~ du~x le–nmgncu~kmg~ ma ainx i~ mzzm~eh xm evz|e~~kmg~ ma mzkgkmg' ' ' ' Gm| du~x xfe qe|hknxizzei| xm hexe|dkge ig{ yue~xkmg ma nkqkc ckilkckx{'—

958' Icxfmubf# i~ K |enmbgk~eh kg Fu|~x &zi|i 59+# xfe nm|mge| di{ ~mdexkde~nfmm~e xm rkheg xfe ~nmze ma xfe kgyuk|{ ka fe |enmbgk~e~ xfix i|xknce < nmgncu~kmg~ma ainx &igh xfu~ i Dkhhcexmg qe|hknx igh akghkgb~+ i|e |eyuk|eh# dm|e z|mlilc{ &i~

Cm|h Fmze egqk~ibe~ ix zi|i ;5 ma fk~ ùhbdegx+ xfe nm|mge| k~ ckoec{ xm henkhe xfe~nmze ma kgyuk|{ rkxf i qker |ixfe| xm xfe eve|nk~e ma fk~ |uce 8> zmre| xm dioe ir|kxxeg |ezm|x xm i |e~zmg~klce iuxfm|kx{ ikdeh ix iqmkhkgb ~kdkci| aixickxke~ kgauxu|e'

955' Xm d{ dkgh# bukhigne le{mgh xfe~e l|mih bege|ickxke~ k~ yukxe kdzm~~klce'Xfk~ k~ |eicc{ gmx ig i|ei ma xfe cir kg rfknf ihqk~m|{ mzkgkmg~ i|e ckoec{ xm z|mqee~zenkicc{ feczauc'



Zibe 51

CM\H DIGNE

K~~ue 9 $ @u|k~hknxkmg0 &i+ bege|ic

951' Xfe ak|~x k~~ue leam|e xfe ûz|ede Nmu|x k~ –rfexfe| i ~mchke| mg dkckxi|{~e|qkne kg K|iy k~ ~ulènx xm xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd rkxfkg xfedeigkgb ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~ ~m i~ xm legeakxa|md xfe |kbfx~ bui|igxeeh l{ xfe Fudig \kbfx~ Inx 9;;6 rfkce mze|ixkgb kgK|iy—' Ka# m| ix cei~x xm xfe evxegx xfix# ~unf i ~mchke| k~ ~ulènx xm Ugkxeh Okgbhmd

ù|k~hknxkmg rkxfkg i|xknce 9# fe rkcc le egxkxceh xm |kbfx~ bui|igxeeh l{ xfe 9;;6Inx'

952' Hu|kgb xfe ze|kmh ceihkgb uz xm fk~ heixf# Z|kqixe ^dkxf ~zegx xkde lmxf ixcmnixkmg~ &zi|xknuci|c{ xfe Ic Idi|if ~xihkud+ nmg~xkxuxkgb zi|x ma xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd i|d{ li~e~ kg K|iy igh ec~erfe|e' Fe lenide kcc mg 9> Iubu~x <::> ixxfe ~xihkud iaxe| ze|am|dkgb qi|kmu~ huxke~ maa li~e &zi|xknuci|c{ ~uze|qk~kgb auechk~x|kluxkmg kg nk|nud~xigne~ rfe|e mgc{ nmickxkmg x|mmz~ re|e innezxilce xm cmnic~kg xfix |mce igh re|e# kx izzei|~# nm||e~zmghkgbc{ ~x|exnfeh kg xe|d~ ma dig$

zmre|+' Fe ri~ xioeg xfeg l{ idlucigne xm ig Ugkxeh Okgbhmd innkhegx ighede|begn{ dehknic negx|e ix Ilu Gi`k# rfe|e fe ~u~xikgeh i ni|hkin i||e~x ighhkeh# xfe niu~e ma heixf lekgb feix~x|moe'

956' Xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| Heaegne innezx~ xfix# kg ~m ai| i~ xfe eqegx~ceihkgb xm fk~ heixf mnnu||eh mg li~e# xfe{ mnnu||eh rkxfkg Ugkxeh Okgbhmd

ù|k~hknxkmg am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg igh xfix xfe nmghunxceihkgb xm xfed k~ ~ulènx xm evidkgixkmg am| nmdzckigne rkxf i|xknce < ma xfeNmgqegxkmg innm|hkgbc{' Lux fe ~uldkx~ xfix# kg ~m ai| i~ xfe{ mnnu||eh ec~erfe|e#xfe nmgqe|~e izzcke~' Xfk~ k~ leniu~e# kg fk~ ~uldk~~kmg# ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9k~ z|kdi|kc{ xe||kxm|kic igh xfe mgc{ |eceqigx evnezxkmg# nmqe|kgb Ugkxeh Okgbhmd

li~e~ kg K|iy# i|k~e~ a|md xfe igicmb{ ma Ugkxeh Okgbhmd edli~~ke~# nmg~ucixe~#qe~~ec~ igh ik|n|iax igh zcine~ ma hexegxkmg il|mih'

95;' ^mde dedle|~ ma xfe Nmu|x he~n|kle xfk~ k~~ue i~ inihedkn' Lux kx fi~ i zmxegxkic |eceqigne kg |ecixkmg xm xfe a|e~f kgyue~x rfknf fi~ gmr xm le fech'Leam|e xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic# xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe gmxeh xfix D|~ ^dkxf‛~ ni~e|ebi|hkgb xfe nk|nud~xigne~ ceihkgb xm Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf fih leeg evxegheh xmkgncuhe –nk|nud~xigne~ xfix xmmo zcine mux~khe xfe L|kxk~f i|d{ li~e igh fm~zkxic—#igh i|bueh m|kbkgicc{ xfix# i~ –xfe~e dixxe|~ xmmo zcine mux~khe xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe UO—# xfe{ –nig am|d gm zi|x ma xfe nmg~khe|ixkmg kg xfk~ ni~e ma rfexfe| xfeUO k~ kg i|builce l|einf ma kx~ mlckbixkmg~ ughe| i|xknce <— &~oecexmg# zi|i 91+' L{xfe egh ma xfe fei|kgb# xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe fih nmgneheh xfix fe rmuch –gmx~uldkx xm xfe ger nm|mge| kg xfe a|e~f kgyue~x xfix xfe ~nmze ma xfix kgyue~x k~



Zibe 52

|e~x|knxeh kg ig{ ri{ l{ ig{ henk~kmg l{ fkd mg xfe izzcknilkckx{ &m| gmx+ ma xfeegfigneh i|xknce < kgqe~xkbixkqe mlckbixkmg— &izzeccigx‛~ gmxe igh Nmu|x ma Izzeic

ùhbdegx# zi|i 1<'+ Fmreqe|# l{ cexxe|~ hixeh |e~zenxkqec{ << @igui|{ igh 9<Ael|ui|{ <:9: xfe nm|mge| fi~ &nm||enxc{+ iaak|deh xfix kx k~ gmx am| xfe zi|xke~ xmib|ee xfe ~nmze ma xfe ger kgyue~x# lux am| xfe nm|mge| xm hm xfk~ kg xfe ckbfx ma xfe

ùhbdegx ma xfk~ Nmu|x# igh xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe fi~ &nm||enxc{+ innezxeh xfk~ xm le ~m' Am| xfk~ |ei~mg# xfe ~nmze igh izzcknixkmg ma i|xknce 9 igh i|xknce < i|e ma zmxegxkic |eceqigne xm xfe auxu|e nmghunx ma xfe a|e~f kgyue~x'

91:' Kx ri~ mg xfe igicmb{ ma edli~~ke~# nmg~ucixe~# qe~~ec~ igh ik|n|iax igh zcine~ ma hexegxkmg xfix xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ fech kg \ &Ic$ôekgk+ q ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| Heaegne _<::2T UOFC <1? _<::6T IN 95> xfix D| Dmu~i &ig K|iyknkxkpeg rfm fih hkeh# iccebehc{ i~ i |e~ucx ma xm|xu|e# kg Ugkxeh Okgbhmd nu~xmh{kg i Ugkxeh Okgbhmd li~e kg K|iy+ ri~ rkxfkg xfk~ nmugx|{‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg ughe|

i|xknce 9' Xfe |e~zmghegx# Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ dmxfe|# ~uzzm|xeh l{ xfe Eyuickx{ ighFudig \kbfx~ Nmddk~~kmg# ~uldkx~ xfix xfe z|e~egx ni~e# nmgne|gkgb xfe|ecixkmg~fkz lexreeg i ~xixe igh kx~ mrg i|deh am|ne~ mnnuz{kgb K|iy# aicc~ rkxfkgigmxfe| m| i dm|e bege|ic evnezxkmg xm xfe bege|ic z|kgnkzce ma xe||kxm|kickx{'

&l+ Begxce

919' Xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe ~uldkx~ xfix xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ henk~kmg kg \

&Begxce+ q Z|kde Dkgk~xe| _<::6T UOFC <:? _<::6T IN 9>51 k~ lkghkgb iuxfm|kx{kg fk~ aiqmu|# gebixkqkgb xfe izzcknixkmg ma ig{ ~unf evnezxkmg kg xfe z|e~egxnmgxevx' Fe |eae|~# kg zi|xknuci|# xm Cm|h Lkgbfid‛~ ~zeenf ix zi|i 6&>+0

–ûlènx xm ckdkxeh evnezxkmg~ igh ~zenkakn evxeg~kmg~# xfeizzcknixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg k~ xe||kxm|kic0 xfe |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~i|e m|hkgi|kc{ xm le ~enu|eh xm xfm~e rkxfkg xfe lm|he|~ ma xfe ~xixeigh gmx mux~khe' Fe|e# xfe heixf~ ma Au~kcke| Begxce igh X|mmze| Nci|oe mnnu||eh kg K|iy igh icxfmubf xfe{ re|e ~ulènx xm xfeiuxfm|kx{ ma xfe heaeghigx~ xfe{ re|e ncei|c{ gmx rkxfkg xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe UO i~ xfix evz|e~~kmg kg xfe Nmgqegxkmg fi~ leegkgxe|z|exeh0 ' ' ' Ic$ôekgk ' ' ' zi|i~ 2;# 9<;' Xfe ncikdigx~ ~eeo xmmqe|nmde xfix z|mlced# kg |eckigne mg iuxfm|kxke~ ~unf i~ ^me|kgb qUgkxeh Okgbhmd &9;6;+ 99 EF\\ 8>;# l{ ~x|e~~kgb xfix xfek| nmdzcikgx |ecixe~ xm xfe henk~kmg$diokgb z|mne~~ &m| cino ma kx+ rfknfmnnu||eh fe|e# eqeg xfmubf xfe kcc$eaaenx~ re|e aecx il|mih' Xfe|e k~# Kxfkgo# ig mlqkmu~ hk~xkgnxkmg lexreeg xfe z|e~egx ni~e igh xfe^me|kgb ni~e# igh ~unf cixe| ni~e~ i~ Nfific q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;;1+ <> EF\\ 89> igh H q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;;2+ <8 EF\\

8<># kg einf ma rfknf inxkmg |ecixkgb xm ig kghkqkhuic kg xfe UO ri~ckoec{ xm fiqe ig kddehkixe igh hk|enx kdzinx mg xfix kghkqkhuic



Zibe 56

ec~erfe|e' Lux K xfkgo xfe|e k~ i dm|e aughidegxic mlènxkmg0 xfix xfencikdigx~‛ i|budegx# gene~~i|{ xm deex xfe mlènxkmg ma evx|i$xe||kxm|kickx{# fkbfckbfx~ xfe |edmxege~~ ma xfek| nmdzcikgx~ a|md xfex|ue zu|qker ma i|xknce <'—

Zi|i~ 2; igh 9<; kg Ic$ôekgk# xm rfknf Cm|h Lkgbfid |eae||eh# nmgne|g ù|k~hknxkmg li~eh mg eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc' Cm|h Lkgbfid eqkhegxc{ nmg~khe|eh xfix gmmxfe| evnezxkmgic feih ma ù|k~hknxkmg izzckeh' Fmreqe|# kg ~m ai| i~ i|budegx ri~ihh|e~~eh xm xfk~ zmkgx# kx izzei|~ xm fiqe leeg evx|edec{ l|kea &~ee zz 9>19L$Nigh 9>1>B$F+' Xfe zi~~ibe yumxeh a|md Cm|h Lkgbfid‛~ ~zeenf nmg~xkxuxeh xfeci~x ma xf|ee |ei~mg~ rf{ i|xknce < nmuch gmx edl|ine xfe z|mne~~ ma henkhkgb mg xfeciraucge~~ ma i |e~m|x xm i|d~? igh kx k~ gmxkneilce xfix# ix kx~ nmgncu~kmg# kghk~dk~~kgb xfe ~uldk~~kmg li~eh mg ^me|kgb # Cm|h Lkgbfid |eqe|xeh xm fk~

z|eqkmu~ xrm |ei~mg~'

91<' Mxfe| dedle|~ ma xfe Fmu~e amnu~eh kg xfek| evz|e~~ |ei~mgkgb mg Cm|hLkgbfid‛~ ak|~x xrm |ei~mg~' Lux Cm|h Fmaadigg# Cm|h Fmze# Cm|h ^nmxx# Cm|hL|mrg igh K d{~eca ix zi|i~ 91# <6# <;# 29 igh 28 icc ic~m ib|eeh kg bege|ic xe|d~rkxf Cm|h Lkgbfid‛~ |ei~mg~' Cm|h \mhbe| ~ikh mgc{ xfix fk~ |ei~mg~ re|e–e~~egxkicc{— xfe ~ide i~ Cm|h Lkgbfid‛~ igh Cm|h Fmaadigg‛~ &zi|i 85+# ighCih{ Fice |ebi|heh fe| |ei~mg~ i~ lekgb –kg ~ul~xigxkic ib|eedegx— rkxf Cm|hLkgbfid‛~ &zi|i 19+# icxfmubf ~fe evz|e~~c{ hk~ib|eeh rkxf fkd mg xfe yue~xkmgrfexfe| i L|kxk~f ~mchke| –~e|qkgb ughe| xfe nmddigh igh nmgx|mc ma fk~ ~uze|km|~—

ri~ rkxfkg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 9 &zi|i1:+' Cm|h Ni|~recc ceax xfix zmkgx mzeg &zi|i 11+# igh henkheh xfe ni~e mg xfe li~k~&ibikg zi|x ma Cm|h Lkgbfid‛~ ak|~x xrm |ei~mg~+ xfix i|xknce < hkh gmx kgqmcqe ihux{ gmx xm bm xm ri| nmgx|i|{ xm xfe UG Nfi|xe| m| xm kgqe~xkbixe xfe ciraucge~~ ma ig i|deh nmgacknx' Kg xfe ilmqe nk|nud~xigne~# kx k~ mzeg xm hmulx rfexfe| xfe ak|~x

zi|x ma xfe zi~~ibe kg zi|i 6&>+ yumxeh ilmqe a|md Cm|h Lkgbfid‛~ ~zeenf ri~ zi|x ma xfe |ixkm henkheghk' Lux# eqeg ka kx xenfgknicc{ ri~# kx ri~ gmx xfe z|mhunx ma xfe hexikceh i|budegx igh nkxixkmg rfknf re fiqe gmr fih# igh kx rmuch# kg d{qker# le r|mgb xm |eau~e xm |enmg~khe| kx he gmqm'

&n+ Ligomqkn igh xfe nmgnezx ma ù|k~hknxkmg

91>' Ceiqkgb Begxce i~khe# xfe ~uldk~~kmg~ ma icc zi|xke~ fiqe# |eick~xknicc{#xioeg i~ xfek| bege|ic ~xi|xkgb zmkgx xfe henk~kmg~ ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig\kbfx~ kg Ligomqkn q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &<::9+ 99 LF\N 8>5 igh Ic$îihmmg igh Duahfk q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &<::;+ 8; EF\\ Ê ;5 igh ma xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg

Ic$ôekgk' Hknxi kg xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ li~kgb ù|k~hknxkmg kg Ic$ôekgk mg –xfe xmxicigh evncu~kqe he ainxm# igh ~ul~eyuegxc{ ic~m he ù|e# nmgx|mc eve|nk~eh l{ xfe

Ugkxeh Okgbhmd iuxfm|kxke~ mqe| xfe z|edk~e~ kg yue~xkmg— re|e |eae||eh xm rkxfizz|mqic l{ xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx~ kg Ic$îihmmg' Xfe henk~kmg kg



Zibe 5;

Ic$ôekgk k~ ~fm|xc{ xm le |eqkereh kg xfix nmu|x' Lux am| z|e~egx zu|zm~e~ xfeûz|ede Nmu|x nig igh ~fmuch innezx kx'

918' Xfk~ ~xi|xkgb zmkgx iqmkh~ xfe geeh am| ig{ egxk|ec{ mzeg |eqker ma xfe

nmgnezx ma ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9' @u~x fmr qeveh xfix nmgnezx igh fmrnmgx|mqe|~kic xfe henk~kmg~ kg Ligomqkn igh Ic$ôekgk i|e izzei|~ a|md evxeg~kqeckxe|ixu|e rfknf xfe{ fiqe bege|ixeh0 ~ee e'b' Cir~mg# Ckae iaxe| Ligomqkn0 mg xfe

Evx|ixe||kxm|kic Izzcknixkmg ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~?M‛Lm{ce# Xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~ igh Evx|ixe||kxm|kic

@u|k~hknxkmg0 I Nmddegx mg –Ckae iaxe| Ligomqkn— &lmxf kg A Nmmzdig igh DOiddkgbi# Evx|ixe||kxm|kic Izzcknixkmg ma Fudig \kbfx~ X|eixke~? Igxre|z$Mvam|h <::8+? Cmunikhe~# Hexe|dkgkgb xfe Evx|i$xe||kxm|kic Eaaenx ma xfe Eu|mzeigNmgqegxkmg0 Ainx~# @u|k~z|uhegne igh xfe Ligomqkn ni~e &<::1+ 8 EF\C\ >;9?Dkcigmqkn# A|md Nmdz|mdk~e xm Z|kgnkzce0 Nci|ka{kgb xfe Nmgnezx ma ^xixe

@u|k~hknxkmg kg Fudig \kbfx~ X|eixke~ &<::6+ F\C\ 6&>+# 899? igh Okgb# Xfe Evx|ixe||kxm|kic Fudig \kbfx~ Mlckbixkmg~ ma ^xixe~ &<::;+ F\C\ 5<9'I|budegx~ xfix xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx~ ri~ bukcx{ ma i –gmg~eyukxu|— kg i~~kdkcixkgb xfe nmgnezx ma ù|k~hknxkmg kg i|xknce 9 xm xfe nmgnezx kgbege|ic kgxe|gixkmgic cir igh kg |ec{kgb uzmg xfk~ xm |e~x|knx xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kicizzcknixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg xm evnezxkmgic nk|nud~xigne~ mgc{ &~ee Dkcigmqkn# z8>5+ hm gmx i|k~e am| nmg~khe|ixkmg' Gm| hm ~kdkci| i|budegx~ xfix xfe Nmu|x kg

Ligomqkn ri~ r|mgb kg aikckgb xm |enmbgk~e# i~ i ~ezi|ixe igh eyuic feih ma ù|k~hknxkmg fiqkgb evx|i$xe||kxm|kic eaaenx# xfe evk~xegne ma –eaaenxkqe iuxfm|kx{ mqe| kghkqkhuic~— m| ma –inxuic iuxfm|kx{ m| nmgx|mc mqe| i bkqeg xe||kxm|{ m| ze|~mg—#

rfexfe| ciraucc{ m| ugciraucc{ eve|nk~eh# &Cir~mg# z 9<:# Cmunikhe~# z >;; ighDkcigmqkn# z 8>5+' Rfixeqe| xfe de|kx~ ma bkqkgb xfe Nmgqegxkmg i rkhe| |einfdkbfx le he cebe ae|eghi# re i|e &ckoe# kg ainx dm|e ~m xfig# xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg

Ic$ôekgk0 ~ee ze| Cm|h \mhbe|# zi|i 1;+ mgc{ nmgne|geh rkxf kx~ |einf he cebecixi' N|kxknk~d~ ma xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~‛ izz|minf kg Ic$ôekgk xm ù|k~hknxkmg li~ehmg xe||kxm|kic nmgx|mc &~ee Okgb# zz 5>8$5>1 igh 585$582+ igh ~ubbe~xkmg~ xfix xfeFmu~e mubfx &kg xfe ckbfx ma ni~e~ ~unf i~ K~~i q Xu|oe{ &<::8+ 89 EF\\ 512+ xmfiqe |enmbgk~eh i –niu~e igh eaaenx— gmxkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg &Okgb# z 55>+ i|e ic~mmux ma zcine kg xfe ckbfx ma xfe |ei~mgkgb kg Ligomqkn igh Ic$ôekgk'

915' Xfe i|budegx mg xfe z|e~egx izzeic i~~ude~ xfe nm||enxge~~ ma xfe bege|ic z|kgnkzce~ ~xixeh kg Ligomqkn igh Ic$îihmmg igh izzckeh kg Ic$ôekgk' Innm|hkgbxm xfe~e ù|k~hknxkmg kg i|xknce 9 |eae|~ z|kdi|kc{ xm xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg# –mxfe|

li~e~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg lekgb evnezxkmgic igh |eyuk|kgb ~zenkic ù~xkaknixkmg kg xfe zi|xknuci| nk|nud~xigne~ ma einf ni~e— & Ligomqkn# zi|i 19+' Xfe Nmu|x kg Ligomqkn evzcikgeh xfk~ nmgncu~kmg i~ amccmr~0

–5;' I~ xm xfe ‖m|hkgi|{ deigkgb‛ ma xfe |eceqigx xe|d kg i|xknce 9 ma

xfe Nmgqegxkmg# xfe Nmu|x k~ ~ixk~akeh xfix# a|md xfe ~xighzmkgx ma zulckn kgxe|gixkmgic cir# xfe ù|k~hknxkmgic nmdzexegne ma i ~xixe k~



Zibe 1:

z|kdi|kc{ xe||kxm|kic' Rfkce kgxe|gixkmgic cir hme~ gmx evncuhe i~xixe‛~ eve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg evx|i$xe||kxm|kicc{# xfe ~ubbe~xeh li~e~ma ~unf ù|k~hknxkmg &kgncuhkgb gixkmgickx{# acib# hkzcmdixkn ighnmg~uci| |ecixkmg~# eaaenx# z|mxenxkmg# zi~~kqe ze|~mgickx{ ighugkqe|~ickx{+ i|e# i~ i bege|ic |uce# heakgeh igh ckdkxeh l{ xfe~mqe|ekbg xe||kxm|kic |kbfx~ ma xfe mxfe| |eceqigx ~xixe~ &Digg # ‖Xfe

Hmnx|kge ma @u|k~hknxkmg kg Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir‛# \hN# 9;18# qmc 9?Digg# ‖Xfe Hmnx|kge ma @u|k~hknxkmg kg Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir# Xregx{[ei|~ Cixe| ‛# \hN# 9;68# qmc 9? Le|gfi|hx# Egn{ncmziehki ma Zulckn

Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir ehkxkmg 9;;2# qmc ># zz 55$5; ‖ @u|k~hknxkmg ma ^xixe~‛ igh ehkxkmg 9;;5# qmc <# zz >>2$>8> – Evx|i$xe||kxm|kic Eaaenx~ma Ihdkgk~x|ixkqe# @uhknkic igh Cebk~cixkqe Inx~—? Mzzegfekd‛~

Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir# ;xf eh 9;;< &@eggkgb~ igh Rixx~+# qmc 9# ¢ 9>2?Huzu{# H|mkx Kgxe|gixkmgic Zulckn# 8xf eh 9;;6# z 19? igh L|mrgcke#

Z|kgnkzce~ ma Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir# 5xf eh 9;;6# zz <62# >:9 igh >9<$>98+'

1:' Innm|hkgbc{# am| evidzce# i ~xixe‛~ nmdzexegne xm eve|nk~e ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~ mrg gixkmgic~ il|mih k~ ~ulm|hkgixe xm xfix~xixe‛~ igh mxfe| ~xixe~‛ xe||kxm|kic nmdzexegne &Fkbbkg~# Z|mlced~igh Z|mne~~ &9;;8+# z 2>? igh Gbu{eg Yumn Hkgf# H|mkx

Kgxe|gixkmgic Zulckn# 1xf eh 9;;; &Hikccke| igh Zeccex+# z 5::+' Kgihhkxkmg# i ~xixe di{ gmx inxuicc{ eve|nk~e ù|k~hknxkmg mg xfexe||kxm|{ ma igmxfe| rkxfmux xfe cixxe|‛~ nmg~egx# kgqkxixkmg m|

inyuke~negne# ugce~~ xfe am|de| k~ ig mnnuz{kgb ~xixe kg rfknf ni~ekx nig le amugh xm eve|nk~e ù|k~hknxkmg kg xfix xe||kxm|{# ix cei~x kgne|xikg |e~zenx~ &Le|gfi|hx# nkxeh ilmqe# qmc > ix z 5; igh qmc <# zz>>6$>8:? Mzzegfekd# nkxeh ilmqe# ix ¢ 9>2? Huzu{# nkxeh ilmqe# ix

zz 18$15? L|mrgcke# nkxeh ilmqe# ix z >9>? Ni~~e~e# Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir# <::9# z 6;? igh# dm~x |enegxc{# xfe – \ezm|x mg xfe Z|eae|egxkic X|eixdegx ma Gixkmgic Dkgm|kxke~ l{ xfek| Okg$^xixe~— ihmzxeh l{ xfeQegkne Nmddk~~kmg ix kx~ 86xf Zcegi|{ Deexkgb# Qegkne# 9;$<:Mnxmle| <::9+'—

911' Xfe Nmu|x amugh ~uzzm|x am| i z|kdi|kc{ xe||kxm|kic izz|minf xm i|xknce 9 gmxmgc{ kg bege|ic kgxe|gixkmgic cir igh xfe rm|o~ nkxeh kg zi|i~ 5; igh 1:# lux ic~m kgxfe x|iqiuv z|ëzi|ixmk|e~ & Ligomqkn# zi|i~ 9;$<9 igh 1>+' Hu|kgb xfe gebmxkixkmgma xfe Nmgqegxkmg# xfe rm|h~ –icc ze|~mg~ |e~khkgb rkxfkg xfe xe||kxm|ke~ ma xfe~kbgixm|{ ^xixe~— kg i|xknce 9 re|e |ezcineh l{ –icc ze|~mg~ rkxfkg xfek|

ù|k~hknxkmg—' Xfe Nmu|x gmxeh xfix xfk~ ri~ evz|e~~c{ mg xfe li~k~ xfix –xfe|e re|ebmmh b|mugh~ am| evxeghkgb xfe legeakx~ ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg xm icc ze|~mg~ kg xfexe||kxm|ke~ ma xfe ~kbgixm|{ ^xixe~—' Fmreqe|# kx k~ gmx rkxfmux ~kbgkaknigne xfix xfe|ezcinedegx zf|i~e ihmzxeh xfe rm|h –ù|k~hknxkmg—# |ixfe| xfig –xe||kxm|ke~—? igh

ic~m xfix xfe Nmu|x kx~eca fi~ |enmbgk~eh# l{ xfe evnezxkmg~ rfknf kx fi~ eghm|~eh#



Zibe 19

xfix xfe Nmgqegxkmg k~ gmx evncu~kqec{ nmgakgeh kg kx~ izzcknixkmg xm ze|~mg~ rkxfkgxfe xe||kxm|ke~ ma xfe ~kbgixm|{ ^xixe~' Cir~mg &nkxeh ilmqe+ zmkgx~ mux &z 66+ xfixxfe m|kbkgic z|mzm~ic ri~ xm |ezcine –|e~khkgb kg— l{ –ckqkgb kg—# lux xfix xfeh|iaxkgb ~ul$nmddkxxee $ gmxkgb xfix xfe ikd ri~ –xm rkheg i~ ai| i~ zm~~klce xfenixebm|ke~ ma ze|~mg~ rfm i|e xm legeakx l{ xfe bui|igxee~ nmgxikgeh kg xfeNmgqegxkmg— $ z|mzm~eh xfe |ezcinedegx ma –|e~khkgb rkxfkg— l{ –rkxfkg xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg— &m|# kg A|egnf# |eceqigx he ceu| ù|k~hknxkmg+' Xfe u~e ma xfe dm|eacevklce gmxkmg –rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg—# rkxf kx~ zmxegxkicc{ rkhe| ù|k~z|uhegxkicnmggmxixkmg~# ri~ ncei|c{ heckle|ixe# eqeg ka kx k~ –gmx ugckoec{ xfix xfe h|iaxe|~ ‡hkh gmx bkqe dunf xfmubfx ix icc xm ig{ evx|ixe||kxm|kic kdzinx ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg—&Cir~mg# z ;:? igh ~ee ic~m Cmunikhe~# ilmqe# z >;2+'

912' @u|k~hknxkmg kg bege|ic kgxe|gixkmgic cir evk~x~ kg xfe am|d ma &i+ ù|k~hknxkmgxm z|e~n|kle m| cebk~cixe &igh# i~ i ~ul~khki|{ i~zenx# ihùhknixe+# rfknf k~ z|kdi|kc{

xe||kxm|kic lux bege|icc{ ic~m |ebi|heh i~ evxeghkgb xm i ~xixe‛~ gixkmgic~ rfe|eqe| xfe{ i|e# igh &l+ ù|k~hknxkmg xm egam|ne rfix k~ z|e~n|kleh# rfknf k~ u~uicc{ mgc{xe||kxm|kic &igh hme~ gmx u~uicc{ evk~x# am| evidzce# ibikg~x xfe ze|~mg~ ma i ~xixe‛~gixkmgic~# rfkce xfe{ |edikg il|mih+0 ~ee H| A I Digg kg xfe r|kxkgb~ nkxeh kg

Ligomqkn ix zi|i 5;# zi|xknuci|c{ \hN# 9;18# zz 9># << ex ~ey' igh 9<2 ex ~ey# igh\hN# 9;68# Nfiz~ K igh KK# xfe \ekg~xixedegx ma xfe Cir Xfk|h0 \e~xixedegx ma xfe

Am|ekbg \ecixkmg~ Cir ma xfe Ugkxeh ^xixe~# zi|i 8:9 igh Icnmd Cxh q \ezulckn ma Nmcmdlki _9;68T IN 56:# 1::N# ze| Cm|h Hkzcmno' Kg h|irkgb mg xfe nmgnezxkmgma ù|k~hknxkmg kg bege|ic kgxe|gixkmgic cir &rfkce ic~m |edkghkgb kx~eca ma –xfeNmgqegxkmg‛~ ~zenkic nfi|inxe| i~ i fudig |kbfx~ x|eix{—0 zi|i 52+# xfe Nmu|x ri~

&i~ Cm|h \mhbe| gmxeh kg Ic$ôekgk# zi|i 18+ |ecixkgb xfe ~nmze ma xfe Nmgqegxkmgxm xfe evk~xegne ma i z|e$evk~xkgb |ecixkmg~fkz lexreeg xfe |eceqigx ~xixe igh xfeqknxkd' Am| xfe Nmgqegxkmg xm izzc{# xfe duxuic |ecixkmg~fkz du~x le mge ughe| rfknf xfe ~xixe zm~~e~~eh igh ri~ ilce xm egam|ne cirauc iuxfm|kx{ igh zmre| mqe| xfe qknxkd igh xfe qknxkd ri~ kg |exu|g ughe| igh egxkxceh xm xfe ~xixe‛~ z|mxenxkmg'@u|k~hknxkmg kg kgxe|gixkmgic cir k~# i~ H| Digg ~ikh &\hN# 9;18# z 9>+# –nmgne|gehrkxf xfe ~xixe‛~ |kbfx ma |ebucixkmg m|# kg xfe kgnmdzi|ilc{ zkxf{ cigbuibe ma D| @u~xkne Fmcde~# rkxf xfe |kbfx ‖xm izzc{ xfe cir xm xfe inx~ ma deg‛—' Xfk~ deig~xfix xfe|e du~x le# x|ig~cixeh xm xfe kgxe|gixkmgic cebic ~zfe|e# i ~kdkci| lmgh ma |enkz|mnic iccebkigne xm xfix khegxkakeh hmde~xknicc{ i~ evk~xkgb lexreeg ~mqe|ekbgigh ~ulènx kg Nicqkg‛~ Ni~e &91:6+ 2 Nm \ez 9i? 22 E\ >220

–huzcev ex |enkz|mnud ckbideg? yuki ~knux ~ulhkxu~ |ebk xegexu| ihmlehkegxkid# kxi |ev ~ulhkxm xegexu| ih z|mxenxkmged? de|kxm kbkxu| ckbeigxki hknkxu| il ckbighm# yuki nmgxkgex kg ~e huzcev ckbideg—'

916' I ~xixe‛~ kgxe|gixkmgic ù|k~hknxkmg# li~eh mg xfk~ |enkz|mnic lmgh# |e~zenx~xfe dixnfkgb ù|k~hknxkmg ma mxfe| ~xixe~ li~eh mg xfek| duxuic |ecixkmg~fkz rkxf

xfm~e rkxfkg xfek| xe||kxm|ke~ igh xfek| gixkmgic~' Kg kgxe|gixkmgic cir# einf ~xixemre~ huxke~ xm z|mxenx xfm~e rkxfkg kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg' Ka ~xixe I kga|kgbe~ xfe



Zibe 1<

aughidegxic fudig |kbfx~ ma i ze|~mg ~ulènx xm ~xixe L‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg# xfeg#icxfmubf xfix ze|~mg di{ fiqe gm hk|enx |kbfx ibikg~x ~xixe I# kx di{ lenmde ~xixeL‛~ hux{ xm zu|~ue xfe dixxe| ix xfe kgxe|gixkmgic ceqec ibikg~x ~xixe I' Kg xfe ~ideqekg# xfe Nmu|x kg Ligomqkn gmxeh xfix xfe Nmgqegxkmg ri~ he~kbgeh xm –eg~u|e xfeml~e|qigne ma xfe egbibedegx~ ughe|xioeg l{ xfe Nmgx|inxkgb Zi|xke~— &zi|i 6:+ $egbibedegx~ rfknf niggmx le |ebi|heh i~ fiqkgb leeg ughe|xioeg xm legeakxeqe|{mge kg xfe rm|ch ix ci|be' Nmg~k~xegxc{ rkxf xfe ilmqe# kg H| Digg‛~ r|kxkgb~#

ù|k~hknxkmg kg kgxe|gixkmgic cir k~ xfu~ i~~mnkixeh rkxf ~mqe|ekbgx{0 kx k~ –ig i~zenxma ~mqe|ekbgx{# kx k~ nmevxeg~kqe rkxf igh# kgheeh# kgnkhegxic xm# lux ic~m ckdkxeh l{xfe ~xixe‛~ ~mqe|ekbgx{— &\hN# 9;18# zz <8$>9# e~z z >:? ~ee ic~m \hN# 9;68# z <:+'

91;' Kg Ligomqkn kx~eca# xfe mgc{ nmggenxkmg rkxf xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd nmg~k~xehkg xfe inx ma lmdlkgb Lecb|ihe rfknf ri~ iccebeh xm nmg~xkxuxe i l|einf ma xfeNmgqegxkmg &i zu|e –niu~e igh eaaenx— gmxkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg+' Kg xfix nmgxevx# kx k~

ug~u|z|k~kgb xfix xfe Nmu|x ~fmuch edzfi~k~e xfix –xfe Nmgqegxkmg ri~ gmxhe~kbgeh xm le izzckeh xf|mubfmux xfe rm|ch# eqeg kg |e~zenx ma xfe nmghunx ma nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~— &zi|i 6:+ igh ~fmuch ughe|ckge xfe ~kbgkaknigne ma i z|e$evk~xkgb|enkz|mnic |ecixkmg~fkz ughe| rfknf ~mqe|ekbgx{ ma mge ~m|x m| igmxfe| ri~cebkxkdixec{ zm~~e~~eh igh eve|nk~eh' Kg Ic$ôekgk &~ee zi|i~ 1# 19# ;:# ;2 igh 9><+xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ henkheh xfix xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd i~ ig mnnuz{kgb zmre| hkhgmx# evnezx rkxfkg kx~ dkckxi|{ li~e~# fiqe ~uaaknkegx eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc mqe| ig{xe||kxm|{ ma K|iy xm l|kgb ~unf xe||kxm|{ rkxfkg kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9 ma xfeEu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~' Xfe z|e~egx izzeic |ik~e~ i hkaae|egxyue~xkmg# rfexfe| xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd fih ~uaaknkegx iuxfm|kx{ ughe| kgxe|gixkmgic

cir mqe| kx~ mrg am|ne~ kg K|iy am| xfed xm le |ebi|heh i~ rkxfkg kx~ ù|k~hknxkmgughe| i|xknce 9'

&h+ Xfe |e~zmghegx‛~ ni~e

92:' Am| z|e~egx zu|zm~e~# xfe |e~zmghegx innezx~ xfe izz|minf xioeg l{ xfeNmu|x kg Ligomqkn igh Ic$îihmmg igh l{ xfe Fmu~e kg Ic$ôekgk' Lux ~fe |ecke~ mgkx~ ughe|c{kgb |ixkmgice „ xfe ckdkxixkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg l{ |eae|egne xm xfe

ckdkxixkmg~ ma ~mqe|ekbgx{ igh xfe geeh xm iqmkh nmgacknx~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg' Xfk~|ixkmgice izzei|~ rkxf nci|kx{ kg lmxf zi|i~ 5; igh 1: nkxeh ilmqe' Xfe ~ubbe~xeh li~e~ ma evx|i$xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg –i|e# i~ i bege|ic |uce# heakgeh igh ckdkxeh l{xfe ~mqe|ekbg xe||kxm|kic |kbfx~ ma xfe mxfe| |eceqigx ^xixe~—' –_IT ^xixe‛~nmdzexegne xm eve|nk~e ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~ mrg gixkmgic~ il|mih k~ ~ulm|hkgixe xmxfix ^xixe‛~ igh mxfe| ^xixe~‛ xe||kxm|kic nmdzexegne—? igh kg ihhkxkmg –i ^xixe di{gmx inxuicc{ eve|nk~e ù|k~hknxkmg mg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma igmxfe| rkxfmux xfe cixxe|‛~nmg~egx# kgqkxixkmg m| inyuke~negne# ugce~~ xfe am|de| k~ ig mnnuz{kgb ^xixe kgrfknf ni~e kx nig le amugh xm eve|nk~e ù|k~hknxkmg kg xfix xe||kxm|{# ix cei~x kgne|xikg |e~zenx~—'



Zibe 1>

929' Kg xfe |e~zmghegx‛~ ~uldk~~kmg# xfe |ecixkmg~fkz lexreeg xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd igh kx~ i|deh am|ne~ kg K|iy deex~ icc xfe~e |eyuk|edegx~ am| |enmbgk~kgbxfix kx kgqmcqeh kg Iubu~x <::> xfe cebkxkdixe igh eaaenxkqe eve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg#kg xfe z|e~n|kzxkqe# xfe ihùhknixm|{ igh xfe egam|nedegx ~eg~e~' Xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd ri~ kg Iubu~x <::> eve|nk~kgb kx~ iuxfm|kx{ ciraucc{ kg K|iy# rkxf xfenmg~egx ma xfe Nmickxkmg Z|mqk~kmgic Iuxfm|kx{ &–NZI—+# mqe| Ugkxeh Okgbhmdx|mmz~ kgncuhkgb Z|kqixe ^dkxf# i Ugkxeh Okgbhmd nkxkpeg' L{ NZI M|he| Gm 92k~~ueh kg @uge <::># xfe NZI am|dick~eh xfe ~xixu~ igh i||igbedegx~ bmqe|gkgbxfe z|e~egne ma xfe ducxkgixkmgic am|ne &DGA+# rfknf kgncuheh xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd‛~ i|deh am|ne~# kg K|iy' Xfe DGA ri~ bkqeg# kgxe| icki# xfe |kbfx xm egxe| kgxm# |edikg kg igh hezi|x a|md K|iy &~enxkmg 9>+# a|eehmd ma dmqedegx rkxfmuxheci{ xf|mubfmux K|iy &~enxkmg 2+# a|eehmd ma |ihkm$nmddugknixkmg~ &~enxkmg 1+#xfe |kbfx xm u~e rkxfmux nm~x ~unf i|ei~ am| feihyui|xe|~# nidz~ m| mxfe| z|edk~e~i~ dkbfx le gene~~i|{ i~ recc i~ xm u~e# a|ee ma nm~x m| rfe|e xfk~ ri~ gmx

z|inxknilce ix xfe dm~x aiqmu|ilce |ixe# rixe|# ecenx|knkx{ igh mxfe| zulckn uxkckxke~igh ainkckxke~ &~enxkmg ;+' Kdzm|xigxc{# l{ ~enxkmg < xfe DGA# kx~ ze|~mggec#

z|mze|x{# augh~ igh i~~ex~ re|e kdduge a|md K|iyk cebic z|mne~~ igh icc DGA ze|~mggec re|e evz|e~~eh xm le –~ulènx xm xfe evncu~kqe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfek| êghkgb ^xixe~—' Au|xfe|# xfe |e~zmghegx ~uldkx~# xfe NZI ri~ kg k~~ukgb NZIM|he| Gm 92 mze|ixkgb rkxf xfe cebic dighixe ma xfe ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc# rfknf l{\e~mcuxkmg 986> ihmzxeh mg << Di{ <::> ughe| Nfizxe| QKK ma xfe UG Nfi|xe|#fih |enmbgk~eh –xfe ~zenkakn iuxfm|kxke~# |e~zmg~klkckxke~# igh mlckbixkmg~ ughe| izzcknilce kgxe|gixkmgic cir ma xfe~e ~xixe~ i~ mnnuz{kgb zmre|~ ughe| ugkakehnmddigh &‖xfe Iuxfm|kx{‛+—# igh nicceh uzmg xfe Iuxfm|kx{ &kg z|inxkne xfe NZI+–nmg~k~xegx rkxf xfe Nfi|xe| ma xfe Ugkxeh Gixkmg~ igh mxfe| |eceqigx kgxe|gixkmgiccir# xm z|mdmxe xfe recai|e ma xfe K|iyk zemzce xf|mubf xfe eaaenxkqe ihdkgk~x|ixkmgma xfe xe||kxm|{—'

92<' Xfe |e~zmghegx xfe|eam|e ~uldkx~ xfix xfe|e rmuch le gm kgxe|ae|egne rkxfK|iyk ~mqe|ekbgx{ igh gm ixxedzx xm kdzm~e Nmgqegxkmg ~xighi|h~ mg K|iy m| ig{mge mxfe| xfig xfe L|kxk~f ~xixe# l{ |enmbgk~kgb xfe evk~xegne ma Nmgqegxkmgmlckbixkmg~ i~ lexreeg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd igh gixkmgic~ ckoe Z|kqixe ^dkxf~e|qkgb kg kx~ i|deh am|ne~ kg K|iy' Xfe|e rmuch le gm yue~xkmg ma Z|kqixe ^dkxf

lekgb l|mubfx rkxfkg xfe Nmgqegxkmg de|ec{ l{ qk|xue ma xfe ainx xfix fe ri~ iqknxkd ma ig iccebeh l|einf ma i|xknce <' Mg xfe nmgx|i|{# xfe |ecixkmg~fkz ma nmddigh igh nmgx|mc ughe| rfknf Z|kqixe ^dkxf ~e|qeh biqe xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmdi l|mih z|mxenxkqe nizilkckx{ igh |e~zmg~klkckx{# rfknf deigx xfix i rkhe |igbe ma Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ nmuch le eaaenxkqec{ ~enu|eh am| fk~ legeakx' Au|xfe|# xfk~ lekgbig evnezxkmgic feih ma ù|k~hknxkmg# kx ri~# kg xfe |e~zmghegx‛~ au|xfe| ~uldk~~kmg#gm mlènxkmg ka m| xfix xfe|e dkbfx le ~mde Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ rfknf nmuch gmx le~enu|eh? xfe mlènxkmg# khegxkakeh l{ xfe Fmu~e kg Ic$ôekgk# xm ig{ izzcknixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg li~eh mg –xikcm|kgb— igh |e~x|knxkgb Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ hkh gmxizzc{ xm xfe evnezxkmgic feih~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg' Kg xfk~ nmggenxkmg# xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe zmkgx~ xm zi|i 9>: kg Cm|h L|mrg‛~ ~zeenf kg Ic$ôekgk# xm rfknf K |exu|g

lecmr &zi|i 9;>+'



Zibe 18

92>' Xfe~e i|e am|neauc ~uldk~~kmg~# lux xfe{ |eyuk|e ncm~e| igic{~k~ ma xfe ~xixu~ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~ i|deh am|ne~ kg K|iy' Zi|i~ 5; igh 1: ma xfe Nmu|x‛~

ùhbdegx kg Ligomqkn |enmbgk~e xfix ~xixe I di{ eve|nk~e ù|k~hknxkmg mg m| kg xfexe||kxm|{ ma ~xixe L ekxfe| &i+ rkxf xfe nmg~egx# kgqkxixkmg m| inyuke~negne ma ~xixe Lm| &l+ i~ ig mnnuz{kgb ~xixe –ix cei~x kg ne|xikg |e~zenx~—' K rkcc nmg~khe| kg xu|gxfe~e icxe|gixkqe li~e~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg &i+ igh &l+' Lux ak|~x K evidkge xf|ee ~zenkaknni~e~ ma xfe evnezxkmgic evx|ixe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg nmgxedzcixeh kg zi|i~ 5; igh1: ma Ligomqkn' Xfe~e re|e khegxkakeh igh igic{~eh l{ Cm|h L|mrg kg Ic$ôekgk ix

zi|i~ 996 xm 9<<'

&e+ Ni~e~ ma evnezxkmgic evx|i$ xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg

928' Xfe ak|~x kgqmcqe~ xfe am|nklce |edmqic l{ ~xixe I a|md ~xixe L igh rkxf

~xixe L‛~ nmg~egx ma i ze|~mg rigxeh am| x|kic kg ~xixe I & Ic$ôekgk# zi|i~ 996$99;+'Rkxfkg xfk~ nixebm|{# Cm|h L|mrg zux Śnicig q Xu|oe{ &<::5+ 89 EF\\ ;65#rfe|e xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx~ ~ikh0

–;9' Xfe Nmu|x gmxe~ xfix xfe izzcknigx ri~ i||e~xeh l{ dedle|~ ma xfe Xu|ok~f ~enu|kx{ am|ne~ kg~khe ig ik|n|iax |ebk~xe|eh kg Xu|oe{ kgxfe kgxe|gixkmgic pmge ma Gik|mlk Ik|zm|x'

Kx k~ nmddmg b|mugh xfix# hk|enxc{ iaxe| lekgb figheh mqe| xm xfeXu|ok~f maaknkic~ l{ xfe Oeg{ig maaknkic~# xfe izzcknigx ri~ ughe| eaaenxkqe Xu|ok~f iuxfm|kx{ igh xfe|eam|e rkxfkg xfe ‖ù|k~hknxkmg‛ ma xfix ~xixe am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg# eqeg xfmubfkg xfk~ kg~xigne Xu|oe{ eve|nk~eh kx~ iuxfm|kx{ mux~khe kx~ xe||kxm|{' Kxk~ x|ue xfix xfe izzcknigx ri~ zf{~knicc{ am|neh xm |exu|g xm Xu|oe{ l{Xu|ok~f maaknkic~ igh ri~ ughe| xfek| iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc amccmrkgbfk~ i||e~x igh |exu|g xm Xu|oe{ &~ee# kg xfk~ |e~zenx# xfeiam|edegxkmgeh henk~kmg~ kg ^égnfep \idk|ep q A|igne &9;;1+ 61$IH\ 955 igh A|ehi q Kxic{ &9;6:+ <9 H\ <5:# igh# l{ nmgqe|~ekdzcknixkmg# LigomqkĂ q Lecbkud _&<::9+ 99 LF\N 8>5T'—

925' Cm|h L|mrg nmddegxeh xfix# kg nk|nud~xigne~ rfe|e –xfe am|nklce |edmqicri~ eaaenxeh rkxf xfe aucc nmmze|ixkmg ma xfe |eceqigx am|ekbg iuxfm|kxke~ igh rkxf iqker xm xfe izzcknigx‛~ n|kdkgic x|kic kg xfe |e~zmghegx ~xixe—# kx ri~ ug~u|z|k~kgbxfix –xfe B|igh Nfidle| kg Śnicig fih aecx ilce xm hk~xkgbuk~f Ligomqkn ‖l{nmgqe|~e kdzcknixkmg‛—' Xfe kgae|egne a|md zi|i ;9 kg Śnicig k~ xfix# ka &i+ ~xixe Ieve|nk~e~ iuxfm|kx{ mqe| ig kghkqkhuic kg ~xixe L l{ nmg~egx ma ~xixe L# igh &l+ kxhme~ ~m kg m|he| xm ceih xm eve|nk~e ma ~xixe I‛~ m|hkgi|{ hmde~xkn ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| xfix kghkqkhuic# xfeg kx k~ xf|mubfmux eve|nk~kgb ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| xfix kghkqkhuicughe| i|xknce 9' Xfe z|e~egx ni~e k~ gmx z|enk~ec{ mg icc amu|~ &gmx cei~x# leniu~e xfe



Zibe 15

Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~ iuxfm|kx{ mqe| kx~ i|deh am|ne~ ri~ xm le eve|nk~eh kg K|iy+# lux#ka xfe ni~e nmuch le igic{~eh kg xe|d~ ma nmg~egx# xfix nmuch fi|hc{ le n|kxknic kg

z|kgnkzce'

921' I ~enmgh evnezxkmgic nixebm|{ ri~ nmg~khe|eh l{ Cm|h L|mrg kg zi|i 9<9rkxf |eae|egne lino xm zi|i 9:;&8+&kkk+# rfe|e fe kgx|mhuneh xfe nixebm|{ kg xfe~exe|d~0

–Ne|xikg mxfe| ni~e~ rfe|e i ~xixe‛~ |e~zmg~klkckx{ ‖nmuch# kg z|kgnkzce# le egbibeh leniu~e ma inx~ ‡ rfknf z|mhuneh eaaenx~ m| re|e ze|am|deh mux~khe xfek| mrg xe||kxm|{‛ &zi|i 1;+' H|mph igh

@igmu~eo q A|igne igh ^zikg &9;;<+ 98 EF\\ 285# ix zi|i ;9# k~ xfemgc{ iuxfm|kx{ ~zenkaknicc{ |eae||eh xm kg Ligomqkn i~ evedzcka{kgb

xfk~ nci~~ ma evnezxkmg xm xfe bege|ic |uce' H|mph # fmreqe|#nmgxedzcixeh gm dm|e xfig xfix# ka i A|egnf ùhbe eve|nk~eh ù|k~hknxkmg evx|ixe||kxm|kicc{ kg Ighm||i kg fk~ nizinkx{ i~ i A|egnf ùhbe# xfeg ig{mge nmdzcikgkgb ma i qkmcixkmg ma fk~ Nmgqegxkmg|kbfx~ l{ xfix ùhbe rmuch le |ebi|heh i~ lekgb rkxfkg A|igne‛~

ù|k~hknxkmg'—

Kg zi|i 9<9# Cm|h L|mrg au|xfe| evzcikgeh xfk~ nixebm|{0

–Igmxfe| nixebm|{# ~kdkci|c{ |enmbgk~eh kg Ligomqkn# ri~ H|mph &~ee zi|i 9:;&8+&kkk+ ilmqe + kgxm rfknf nixebm|{ nig ic~m le zux ni~e~ckoe V igh [ q ^rkxpe|cigh &9;22+ ; H\ 52 igh Begxkcfmdde#^nfiaa$Legfih`k igh Pe|muok q A|igne &Izzcknixkmg Gm~ 86<:5-;;#86<:2-;; igh 86<:;-;;+ &ug|ezm|xeh+ 98 Di{ <::<' Kg V igh [ q^rkxpe|cigh # ^rkxpe|cigh ri~ fech xm le eve|nk~kgb ù|k~hknxkmgrfe|e# zu|~uigx xm x|eix{ z|mqk~kmg~ rkxf Ckenfxeg~xekg# kx cebk~cixeham| kddkb|ixkmg dixxe|~ kg lmxf ~xixe~# z|mfklkxkgb V a|md egxe|kgbekxfe|' Kg Begxkcfmdde# A|igne mze|ixeh A|egnf ~xixe ~nfmmc~ kgIcbe|ki# ibikg zu|~uigx xm i x|eix{ i||igbedegx'—

922' H|mph nmgne|geh nmdzcikgx~ l|mubfx l{ heaeghigx~ x|keh kg Ighm||i ibikg~xA|igne igh ^zikg i~ lekgb iccebehc{ |e~zmg~klce am| gmg$ml~e|qigne ma xfeNmgqegxkmg l{ ze|~mg~ a|md xfe~e nmugx|ke~ gmdkgixeh xm ~kx i~ ùhbe~ kg Ighm||i'Kx~ ~kbgkaknigne k~ xfix xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx~ amugh kx gene~~i|{ xmnmg~khe| rfexfe| xfe ùhbe~‛ inx~ nmuch le ixx|kluxeh xm A|igne igh ^zikg# –eqegxfmubf xfe{ re|e gmx ze|am|deh mg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfm~e ~xixe~— & H|mph # zi|i ;9+'I~ xfe Nmu|x evzcikgeh kg Ligomqkn &zi|i 1;+ –xfe kdzubgeh inx~ nmuch gmx# kg xfenk|nud~xigne~# le ixx|kluxeh xm xfe |e~zmghegx ~xixe~ leniu~e xfe ùhbe~ kg yue~xkmgre|e gmx inxkgb kg xfek| nizinkx{ i~ A|egnf m| ^zigk~f ùhbe~ igh i~ xfe Ighm||ig



Zibe 11

nmu|x~ augnxkmgeh kghezeghegxc{ ma xfe |e~zmghegx ~xixe~— &zi|i 1;+' \kv C@ kg xfeHkqk~kmgic Nmu|x kg Ic$ôekgk &zi|i~ 956$911 igh <51$<52+ ~ulènxeh H|mph xmncm~e ~n|uxkg{# igh ri~ zuppceh l{ kx~ |ei~mgkgb' Fe gmxeh xfix# ka xfe ùhbe~ ~kxxkgbkg Ighm||i fih leeg inxkgb kg xfek| nizinkxke~ i~ A|egnf igh ^zigk~f ùhbe~# xfeg–kg xfk~ dm~x kdzm|xigx cebic ~zfe|e# kg mge ~eg~e xfe fei|x ma rfix k~ deigx l{‖ù|k~hknxkmg‛# xfe|e rmuch fiqe leeg i am|d ma evxeg~kmg ma A|egnf igh ^zigk~f

ù|k~hknxkmg kgxm xfe xe||kxm|{ ma Ighm||i—# igh |ebi|heh H|mph i~ –xmm dunf ma i~zenkic ni~e xm z|mqkhe ig{ ak|d amughixkmg am| i ~uldk~~kmg xfix ze|~mgic

ù|k~hknxkmg eve|nk~eh evx|ixe||kxm|kicc{ l{ ~xixe ibegx~ m| iuxfm|kxke~ k~ i l|mih z|kgnkzce ma ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9— &zi|i <52+' ^zenkic ni~e xfmubf kx ri~# H|mph zmkgx~ xm xfe zm~~klkckx{ xfix ne|xikg |ecixkmg~fkz~# ~unf i~ xfm~e lexreeg igixkmgic ùhbe igh xfm~e ughe| fk~ m| fe| iuxfm|kx{# di{ ixx|inx xfe mze|ixkmg ma xfeNmgqegxkmg# k||e~zenxkqe ma rfexfe| xfe{ xioe zcine rkxfkg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfe

ùhbe‛~ ~xixe'

926' Begxkcfmdde k~ ma kgxe|e~x# gmx ù~x leniu~e kx |enmbgk~e~ xfe mze|ixkmg l{A|igne kg Icbe|ki ma A|egnf ~nfmmc~ rkxf xfe nmg~egx ma Icbe|ki i~ nizilce ma idmugxkgb xm ig eve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg l{ A|igne kg Icbe|ki rkxfkg xfe ~nmze ma i|xknce 9# lux ic~m leniu~e# mg xfe ainx~# A|igne ri~ fech gmx |e~zmg~klce' Xfenmdzcikgigx~‛ nfkch|eg fih# ughe| A|egnf cir# huic A|egnf igh Icbe|kiggixkmgickx{ lux# ughe| Icbe|kig cir# re|e mgc{ |enmbgk~eh i~ fiqkgb Icbe|kiggixkmgickx{' Xfe nmdzcikgx |ecixeh xm xfe |eau~ic xm ihdkx xfed xm xfe A|egnf~nfmmc~ kg Icbe|ki' Fmreqe|# xfk~ ri~ xfe |e~ucx ma i henk~kmg xioeg l{ Icbe|kiugkcixe|icc{# rkxf rfknf A|igne fih gm mzxkmg lux xm nmdzc{ icxfmubf xfix henk~kmg

ri~ kg l|einf ma i henci|ixkmg ma nucxu|ic nm$mze|ixkmg rfknf xfe xrm nmugx|ke~ fih~kbgeh mg 9; Di|nf 9;1<' Xfe Nmu|x fech xfix xfe nmghunx nmdzcikgeh ma nmuchgmx le ixx|kluxeh xm A|igne# igh xfe nmdzcikgx ri~ innm|hkgbc{ kgnmdzixklce rkxfxfe Nmgqegxkmg |ixkmge ze|~mgie' Xfe zm~~klkckx{ ma eve|nk~kgb ù|k~hknxkmg il|mih

l{ nmg~egx# kgqkxixkmg m| inyuke~negne ma xfe mqe|~ei~ ~xixe# xm rfknf xfe Nmu|x fih|eae||eh kg Ligomqkn# –e~x ~ulm|hmggëe ê ci nmdzexegne xe||kxm|kice he nex iux|eExix# ex# eg z|kgnkze# ‖ug Exix ge zeux nmgn|æxedegx eve|nk~e| ~i ù|k~hknxkmg ~u| cexe||kxmk|e h‛ug iux|e Exix ~ig~ ce nmg~egxedegx# c‛kgqkxixkmg mu c‛inyuke~nedegx hene he|gke|‛ & Ligomqkn# zi|i~ 5;$1:+—' Xfk~ izzei|~ ncei|c{ xm kghknixe xfixevnezxkmgic ù|k~hknxkmg di{ le xikcm|eh# kg evxegx igh kg xfe ckilkckx{ xm rfknf kx k~nizilce ma bkqkgb |k~e# l{ |eae|egne xm xfe ~nmze ma xfe iuxfm|kx{ am| xfe eve|nk~e ma rfknf il|mih nmg~egx k~ bkqeg'

92;' Xfe xfk|h evnezxkmgic nixebm|{ kgqmcqe~ –xfe inxkqkxke~ ma _i ~xixe‛~Thkzcmdixkn m| nmg~uci| ibegx~ il|mih igh mg lmi|h n|iax igh qe~~ec~ |ebk~xe|eh kg#m| ac{kgb xfe acib ma# xfix ~xixe— & Ligomqkn# zi|i 2># Ic$ôekgk# zi|i~ 9:;&8+&kk+ igh9<<+' I~ |ebi|h~ xfe inxkqkxke~ ma hkzcmdixkn m| nmg~uci| ibegx~ il|mih# xfe n|kxknicaeixu|e k~# ibikg# xfe nmg~egx ma xfe am|ekbg ~xixe# kg innm|higne rkxf bege|ic

z|kgnkzce~ ma kgxe|gixkmgic cir# xm xfe eve|nk~e rkxfkg kx~ xe||kxm|{ ma xfe iuxfm|kx{ ma

xfe ~eghkgb ~xixe l{ |ez|e~egxixkqe~ ma xfix ~xixe' I~ Cm|h L|mrg gmxeh kg zi|i 9<<#



Zibe 12

–ù|k~hknxkmg— rkxfkg i|xknce 9 fi~ leeg fech xm evk~x lmxf kg |ecixkmg xm gixkmgic~ ma xfe ~eghkgb ~xixe igh eqeg kg |ecixkmg xm am|ekbge|~' Kg |ecixkmg xm gixkmgic~# xfeevk~xegne ma ~unf ù|k~hknxkmg k~ dm|e mlqkmu~ xfig kx k~# ze|fiz~# kg |ecixkmg xmam|ekbge|~' Xfe z|e~egx ni~e k~ nmgne|geh rkxf xfe evk~xegne ma ù|k~hknxkmg kg K|iykg |ecixkmg xm L|kxk~f ~mchke|~'

96:' I~ xm i ~xixe‛~ –inxkqkxke~ ‡ mg lmi|h n|iax igh qe~~ec~ |ebk~xe|eh kg# m| ac{kgb xfe acib ma# xfix ~xixe—# xfe |eceqigx nmg~khe|ixkmg k~# mgne ibikg# xfix xfe~xixe fi~ ughe| kgxe|gixkmgic cir |enmbgk~eh iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc mqe| ~unf n|iaxigh qe~~ec~ $ ~kgne –xfe qker xfix i ~fkz k~ i acmixkgb zi|x ma ~xixe xe||kxm|{ fi~ cmgbaicceg kgxm hk~|ezuxe— &L|mrgcke‛~ Z|kgnkzce~ ma Zulckn Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir# 2xf eh&<::6+# z >96+' Xfe |enegx henk~kmg ma i ~eqegxeeg dedle| B|igh Nfidle| kgDehqeh{eq q A|igne &Izzcknixkmg Gm >>;8-:>+ &<; Di|nf <:9:+ k~ gmx rkxfmuxkgxe|e~x kg xfk~ nmggenxkmg' Xfe Rkgge| # i Nidlmhkig qe~~ec ri~ egbibeh mg h|ub

x|iaaknokgb kg xfe fkbf ~ei~ &Nize Qe|he+' Lec{kgb kx~ gide# kx ri~ hexenxeh igh lmi|heh l{ xfe A|egnf iuxfm|kxke~# rfm hexikgeh xfe n|er mg lmi|h igh xmmo xfedmg xfe qe~~ec xm A|igne am| x|kic' A|igne ri~# lux Nidlmhki ri~ gmx# zi|x{ xm xfe|eceqigx kgxe|gixkmgic h|ub x|iaaknokgb nmgqegxkmg~# rfknf hkh gmx kg xfenk|nud~xigne~ iuxfm|k~e xfe i||e~x l{ A|igne ma xfe Nidlmhkig qe~~ec'

Geqe|xfece~~# Nidlmhki fih bkqeg A|igne ~zenkakn ih fmn iuxfm|k~ixkmg –xmkgxe|nezx# kg~zenx igh xioe cebic inxkmg ibikg~x xfe ~fkz—'

969' I di`m|kx{ ma xfe Nmu|x nmg~khe|eh xfix xfe n|er re|e rkxfkg xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg ma A|igne am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 mg xfe ~kdzce li~k~ –ma A|ignefiqkgb eve|nk~eh aucc igh evncu~kqe nmgx|mc mqe| xfe Rkgge| igh kx~ n|er# ix cei~xhe ainxm# a|md xfe xkde ma kx~ kgxe|nezxkmg# kg i nmgxkgumu~ igh ugkgxe||uzxehdigge| ugxkc xfe{ re|e x|keh kg A|igne &nmgx|i~x Ligomqkn# nkxeh ilmqe+— &zi|i 12+'

Ligomqkn ri~ nkxeh kg zi|i 18# rfe|e xfe Nmu|x gmxeh xfix kx ri~ –mgc{ kgevnezxkmgic ni~e~ xfix inx~ ma xfe Nmgx|inxkgb ^xixe~ ze|am|deh# m| z|mhunkgbeaaenx~# mux~khe xfek| xe||kxm|ke~ nig nmg~xkxuxe ig eve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg l{ xfedam| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9—# igh xfix –Xfk~ evncuheh ~kxuixkmg~# fmreqe|# rfe|e „ i~ kg xfe Ligomqkn ni~e „ rfix ri~ ix k~~ue ri~ ig kg~xigxigemu~ evx|ixe||kxm|kicinx# i~ xfe z|mqk~kmg~ ma i|xknce 9 hkh gmx ihdkx ma i ‖niu~e$igh$eaaenx‛ gmxkmg ma

‖ù|k~hknxkmg‛ & Ligomqkn# zi|i 25+—'

96<' Fiqkgb innezxeh xfix A|igne fih ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9# xfe di`m|kx{ kgDehqeh{eq regx mg xm fmch xfe hexegxkmg ma xfe n|er ugù~xkakeh# mg xfe li~k~ xfix#icxfmubf kgxe|gixkmgic i~ recc i~ hmde~xkn cir ri~ nizilce ma ~fizkgb i–z|mnehu|e z|e~n|kleh l{ cir— rkxfkg i|xknce 5'9 &zi|i 2;+# Nidlmhki‛~ ih fmniuxfm|k~ixkmg hkh gmx deex xfe |eyuk|edegx~ ughe| i|xknce 5'9 ma –ncei|c{ heakgeh—igh –am|e~eeilce— cir &zi|i~ ;;$9::+' Z|e~udilc{ am|e~fihmrkgb xfix nmgncu~kmg#xfe di`m|kx{ izzei| kg zi|i 12 xm fiqe eghm|~eh xfe zm~~klkckx{ ma i zu|ec{ ainxuic

&iclekx ugciraucc{ eve|nk~eh+ nmgnezx ma ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9' Kg nmgx|i~x#~eqeg ùhbe~# hk~~egxkgb a|md xfe di`m|kx{‛~ nmgncu~kmg ughe| i|xknce 5'9# innezxeh



Zibe 16

xfix i|xknce 9 izzckeh mg xfe ~kdzce li~k~ xfix –xfe Rkgge| „ rkxf xfe ib|eedegx ma xfe acib ~xixe „ ri~ ughegkilc{ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma A|igne am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9— &zi|i 9:+' Xfix ~xixe L di{ iuxfm|k~e ~xixe I xm eve|nk~e ù|k~hknxkmgrfknf rmuch mxfe|rk~e lecmgb xm ~xixe L am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 k~ mg ig{qker nmg~k~xegx rkxf xfe z|kgnkzce~ kg Ligomqkn# zi|i~ 5;$1:# i~ recc i~ rkxf xfexf|ee ~zenkakn nixebm|ke~ ma evx|ixe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg rfknf K fiqe leegnmg~khe|kgb'

&a+ Xfe z|e~egx ni~e

96>' Xfe z|e~egx ni~e aicc~ hk|enxc{ rkxfkg gmge ma xfe~e ~zenkakn nixebm|ke~' Luxicc xf|ee nixebm|ke~ hezegh uzmg xfe eve|nk~e l{ ~xixe I il|mih ma ~xixe zmre| ighiuxfm|kx{ mqe| kghkqkhuic~# zi|xknuci|c{ gixkmgic~ ma ~xixe I# l{ nmg~egx# kgqkxixkmg

m| inyuke~negne ma xfe am|ekbg ~xixe L' Xfe{ evedzcka{ kg xfk~ |e~zenx mgeughe|c{kgb xfede ma zi|i~ 5; igh 1: kg Ligomqkn' Xfe ak|~x yue~xkmg k~ rfexfe| xfe z|e~egx ni~e |ez|e~egx~ ig evidzce ma xfe eve|nk~e l{ ~xixe I &fe|e xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd+ ma kx~ cirauc iuxfm|kx{ igh zmre| mqe| kx~ gixkmgic~ kg ~xixe L &K|iy+ rkxfxfe nmg~egx ma ~xixe L' Ka kx hme~ gmx# xfeg kx rkcc le gene~~i|{ xm nmg~khe| xfeicxe|gixkqe zm~~klkckx{ degxkmgeh kg Ligomqkn# zi|i 1:# gidec{ xfix xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd fih# i~ ig mnnuz{kgb zmre|# ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| kgxe|gixkmgic cir mqe| kx~i|deh am|ne~ rfe|eqe| xfe{ re|e kg K|iy'

&b+ Eve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg l{ nmg~egx

968' Xfe ig~re| xm xfe ak|~x yue~xkmg hezegh~ uzmg xfe zm~kxkmg ma xfe NZI' XfeNZI‛~ m|kbkg# |mce igh ~xixu~ re|e evidkgeh kg Ic$ôekgk# zi|xknuci|c{ l{ \kv C@ kgxfe Hkqk~kmgic Nmu|x ix _<::8T ERFN <;99 &Ihdkg+? _<::2T YL 98:# zi|i~ ;$>;'Amccmrkgb xfek| kgqi~kmg ma K|iy# xfe Ugkxeh ^xixe~ igh Ugkxeh Okgbhmd lenidemnnuz{kgb zmre|~ rkxfkg igh ~ulènx xm xfe z|mqk~kmg~ ma xfe Fibue Nmgqegxkmg9;:2 igh xfe Amu|xf Begeqi Nmgqegxkmg 9;8; &\kv C@# zi|i 99+' Xfe NZI ri~ xfen|eixkmg ma i –a|eehmd de~~ibe— k~~ueh kg xfix nizinkx{ l{ Ugkxeh ^xixe~ Bege|icXmdd{ A|igo~ mg 91 Iz|kc <::> &\kv C@# zi|i 98+' Xfe am|dixkmg igh zu|zm~e ma xfe NZI &–xm eve|nk~e zmre|~ ma bmqe|gdegx xedzm|i|kc{— igh –xm x|ig~ae| |e~zmg~klkckx{ am| ihdkgk~x|ixkmg xm |ez|e~egxixkqe K|iyk iuxfm|kxke~ i~ ~mmg i~

zm~~klce—+ re|e |ezm|xeh l{ cexxe| l{ xfe xrm bmqe|gdegx~‛ ze|digegx|ez|e~egxixkqe~ xm xfe ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc# Xfe ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc mg << Di{ <::>ihmzxeh \e~mcuxkmg 986> ughe| Nfizxe| QKK ma xfe UG Nfi|xe|# xfix k~ i~ idei~u|e xioeg xm dikgxikg m| |e~xm|e kgxe|gixkmgic zeine igh ~enu|kx{' \e~mcuxkmg986> gmxeh xfe nmgxegx~ ma xfe cexxe| igh# i~ ~xixeh kg zi|i 929 ilmqe# |enmbgk~eh–xfe ~zenkakn iuxfm|kxke~# |e~zmg~klkckxke~# igh mlckbixkmg~ ughe| izzcknilcekgxe|gixkmgic cir ma xfe~e ~xixe~ i~ mnnuz{kgb zmre|~ ughe| ugkakeh nmddigh &‖xfe

Iuxfm|kx{‛+— igh nicceh uzmg xfe Iuxfm|kx{ &kg z|inxkne xfe NZI+ –nmg~k~xegx rkxfxfe Nfi|xe| ma xfe Ugkxeh Gixkmg~ igh mxfe| |eceqigx kgxe|gixkmgic cir# xm z|mdmxe



Zibe 1;

xfe recai|e ma xfe K|iyk zemzce xf|mubf xfe eaaenxkqe ihdkgk~x|ixkmg ma xfe xe||kxm|{—&zi|i 8+' Lux kx ic~m ~uzzm|xeh i x|ig~am|dixkqe z|mne~~ kg K|iy# xf|mubf –xfeam|dixkmg# l{ xfe zemzce ma K|iy rkxf xfe fecz ma xfe Iuxfm|kx{# ‡ ma ig K|iykkgxe|kd ihdkgk~x|ixkmg i~ i x|ig~kxkmgic ihdkgk~x|ixkmg |ug l{ K|iyk~# ugxkc igkgxe|gixkmgicc{ |enmbgk~eh# |ez|e~egxixkqe bmqe|gdegx k~ e~xilck~feh l{ xfe zemzcema K|iy igh i~~ude~ xfe |e~zmg~klkckxke~ ma xfe Ihdkgk~x|ixkmg— &\e~mcuxkmg 986>#

zi|i ;+' Xfe NZI fih l{ |ebucixkmg \9 hixeh 91 Di{ <::> ic|eih{ henci|eh xfixxfe|e re|e qe~xeh kg xfe NZI –icc evenuxkqe# cebk~cixkqe igh ùhknkic iuxfm|kx{gene~~i|{ xm infkeqe kx~ mlènxkqe~# xm le eve|nk~eh ughe| |eceqigx UG ênu|kx{Nmugnkc |e~mcuxkmg~‡'— &igxknkzixkgb kg xfk~ |e~zenx l{ ~mde 1 hi{~ xfe eaaenx ma \e~mcuxkmg 986># i h|iax ma rfknf ri~ l{ xfeg zulcknc{ iqikcilce+' Kg @uge <::> xfeNZI k~~ueh NZI M|he| Gm 92# rfknf am|dick~eh xfe ~xixu~ igh i||igbedegx~nmqe|kgb xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~ mnnuz{kgb am|ne~ &zi|i 929 ilmqe+'

965' Xm nmdzcexe xfe zknxu|e# mg 9> @uc{ <::># amccmrkgb xrm gixkmgicnmgae|egne~ igh rkhe~z|eih nmg~ucxixkmg# xfe K|iyk Bmqe|gkgb Nmugnkc &–KBN—+iggmugneh kx~ am|dixkmg igh ri~ |enmbgk~eh am|dicc{ l{ xfe NZI l{ |ebucixkmg\1# kg ckge rkxf zi|i ; ma ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc \e~mcuxkmg 986># i~ xfe z|kgnkzic lmh{ma ig K|iyk kgxe|kd ihdkgk~x|ixkmg# rkxf rfknf xfe NZI rmuch –nmg~ucx igh nm$m|hkgixe mg icc dixxe|~ kgqmcqkgb xfe xedzm|i|{ bmqe|gigne ma K|iy—' Xfe ênu|kx{Nmugnkc l{ \e~mcuxkmg 95:: mg 98 Iubu~x <::> recnmdeh xfe e~xilck~fdegx ma xfeKBN –i~ ig kdzm|xigx ~xez xmri|h~ xfe am|dixkmg l{ xfe zemzce ma K|iy ma igkgxe|gixkmgicc{ |enmbgkpeh# |ez|e~egxixkqe bmqe|gdegx xfix rkcc eve|nk~e xfe~mqe|ekbgx{ ma K|iy—' Kg kx~ cixe| \e~mcuxkmg 9599 ma 91 Mnxmle| <::># xfe ênu|kx{

Nmugnkc# ibikg inxkgb ughe| Nfizxe| QKK# –|eiaak|d_ehT xfe ~mqe|ekbgx{ ighxe||kxm|kic kgxeb|kx{ ma K|iy# igh ughe|~nm|e_ehT kg xfix nmgxevx# xfe xedzm|i|{gixu|e ma xfe eve|nk~e l{ xfe Nmickxkmg Z|mqk~kmgic Iuxfm|kx{ &Iuxfm|kx{+ ma xfe~zenkakn |e~zmg~klkckxke~# iuxfm|kxke~# igh mlckbixkmg~ ughe| izzcknilce kgxe|gixkmgiccir |enmbgkpeh igh ~ex am|xf kg |e~mcuxkmg 986> &<::>+ ‡'—' Xfe KBN eqegxuicc{hk~~mcqeh kx~eca mg 9 @uge <::8# igh mg <6 @uge <::6 xfe NZI x|ig~ae||eh iuxfm|kx{xm xfe K|iyk Kgxe|kd Bmqe|gdegx# rfknf lenide xfe ~mce ~mqe|ekbg iuxfm|kx{ ma K|iy &\kv C@# zi|i >6+'

961' Xfe NZI ri~ xfu~ eve|nk~kgb# igh ri~ |enmbgk~eh l{ xfe ênu|kx{ Nmugnkci~ fiqkgb ughe| kgxe|gixkmgic cir# |e~zmg~klkckx{ am| xfe xedzm|i|{ bmqe|gigne ighihdkgk~x|ixkmg ma K|iy xf|mubfmux xfe |eceqigx ze|kmh a|md xfe egh ma Di{ xmIubu~x <::>' Kg xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic kg Ic$ôekgk _<::5T ERNI Nkq 91:;? _<::2TYL 98:# zi|i 9<># L|mmoe C@ ~ikh xfix –xfe NZI# rfknf ri~ gmx ig kg~x|udegx ma xfe UO bmqe|gdegx# fih xfe mqe|icc evenuxkqe# cebk~cixkqe igh ùhknkic iuxfm|kx{ kgK|iy rfegeqe| kx heedeh kx gene~~i|{ xm eve|nk~e ~unf iuxfm|kx{ xm infkeqe kx~mlènxkqe~—' Kg xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ &zi|i 6>+ Cm|h \mhbe| evz|e~~eh fkd~eca i~

lekgb kg ib|eedegx rkxf zi|i~ 9<: xm 9<6 ma L|mmoe C@‛~ ùhbdegx rfegnmgncuhkgb xfix xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd cinoeh eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma Li~|i igh kx~

~u||mughkgb i|ei~' Xfe NZI evz|e~~c{ eghm|~eh igh iuxfm|k~eh xfe z|e~egne ma xfe



Zibe 2:

Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~ i|deh am|ne~ kg K|iy# igh kx fih xfe ~uzzm|x ma ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc\e~mcuxkmg 986> kg ~m inxkgb' Lux xfix hme~ gmx gene~~i|kc{ deig xfix xfe NZIeyuixe~ rkxf xfe ~xixe ma K|iy am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma nmg~egxkgb xm xfe z|e~egne ma am|ekbg x|mmz~ ughe| kgxe|gixkmgic cir' Xfe NZI# icxfmubf ~ezi|ixe a|md xfeUgkxeh Okgbhmd bmqe|gdegx# ri~ xfe n|eixu|e ma xfe mnnuz{kgb am|ne~# ighênu|kx{ Nmugnkc \e~mcuxkmg~ 986> igh 9599 re|e ni|eauc xm |eae| xm xfe NZI kgxe|d~ nmg~k~xegx rkxf xfk~' Ig igic{~k~ rfknf |ecke~ uzmg xfe ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc‛~|enmbgkxkmg ma xfe NZI‛~ |mce igh uzmg NZI M|he| Gm 92 i~ i li~k~ am| ~i{kgb xfixxfe ~xixe ma K|iy nmg~egxeh xm xfe z|e~egne igh inxkqkxke~ ma Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am|ne~kg K|iy di{ le |ebi|heh i~ e~~egxkicc{ nk|nuci|0 xfe NZI mreh kx~ evk~xegne# |kbfx~igh |e~zmg~klkckxke~ xm xfe z|e~egne igh inxkqkxke~ ma xfe mnnuz{kgb am|ne~# igh xfeênu|kx{ Nmugnkc‛~ \e~mcuxkmg ri~ h|iaxeh mg i li~k~ rfknf nig le ~ikh de|ec{ xm|enmbgk~e xfk~ x|uxf' Mg xfe mxfe| figh# ka xfix k~ ~m# xfeg kx k~ ic~m x|ue xfe|e ri~hu|kgb xfe ze|kmh Di{ xm Iubu~x <::> gm mxfe| lmh{ rfknf nmuch ncikd xm|ez|e~egx xfe ~xixe ma K|iy# igh i nm||e~zmghkgbc{ |ehuneh |k~o ma ig{ mlènxkmgilcenci~f ma ~mqe|ekbgx{'

&b+ Eve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| mnnuz{kgb am|ne~

962' Xfk~ l|kgb~ de xm xfe mxfe| feih ma evx|i$xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg degxkmgehkg Ligomqkn# zi|i 1:# icxfmubf gmx xfe ~ulènx ma hexikceh igic{~k~ xfe|e m| kg Ic$ôekgk0 xfix k~ ù|k~hknxkmg i~ ig mnnuz{kgb am|ne' Xfe cir~ ma ri| izzc{ rfixeqe| xfe cebkxkdin{ m| mxfe|rk~e ma xfe ni~u~ lecck' Xfe{ rmuch gmx mxfe|rk~e fiqe

dunf zmkgx' Kg xfe z|e~egx ni~e# –xfe ~zenkakn iuxfm|kxke~# |e~zmg~klkckxke~# ighmlckbixkmg~ ughe| izzcknilce kgxe|gixkmgic cir— ma xfe mnnuz{kgb am|ne~# i~ recc i~xfe |mce ma xfe NZI# re|e ic~m eghm|~eh l{ ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc \e~mcuxkmg 986>' XfeEu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx~ |enmbgk~eh kg zi|i 1: kg Ligomqkn xfixmnnuzixkmg nig bkqe ù|k~hknxkmg –ix cei~x kg ne|xikg |e~zenx~—# igh |eae||eh xm kgxe| icki Mzzegfekd‛~ Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir &qmc K „ Zeine+ &;xf eh+ &9;;<+ zi|i 9>2' Xfk~~xixe~ xfix0 –Kgxe|gixkmgic cir# fmreqe|# bkqe~ eqe|{ ~xixe i |kbfx xm ncikdevedzxkmg a|md cmnic ù|k~hknxkmg# nfkeac{ am| kx~eca# kx~ Feih ma ^xixe# kx~hkzcmdixkn egqm{~# kx~ ri|~fkz~ igh kx~ i|deh am|ne~ il|mih—' Kg |ecixkmg xm xferm|h~ –igh kx~ i|deh am|ne~—# ammxgmxe 9; |eae|~ xm zi|i~ 551$556# rfknf# kg

|ecixkmg xm lecckbe|egx mnnuzixkmg ma am|ekbg xe||kxm|{# |eae| kg xu|g l{ ammxgmxe 8 xm zi|i~ 911$92<l ma qmcude KK „ Hk~zuxe~#Ri| igh Geux|ickx{ ma xfe ~ide rm|o &2xf eh+ &9;5<+' Zi|i 911 ~xixe~ xfix# kg dmhe|g kgxe|gixkmgic cir0

–icxfmubf xfe mnnuzigx kg gm rk~e inyuk|e~ ~mqe|ekbgx{ mqe| ~unfxe||kxm|{ xf|mubf xfe de|e ainx ma fiqkgb mnnuzkeh kx# fe inxuicc{eve|nk~e~ am| xfe xkde lekgb dkckxi|{ iuxfm|kx{ mqe| kx' I~ fe xfe|el{

z|eqegx~ xfe cebkxkdixe ~mqe|ekbg a|md eve|nk~kgb fk~ iuxfm|kx{# ighncikd~ mlehkegne am| fkd~eca a|md xfe kgfilkxigx~# fe du~x

ihdkgk~xe| xfe nmugx|{# gmx mgc{ kg xfe kgxe|e~x ma fk~ mrg dkckxi|{



Zibe 29

ihqigxibe# lux ic~m# ix ig{ |ixe ~m ai| i~ zm~~klce# am| xfe zulckn legeakx ma xfe kgfilkxigx~'—

Zi|i 91; nmgxkgue~0

–I~ xfe mnnuzigx inxuicc{ eve|nk~e~ iuxfm|kx{# igh i~ xfe cebkxkdixeBmqe|gdegx k~ z|eqegxeh a|md eve|nk~kgb kx~ iuxfm|kx{# xfe mnnuzigxinyuk|e~ i xedzm|i|{ |kbfx ma ihdkgk~x|ixkmg mqe| xfe xe||kxm|{ igh kx~kgfilkxigx~? ‡'

Kg ni||{kgb mux _xfe ihdkgk~x|ixkmgT xfe mnnuzigx k~ xmxicc{kghezeghegx ma xfe nmg~xkxuxkmg igh cir ma xfe xe||kxm|{# ~kgne

mnnuzixkmg k~ ig ikd ma ri|ai|e# igh xfe dikgxegigne igh ~iaex{ ma fk~ am|ne~ igh xfe zu|zm~e ma ri|# ~xigh kg xfe am|eb|mugh ma fk~kgxe|e~x# igh du~x le z|mdmxeh ughe| icc nk|nud~xigne~ ighnmghkxkmg~' Lux# icxfmubf i~ |ebi|h~ xfe ~iaex{ ma fk~ i|d{ igh xfe

zu|zm~e ma ri| xfe mnnuzigx k~ qe~xeh rkxf ig icdm~x il~mcuxe zmre|#i~ fe k~ gmx xfe ~mqe|ekbg ma xfe xe||kxm|{ fe fi~ gm |kbfx xm dioenfigbe~ kg xfe cir~# m| kg xfe ihdkgk~x|ixkmg# mxfe| xfig xfm~e rfknfi|e xedzm|i|kc{ gene~~kxixeh l{ fk~ kgxe|e~x kg xfe dikgxegigne igh~iaex{ ma fk~ i|d{ igh xfe |eick~ixkmg ma xfe zu|zm~e ma ri|' Mg xfenmgx|i|{# fe fi~ xfe hux{ ma ihdkgk~xe|kgb xfe nmugx|{ innm|hkgb xm

xfe evk~xkgb cir~ igh xfe evk~xkgb |uce~ ma ihdkgk~x|ixkmg? fe du~xeg~u|e zulckn m|he| igh ~iaex{# du~x |e~zenx aidkc{ fmgmu| igh|kbfx~# kghkqkhuic ckqe~# z|kqixe z|mze|x{# |eckbkmu~ nmgqknxkmg~ ighckle|x{—'

966' Kx fi~ leeg ml~e|qeh xfix xfe x|ig~am|dixkqe i~zenx ma \e~mcuxkmg 986> &zi|i968 ilmqe+ igh xfe x|ig~am|dixkmg kg K|iyk ~mnkex{ igh bmqe|gigne rfknf xfe NZIinxuicc{ kdzcedegxeh hm gmx |enmgnkce ei~kc{ rkxf xfe x|ihkxkmgic z|kgnkzce~bmqe|gkgb mnnuzixkmg ~xixeh kg Mzzegfekd0 ~ee Ihid \mle|x~# Xfe Egh ma Mnnuzixkmg &<::5+ KNCY <2 igh X|ig~am|dixkqe Dkckxi|{ Mnnuzixkmg0 Izzc{kgb xfe Cir~ ma Ri| igh Fudig \kbfx~ &<::1+ 9:: I@KC 56:# 1:8$196 igh GeficLfuxi# Xfe igxkdmgke~ ma x|ig~am|dixkqe mnnuzixkmg &<::5+ E@KC 2<9' Kx ~eed~ncei| xfix gekxfe| xfe mnnuz{kgb ~xixe~ gm| xfe ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc qkereh xfe~kxuixkmg i~ mge kg rfknf xfe|e ri~# iaxe| xfe mqe|xf|mr ma îhhid Fu~~ekg# ig{cebkxkdixe ~mqe|ekbg' Kx ic~m ~eed~ kdz|mlilce xfix xfe rkhe$|igbkgb igh kg ne|xikg|e~zenx~ –aughidegxic— dei~u|e~ kgx|mhuneh l{ xfe NZI am| xfe xedzm|i|{bmqe|gigne ma K|iy &i~ he~n|kleh l{ \kv C@ kg xfe Hkqk~kmgic Nmu|x kg Ic$ôekgk ix

zi|i~ 9; xm <1+ rmuch akx rkxf xfe x|ihkxkmgic –hux{ ma ihdkgk~xe|kgb xfe nmugx|{innm|hkgb xm xfe evk~xkgb cir~ igh xfe evk~xkgb |uce~ ma ihdkgk~x|ixkmg— xm rfknf

Mzzegfekd |eae|~ kg zi|i 91;' Fmreqe|# K xfkgo kx uggene~~i|{ xm nmg~khe| fmr ai| igh mg rfix li~k~ xfe mnnuzixkmg ma K|iy di{ fiqe fih aeixu|e~ bmkgb le{mgh xfix



Zibe 2<

ma x|ihkxkmgic lecckbe|egx mnnuzixkmg' Rfix k~ kdzm|xigx am| z|e~egx zu|zm~e~ k~ xfixxfe ~xixu~ eqeg ma i x|ihkxkmgic mnnuz{kgb ~xixe k~ |enmbgk~eh igh |ebucixeh l{kgxe|gixkmgic cir# igh xfix kx k~ mge kg rfknf –i~ |ebi|h~ xfe ~iaex{ ma fk~ i|d{ ighxfe zu|zm~e ma ri| xfe mnnuzigx k~ qe~xeh rkxf ig icdm~x il~mcuxe zmre|—# igh kgrfknf xfe mnnuzigx fi~ xfe |kbfx xm ncikd kddugkx{ am| kx~ i|deh am|ne~ a|md cmnic

ù|k~hknxkmg' Kg xfe nmgxevx ma Ligomqkn# xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x di{ kg zi|i 1: fiqe leeg xfkgokgb z|kdi|kc{ ma ù|k~hknxkmg eve|nk~eh l{ i ~xixe xf|mubf mnnuz{kgbam|ne~ mqe| cmnic kgfilkxigx~' Lux xm xfe evxegx xfix ~unf ù|k~hknxkmg evk~x~# kx hme~~m mgc{ leniu~e ma xfe ~xixe‛~ z|e$evk~xkgb iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc mqe| kx~ mrg i|deham|ne~' Ig mnnuz{kgb ~xixe niggmx fiqe ig{ ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| cmnic kgfilkxigx~rkxfmux ic|eih{ fiqkgb ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~ mrg i|deh am|ne~# kg einf ni~e kg xfe~eg~e ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Xfix k~ gmx ma nmu|~e xm eyuixe i ~xixe‛~

ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| xfk|h zi|xke~ rkxf kx~ z|e$evk~xkgb igh dm|e rkhec{ li~eh ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~ mrg i|deh am|ne~ &~ee au|xfe| zi|i 9;9 lecmr+'

96;' Kg z|mqkhkgb am| xfe mnnuz{kgb am|ne~ xm fiqe kddugkx{ a|md K|iyk cebic z|mne~~# NZI M|he| Gm 92 |eacenxeh xfe bege|ic z|kgnkzce ma ~xixe kddugkx{# ughe| kgxe|gixkmgic igh nmddmg cir# z|encuhkgb nkqkc ~ukx~ kg mge ~xixe ibikg~x i am|ekbg ~xixe m| kx~ ~e|qigx~ kg |e~zenx ma ~mqe|ekbg inxkqkxke~ ma xfix am|ekbg ~xixe0 ~ee eb

Ckxx|ecc q Ugkxeh ^xixe~ ma Ide|kni &Gm <+ _9;;5T 9 RC\ 6<# Fmccigh q Cidzeg$Rmcae _<:::T 9 RC\ 952> igh @mge~ q Dkgk~x|{ ma xfe Kgxe|km| ma xfe Okgbhmd ma îuhk I|ilki _<::1T UOFC <1? _<::2T 9 IN <2: &xfe zm~kxkmg |ecixkgb xm xm|xu|egmx lekgb |eceqigx mg xfk~ izzeic+ igh# ughe| bege|ic kgxe|gixkmgic cir# zi|i 9>2 ma Mzzegfekd &zi|i 962 ilmqe+' Gm ~unf bege|ic kddugkx{ xmhi{ evk~x~ ughe|

Egbck~f cir i~ lexreeg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd igh xfm~e rkxfkg kx~ xe||kxm|{ m| fiqkgb kx~ gixkmgickx{# rfexfe| xfe nmghunx mnnu|~ rkxfkg m| mux~khe xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd' ^mchke|~ nig l|kgb z|mneehkgb~ kg Egbcigh ibikg~x xfe Dkgk~x|{ ma Heaegne kg |e~zenx ma ig{ l|einf ma xfe ~xixe‛~ nmddmg cir hux{ ma ni|e xmri|h~xfed0 N|mrg Z|mneehkgb~ &I|deh Am|ne~+ Inx 9;62# ~enxkmg 9' Xfix ~unf ckilkckx{k~ nizilce ma i|k~kgb kg |e~zenx ma mze|ixkmg~ m| inxkqkx{ ig{rfe|e kg xfe rm|chizzei|~ kdzcknkx kg ~enxkmg 9 ma xfe 9;62 Inx &|eih kg xfe ckbfx ma ~enxkmg 9: ma xfeN|mrg Z|mneehkgb~ Inx 9;82 rfknf kx |ezeiceh+ i~ recc i~ kg ~enxkmg < ma xfe 9;62Inx' Xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd bmqe|gdegx k~ xfu~ ic|eih{ ckilce xm |enekqe ncikd~ ixnmddmg cir l{ ~mchke|~ ~e|qkgb kg K|iy li~eh# am| evidzce# mg iccebixkmg~ ma aikcu|e xm xioe z|mze| ni|e kg |ecixkmg xm xfek| ~iaex{# mxfe| xfig kg xfe nmgxevx ma inxkqe mze|ixkmg~ ibikg~x ig eged{' I hk~xkgnxkmg lexreeg inxuic mze|ixkmg~ibikg~x ig eged{ &hu|kgb xfe nmu|~e ma rfknf gm nmddmg cir hux{ ma ni|e evk~x~+igh mxfe| inxkqkxke~ ma nmdlixigx ~e|qkne~ kg xkde ma ri| ri~ h|irg kg ^fir îqkcc igh Iclkmg Nm Cxh q Nmddmgreicxf ma Iu~x|icki &9;8:+ NC\ >88# Lu|dif Mkc Nmdzig{ Cxh q Cm|h Ihqmnixe _9;15T IN 25# 99:# ze| Cm|h \ekh &u~kgb xfe xe|d–lixxce hidibe— xm he~n|kle xfe am|de| nixebm|{+# Ducnif{ q Dkgk~xe| ma Heaegne_9;;1T YL 2>< igh Lknk q Dkgk~x|{ ma Heaegne _<::8T ERFN 261 &YL+# zi|i~ ;:$9::' Kx k~ uggene~~i|{ xm evidkge kx m| kx~ ~nmze fe|e' K nig ic~m ceiqe ughenkhehxfe yue~xkmg rfexfe| xfe hmnx|kge ma inx ma ~xixe dkbfx kg ckdkxeh nk|nud~xigne~



Zibe 2>

dioe eqeg i ncikd l{ i L|kxk~f ~ulènx gmg$ù~xknkilce0 ~ee Gk~~ig q Ixxm|ge{Bege|ic _9;2:T IN 92;? Lknk q Dkgk~x|{ ma Heaegne &ilmqe+# zi|i 66'

9;:' Kg z|mqkhkgb am| xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd xm fiqe –evncu~kqe ù|k~hknxkmg—# NZI

M|he| Gm 92 ic~m dk||m|eh kg eaaenx xfe hmde~xkn zm~kxkmg# rfe|el{ L|kxk~f ~mchke|~i|e ~ulènx xm Ugkxeh Okgbhmd dkckxi|{ cir rfe|eqe| xfe{ ~e|qe' Xfk~ ri~ ~mughe| xfe I|d{ Inx 9;55# xfe Ik| Am|ne Inx 9;55 igh xfe Giqic Hk~nkzckge Inx9;52 &–xfe ê|qkne Inx~—+# linoeh uz l{ |uce~ igh |ebucixkmg~# kgncuhkgb xfeYueeg‛~ \ebucixkmg~ 9;25# kg am|ne kg <::>? igh kx |edikg~ ~m ~kgne xfek| |ezcinedegx a|md >9 Mnxmle| <::; l{ xfe I|deh Am|ne~ Inx <::1' Icxfmubf xfeê|qkne Inx~ i|e ci|bec{ ~kcegx mg xfek| xe||kxm|kic ~nmze# kx k~ gmx kg hk~zuxe xfixxfek| z|mqk~kmg~ bmqe|geh ~e|qkne mqe|~ei~ i~ recc i~ hmde~xknicc{0 ~ee Ic$ôekgk#

ze| Cm|h Lkgbfid ix zi|i~ 95&8+ igh <1' Xfk~ k~# am| evidzce# |eacenxeh kg z|mqk~kmg~ am| nmu|x~$di|xkic xm fiqe ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| maaegne~ nmddkxxeh il|mih

&Giqic Hk~nkzckge Inx 9;52# ~enxkmg 86&9++ igh xm ~kx il|mih &I|d{ Inx# ~enxkmg;9+0 ~ee ic~m Fic~lu|{‛~ Cir~ ma Egbcigh# I|deh Am|ne~# qmc <&<+# zi|i >:>#ammxgmxe 8# gmxkgb xfix xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma i|d{ igh ik| am|ne nmu|x~$di|xkic xm x|{maaegne~ nmddkxxeh mux~khe xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd –k~ xm le kgae||eh a|md xfe ainxxfix einf ma xfe maaegne$n|eixkgb z|mqk~kmg~ ‡ z|mqkhe~ xfix xfe maaegne kgyue~xkmg k~ nmddkxxeh l{ –ig{ ze|~mg ~ulènx xm dkckxi|{ m| ik| am|ne cir— rkxfmuxig{ ckdkxkgb rm|h~ i~ xm rfe|e xfe maaegne du~x le nmddkxxeh—' ênxkmg 2:&9+ ma xfe I|d{ Inx fi~ dihe kx ig maaegne am| ig{ ze|~mg ~ulènx xm dkckxi|{ cir xmnmddkx i nkqkc cir maaegne ig{rfe|e kg xfe rm|ch' ênxkmg >12 ma xfe <::1 Inxgmr z|mqkhe~ evz|e~~c{ xfix –Eqe|{ dedle| ma xfe |ebuci| am|ne~ k~ ~ulènx xm

~e|qkne cir ix icc xkde~'—

&f+ Nmgncu~kmg mg k~~ue ma ù|k~hknxkmg

9;9' Kg xfe ckbfx ma xfe ilmqe# kx k~ kg d{ qker zm~~klce xm bkqe i ncei| ig~re| xmxfe yue~xkmg rfexfe| xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd fih ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| kgxe|gixkmgic cirmqe| kx~ i|deh am|ne~ rfe|eqe| xfe{ re|e kg K|iy' Ka xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd hkh gmx#xfeg gm ~xixe hkh' Xfe kgqi~kmg ncei|c{ igh akgicc{ mu~xeh ig{ z|eqkmu~ bmqe|gdegx'

Xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ri~ xfe mgc{ zmre| eve|nk~kgb igh fiqkgb ughe| kgxe|gixkmgic cir iuxfm|kx{ mqe| kx~ ~mchke|~' Kg ~m ai| i~ xfe|e ri~ ig{ nkqkcihdkgk~x|ixkmg kg K|iy# kx nmg~egxeh xm xfk~' Ka xfe NZI‛~ nmg~egx k~ hk~|ebi|heh i~nmdkgb a|md rfix ri~# kg eaaenx# ig edigixkmg ma xfe xrm mnnuz{kgb zmre|~# xfegxfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ri~# igh ri~ l{ ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc \e~mcuxkmg 986>|enmbgk~eh i~# ig mnnuz{kgb zmre| kg K|iy' Ligomqkn kghknixe~ xfix mge li~k~ mgrfknf xfe UO nmuch le |ebi|heh i~ fiqkgb fih ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~ am|ne~ kg K|iyrmuch fiqe leeg l{ nmg~egx ma xfe ~xixe ma K|iy' Kx rmuch le ~x|igbe ka xfe zm~kxkmgre|e hkaae|egx kg xfe il~egne ma ig{ K|iyk bmqe|gdegx xm bkqe ~unf nmg~egx# m| xfe|eam|e xm mlènx# xm xfe eve|nk~e ma ~unf ù|k~hknxkmg l{ xfe UO mqe| kx~

mnnuz{kgb am|ne~' I~ ig mnnuz{kgb zmre|# xfe UO ri~ gene~~i|kc{ kg nmdzcexenmgx|mc ma xfe i|deh am|ne~ l{ rfknf kx infkeqeh ~unf mnnuzixkmg# igh fih ughe|



Zibe 28

kgxe|gixkmgic cir –ig icdm~x il~mcuxe zmre|— i~ |ebi|h~ xfek| ~iaex{ &Mzzegfekd# zi|i 91;# ilmqe+# i~ recc i~ huxke~ |ebi|hkgb xfe eaaenxkqe ihdkgk~x|ixkmg ma K|iyigh xfe |e~xm|ixkmg ma ~enu|kx{ igh ~xilkckx{# xm le ze|am|deh xf|mubf ~unf am|ne~'Xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd hkh gmx fiqe ~unf eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc mqe| xfe rfmce ma xfe i|eima ^muxfe|g K|iy m| eqeg Li~|i i~ nmuch niu~e ~unf i|ei xm le eyuixeh rkxfxe||kxm|{ ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# m| xfe|eam|e xm |eyuk|e xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd xmeg~u|e xfe aucc |igbe ma Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ xm icc rkxfkg kx' Kx k~# fmreqe|# i hkaae|egxdixxe| xm ~ubbe~x xfix xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd nei~eh xm fiqe ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~i|deh am|ne~ &rkxf xfe nmg~eyuegne xfix kx nei~eh xm mre xfed ig{ au|xfe| Nmgqegxkmg hux{+ rfegeqe| xfe{ re|e mux ma li~e? igh xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~

ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~ mrg i|deh am|ne~ rkxfkg i|xknce 9 hme~ gmx deig xfix kx fih ù|k~hknxkmg rkxfkg i|xknce 9 mqe| icc m| ig{ mxfe| ze|~mg~ rkxf rfmd xfm~e i|deham|ne~ nide kgxm nmgxinx maa li~e'

9;<' Xfe inxuic aei~klkckx{ ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd i~~u|kgb igh z|mqkhkgb z|mxenxkmg am| kx~ i|deh am|ne~ kg K|iy hezegh~ mg xfe nk|nud~xigne~# kgncuhkgb xfenk|nud~xigne~ igh zcine kg rfknf ~unf am|ne~ i|e ~e|qkgb' Lux xm hk~xkgbuk~faughidegxicc{ lexreeg xfe evk~xegne ma xfe z|mxenxkqe huxke~ mg xfe zi|x ma xfeUgkxeh Okgbhmd xmri|h~ kx~ i|deh am|ne~ ix fmde igh il|mih ic~m izzei|~ xm dei~ ug|eick~xkn ughe| xfe Nmgqegxkmg i~ kx k~ ix nmddmg cir' Xfe |ecixkmg~fkz

lexreeg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd igh kx~ i|deh am|ne~ k~ eaaenxkqec{ ~eidce~~'Dedle|~ ma xfe i|deh am|ne~ ~e|qe ughe| xfe ~ide hk~nkzckge igh nmghkxkmg~rfe|eqe| xfe{ i|e# igh xfe{ i|e |eyuk|eh xm bm rfe|eqe| xfe{ i|e m|he|eh' Xfe|ecixkmg~fkz k~ gmx xe||kxm|kic# kx hezegh~ kg eqe|{ nmgxevx igh |e~zenx mg i

|enkz|mnic lmgh# ma iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc mg xfe mge figh igh iccebkigne ighmlehkegne mg xfe mxfe|' Xfe i|deh am|ne~ ~e|qe mg xfix li~k~' Xfe nmdzinx k~ xfixxfe{ rkcc |enekqe xfe ~uzzm|x igh z|mxenxkmg ma xfe nmugx|{ xfe{ ~e|qe' K |enmbgk~exfix xfe~e nmg~khe|ixkmg~ nmuch izzc{ eqeg kg i ni~e rfe|e xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd hkhgmx fiqe ughe| kgxe|gixkmgic cir i |enmbgk~eh |mce# ckoe xfix ma ig mnnuz{kgb zmre| rfknf kx fih kg K|iy' Xfix di{# mg igmxfe| hi{# ceih lino xm |e$evidkgixkmg ma ~xixedegx~ &~unf i~ xfix kg Dehqeh{eq0 ~ee zi|i 96< ilmqe+ rfknf nmgxedzcixe xfe

zm~~klkckx{ xfix i|xknce 9 di{ edl|ine zu|ec{ ainxuic# xfmubf ugciraucc{ eve|nk~eh# ù|k~hknxkmg' Xfix zm~~klkckx{ hme~ gmx fmreqe| |eyuk|e nmg~khe|ixkmg mg xfk~izzeic' Rfe|e# i~ fe|e# xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ri~ z|e~egx kg K|iy# lmxf rkxf xfenmg~egx ma xfe mgc{ nkqkc ihdkgk~x|ixkqe iuxfm|kx{ xfix evk~xeh igh kg ig{ eqegx i~ig mnnuz{kgb zmre| |enmbgk~eh i~ ~unf ughe| kgxe|gixkmgic cir l{ xfe ênu|kx{Nmugnkc# xfe|e k~ kg d{ qker ig k||e~k~xklce ni~e am| x|eixkgb xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~

ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~ i|deh am|ne~ i~ evxeghkgb xm ~mchke|~ ~e|qkgb kg K|iy am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Kg Ic$ôekgk &zi|i 5>+ Cm|h \mhbe| ~ikh#kg xfe nmgxevx ma kgxe|z|exkgb xfe ~nmze ma xfe Fudig \kbfx~ Inx 9;;6# xfix –rfe|ei zulckn iuxfm|kx{ fi~ zmre| xm mze|ixe mux~khe ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd igh hme~ ~mcebkxkdixec{ „ am| evidzce# rkxf xfe nmg~egx ma xfe mxfe| ~xixe „ kg xfe il~egne ma ig{ kghknixkmg xm xfe nmgx|i|{ ‡ kx rmuch mgc{ le ~eg~klce xm x|eix xfe zulckniuxfm|kx{# ~m ai| i~ zm~~klce# kg xfe ~ide ri{ i~ rfeg kx mze|ixe~ ix fmde—' ^kdkci| xfkgokgb izzcke~ xm xfe ~nmze ma i ~xixe‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9 ma xfe



Zibe 25

Nmgqegxkmg# igh k~ gmx mgc{ nmg~k~xegx rkxf# lux zm~kxkqec{ ~uzzm|xeh l{# xfeNmu|x‛~ |ei~mgkgb kg Ligomqkn' Kg xfe z|e~egx ni~e# Cm|h Nmcckg~# rfm~e ùhbdegx Kfiqe |eih iaxe| am|ducixkgb d{ mrg# khegxkake~ i gudle| ma ni~e~ rfe|enmddmg~eg~e kg fk~ qker ù~xkake~ i |enmbgkxkmg ma evx|i$xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmgrkxfkg i|xknce 9 $ iclekx gene~~i|kc{ ma i ckdkxeh gixu|e xikcm|eh xm xfe nmgxevx &~ee

zi|i~ <69# >:9 igh >:1+' K ib|ee# lux kg d{ qker nmddmg~eg~e ic~m ~ubbe~x~ i~kdkci| igic{~k~ ma xfe |ecixkmg~fkz lexreeg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd igh xfe L|kxk~fi|d{'

9;>' K~ ~unf i nmgncu~kmg z|encuheh mg xfe li~k~ xfix Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ niggmx z|mze|c{ le xikcm|eh= K hm gmx leckeqe ~m' Re i|e nmgne|geh rkxf ig evnezxkmgicfeih ma ù|k~hknxkmg' Kg Ic$ôekgk# Cm|h L|mrg ~ikh xfk~ ix zi|i 9>:0

–\eick~xknicc{ xfe nmgnezx ma xfe kghkqk~klkckx{ ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg z|e~egx~ gm z|mlced kg xfe nixebm|ke~ ma ni~e~ hk~nu~~eh kg zi|i~99;$9<1 ilmqe0 xfm~e nmgne|g fkbfc{ ~zenkakn ~kxuixkmg~ |ik~kgb mgc{i ckdkxeh |igbe ma Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~—'

Xfk~ zi~~ibe dkbfx# mg mge qker# le |eih i~ ~ubbe~xkgb xfix xfe|e k~ ~mdexfkgbkgfe|egx kg xfe evnezxkmgic nixebm|ke~ ma ni~e~ hk~nu~~eh kg zi|i~ 99; xm 9<1 rfknfdeig~ xfix kx nmuch geqe| |eick~xknicc{ le ~ubbe~xeh xfix xfe ~xixe ri~ kg ~unf ni~e~ughe| ig{ bege|ic Nmgqegxkmg mlckbixkmg xm ~enu|e xfe Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~' Lux kx k~

gmx mlqkmu~ rf{' Xfe x|ue evzcigixkmg du~x le xfix kg nk|nud~xigne~ aicckgb rkxfkgmge ma xfe evnezxkmgic nixebm|ke~ xfe ~xixe‛~ Nmgqegxkmg huxke~ i|e ckdkxeh xm xfm~eaicckgb rkxfkg xfe ~nmze ma xfe |ecixkmg~fkz bkqkgb |k~e xm xfe evnezxkmg kg yue~xkmg'Xfe nmg~uc niggmx le evzenxeh xm bui|igxee xfe aucc |igbe ma Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~#ig{ dm|e xfig nig i ~xixe eve|nk~kgb iuxfm|kx{ l{ nmg~egx kg mxfe| nk|nud~xigne~#~unf i~ xfm~e evk~xkgb rfe|e kx xioe~ ~mdemge kgxm nu~xmh{ &Ñnicig+# m| mze|ixe~ i~nfmmc &Begxkcfmdde+ m| dig~ i nmu|x & H|mph +# il|mih l{ nmg~egx ma xfe am|ekbg~xixe' Xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd nmuch gmx bui|igxee xfe aucc |igbe ma Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~xm am|ekbg ckxkbigx~ u~kgb kx~ nmu|x~' [ex# mgne i ze|~mg l|kgb~ i nkqkc inxkmg kg xfenmu|x~ m| x|klugic~ ma i ~xixe# xfe|e kghk~zuxilc{ evk~x~ ‡ i ‖ù|k~hknxkmgic ckgo‛ am|

xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9—0 Di|omqkn q Kxic{ &<::1+ 88 EF\\ 9:85# zi|i 58' Xfu~xfe Nmgqegxkmg ri~ izzckeh# ug~u|z|k~kgbc{ kg d{ qker rkxfmux ig{mge ~ubbe~xkgbxfix kx dkbfx gmx# i~ xfe dei~u|e ma xfe cebkxkdin{ ma ncikd~ l{ ~unf gixkmgic~ibikg~x xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am| |eau~ic xm uz$|ixe xfek| zeg~kmg~ xm xfe ~ide ceqeci~ xfm~e ma ze|~mg~ |e~khkgb kg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd rfm fih dihe eyukqicegx

Gixkmgic Kg~u|igne nmgx|kluxkmg~0 Ni|~mg q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &Izzcknixkmg Gm8<968-:5+# 91 Di|nf <:9:# rfe|e xfe ncikd~ kg ainx aikceh mg xfe li~k~ xfix ze|~mg~|e~khkgb rkxfkg igh mux~khe xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd re|e gmx kg igigicmbmu~ ~kxuixkmg' K ihh# rkxfmux geehkgb xm evzcm|e xfk~ au|xfe|# xfix# eqeg kg|ecixkmg xm xe||kxm|kicc{ li~eh ù|k~hknxkmg# ainxuic kgilkckx{ xm egam|ne icc xfe

Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~# hue xm xedzm|i|{ cm~~ ma nmgx|mc xm |elec am|ne~# di{# kx izzei|~#



Zibe 21

yuicka{ xfe evxegx ma xfe ù|k~hknxkmg eg`m{eh igh ma xfe huxke~ ixxinfkgb xm kx0 Kci ŝnu q Dmchmqi igh \u~~ki &<::5+ 8: EF\\ 9:8: &BN+# zi|i~ >><$>>>'

9;8' Xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~ i|deh am|ne~ k~ e~~egxkicc{

ze|~mgic' Xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd niggmx igh niggmx le evzenxeh xm z|mqkhe kg K|iyxfe aucc ~mnkic igh z|mxenxkqe a|iderm|o igh ainkckxke~ rfknf kx rmuch le evzenxehxm z|mqkhe hmde~xknicc{' Lux xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd nmuch le evzenxeh xm xioe ~xez~xm z|mqkhe z|mze| ainkckxke~ igh z|mze| z|mxenxkmg ibikg~x |k~o~ aicckgb rkxfkg kx~|e~zmg~klkckx{ m| kx~ ilkckx{ xm nmgx|mc m| kgacuegne rfeg he~zixnfkgb igh hezcm{kgbi|deh am|ne~ mqe|~ei~'

9;5' Rkcc xfe|e le nmg~eyuegne~ le{mgh m| mux~khe ig{ xfix xfe a|ide|~ ma xfeNmgqegxkmg nig fiqe nmgxedzcixeh# ka Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~# igh kg zi|xknuci| xfm~e

ughe| i|xknce <# nmgxkgue xm izzc{ i~ lexreeg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd igh dedle|~ ma kx~ i|deh am|ne~ ~e|qkgb il|mih= Xfix xfe mlckbixkmg mg ~xixe~ ughe| i|xknce 9 xm~enu|e xfe Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ xm –eqe|{mge rkxfkg xfek| ù|k~hknxkmg— k~# kg z|kgnkzce#nizilce ma izzc{kgb xm dedle|~ ma xfe i|deh am|ne~ i~ kx hme~ xm ig{mge ec~e k~ncei|0 ~ee Egbec q Xfe Gexfe|cigh~ &9;21+ 9 EF\\ 182# zi|i~ 58# 5;# igh ŗ eg qXu|oe{ &Izzcknixkmg Gm 856<8-;;+# 6 @uc{ <::># zi|i 9' Xfe ainxm|~ rfknf ù~xka{evzm~kgb ~mchke|~ xm xfe |k~o ma heixf hkaae| aughidegxicc{ a|md xfm~e xfix izzc{rfe|e nkqkckig ckqe~ i|e ix |k~o' Lux xfe|e k~ gmxfkgb xfix dioe~ xfe Nmgqegxkmgkdzm~~klce m| kgizz|mz|kixe ma izzcknixkmg xm xfe |ecixkmg~fkz lexreeg xfe ~xixe ighkx~ i|deh am|ne~ i~ kx evk~x~ kg |ecixkmg xm mqe|~ei~ mze|ixkmg~# kg dixxe|~ ~unf i~#

am| evidzce# xfe iheyuin{ ma eyukzdegx# zciggkgb m| x|ikgkgb' êe ic~m mg xfe~e zmkgx~ Begxce# ze| Cm|h Fmze# zi|i 9;'

9;1' D| Eihke YN am| xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe innezxeh kg fk~ ~uldk~~kmg~ xfix kxnmuch le i|bueh xfix xm ~egh i ~mchke| mux ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &m| gm hmulx# kgxfe ckbfx ma Ic$ôekgk# mux ma li~e+ mg i dk~~kmg rkxf kgiheyuixe eyukzdegx m| x|ikgkgb nmuch kgqmcqe i l|einf ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg# l{ igicmb{ rkxf xfe z|kgnkzce|enmbgk~eh kg ^me|kgb q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;6;+ 99 EF\\ 8>; igh |eae||eh xm kg

Ligomqkn# zi|i 16? igh xfix nm|mge|~‛ kgyue~x~ kg |e~zenx ma heixf~ mg inxkqe

~e|qkne kg K|iy m| Iabfigk~xig fiqe ihh|e~~eh ~unf k~~ue~' Xfe ù|k~z|uhegne ma xfeEu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx~ kgncuhe~ ni~e~ rfe|e xfix nmu|x fi~ evidkgehncm~ec{ igh n|kxknk~eh xfe nmghunx ma i|deh am|ne~ kg hmde~xkn nmgxevx~' ûnf ni~e~~xi|x rkxf DnNigg q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;;5+ <9 EF\\ ;2# |ecixkgb xm xfe ~fmmxkgb

l{ Î^ maakne|~ ma dedle|~ ma xfe Z|mqk~kmgic K\I ~u~zenxeh ma zciggkgb xmixxino xfe \m{ic Igbckig \ebkdegx kg Bkl|icxi|# igh kgncuhe K~i{eqi# [u~uzmqiigh Lipi{eqi q \u~~ki &Izzcknixkmg Gm~ 52;82$8;-::+# <8 Ael|ui|{ <::5# igh

K~i{eqi q \u~~ki &Izzcknixkmg Gm 52;5:-::+# <8 Ael|ui|{ <::5# |ecixkgb xm xfenmghunx ma dkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg~ l{ xfe \u~~kig i|deh am|ne~ ibikg~x Nfenfeg~ezi|ixk~x akbfxe|~ rfknf ceh xm xfe heixf~ ma nkqkckig~' Kg ~unf ni~e~# kx izzei|~ xfix

xfe evkbegnke~ ma dkckxi|{ ckae bm xm xfe ~xighi|h igh ze|am|digne# |ixfe| xfig xfeevk~xegne ma# ig{ Nmgqegxkmg hux{' Mux~khe xfe ~zfe|e ma –nmdlix mze|ixkmg~— m|



Zibe 22

–lixxce hidibe— &zi|i >8 ilmqe+# xfk~ fi~ leeg fech ic~m xm le xfe zm~kxkmg ixnmddmg cir# kg rfknf nmggenxkmg Ecki~ @ ~ikh kg Lknk q Dkgk~x|{ ma Heaegne# zi|i9:8 xfix –X|mmz~ a|eyuegxc{ fiqe xm ni||{ mux hkaaknucx igh ~eg~kxkqe zeine oeezkgbaugnxkmg~# ~unf i~ kg Gm|xfe|g K|ecigh# rfkc~x ~xkcc lekgb ~ulènx xm nmddmg cirhuxke~ ma ni|e' Xfe hkaaknucxke~ ma xfek| xi~o i|e |eacenxeh kg xfe ~xighi|h ma xfe hux{|ixfe| xfig l{ heg{kgb kx~ izzcknilkckx{—' Xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx~ fi~&i~ Cm|h Fmze gmxeh kg Begxce# zi|i~ 96$9;+ kx~eca ic~m inogmrcehbeh xfix –rfegkgxe|z|exkgb igh izzc{kgb xfe |uce~ ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg— kx k~ gene~~i|{ xm –lei| kgdkgh xfe zi|xknuci| nfi|inxe|k~xkn~ ma dkckxi|{ ckae igh kx~ eaaenx~ mg xfe ~kxuixkmg ma kghkqkhuic dedle|~ ma xfe i|deh ~e|qkne~— & Egbec # zi|i 58# igh ŗ eg# z 9&l++'

9;2' \ecunxigne ilmux innezxkgb xfe izzcknixkmg ma i|xknce < xm xfe i|deh am|ne~~e|qkgb il|mih di{ le hue xm nmgne|g~ mg ~eqe|ic ~nm|e~0 ak|~x# xfe kdz|mlilkckx{xfix xfe amughkgb aixfe|~ ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg ze|nekqeh xfix –ù|k~hknxkmg— ughe|

i|xknce 9 rmuch evxegh xm ~unf dixxe|~# ~enmgh# xfe izzi|egx il~egne a|md xfeNmgqegxkmg ma ig{ kddugkxke~ zi|icceckgb xfm~e ma –nmdlix mze|ixkmg~— m| –lixxcehidibe— &m|# ze|fiz~# inx ma ~xixe+ |enmbgk~eh ix nmddmg cir &zi|i 96; ilmqe+#igh# xfk|h# xfe evxegx xm rfknf xfe Nmu|x fi~ kg z|inxkne ~fmrg kx~eca |eih{ xm |e$evidkge igh |e$i~~e~~ dkguxec{# iaxe| xfe eqegx igh kg xfe nmch ckbfx ma hi{# xfeainxuic nmghunx igh henk~kmg$diokgb ma dedle| ~xixe~ kg hkaaknucx nk|nud~xigne~#i~ eqkhegneh ze|fiz~ l{ ~mde henk~kmg~ ic|eih{ degxkmgeh# kgncuhkgb kg zi|xknuci| DnNigg igh# |enegxc{# Dehqeh{eq' Lux gmge ma xfe~e dixxe|~ ~eed xm de xm ù~xka{bkqkgb xm xfe nmgnezx ma ù|k~hknxkmg i hkaae|egx m| dm|e ckdkxeh deigkgb xm xfixrfknf# kg d{ qker# amccmr~ a|md xfe bukhigne rfknf xfe Nmu|x fi~ ic|eih{ bkqeg#

zi|xknuci|c{ kg Ligomqkn'

9;6' I~ xm xfe ak|~x ~unf dixxe|# xfe ~nmze igh izzcknixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg# i~|eqeiceh mqe| xfe {ei|~# rmuch z|mlilc{ ~u|z|k~e kx~ amughkgb aixfe|~ kg dig{|e~zenx~# igh kx ~eed~ zi|xknuci|c{ ug|eick~xkn xm dei~u|e xfe ~nmze ma i|xknce 9&akveh xfmubf kx k~# |ixfe| xfig –ckqkgb—+ l{ |eae|egne xm xfe gmr |eqeiceh zm~kxkqedeigkgb ma i|xknce < &na Cm|h Zfkcckz~‛~ nmddegx xm ckoe eaaenx kg zi|i 58+' I~ xmxfe ~enmgh igh xfk|h dixxe|~# kx rmuch fiqe leeg am|e~eeilce rfeg xfe Nmgqegxkmgri~ nmgncuheh xfix nmdlix mze|ixkmg~ ibikg~x ig eged{ dkbfx xioe zcine kg xfe

xe||kxm|{ ma i Nmgx|inxkgb ^xixe $ i nmgxevx kg rfknf xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe innezx~xfe izzcknixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Xfe i|deh am|ne~ fiqe gmx kga|eyuegxc{ ic~m

leeg kgqmcqeh kg nmdlix mze|ixkmg~ kg li~e~ ughe| ixxino kg Iabfigk~xig m|# z|eqkmu~c{# K|iy' Mg xfe izz|minf innezxeh kg Ic$ôekgk igh kg Ic$îihmmg igh Duahfk q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &<::;+ 8; EF\\ Ê;5# xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd k~ ic|eih{|eyuk|eh xm eg~u|e xfix kx~ i|deh am|ne~ eg`m{ rfixeqe| z|mxenxkmg xfe Nmgqegxkmg#igh kg zi|xknuci| i|xknce <# di{ |eyuk|e kg ~unf ~kxuixkmg~' Xfe zm~~klce evk~xegne ma ^me|kgb x{ze ckilkckx{ am| ~eghkgb x|mmz~ mux a|md xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd rkxfkgiheyuixe eyukzdegx m| x|ikgkgb k~ ic~m inogmrcehbeh l{ xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe&zi|i 9;1 ilmqe+' Ka &i~ xm rfknf K evz|e~~ gm qker+ xfe Nmgqegxkmg nmgxikg~ gm

fmdmcmbue ma xfe nmddmg cir kddugkx{ kg |e~zenx ma –nmdlix mze|ixkmg~— m|



Zibe 26

–lixxce hidibe—# xfix k~# xfe|eam|e# i nmgne|g xfix ic|eih{ evk~x~ kg nmgxevx~|enmbgk~eh i~ aicckgb rkxfkg Nmgx|inxkgb ^xixe~‛ ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9 ma xfeNmgqegxkmg' Kx k~ gmx i bukhe xm xfe ~nmze ma i|xknce 9' Kg ainx# xfe Nmgqegxkmg hme~nmgxikg ix cei~x mge z|mqk~kmg ikdeh ix ihh|e~~kgb xfk~ nmgne|g' Ughe| i|xknce 95 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg ~xixe~ i|e# kg xkde ma ri| m| mxfe| zulckn ede|begn{# ze|dkxxeh# xmxfe evxegx ~x|knxc{ |eyuk|eh l{ xfe evkbegnke~ ma xfe ~kxuixkmg# xm he|mbixe a|mdi|xknce < kg |e~zenx ma heixf~ |e~ucxkgb a|md cirauc inx~ ma ri|' L{ i|xknce 95 xfeNmgx|inxkgb ^xixe~ re|e nixe|kgb am| xfe gixu|ic nmgne|g xfix dkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg~ibikg~x ig eged{ ~fmuch gmx le ughuc{ fidze|eh'

9;;' Akgicc{# xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe ~uldkx~# eqeg ka i ~mchke| kg Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ zm~kxkmg dkbfx le xfmubfx xm le egxkxceh xm xfe z|mxenxkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg &igh ma i|xknce < kg zi|xknuci|+ ix icc xkde~ rfkce ~e|qkgb mqe|~ei~# rfexfe| m| gmx fe ri~ mgi L|kxk~f li~e# i hmde~xkn nmu|x ~fmuch henckge ~m xm henkhe# lux ~fmuch ceiqe xfe

dixxe| xm le xioeg &rfexfe| kg |ecixkmg xm xfk~ m| igmxfe| ni~e+ xm ^x|i~lmu|b' Xfe z|kgnkzce fe|e |eckeh uzmg k~ xfix xfe |mce ma Ugkxeh Okgbhmd nmu|x~# rfegkgxe|z|exkgb xfe Nmgqegxkmg# k~ xm oeez kg ~xez rkxf ^x|i~lmu|b $ gekxfe| cibbkgb

lefkgh# gm| ceizkgb ifeih0 hmkgb gm dm|e# lux ne|xikgc{ gm ce~~ & \ &Uccif+ q^zenkic Ihùhknixm| _<::8T UOFC <1? _<::8T < IN ><># zi|i <:# ze| Cm|hLkgbfid+ m| gm ce~~# lux ne|xikgc{ gm dm|e & Ic$ôekgk0 zi|i~ ;: igh 9:1# ze| Cih{Fice igh Cm|h L|mrg+' Fmreqe|# kx k~ mu| hux{ xm bkqe eaaenx xm xfe hmde~xknicc{eginxeh Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~# rfkce xiokgb innmugx ma ^x|i~lmu|b ù|k~z|uhegne#icxfmubf niuxkmg k~ zi|xknuci|c{ izzm~kxe rfe|e ^x|i~lmu|b fi~ henkheh i ni~ehk|enxc{ kg zmkgx m|# ze|fiz~# rfe|e xfe|e i|e dkveh de~~ibe~ kg xfe evk~xkgb

^x|i~lmu|b ni~e$cir igh# i~ i |e~ucx# i |eic ùhknkic nfmkne xm le dihe xfe|e ilmuxxfe ~nmze m| izzcknixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Lux gekxfe| k~ xfe ni~e fe|e' ^x|i~lmu|bfi~ gmx henkheh ig{ ni~e hk|enxc{ kg zmkgx# igh lmxf xfe de~~ibe~ nmgxikgeh kg kx~evk~xkgb ù|k~z|uhegne igh nmg~khe|ixkmg~ ma bege|ic z|kgnkzce ~eed xm de xm zmkgxkg i ncei| hk|enxkmg' Kg d{ ùhbdegx xfe i|deh am|ne~ ma i ~xixe i|e# igh xfeEu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx~ rmuch fmch xfix xfe{ i|e# rkxfkg kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg#rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 9 igh am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce < rfe|eqe| xfe{ di{

le' Mg xfix li~k~# kx k~ kgnudlegx mg u~ ughe| xfe Fudig \kbfx~ Inx 9;;6# ~'1# xmbkqe eaaenx xm xfix nmgncu~kmg' K rmuch hk~dk~~ xfe izzeic mg xfe ak|~x k~~ue'

K~~ue < $ i|xknce <

<::' Xfe ~enmgh k~~ue k~ –rfexfe| xfe a|e~f kgyue~x kgxm Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixfdu~x nmgam|d rkxf xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg kdzckeh kgxm i|xknce < ma xfeNmgqegxkmg—' Kg e~~egne0 rfix okgh ma kgyue~x ~fmuch xfe nm|mge| fmch# ceihkgb xmrfix okgh ma qe|hknx# kg |e~zenx ma Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf= Ibikg# ~kgne yue~xkmg~ ma

ù|k~hknxkmg i|e kgqmcqeh# xfk~ k~~ue niggmx ~kdzc{ le ig~re|eh l{ |eae|egne xm xfeên|exi|{ ma ^xixe‛~ nmgne~~kmg &zi|i 95; ilmqe+ xfix fe rkcc gmx mlènx xm xfe

aucce~x x{ze ma kgyue~x igh &z|e~udilc{+ qe|hknx' Xfe |eae|egne xm xfe z|mnehu|icmlckbixkmg kdzckeh kgxm i|xknce < k~ ~kbgkaknigx' I|xknce < fi~ xrm i~zenx~? mge



Zibe 2;

~ul~xigxkqe# xfe mxfe| z|mnehu|ic' Xfe cixxe| k~ –kdzckeh kg m|he| xm dioe ~u|e xfix_xfe am|de| k~T eaaenxkqe kg z|inxkne—? igh –k~ zi|i~kxkn uzmg xfe evk~xegne ma xfe~ul~xigxkqe |kbfx# igh niggmx evk~x kghezeghegxc{—0 \ &Begxce+ q Z|kde Dkgk~xe| _<::6T UOFC <:? _<::6T IN 9>51# zi|i~ 5$1# ze| Cm|h Lkgbfid? igh ~ee @m|higq Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &<::9+ >2 EF\\ 5<# zi|i 9:5 igh Ehri|h~ q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &<::<+ >5 EF\\ 862# zi|i 1;'

<:9' Kg kx~ ~ul~xigxkqe i~zenx# i|xknce < |eyuk|e~ ~xixe~ –gmx xm xioe ckae rkxfmux ù~xkaknixkmg igh ic~m xm e~xilck~f i a|iderm|o ma cir~# z|eniuxkmg~# z|mnehu|e~ ighdeig~ ma egam|nedegx rfknf rkcc# xm xfe b|eixe~x evxegx |ei~mgilc{ z|inxknilce#

z|mxenx ckae—0 \ &Dkhhcexmg+ q Re~x ^mde|~ex Nm|mge| _<::8T UOFC 9:? _<::8T <IN 96<# zi|i < ma xfe mzkgkmg ma xfe Izzeccixe Nmddkxxee bkqeg l{ Cm|hLkgbfid' Rfe|e xfe|e k~ ~unf ig e~xilck~feh igh izz|mz|kixe a|iderm|o# ni~uice||m|~ ma ùhbdegx m| inx~ ma gebckbegne &m| –mze|ixkmgic— i~ mzzm~eh xm ~{~xedixkn

aikcu|e~+ l{ ~xixe ~e|qigx~ m| ibegx~ rkcc gmx l{ xfed~ecqe~ idmugx xm l|einf ma xfe~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg kgfe|egx kg i|xknce < &i z|kgnkzce e~xilck~feh kg xfe nmgxevx ma dehknic gebckbegne+0 Zmrecc q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &<:::+ >: EF\\ NH >1<#Xiomu~fk~ q Kgge| Gm|xf Cmghmg Nm|mge| _<::5T E{RNI Nkq 988:? _<::1T 9RC\ 819# zi|i~ 59 xm 56? L{|p{omr~ok q Zmcigh &<::1+ 81 EF\\ 125# zi|i~ 9:8$9:1? igh îqibe q ^muxf E~~ev Zi|xge|~fkz GF^ Amughixkmg X|u~x &DKGHkgxe|qegkgb+ _<::6T UOFC 28? _<::;T IN 169'

<:<' Kg kx~ z|mnehu|ic i~zenx# i|xknce < |eyuk|e~ dedle| ~xixe~ –xm kgkxkixe ig

eaaenxkqe zulckn kgqe~xkbixkmg l{ ig kghezeghegx maaknkic lmh{ kgxm ig{ heixfmnnu||kgb kg nk|nud~xigne~ kg rfknf kx izzei|~ xfix mge m| mxfe| ma xfe am|ebmkgb~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg~ fi~ leeg# m| di{ fiqe leeg# qkmcixeh igh kx izzei|~ xfixibegx~ ma xfe ~xixe i|e# m| di{ le# kg ~mde ri{ kdzcknixeh—0 Dkhhcexmg# zi|i >'–Xfu~ xm dioe bmmh _iT z|mnehu|ic |kbfx xm xfe kgyuk|{— rfknf xfe |e~zmghegx~eeo~# ~fe –du~x ~fmr ‡ ix cei~x ig i|builce ni~e xfix xfe ~ul~xigxkqe |kbfx i|k~e~mg xfe ainx~ ‡'—0 Begxce# zi|i 1# ze| Cm|h Lkgbfid'

<:>' Xfe a|iderm|o ma –z|mnehu|e~ igh deig~ ma egam|nedegx— |eyuk|eh ughe|

xfe ~ul~xigxkqe i~zenx ma i|xknce < du~x kgncuhe# rfe|e izz|mz|kixe# deig~ ma nkqkc|eh|e~~ igh n|kdkgic z|m~enuxkmg' Xfe z|e~egx amnu~ k~ fmreqe| mg xfe z|mnehu|ici~zenx ma i|xknce <# igh mg kx~ |eyuk|edegx &li~eh ncei|c{ mg xfe zmxegxkickgqmcqedegx ma xfe ~xixe kg xfe heixf+ am| ig eaaenxkqe zulckn kgqe~xkbixkmg l{ igkghezeghegx maaknkic lmh{ kgxm ne|xikg x{ze~ ma heixf# xfix k~ xfm~e mnnu||kgb kgnk|nud~xigne~ zmxegxkicc{ egbibkgb xfe ~ul~xigxkqe |kbfx rfknf i|xknce < nmgxikg~'

<:8' Egbck~f cir fi~ cmgb |eyuk|eh i nm|mge|‛~ kgyue~x kg |e~zenx ma ne|xikg x{ze~ma heixf' Zeghkgb xfe nmdkgb kgxm am|ne ma xfe |eceqigx ~enxkmg~ ma xfe Nm|mge|~

igh @u~xkne Inx <::;# xfe zm~kxkmg k~ bmqe|geh l{ xfe Nm|mge|~ Inx 9;66' ênxkmg6&9+ |eyuk|e~ i nm|mge| xm fmch ig kgyue~x kg |e~zenx ma ig{ lmh{ c{kgb rkxfkg fk~



Zibe 6:

hk~x|knx rfe|e xfe|e k~ |ei~mgilce niu~e xm ~u~zenx xfix xfe henei~eh &i+ fi~ hkeh iqkmcegx m| ig uggixu|ic heixf# &l+ fi~ hkeh i ~uhheg heixf ma rfknf xfe niu~e k~ugogmrg m| &n+ fi~ hkeh kg z|k~mg &m| kg i zcine m| nk|nud~xigne~ |eyuk|kgb igkgyue~x ughe| ig{ mxfe| Inx+' ênxkmg 6&>+ |eyuk|e~ xfe nm|mge| xm ~uddmg i ù|{#kg qi|kmu~ ni~e~# kgncuhkgb rfe|e kx izzei|~ xfix &n+ izzcke~# m| xfe heixf mnnu||ehrfkce xfe henei~eh ri~ kg zmckne nu~xmh{# m| |e~ucxeh a|md ig kgù|{ niu~eh l{ i

zmckne maakne| kg xfe zu|zm|xeh evenuxkmg ma fk~ hux{ m| ri~ niu~eh l{ ig innkhegx# zmk~mgkgb m| hk~ei~e |eyuk|kgb gmxkne ughe| ~enxkmg 9; ma xfe Feicxf igh îaex{ ixRm|o exn Inx 9;28# m| kg nk|nud~xigne~ xfe nmgxkguixkmg m| zm~~klce |enu||egne ma rfknf k~ z|eùhknkic xm zulckn feicxf m| ~iaex{' ûnf ig kgyue~x k~ he~kbgeh xm ceihxm i qe|hknx# ne|xkakeh l{ ig –kgyuk~kxkmg— ~exxkgb mux# –~m ai| i~ ~unf zi|xknuci|~fiqe leeg z|mqeh &k+ rfm xfe henei~eh ri~? igh &kk+ fmr# rfeg igh rfe|e xfehenei~eh nide l{ fk~ heixf—0 ~enxkmg 99&>+ xm &5+ igh |uce >1 ma xfe Nm|mge|~\uce~ 9;68'

<:5' Xfe|e k~ i ncei| mqe|ciz &zi|xknuci|c{ rfeg ~enxkmg~ 6&9+&n+ igh 6&>+ izzc{+ lexreeg xfe nk|nud~xigne~ kg rfknf xfe 9;66 Inx |eyuk|e~ i nm|mge|‛~ kgyue~x ighxfm~e kg rfknf xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg kgfe|egx kg i|xknce < i|k~e~' Lux xfe xrm hmgmx gene~~i|kc{ nmkgnkhe' Xfe hmde~xkn hux{ xm fmch ig kgyue~x nig yukxe maxeg i|k~ekg nk|nud~xigne~ gmx egbibkgb xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg ughe| i|xknce <' Xfe

z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg kgfe|egx kg i|xknce < di{ le ~ixk~akeh l{ mxfe| am|d~ ma kgqe~xkbixkmg xfig ig kgyue~x# am| evidzce i zulckn kgyuk|{ m| eqeg n|kdkgic

z|mneehkgb~' Rfe|e xfe hmde~xkn hux{ xm fmch ig kgyue~x igh xfe z|mnehu|icmlckbixkmg kgfe|egx kg i|xknce < nmkgnkhe# xfe hkaaknucx{ i|m~e ughe| Egbck~f cir xfix

xfe nm|mge|‛~ hux{ xm ~eeo xm i~ne|xikg –fmr— xfe henei~eh nide l{ fk~ heixf ri~kgxe|z|exeh i~ ckdkxkgb fkd xm nmg~khe|kgb –l{ rfix deig~— xfe henei~eh hkeh#|ixfe| xfig cmmokgb dm|e rkhec{ ix xfe nk|nud~xigne~ kg rfknf xfk~ mnnu||eh0 \ qNm|mge| am| Gm|xf Fudle|~khe igh ^nugxfm|ze# Ev z @idke~mg _9;;5T YL 9'

<:1' Kg Dkhhcexmg# rfknf nmgne|geh xfe ~uknkhe kg z|k~mg ma i cmgb$xe|d z|k~mge|# xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ ihh|e~~eh xfk~ hkaaknucx{# l{ inogmrcehbkgb xfix i l|mihe| kgyuk|{ ri~ |eyuk|eh ughe| i|xknce <# ka xfe kgqe~xkbixkmg ri~ xm eg~u|e xfe z|mze| innmugxilkckx{ ma ~xixe ibegx~ am| heixf~ mnnu||kgb ughe| xfek|

|e~zmg~klkckx{' Innm|hkgbc{# kx fech# zu|~uigx xm ~enxkmg >&9+ ma xfe Fudig \kbfx~Inx 9;;6# xfix xfe rm|h –fmr— du~x kg ~unf i nmgxevx le bkqeg xfe evzighehdeigkgb ma –kg rfix l|mih nk|nud~xigne~—# ~m i~ xm bkqe eaaenx xm xfe |eyuk|edegx~xm le |eih kgxm i|xknce < ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Xfe Fmu~e xfu~ hk~xkgbuk~feh lexreegi x|ihkxkmgic @idke~mg kgyue~x igh ig i|xknce < nmdzckigx Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x'

<:2' Kg \ &Fu|~x+ q Cmghmg Gm|xfe|g Hk~x|knx Nm|mge| _<::2T UOFC 9>? _<::2T< IN 96;# kx ri~ i|bueh xfix Dkhhcexmg fih e~xilck~feh xfe evzigheh deigkgb ma –fmr— am| icc nmgxevx~# kgncuhkgb xfm~e gmx egbibkgb i|xknce <# igh xfix xfe

x|ihkxkmgic @idke~mg kgyue~x fih xfe|eam|e leeg egxk|ec{ ~uze|~eheh' Xfe Fmu~enixebm|knicc{ |eènxeh xfe i|budegx' Xfe yue~xkmg i|m~e kg Fu|~x ri~ rfexfe| kx



Zibe 69

rmuch ~e|qe ig{ u~eauc zu|zm~e xm |emzeg ig kgyue~x' Cih{ Fice igh K xmmo xfeqker xfix xfe hk~xkgnxkmg lexreeg xfe ~nmze ma kgqe~xkbixkmg# &|ixfe| xfig qe|hknx+

zm~~klce kg i @idke~mg i~ mzzm~eh xm i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x ri~ gmx i~ ~xi|o i~ reughe|~xmmh Cm|h L|mrg &rkxf rfmd Cm|h Lkgbfid ib|eeh+ xm le ~ubbe~xkgb0nmdzi|e zi|i~ 9; igh <># ze| Cih{ Fice igh zi|i~ 28$21# ze| Cm|h Digne# rkxf

zi|i~ 59 igh 51$52# ze| Cm|h L|mrg' K h|er ixxegxkmg &zi|i 28+ xm xfe zm~~klkckx{ ma i nm|mge|‛~ |ezm|x xm i |e~zmg~klce ze|~mg m| iuxfm|kx{ ughe| |uce 8> ma xfeNm|mge|~ \uce~ 9;68' Cm|h \mhbe| &xm rfmd K du~x fiqe leeg dk~xioeg kg|eae||kgb kg zi|i 28+ ri~ ix zikg~ xm ~x|e~~ xfe hk~xkgnxkmg kg ~nmze ix zi|i~ 1$2#gmxkgb xfix mg xfe @idke~mg izz|minf xfe iccebixkmg~ ma aikcu|e l{ xfe zmckne xmfeeh z|km| ri|gkgb~ ma fm~xkckx{ mg xfe zi|x ma xfe henei~eh‛~ okcce| xmri|h~ xfehenei~eh rmuch le mux~khe xfe ~nmze ma xfe –rkhe| egyuk|{— xfix rmuch fiqe leeg|eyuk|eh mg i Dkhhcexmg izz|minf' Xfe zmxegxkic ckdkxixkmg~ ma xfe @idke~mgizz|minf mg xfe ~nmze ma kgqe~xkbixkmg re|e egniz~ucixeh l{ ^k| Xfmdi~ LkgbfidD\ kg xfix ni~e# _9;;5T YL 9# <>B# kg i |eae|egne xm |uce >1 ma xfe 9;68 \uce~ i~|eyuk|kgb –xfix xfe z|mneehkgb~ igh eqkhegne ‡ ~ficc le hk|enxeh ~mcec{ xmi~ne|xikgkgb— xfe henei~eh‛~ khegxkx{# xfe zcine igh xkde ma heixf igh –fmr xfehenei~eh nide l{ fk~ heixf—' Xfe Nm|mge|~ igh @u~xkne Inx <::; &gmx {ex kg am|ne+dkbfx izzei| xm ze|zexuixe xfe hk~xkgnxkmg l{ ughe|ckgkgb xfix kx k~ mgc{ rfeggene~~i|{ ughe| i|xknce < xfix xfe zu|zm~e ma i~ne|xikgkgb –fmr# rfeg igh rfe|exfe henei~eh nide l{ fk~ m| fe| heixf— k~ evzigheh ~m i~ –xm le |eih i~ kgncuhkgbxfe zu|zm~e ma i~ne|xikgkgb kg rfix nk|nud~xigne~ xfe henei~eh nide l{ fk~ m| fe| heixf—'

<:6' Kx k~ kg xfe~e nk|nud~xigne~ ma |eceqigne xfix Cm|h Zfkcckz~ yue~xkmg~ xfeevxegx ma xfe hk~xkgnxkmg# igh kg zi|xknuci| rfexfe| xfe|e k~ ig{ hkaae|egne kg

z|inxkne lexreeg i @idke~mg igh i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x# mxfe| xfig xfe qe|hknx &zi|i~1;&kk+ igh 26+# igh xm gmxe xfix fe fi~ mg xfk~ zmkgx xfe ~uzzm|x ma Cm|h Ricoe| &xfmubf fe ic~m ib|ee~ rkxf Cm|h \mhbe| mg xfk~ zmkgx+ i~ recc i~ ma Cm|h Nmcckg~igh Cm|h Oe||' Cm|h Fmze evz|e~~c{ &zi|i ;5+ igh# i~ K |eih fkd# Cm|h \mhbe| kdzcknkxc{ &zi|i~ 99<$995+ ~ee i nmgxkgukgb hk~xkgnxkmg lexreeg xfe ~nmze ma kgqe~xkbixkmg ughe| i @idke~mg igh i Dkhhcexmg kgyue~x' Am| d{ zi|x# K rmuch fiqerk~feh xm le ilce xm bm i~ ai| i~ Cm|h Zfkcckz~# lux K hm aeec ~mde hkaaknucx{ ilmuxyue~xkmgkgb rfexfe| xfe|e k~ kg z|inxkne ig{ |eic hk~xkgnxkmg ix icc &~iqe kg xfeqe|hknx evz|e~~eh+# fiqkgb |ebi|h xm Fu|~x igh xfe <::; Inx igh ic~m fiqkgb |ebi|hxm d{ |ecixkqe kbgm|igne i~ xm xfe evxegx xm rfknf ~unf i hk~xkgnxkmg lexreeg xfexrm x{ze~ ma kgyue~x k~ kg ainx deigkgbauc kg hi{$xm$hi{ z|inxkne &i~ xfe nmu|x~ kg

@idke~mg# Dkhhcexmg igh Fu|~x du~x mg xfe aine ma kx fiqe xfmubfx+' Fmreqe|# kx~eed~ uggene~~i|{ mg xfk~ izzeic xm zu|~ue xfk~ i~zenx au|xfe|' Eqe|{mge ib|ee~xfix nm|mge|~ fiqe i nmg~khe|ilce hk~n|exkmg i~ xm xfe ~nmze ma xfek| egyuk|{#icxfmubf xfe qe|hknx xfix xfe{ di{ heckqe| hkaae|~ innm|hkgb xm xfe x{ze ma kgyue~x

lekgb fech' Xfe z|inxknic ~mcuxkmg k~ gm hmulx am| nm|mge|~ xm le ice|x xm xfe zm~~klkckx{ xfix i Dkhhcexmg x{ze qe|hknx di{ le# m| lenmde# gene~~i|{# igh xm le|eih{ xm ihizx xfe ~nmze ma xfek| kgqe~xkbixkmg innm|hkgbc{'



Zibe 6<

<:;' Kg xfe z|e~egx ni~e# xfe nm|mge| &rfm~e qe|hknx fi~ leeg ~ex i~khe mghkaae|egx b|mugh~+ nmgncuheh xfix# mg xfe ainx~ i~ fe ~ir xfed kg xfe ak|~x kgyue~x# ix|ihkxkmgic @idke~mg x{ze ma kgyue~x ri~ icc xfix ri~ |eyuk|eh' Nmcckg~ @ igh xfeNmu|x ma Izzeic hk~ib|eeh' Xfe{ nmgncuheh xfix i Dkhhcexmg x{ze kgyue~x ri~|eyuk|eh' Xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic‛~ |ei~mgkgb ri~ xfix Z|kqixe ^dkxf ri~ kg i zm~kxkmgigicmbmu~ xm xfix ma i z|k~mge|# i ze|~mg hexikgeh mg degxic m| mxfe| b|mugh~ m| inmg~n|kzx# igh xfix i Dkhhcexmg x{ze kgyue~x ri~ |eyuk|eh kg |e~zenx ma ig{ heixf ma ~unf i ze|~mg kg z|k~mg m| nu~xmh{ m| rfkce ~e|qkgb kg xfe i|d{' Xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe izzeic~ xm xfe ûz|ede Nmu|x ibikg~x xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic‛~ |ei~mgkgb ighnmgncu~kmg'

<9:' Xfe ~xixe‛~ z|mnehu|ic hux{ ughe| i|xknce < xm z|mqkhe am| m| eg~u|e igeaaenxkqe zulckn kgqe~xkbixkmg l{ ig kghezeghegx maaknkic lmh{ ma ne|xikg heixf~ m| gei| heixf~ fi~ leeg heqecmzeh kg xfe ni~e$cir ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig

\kbfx~ igh evzcm|eh kg hmde~xkn ni~e$cir# kgncuhkgb xfix ma xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg \ &Idkg+ q ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| xfe Fmde Hezi|xdegx _<::>T UOFC 59? _<::8T9 IN 15># Dkhhcexmg &ilmqe+ igh \ &C&I Zixkegx++ q ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| @u~xkne_<::6T UOFC 16? _<::;T IN 566' Ne|xikg nixebm|ke~ ma ni~e kg rfknf xfe~ul~xigxkqe |kbfx nmgxikgeh kg i|xknce < fi~ leeg fech xm le zmxegxkicc{ egbibeh#rkxf xfe |e~ucx xfix xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg fi~ leeg fech xm evk~x# i|e ncei|c{|enmbgk~ilce0

&k+ Okcckgb~ l{ ~xixe ibegx~0 DnNigg q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;;5+ <9 EFF\ ;2#

zi|i 919 &i|xknce < –|eyuk|e~ l{ kdzcknixkmg xfix xfe|e ~fmuch le ~mde am|dma eaaenxkqe maaknkic kgqe~xkbixkmg rfeg kghkqkhuic~ fiqe leeg okcceh i~ i|e~ucx ma xfe u~e ma am|ne l{# kgxe| ickm~# ibegx~ ma xfe ^xixe,+ igh @m|hig qUgkxeh Okgbhmd &<::9+ >2 EF\\ 5<? igh ~ee Idkg# zi|i~ <: igh <5# ze| Cm|h Lkgbfid'

&kk+ Heixf~ kg nu~xmh{0 îcdig q Xu|oe{ &<:::+ >8 EFF\ 8<5# e~z zi|i ;;&ugevzcikgeh heixf kg nu~xmh{# leniu~e ze|~mg~ kg nu~xmh{ i|e kg iqucge|ilce zm~kxkmg igh xfe iuxfm|kxke~ i|e ughe| i hux{ xm z|mxenx xfed+?

Ehri|h~ q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &<::<+ >5 EF\\ 862 &qkmcegx heixf ma i z|k~mge| ix xfe figh~ ma fk~ necc$dixe+? Iohmbhu q Xu|oe{ &Izzcknixkmg Gm

81282-;;+# 96 Mnxmle| <::5# &~uknkhe kg z|k~mg+? \ &H+ q ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| xfe Fmde Hezi|xdegx _<::5T ERFN 2<6 &Ihdkg+? _<::1T ERNI Nkq98># nmg~khe|eh l{ xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg C &i ni~e ma ~uknkhe kg z|k~mg+'

&kkk+ Nmg~n|kzx~0 Écqi|ep \idþg q ^zikg &Izzcknixkmg Gm 599;<-;;+# > @uc{<::9? Okckgâ q Xu|oe{ &Izzcknixkmg Gm 8:985-;6+#2 @uge <::5? îqibe q^muxf Ei~x E~~ev GF^ Amughixkmg X|u~x &DKGH kgxe|qegkgb+ _<::6T UOFC28? _<::;T IN 169# zi|i~ >5$>2# ze| Cm|h \mhbe|'

&kq+ Degxic feicxf hexikgee~0 îqibe $ icxfmubf nmgne|geh gmx rkxf ig{ hux{ xmkgqe~xkbixe ughe| i|xknce <# lux rkxf |e~zmg~klkckx{ kg i ncikd am| hidibe~am| xfe ~uknkhe ma i degxic feicxf hexikgee rfm ~unneeheh kg il~nmghkgb

igh nmddkxxeh ~uknkhe $ fkbfckbfx~ xfe igicmb{ lexreeg xfe ~xixe‛~ huxke~



Zibe 6>

xmri|h~ ze|~mg~ kg nu~xmh{ igh ze|~mg~ kg hexegxkmg am| degxic feicxf|ei~mg~ i~ recc i~ nmg~n|kzx~'

&q+ Mxfe| ~kxuixkmg~ rfe|e xfe ^xixe fi~ i zm~kxkqe ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg xmxioe ~xez~ xm ~iaebui|h ckae' ûnf ~kxuixkmg~ evk~x gmx mgc{ rfe|e xfe |kbfx xmckae k~ kgfe|egxc{ ix |k~o# lux ic~m rfe|e xfe ^xixe k~ mg gmxkne ma i ~zenkaknxf|eix xm ~mdemge‛~ ckae ibikg~x rfknf z|mxenxkqe ~xez~ nmuch le xioeg0M~dig q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;;6+ <; EF\\ <85? Śge|{kchkp q Xu|oe{ &<::8+ 89 EF\\ ><5 &~xixe iccebehc{ xmce|ixeh igh# am| zmckxknic |ei~mg~#egnmu|ibeh ~cud ~exxcedegx~ ncm~e xm i fube ugnmgx|mcceh |ullk~f xkz#rkxfmux diokgb ig{ eaam|x xm kgam|d xfe ~exxce|~ ma higbe|~ zm~eh l{ xfe xkz#rfknf kg xfe eqegx evzcmheh# okcckgb ~mde >; |e~khegx~+' Kg Śge|{kchkp xfeNmu|x ~ikh xfix# rfe|e ckqe~ fih inxuicc{ leeg cm~x –kg nk|nud~xigne~

zmxegxkicc{ egbibkgb xfe |e~zmg~klkckx{ ma xfe ^xixe—# xfe z|mnehu|ic i~zenxma i|xknce < egxikceh i au|xfe| hux{ mg xfe ^xixe –xm eg~u|e ‡ ig iheyuixe|e~zmg~e „ ùhknkic m| mxfe|rk~e „ ~m xfix xfe cebk~cixkqe igh ihdkgk~x|ixkqea|iderm|o ~ex uz xm z|mxenx xfe |kbfx xm ckae k~ z|mze|c{ kdzcedegxeh ighig{ l|einfe~ ma xfix |kbfx i|e |ez|e~~eh igh zugk~feh— &zi|i ;9+# igh xfix–xfe izzcknilce z|kgnkzce~ i|e |ixfe| xm le amugh kg xfm~e xfe Nmu|x fi~ic|eih{ fih mnni~kmg xm heqecmz kg |ecixkmg gmxilc{ xm xfe u~e ma cexficam|ne# z|kgnkzce~ rfknf cegh xfed~ecqe~ xm izzcknixkmg kg mxfe| nixebm|ke~ ma ni~e~— &zi|i ;># kxickn~ ihheh am| edzfi~k~+' Xfe Nmu|x evzcikgeh xfix# ù~xi~ kg fmdknkhe ni~e~ xfe x|ue nk|nud~xigne~ ma xfe heixf maxeg kg z|inxknere|e# m| dkbfx le# –ci|bec{ nmgakgeh rkxfkg xfe ogmrcehbe ma ~xixe maaknkic~m| iuxfm|kxke~—# ~m kg kx~ qker –~unf nmg~khe|ixkmg~ i|e kghk~zuxilc{ qickh kgxfe nmgxevx ma higbe|mu~ inxkqkxke~# rfeg ckqe~ fiqe leeg cm~x i~ i |e~ucx ma eqegx~ mnnu||kgb ughe| xfe |e~zmg~klkckx{ ma xfe zulckn iuxfm|kxke~# rfknf i|emaxeg xfe mgc{ egxkxke~ xm fiqe ~uaaknkegx |eceqigx ogmrcehbe xm khegxka{ ighe~xilck~f xfe nmdzcev zfegmdegi xfix dkbfx fiqe niu~eh ~unf kgnkhegx~—&zi|i ;>+' Kx ihheh xfix0 –‡ xfe |eyuk|edegx~ ma i|xknce < bm le{mgh xfe~xixe ma maaknkic kgqe~xkbixkmg# rfe|e xfk~ fi~ ceh xm xfe kg~xkxuxkmg ma

z|mneehkgb~ kg xfe gixkmgic nmu|x~0 xfe z|mneehkgb~ i~ i rfmce# kgncuhkgb xfex|kic ~xibe# du~x ~ixk~a{ xfe |eyuk|edegx~ ma xfe zm~kxkqe mlckbixkmg xm z|mxenxckqe~ xf|mubf xfe cir— &zi|i ;5+' Kg Śge|{kchkp kx~eca# kx ri~ gmx xfe

z|eckdkgi|{ kgqe~xkbixkmg amccmrkgb xfe x|ibeh{ xfix ri~ ix aiucx# lux |ixfe|

xfe mze|ixkmg ma xfe ùhknkic ~{~xed kg |e~zmg~e xm xfe x|ibeh{ ighkgqe~xkbixkmg0 zi|i~ ;1# 995# 992$996 igh 95:$955'

<99' Xfe z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg kgnudlegx mg xfe ~xixe xm kgqe~xkbixe heixf~rfknf# ekxfe| ma xfek| kgfe|egx gixu|e m| kg xfek| zi|xknuci| nk|nud~xigne~# kgqmcqexfe ~xixe‛~ zmxegxkic |e~zmg~klkckx{ ughe| i|xknce < di{ le hk~xkgbuk~feh a|md xfebege|ic ~ul~xigxkqe mlckbixkmg ughe| i|xknce < xm e~xilck~f ig izz|mz|kixe|ebucixm|{# kgqe~xkbixm|{ igh ùhknkic ~{~xed' Xfe hk~xkgnxkmg ri~ h|irg ncei|c{ kg|e~zenx ma i xfk|h zi|x{ okcckgb kg Deg~mg q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &<::>+ >2 EF\\ NH

<<:' Xfe Nmu|x xfe|e ~ikh0



Zibe 68

–Xfe Nmu|x ml~e|qe~ xfix xfe izzcknigx~ fiqe gmx cikh ig{ lcide mgxfe iuxfm|kxke~ ma xfe |e~zmghegx ^xixe am| xfe inxuic heixf ma DknfiecDeg~mg? gm| fi~ kx leeg ~ubbe~xeh xfix xfe iuxfm|kxke~ oger m| mubfxxm fiqe ogmrg xfix Dknfiec Deg~mg ri~ ix |k~o ma zf{~knic qkmcegneix xfe figh~ ma xfk|h zi|xke~ igh aikceh xm xioe izz|mz|kixe dei~u|e~xm ~iaebui|h fkd ibikg~x xfix |k~o' Xfe izzcknigx~‛ ni~e k~ xfe|eam|e xm

le hk~xkgbuk~feh a|md ni~e~ kgqmcqkgb xfe iccebeh u~e ma cexfic am|neekxfe| l{ ibegx~ ma xfe ^xixe m| l{ z|kqixe zi|xke~ rkxf xfek| nmccu~kmg&~ee# am| evidzce# DnNigg q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;;5+ _<9 EF\\ ;2T?

@m|hig q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &<::9+ _>2 EF\\ 5<T? ^figibfig qUgkxeh Okgbhmd# &Izzcknixkmg Gm >2295-;2+# ùhbdegx ma 8 Di{<::9# ENF\ <::9$KKK &evx|inx~+# m| kg rfknf xfe ainxuicnk|nud~xigne~ kdzm~eh ig mlckbixkmg mg xfe iuxfm|kxke~ xm z|mxenx igkghkqkhuic‛~ ckae# am| evidzce rfe|e xfe{ fiqe i~~udeh|e~zmg~klkckx{ am| fk~ recai|e &~ee# am| evidzce# Ehri|h~ q Ugkxeh

Okgbhmd &<::<+ _>5 EF\\ 862T+# m| rfe|e xfe{ oger m| mubfx xmfiqe ogmrg xfix fk~ ckae ri~ ix |k~o &~ee# am| evidzce# M~dig qUgkxeh Okgbhmd &9;;6+ _<; EF\\ <85T'—

Xfe Nmu|x regx mg0

–Fmreqe|# xfe il~egne ma ig{ hk|enx ~xixe |e~zmg~klkckx{ am| xfe heixfma Dknfiec Deg~mg hme~ gmx evncuhe xfe izzcknilkckx{ ma i|xknce <' Kx

|enicc~ xfix l{ |eyuk|kgb i ^xixe xm xioe izz|mz|kixe ~xez~ xm ~iaebui|hxfe ckqe~ ma xfm~e rkxfkg kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg &~ee CNL q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;;6+ _<2 EF\\ <9<T# zi|i >1+# i|xknce < zi|i 9 kdzm~e~ i hux{ mgxfix ~xixe xm ~enu|e xfe |kbfx xm ckae l{ zuxxkgb kg zcine eaaenxkqen|kdkgic cir z|mqk~kmg~ xm hexe| xfe nmddk~~kmg ma maaegne~ ibikg~xxfe ze|~mg# linoeh uz l{ cir egam|nedegx dinfkge|{ am| xfe

z|eqegxkmg# ~uzz|e~~kmg igh zugk~fdegx ma l|einfe~ ma ~unf z|mqk~kmg~ &~ee M~dig# nkxeh ilmqe# zi|i 995+'

Rkxf |eae|egne xm xfe ainx~ ma xfe kg~xigx ni~e# xfe Nmu|x nmg~khe|~xfix xfk~ mlckbixkmg |eyuk|e~ l{ kdzcknixkmg xfix xfe|e ~fmuch le ~mdeam|d ma eaaenxkqe maaknkic kgqe~xkbixkmg rfeg xfe|e k~ |ei~mg xm

leckeqe xfix ig kghkqkhuic fi~ ~u~xikgeh ckae$xf|eixegkgb kgù|ke~ kg~u~zknkmu~ nk|nud~xigne~' Xfe kgqe~xkbixkmg du~x le nizilce ma e~xilck~fkgb xfe niu~e ma xfe kgù|ke~ igh xfe khegxkaknixkmg ma xfm~e|e~zmg~klce rkxf i qker xm xfek| zugk~fdegx' Rfe|e heixf |e~ucx~# i~kg Dknfiec Deg~mg‛~ ni~e# xfe kgqe~xkbixkmg i~~ude~ eqeg b|eixe| kdzm|xigne# fiqkgb |ebi|h xm xfe ainx xfix xfe e~~egxkic zu|zm~e ma ~unf ig kgqe~xkbixkmg k~ xm ~enu|e xfe eaaenxkqe kdzcedegxixkmg ma xfe

hmde~xkn cir~ rfknf z|mxenx xfe |kbfx xm ckae &~ee duxixk~ duxighk~#xfe Ehri|h~ ùhbdegx# ilmqe$nkxeh# zi|i 1;+'—



Zibe 65

<9<' Igic{~k~0 Lmxf xfe ~ul~xigxkqe igh xfe z|mnehu|ic ckdl~ ma i|xknce < i|exfe|eam|e nizilce ma bkqkgb |k~e xm mlckbixkmg~ ma kgqe~xkbixkmg mg xfe zi|x ma ~xixeiuxfm|kxke~# kgncuhkgb xfe nmu|x~' Xfe z|e~egx izzeic nmgne|g~ xfe nk|nud~xigne~ kgrfknf i|xknce < bkqe~ |k~e xm i zi|xknuci| z|mnehu|ic mlckbixkmg mg xfe zi|x ma xfe~xixe ma kx~ mrg dmxkmg xm kgkxkixe ig eaaenxkqe zulckn kgqe~xkbixkmg l{ igkghezeghegx maaknkic lmh{ amccmrkgb i heixf m| gei| heixf' Xfk~ kg xu|g hezegh~uzmg rfexfe| xfe nk|nud~xigne~ kgqmcqe i zmxegxkic l|einf ma xfe ~ul~xigxkqemlckbixkmg rfknf i|xknce < nmgxikg~' Xfe yue~xkmg~ i|e fmr bege|ic k~ xfk~mlckbixkmg igh rfexfe| kx ri~ zmxegxkicc{ egbibeh l{ xfe nk|nud~xigne~ bkqkgb |k~exm Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ ~ih heixf'

<9>' Xfe z|e~egx ni~e0 Xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic x|eixeh Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf i~igicmbmu~ xm xfe okcckgb m| ~uknkhe ma i z|k~mge|# hexikgee m| nmg~n|kzx' Kx ~ikh &zi|i9:5+0

–Xfe yue~xkmg k~ xfe|eam|e rfexfe| xfe z|kgnkzce~ izzc{ xm ~mchke|~ mginxkqe ~e|qkne kg K|iy' Re nmgncuhe xfix xfe{ hm' Xfe{ i|e ughe| xfenmgx|mc ma igh ~ulènx xm i|d{ hk~nkzckge' Xfe{ du~x hm rfix xfei|d{ |eyuk|e~ xfed xm hm' Ka xfe i|d{ ~egh~ xfed mux kgxm xfe he~e|xxfe{ du~x bm' Kg xfk~ |e~zenx xfe{ i|e kg xfe ~ide zm~kxkmg i~ inmg~n|kzx' Mgne xfe{ fiqe ~kbgeh uz am| i zi|xknuci| ze|kmh xfe{ niggm dm|e hk~mle{ ig m|he| xfig i nmg~n|kzx nig' Xfe i|d{ mre~ xfedxfe ~ide hux{ ma ni|e ix nmddmg cir' Re |enmbgk~e xfix xfe{ di{

gmx le yukxe i~ qucge|ilce i~ nmg~n|kzx~ lux xfe{ di{ recc lequcge|ilce kg dunf xfe ~ide ri{# lmxf kg ~x|e~~auc ~kxuixkmg~ niu~eh

l{ nmgacknx igh kg ~x|e~~auc ~kxuixkmg~ niu~eh# i~ kg Z|kqixe ^dkxf"~ni~e# l{ evx|ede feix' Re ~ee gm |ei~mg rf{ xfe{ ~fmuch gmx fiqexfe ~ide z|mxenxkmg i~ k~ iaam|heh l{ i|xknce < xm i nmg~n|kzx'—

<98' Xfe ~nmze ma xfk~ |ei~mgkgb k~ ugne|xikg' Kx k~ ugncei| kg zi|xknuci| rfexfe| xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic ri~ ~ubbe~xkgb xfix icc heixf~ ma dkckxi|{ ze|~mggec kg ~e|qkne|eyuk|e xm le kgqe~xkbixeh l{ i Dkhhcexmg x{ze kgyuk|{' Ne|xikgc{# kx ri~ xfe

|e~zmghegx‛~ ~uldk~~kmg leam|e xfe ûz|ede Nmu|x xfix icc ~mchke|~‛ heixf~ mginxkqe ~e|qkne du~x le |ebi|heh i~ lekgb zmxegxkicc{ xfe ~xixe‛~ |e~zmg~klkckx{# leniu~e ma –xfe heb|ee ma nmgx|mc kg i ncm~eh ~{~xed—# igh# xfe|eam|e# i~ |eyuk|kgbaucc kgqe~xkbixkmg l{ i Dkhhcexmg x{ze kgyuk|{' Kg d{ ùhbdegx# xfix ~uldk~~kmgbme~ xmm ai|' Heixf mg dkckxi|{ ~e|qkne ri~ ig eqe|{hi{ |k~o kg xfe egqk|mgdegx ma K|iy# i~ kx k~ xmhi{ kg Iabfigk~xig' Dkckxi|{ ~e|qkne ibikg~x fm~xkce am|ne~ kg i fi|~fegqk|mgdegx k~ i ~kxuixkmg zi| evneccegne rfe|e ~mchke|~‛ ckqe~ i|e ckoec{ xm le cm~xrkxfmux xfek| edzcm{kgb ~xixe fiqkgb eqeg zmxegxkic |e~zmg~klkckx{' K hm gmx xfkgo xfix nmu|x~ ~fmuch ~ul~n|kle xm i qker xfix icc dkckxi|{ ~e|qkne kgqmcqe~ –ckmg~ ceh

l{ hmgoe{~— &Icig Nci|o‛~ rm|h~ kg fk~ 9;19 rm|o# Xfe Hmgoe{~0 i Fk~xm|{ ma xfe

L|kxk~f Evzehkxkmgi|{ Am|ne kg 9;95# xfe kg~zk|ixkmg am| @mig Ckxxcermmh‛~ Mf#Rfix i Cmqec{ Ri|)+' Xfix di{ m| di{ gmx fiqe leeg i aik| he~n|kzxkmg ma Ei|c



Zibe 61

Fikb‛~ ~x|ixeb{ kg xfe Ak|~x Rm|ch Ri|' Lux# rfixeqe| helixe di{ i|k~e ilmux xfeiheyuin{ ma eyukzdegx m| aughkgb am| xfe i|deh am|ne~ kg xmhi{‛~ rm|ch# K hm gmxxfkgo xfix kx ~fmuch mzeg mg ig i~~udzxkmg xfix dmhe|g bege|ic~ m| dmhe|gdkgk~xe|~ ma heaegne i|e gene~~i|kc{ m| eqeg zmxegxkicc{ kg l|einf ma xfek| i|xknce <huxke~' Xfe|e geeh~ xm le ~mdexfkgb dm|e xfig xfix'

<95' Xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx‛~ ù|k~z|uhegne ~uddi|k~eh kg zi|i<9: ilmqe# k~ amnu~eh mg heixf~ rfe|e# leniu~e ma xfe gixu|e m| nmgxevx &rfexfe| bege|ic m| ~zenkakn+ ma xfe heixf# xfe ~xixe nig# rkxfmux dm|e# le ~ikh |eick~xknicc{ xmfiqe ~mde am|d ma |e~zmg~klkckx{ igh kg zi|xknuci| rfe|e kx di{ icmge fiqe~uaaknkegx |eceqigx ogmrcehbe xm khegxka{ igh e~xilck~f xfe niu~e ma xfe heixf m| gei| heixf' Rfexfe| kx nig le ~ikh xfix ~unf |e~zmg~klkckx{ zmxegxkicc{ evk~x~ kgmxfe| ni~e~ hezegh~ uzmg xfek| zi|xknuci| nk|nud~xigne~' Xfe ~kbgkaknigne ma i ~xixefiqkgb evncu~kqe ogmrcehbe ma xfe |eceqigx eqegx~ izzei|~ xm le xfix xfk~ xegh~ xm

mzeg uz i zm~~klkckx{ ma ~xixe kgqmcqedegx igh i nm||e~zmghkgb geeh am| zulcknkgqe~xkbixkmg xm evncuhe m| e~xilck~f xfix zm~~klkckx{' Gmxfkgb kg xfe ni~e$cir# ighgmxfkgb kg z|kgnkzce# e~xilck~fe~ m| kghknixe~ xfix xfe hux{ evxegh~ xm eqe|{ heixf ma eqe|{ ~mchke| mg inxkqe ~e|qkne'

<91' Xfe|e i|e xrm zi|xknuci| hkaae|egne~ lexreeg xfe z|e~egx ni~e igh ig{~kxuixkmg z|eqkmu~c{ nmg~khe|eh' Ak|~x# xfe z|e~egx ni~e nmgne|g~ i qmcugxee| Xe||kxm|kic I|d{ ~mchke|# rfm# xfe ûz|ede Nmu|x ri~ xmch# rmuch ic~m fiqeqmcugxee|eh xm bm xm K|iy &leam|e# xfeg# lekgb ~e|qeh rkxf nmdzuc~m|{ nicc$uz

zize|~ –xm z|mxenx fk~ zm~kxkmg—# z|e~udilc{ kg |e~zenx ma ~unf dixxe|~ i~edzcm{degx+' K innezx xfix i ze|~mg rfm qmcugxee|~ am| inxkqe ~e|qkne zux~ fkd~eca m| fe|~eca kg i zm~kxkmg rfe|e fe m| ~fe k~ ughe| evx|ede hk~nkzckge# lmugh xm mle{m|he|~ kg i fi|~f zf{~knic egqk|mgdegx# xfe nmgnmdkxigx lekgb xfix xfe i|d{iuxfm|kxke~ du~x z|mxenx fkd m| fe| ibikg~x |k~o~ zmxegxkicc{ i|k~kgb a|md mle{kgb~unf m|he|~' Lux kx hme~ gmx amccmr xfix eqe|{ heixf l{ feix~x|moe egbibe~# rkxfmuxdm|e# xfe ~xixe‛~ zmxegxkic |e~zmg~klkckx{'

<92' ênmgh# xfe ni~e nmgne|g~ heixf# gmx l{ okcckgb# ~uknkhe m| qkmcegne# lux l{

feix i~~mnkixeh rkxf xfe ihdkxxehc{ fi|~f zf{~knic egqk|mgdegx kg rfknf Z|kqixe^dkxf ri~ zcineh' Kx ri~ kgnudlegx mg xfe i|d{ iuxfm|kxke~ xm ihh|e~~ xfe |k~o~ ma feix kg inxkqe ~e|qkne kg K|iy# igh zux iheyuixe ~{~xed~ kg zcine xm deex xfed' Lux#ibikg# gmx eqe|{ heixf l{ feix mg inxkqe ~e|qkne kg K|iy nig m| ~fmuch le x|eixehrkxfmux dm|e i~ kgqmcqkgb i zmxegxkic aikcu|e l{ xfe ~xixe xm aucakc xfix|e~zmg~klkckx{ m| i heaenxkqe ~{~xed ma z|mxenxkmg# m| xfe|eam|e# kg d{ qker# i~|eyuk|kgb xfe ~ide ceqec ma ~n|uxkg{ igh kgqe~xkbixkmg i~ i heixf l{ okcckgb m| ~uknkhe ma i ze|~mg kg nu~xmh{ m| i nmg~n|kzx' ^mde au|xfe| evidkgixkmg ma xfe

zi|xknuci| ainx~ k~ nicceh am|# leam|e ~unf i nmgncu~kmg'



Zibe 62

Nmgncu~kmg mg k~~ue <

<96' Kg d{ qker# xfe|eam|e# xfe nm|mge|‛~ bege|ic izz|minf ri~ nm||enx' Mgc{ ka xfe|e re|e ~uaaknkegx kghknki ma ~unf i aikcu|e m| heaknkegn{ ri~ kx kgnudlegx mg xfe

~xixe ma kx~ mrg dmxkmg xm eg~u|e ig eaaenxkqe zulckn kgqe~xkbixkmg l{ igkghezeghegx maaknkic lmh{# igh kgnudlegx xfe|eam|e mg xfe nm|mge| xm evzigh xfekgyue~x xm lenmde i Dkhhcexmg x{ze kgyue~x' Xfe nm|mge| kg xfe ak|~x kgyue~x&rfm~e kgyuk~kxkmg fi~ gmr leeg ~ex i~khe+ nmgncuheh xfix xfe|e re|e kg~uaaknkegxkghknki' Heixf |e~ucxkgb a|md gebckbegne l{ dedle|~ ma xfe i|deh am|ne~ kg xfeizzcknixkmg ma ig e~xilck~feh igh izz|mz|kixe ~{~xed ma z|mxenxkmg k~ gmxivkmdixknicc{ xm le eyuixeh rkxf ~xixe |e~zmg~klkckx{ am| xfe heixf ughe| i|xknce <0~ee zi|i <95 ilmqe' Lux xfe ~eyuegne ma eqegx~ ~ex mux kg D|~ ^dkxf‛~ ni~e &zi|i~8 xm >5+# kgncuhkgb xfe nm|mge|‛~ mrg |enmddeghixkmg~ iaxe| bkqkgb ùhbdegx# i|e~ubbe~xkqe ma ~{~xedixkn |ixfe| xfig ~kdzc{ mze|ixkmgic e||m|~ igh ze|~uihe de

xfix xfe|e k~ fe|e i ~uaaknkegx ni~e ma ~xixe |e~zmg~klkckx{ am| Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixfam| u~ xm le ilce xm |uce gmr xfix xfe a|e~f kgyue~x ~fmuch le ma xfe Dkhhcexmg x{ze'Xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe‛~ ib|eedegx ~e|qe~ de|ec{ xm nmgak|d xfe izz|mz|kixege~~ma xfk~ mg xfe zi|xknuci| ainx~' K rmuch xfe|eam|e ig~re| xfe ~enmgh k~~ue &khegxkakehkg zi|i <:: ilmqe+ iaak|dixkqec{'

<9;' Kx ic~m amccmr~ xfix K rmuch dikgxikg xfe henci|ixkmg nmgxikgeh kg zi|i 9 ma Nmcckg~ @‛~ M|he| hixeh 9< Di{ <::6 &hecexkgb mgc{ kx~ akgic rm|h~ –i~ ~ex mux kgxfe Nmu|x‛~ ùhbdegx—# ~kgne kx k~ xfe ùhbdegx~ kg xfk~ Nmu|x xfix rkcc gmr le

hexe|dkgixkqe+'

CM\H NMCCKG^

Z|eckdkgi|{

Xfe inihedkn gixu|e ma xfe helixe mg xfe ak|~x k~~ue

<<:' I~ xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic |enmbgk~eh# xfe yue~xkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce9 mg xfk~ izzeic k~ inihedkn' Iaxe| Z|kqixe ^dkxf nmcciz~eh kg xfe ~xihkud rfe|efe ri~ lkccexeh# fe ri~ xioeg l{ idlucigne xm xfe dehknic negx|e ix xfe nidz#rfe|e fe hkeh ma feix~x|moe' Xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe nmgneheh xfix xfe |eceqigxnk|nud~xigne~ ceihkgb xm Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf xmmo zcine rkxfkg xfe bemb|izfknici|ei ma i L|kxk~f i|d{ nidz igh i L|kxk~f i|d{ fm~zkxic# igh xfix i ~mchke| rfmhke~ mg i Ugkxeh Okgbhmd li~e hke~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmdam| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg0 _<::6T > RC\ 9<68# ix _2T &Nmcckg~

@+? _<::;T > RC\ 9:;;# ix _6T# _98T &NI+'



Zibe 66

<<9' Xfe~e nmgne~~kmg~ acmreh a|md xfe henk~kmg ma xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg \ &Ic$ôekgk+ q ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| Heaegne _<::2T UOFC <1# _<::6T IN 95> &~ee _1T#_19T# _9><T am| xfe nmgne~~kmg~+ xfix xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe ri~ |kbfx xm nmgnehe xfenm||enxge~~ ma xfe Hkqk~kmgic Nmu|x‛~ |ei~mgkgb xfix D| Dmu~i‛~ heixf kg i L|kxk~fdkckxi|{ hexegxkmg negx|e kg K|iy ri~ rkxfkg xfe ~nmze ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg leniu~exfe nidz ri~ xm le i~~kdkcixeh xm evnezxkmgic ni~e~ ma evx|ixe||kxm|kickx{ ~unf i~edli~~ke~ igh nmg~ucixe~0 _<::2T YL 98:# ix _<62T &Hkq Nx+'

<<<' Geqe|xfece~~ xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic henkheh xm fei| i|budegx mg# igh |uceuzmg# xfe yue~xkmg rfexfe| i L|kxk~f ~mchke| kg xfe Xe||kxm|kic I|d{# rfm k~ mgdkckxi|{ ~e|qkne kg K|iy# k~ ~ulènx xm xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd rkxfkgxfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg# ~m i~ xm legeakx a|md xfe |kbfx~bui|igxeeh l{ xfe Fudig \kbfx~ Inx 9;;6# rfkce mze|ixkgb kg K|iy# m| rfexfe| fek~ mgc{ ~ulènx xm xfe ù|k~hknxkmg am| xfm~e zu|zm~e~ rfeg fe k~ mg i L|kxk~f

dkckxi|{ li~e m| kg i L|kxk~f fm~zkxic'

<<>' Xfe |ei~mg rf{ xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic xmmo xfk~ nmu|~e k~ xfix Nmcckg~ @ fihhenkheh xfe l|mihe| yue~xkmg# igh leniu~e lmxf xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe igh xfeEyuickx{ igh Fudig \kbfx~ Nmddk~~kmg fih nfi|inxe|k~eh xfe yue~xkmg i~ lekgbma b|eix bege|ic ~kbgkaknigne m| kdzm|xigne' Xfe yue~xkmg k~ zcikgc{ mge ma kdzm|xigne# lux kx k~ ugam|xugixe xfix kx fi~ leeg henkheh kg xfe nmu|x~ lecmr# ighrkcc le henkheh kg xfk~ nmu|x# kg i ni~e kg rfknf xfe zmkgx hme~ gmx i|k~e am| henk~kmgigh kg rfknf kx k~ nmgneheh xm le inihedkn' Xfe|e k~ ig mlqkmu~ higbe| kg bkqkgb

rfix i|e kg ~ul~xigne ihqk~m|{ mzkgkmg~ mg f{zmxfexknic ainx~ hkqm|neh a|md ig{nmgn|exe ainxuic ~kxuixkmg0 ~ee \ &Reiqe|+ q Cmghmg igh Yuih|igx Fmu~kgb X|u~x &Eyuickx{ igh Fudig \kbfx~ Nmddk~~kmg kgxe|qegkgb+ _<::;T ERNI Nkq 562#_<:9:T 9 RC\ >1># ix _;:T' Xfix k~ zi|xknuci|c{ ~m kg xfe z|e~egx ni~e'

<<8' Kg ~mde ma xfe ni~e~ mg i|xknce 9 xfe ^x|i~lmu|b nmu|x fi~ nmg~khe|eh|eceqigx xfe heb|ee ma nmgx|mc m| iuxfm|kx{ eve|nk~eh l{ xfe |e~zmghegx ~xixe kg xfeam|ekbg xe||kxm|{ igh xfe evk~xegne ma xfe nmg~egx ma xfe xe||kxm|kic ~xixe xm xfeeve|nk~e ma iuxfm|kx{ l{ xfe |e~zmghegx ~xixe0 ~ee eb Cmkpkhmu q Xu|oe{

&Z|eckdkgi|{ Mlènxkmg~+ &9;;5+ <: EF\\ ;;# ix _1<T? LigomqkĂ q Lecbkud &<::9+99 LF\N 8>5# ix _1:T# _29T? Śnicig q Xu|oe{ &<::>+ >2 EF\\ <>6# ix _;>T?&<::5+ 89 EF\\ ;65# ix _;9T? K~~i q Xu|oe{ &<::8+ 89 EF\\ 512# ix _1;T? Ic$îihmmg igh Duahfk q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &ihdk~~klkckx{+ &<::;+ 8; EF\\ Ê ;5# ix_65T'

<<5' Xfe heb|ee ma iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc eve|nk~eh l{ Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am|ne~ kgK|iy# igh xfe cebic iuxfm|kx{ ughe| rfknf xfe{ mze|ixeh# fiqe qi|keh a|md xkde xmxkde mqe| i cegbxf{ ze|kmh rfknf k~ ~xkcc nmgxkgukgb' Xfe kgqi~kmg ma K|iy l{

nmickxkmg am|ne~ ceh l{ xfe Ugkxeh ^xixe~ ma Ide|kni &rkxf i ~ul~xigxkic am|ne a|md



Zibe 6;

xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd igh ~dicce| nmgxkgbegx~ a|md Iu~x|icki igh Zmcigh+ lebig mg<: Di|nf <::>' Di`m| nmdlix mze|ixkmg~ nei~eh ix xfe lebkggkgb ma Di{ <::>'

<<1' Z|kqixe ^dkxf ri~ kg K|iy a|md 96 @uge <::> igh hkeh mg 9> Iubu~x <::>'

Kx ri~ innezxeh l{ xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe xfix lexreeg 9 Di{ <::> igh <6 @uge<::8 &rfeg xfe mnnuzixkmg am|dicc{ egheh+ xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ri~ igmnnuz{kgb zmre| am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma xfe Fibue \ebucixkmg~ mg xfe Cir~ ighNu~xmd~ ma Ri| mg Cigh# 9;8;# igh xfe Amu|xf Begeqi Nmgqegxkmg mg xfeZ|mxenxkmg ma Nkqkckig~ kg Xkde ma Ri|# 9;8;# kg xfm~e i|ei~ ma ^muxfe|g K|iyrfe|e L|kxk~f x|mmz~ eve|nk~eh ~uaaknkegx iuxfm|kx{' Mg xfe |ecixkmg~fkz lexreegkgxe|gixkmgic fudig |kbfx~ cir igh kgxe|gixkmgic fudigkxi|kig cir &~unf i~ xfeBegeqi Nmgqegxkmg~+ nmgx|i~x Heggk~# Izzcknixkmg ma Fudig \kbfx~ X|eixke~

Evx|ixe||kxm|kicc{ kg Xkde~ ma I|deh Nmgacknx igh Dkckxi|{ Mnnuzixkmg &<::5+ ;;I@KC 99;# 989 rkxf \mle|x~# X|ig~am|dixkqe Dkckxi|{ Mnnuzixkmg0 Izzc{kgb xfe

Cir~ ma Ri| igh Fudig \kbfx~ &<::1+ 9:: I@KC 56:# 5;8'

<<2' Xfe Nmickxkmg Z|mqk~kmgic Iuxfm|kx{ &–NZI—+ ri~ e~xilck~feh mg 91 Iz|kc<::> l{ xfe Ugkxeh ^xixe~ Bmqe|gdegx i~ i –ni|exioe| ihdkgk~x|ixkmg— ugxkc igK|iyk bmqe|gdegx nmuch le e~xilck~feh' Mg 9> Di{ <::> xfe Ugkxeh ^xixe~ên|exi|{ am| Heaeg~e izzmkgxeh Idli~~ihm| Ziuc L|ede| i~ Ihdkgk~x|ixm| ma xfeNZI rkxf |e~zmg~klkckx{ am| xfe xedzm|i|{ bmqe|gigne ma K|iy' Xfe NZIihdkgk~x|ixkmg ri~ hkqkheh kgxm |ebkmgic i|ei~' NZI ^muxf |edikgeh ughe| UgkxehOkgbhmd |e~zmg~klkckx{ igh nmgx|mc' Kx nmqe|eh xfe ~muxfe|gdm~x amu| ma K|iy"~

ekbfxeeg z|mqkgne~# igh Ugkxeh Okgbhmd x|mmz~ re|e hezcm{eh kg xfe i|ei' XfeNZI ri~ gmx i ~ulm|hkgixe m|big m| iuxfm|kx{ ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd' Xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd ri~ |ez|e~egxeh ix NZI feihyui|xe|~ xf|mubf xfe maakne ma xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd ^zenkic \ez|e~egxixkqe# rfm fih gm am|dic henk~kmg$diokgb zmre| rkxfkg xfe NZI' Icc xfe NZI‛~ ihdkgk~x|ixkqe igh cebk~cixkqe henk~kmg~ re|e xioeg

l{ Idli~~ihm| L|ede|' L{ NZI M|he| Gm 92# k~~ueh kg @uge <::># icc nmickxkmg ze|~mggec re|e evz|e~~eh xm le ~ulènx xm xfe –evncu~kqe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfek| êghkgb ^xixe~— &~enxkmg <&>++ igh kdduge a|md cebic z|mne~~ igh i||e~x m| hexegxkmg &~enxkmg <&9+# &>++# igh nmickxkmg ainkckxke~ re|e xm le kgqkmcilce &~enxkmg;&9++0

–‡ Rfkce ig{ i|ei~ mg rfknf ~unf feihyui|xe|~# nidz~ m| mxfe| z|edk~e~ i|e cmnixeh |edikg K|iyk xe||kxm|{# xfe{ ~ficc le kgqkmcilceigh ~ulènx xm xfe evncu~kqe nmgx|mc igh iuxfm|kx{ ma xfe DGA#kgncuhkgb rkxf |e~zenx xm egx|{ igh evkx ma icc ze|~mggec' Xfe DGA~ficc le bui|igxeeh ugkdzeheh inne~~ xm ~unf DGA z|edk~e~' Rfe|eDGA Ze|~mggec i|e nm$cmnixeh rkxf dkckxi|{ ze|~mggec ma K|iy#

ze|digegx# hk|enx igh kddehkixe inne~~ am| xfe DGA xm xfm~e z|edk~e~ ~ficc le bui|igxeeh'—'



Zibe ;:

<<6' Mg << Di{ <::> xfe UG ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc ihmzxeh \e~mcuxkmg 986> ughe| Nfizxe| QKK ma xfe UG Nfi|xe|' Xfe ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc |e$iaak|deh xfe ~mqe|ekbgx{igh xe||kxm|kic kgxeb|kx{ ma K|iy igh |enmbgk~eh –xfe ~zenkakn iuxfm|kxke~#|e~zmg~klkckxke~# igh mlckbixkmg~ ughe| izzcknilce kgxe|gixkmgic cir ma _xfe Ugkxeh^xixe~ igh xfe Ugkxeh OkgbhmdT i~ mnnuz{kgb zmre|~ ughe| ugkakeh nmddigh'—Xfe \e~mcuxkmg ~uzzm|xeh xfe am|dixkmg ma ig K|iyk kgxe|kd ihdkgk~x|ixkmg i~ ix|ig~kxkmgic ihdkgk~x|ixkmg |ug l{ K|iyk~ ugxkc ig kgxe|gixkmgicc{ |enmbgk~eh#|e~zmg~klce bmqe|gdegx ri~ e~xilck~feh xm i~~ude xfe |e~zmg~klkckxke~ ma xfe NZI&i|xknce ;+' Kg @uc{ <::> xfe Bmqe|gkgb Nmugnkc ma K|iy ri~ e~xilck~feh# rfknf xfeNZI ri~ xm nmg~ucx mg icc dixxe|~ nmgne|gkgb xfe xedzm|i|{ bmqe|gigne ma K|iy'UG ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc \e~mcuxkmg 95:: &<::>+ ma 98 Iubu~x <::> recnmdeh xfee~xilck~fdegx ma xfe Bmqe|gkgb Nmugnkc ma K|iy# igh \e~mcuxkmg 9599 &<::>+ ma 91Mnxmle| <::> hexe|dkgeh xfix xfe Bmqe|gkgb Nmugnkc ma K|iy igh kx~ dkgk~xe|~ re|exfe z|kgnkzic lmhke~ ma xfe K|iyk kgxe|kd ihdkgk~x|ixkmg rfknf edlmhkeh xfe~mqe|ekbgx{ ma xfe ^xixe ma K|iy hu|kgb xfe x|ig~kxkmgic ze|kmh ugxkc igkgxe|gixkmgicc{ |enmbgk~eh# |ez|e~egxixkqe bmqe|gdegx ri~ e~xilck~feh ighi~~udeh xfe |e~zmg~klkckxke~ ma xfe NZI? nicceh uzmg xfe NZI xm |exu|g bmqe|gkgb|e~zmg~klkckxke~ igh iuxfm|kxke~ xm xfe zemzce ma K|iy i~ ~mmg i~ z|inxknilce? ighkgqkxeh xfe Bmqe|gkgb Nmugnkc ma K|iy xm z|mhune i xkdexilce igh z|mb|idde am| xfe h|iaxkgb ma i ger nmg~xkxuxkmg am| K|iy igh am| xfe fmchkgb ma hedmn|ixknecenxkmg~ ughe| xfix nmg~xkxuxkmg' Kx iuxfm|k~eh xfe nmickxkmg xm xioe icc gene~~i|{dei~u|e~ xm nmgx|kluxe xm xfe dikgxegigne ma ~enu|kx{ igh ~xilkckx{ kg K|iy igh

z|mqkheh xfix xfe |eyuk|edegx~ igh dk~~kmg ma xfe nmickxkmg rmuch le |eqkerehrkxfkg mge {ei| ma xfe hixe ma xfe \e~mcuxkmg igh xfix kg ig{ ni~e xfe dighixe ma xfe nmickxkmg ri~ xm evzk|e uzmg xfe nmdzcexkmg ma xfe zmckxknic z|mne~~ xm rfknfxfe |e~mcuxkmg |eae||eh'

<<;' Mg 6 Di|nf <::8 xfe Bmqe|gkgb Nmugnkc ma K|iy z|mducbixeh xfe Cir ma Ihdkgk~x|ixkmg am| xfe ^xixe ma K|iy am| xfe X|ig~kxkmgic Ze|kmh# rfknf z|mqkheh ixedzm|i|{ cebic a|iderm|o am| xfe ihdkgk~x|ixkmg ma K|iy am| xfe x|ig~kxkmgic ze|kmhrfknf ri~ hue xm nmddegne l{ >: @uge <::8 rkxf xfe e~xilck~fdegx ma ig kgxe|kdK|iyk bmqe|gdegx' ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc \e~mcuxkmg 9581 &<::8+ ri~ ihmzxeh mg 6 @uge<::8' Kx eghm|~eh xfe am|dixkmg ma i ~mqe|ekbg Kgxe|kd Bmqe|gdegx ma K|iy xmi~~ude aucc |e~zmg~klkckx{ igh iuxfm|kx{ l{ >: @uge <::8 am| bmqe|gkgb K|iy# ighrecnmdeh –xfix# ic~m l{ >: @uge <::8# xfe mnnuzixkmg rkcc egh igh _xfe NZIT rkccnei~e xm evk~x# igh xfix K|iy rkcc |ei~~e|x kx~ aucc ~mqe|ekbgx{— &i|xknce <+' Kx gmxehxfix xfe z|e~egne ma xfe nmickxkmg am|ne ri~ ix xfe |eyue~x ma xfe kgnmdkgb Kgxe|kdBmqe|gdegx &i~ ~ex mux kg nm||e~zmghegne lexreeg xfe K|iyk Z|kde Dkgk~xe| ighxfe Ugkxeh ^xixe~ ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe iggeveh xm xfe |e~mcuxkmg+ igh |eiaak|deh xfeiuxfm|k~ixkmg am| xfe am|ne xm |edikg kg K|iy# rkxf iuxfm|kx{ xm xioe icc gene~~i|{dei~u|e~ xm nmgx|kluxe xm xfe dikgxegigne ma ~enu|kx{ igh ~xilkckx{ xfe|e' Z|mqk~kmgri~ ibikg dihe am| xfe dighixe xm le |eqkereh rkxfkg 9< dmgxf~ igh xm evzk|euzmg nmdzcexkmg ma xfe zmckxknic z|mne~~ z|eqkmu~c{ |eae||eh xm'



Zibe ;9

<>:' Mg <6 @uge <::8 xfe mnnuzixkmg nide xm ig egh rfeg aucc iuxfm|kx{ ri~x|ig~ae||eh a|md xfe NZI xm xfe Kgxe|kd Bmqe|gdegx igh xfe NZI nei~eh xm evk~x'ûl~eyuegxc{ xfe nmickxkmg am|ne~# kgncuhkgb xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am|ne# |edikgehkg K|iy zu|~uigx xm xfe |eyue~x igh nmg~egx ma xfe K|iyk Bmqe|gdegx ighiuxfm|k~ixkmg~ a|md xfe ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc' Icc ma xfe |eceqigx ênu|kx{ Nmugnkc|e~mcuxkmg~ a|md 986> &<::>+ mgri|h~ |eiaak|deh xfe ~mqe|ekbgx{ ma K|iy'

<>9' Nmg~eyuegxc{ xfe cebic zm~kxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am|ne~ fi~ nfigbehmqe| xfe ze|kmh ~kgne xfe kgqi~kmg' Lexreeg Di|nf <::> igh @uge <::8 xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd ri~ i lecckbe|egx mnnuzigx' Xfe eaaenxkqe bmqe|gdegx ma K|iy a|md Iz|kc<::> ugxkc @uge <::8 ri~ xfe NZI# xmbexfe| rkxf &a|md @uc{ <::>+ xfe Bmqe|gkgbNmugnkc ma K|iy' A|md @uge <::8 xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am|ne~ fiqe leeg z|e~egx ixxfe |eyue~x ma# igh rkxf xfe nmg~egx ma# xfe K|iyk Bmqe|gdegx'

<><' Xfe nmg~eyuegne ma xfe ri{ kg rfknf xfe~e z|mneehkgb~ fiqe leeg heicxrkxf k~ xfix xfe nmu|x k~ lekgb i~oeh xm hexe|dkge rfexfe| xfe i|xknce < mlckbixkmgevk~xeh kg |ecixkmg xm i L|kxk~f ~mchke| rfm hkeh kg K|iy kg Iubu~x <::># rfeg xfeUgkxeh Okgbhmd am|ne~ re|e lecckbe|egx mnnuzigx~ kg zi|x ma K|iy rkxf i qe|{~dicc am|ne' Kg <::># kg xfe i|ei ma ^muxfe|g K|iy am| rfknf xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmdfih |e~zmg~klkckx{ xfe|e re|e ilmux 6#::: L|kxk~f x|mmz~ am| i zmzucixkmg ma <#21:#:::0 \ &Ic$ôekgk+ q ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| Heaegne _<::8T ERFN <;99&Ihdkg+# _<::2T YL 98:# ix _8<T &Hkq Nx+' Xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ri~ gmx kgeaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma Li~|i igh ~u||mughkgb i|ei~0 _<::2T UOFC <1# _<::6T IN

95># _6>T# ze| Cm|h \mhbe|# izz|mqkgb L|mmoe C@ _<::5T ERNI Nkq 91:;# _<::2TYL 98:# _9<8T &NI+' Xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic |enmbgk~eh kg xfe z|e~egx ni~e xfix ix xfexkde ma Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf xfe i|d{ ri~ gekxfe| kg eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma K|iykxe||kxm|{ gm| inxkgb xf|mubf xfe nmg~egx# kgqkxixkmg m| inyuke~negne ma xfe cmnic~mqe|ekbg m| kx~ bmqe|gdegx0 _<::;T > RC\ 9:;; _>2T$_>6T'

<>>' Xfe ni~e am| D|~ ^dkxf igh am| xfe Eyuickx{ igh Fudig \kbfx~Nmddk~~kmg mg Z|kqixe ^dkxf ri~ gmx zux mg xfe li~k~ ma Z|kqixe ^dkxf fiqkgb

leeg mg xe||kxm|{ ughe| xfe nmgx|mc ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# m| ma xfe i|d{ i~ i

^xixe ibegx' Xfek| ni~e ri~ xfix Z|kqixe ^dkxf ri~ ~ulènx xm xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfeUgkxeh Okgbhmd i~ i dedle| ma xfe i|deh am|ne~' Lux xfe yue~xkmg rfexfe| xfeecedegx~ ma iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc l{ xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd igh-m| nmg~egx ma xfexe||kxm|kic ~mqe|ekbg i|e |eceqigx niggmx le iqmkheh# igh kx k~ |eb|exxilce xfix xfek~~ue~ aicc xm le henkheh ekxfe| rkxfmux ig{ |eceqigx ainxuic linob|mugh# m| mg xfef{zmxfe~k~ xfix xfe heixf mnnu||eh &i~ Z|kqixe ^dkxf‛~ heixf hkh+ kg <::># rfegUgkxeh Okgbhmd am|ne~ re|e gmx kg eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc# igh rfeg xfe{ re|e xfe|e i~

lecckbe|egx mnnuzigx~ rkxfmux xfe nmg~egx ma xfe xe||kxm|kic ~mqe|ekbg# igh xfix xfemgc{ k~~ue k~ rfexfe| ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| i|deh am|ne~ k~ ~uaaknkegx am| i|xknce 9

zu|zm~e~'



Zibe ;<

\ &Begxce+ q Z|kde Dkgk~xe|

<>8' Xfe gevx z|eckdkgi|{ dixxe| k~ xfix xfe ak|~x yue~xkmg |ik~eh mg xfk~ izzeicfi~ ic|eih{ leeg xfe ~ulènx ma i henk~kmg ma xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~' Kg \ &Begxce+ q

Z|kde Dkgk~xe| _<::6T UOFC <:# _<::6T IN 9>51# xfe izzeccigx~ ~uldkxxeh xfixicc L|kxk~f ~e|qknedeg mg inxkqe ~e|qkne mqe|~ei~ aicc rkxfkg xfe i|xknce 9

ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd' Xfe izzeccigx~ ~zenkaknicc{ |eckeh uzmg xfe ainxxfix xfe ~mchke|~ re|e Ugkxeh Okgbhmd gixkmgic~ ughe| xfe nmddigh igh nmgx|mcma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd igh xfix xfe{ re|e ughe| xfe iuxfm|kx{ ma L|kxk~f cir rfegkg K|iy' Xfe i|budegx ri~ ak|dc{ |eènxeh l{ Cm|h Lkgbfid# rfm ~ikh ix _6&>+T0

–Fe|e xfe heixf~ ma Au~kcke| Begxce igh X|mmze| Nci|oe mnnu||eh kgK|iy igh icxfmubf xfe{ re|e ~ulènx xm xfe iuxfm|kx{ ma xfe

heaeghigx~ xfe{ re|e ncei|c{ gmx rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe UO i~xfix evz|e~~kmg kg xfe Nmgqegxkmg fi~ leeg kgxe|z|exeh _nkxkgb Ic$ôekgk _2;T igh _9<;TT—'

<>5' Cih{ Fice xmmo i hkaae|egx qker &_1:T+# igh Cm|h Ni|~recc ceax xfe zmkgxmzeg &_11T+# lux Cm|h~ Fmaadigg &_91T+# Fmze &_<6T+# ^nmxx &_<;T+# \mhbe| &_85T+#L|mrg &_29T+ &lux ze|fiz~ rkxf i |e~e|qixkmg ix _2:T+ igh Digne &_28T+ ib|eehbege|icc{ rkxf Cm|h Lkgbfid‛~ mzkgkmg' Kx rmuch le i ~xe|kce eve|nk~e xm nmg~khe| rfexfe| xfk~ fmchkgb ri~ zi|x ma xfe |ixkm# ~kgne mg ig{ qker xfk~ kdzm|xigx

yue~xkmg ri~ gmx ~ulènx xm evxeg~kqe i|budegx# igh kx rmuch le r|mgb am| xfk~nmu|x xm hk~zm~e ma xfe dixxe| ~kdzc{ mg xfe li~k~ xfix xfe k~~ue ri~ nmqe|eh l{ z|enehegx' Lux kx fi~ xm le ~ikh xfix xfe qker~ ma Cm|h Lkgbfid kg xfk~ i|ei &i~ kgdig{ mxfe|~+ i|e egxkxceh xm xfe b|eixe~x zm~~klce |e~zenx'

Xfe izzcknixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg igh xfe deigkgb ma ̀ u|k~hknxkmg

<>1' Xfe z|mlced z|e~egxeh mg xfk~ izzeic k~ gmx i z|mlced ugkyue xm xfeizzcknixkmg ma dmhe|g fudig |kbfx~ kg~x|udegx~' Kg xfe Ugkxeh ^xixe~ xfe|e i|e

dig{ henk~kmg~ mg xfe izzcknixkmg ma nmg~xkxuxkmgic |kbfx~ xm Ugkxeh ^xixe~ nkxkpeg~igh ickeg~ il|mih' êe &idmgb dig{ mxfe|~+ Fegokg# Xfe Nmg~xkxuxkmg i~ Nmdzinx igh i~ Nmg~nkegne0 Kghkqkhuic \kbfx~ Il|mih igh ix mu| Bixe~# <2 Rd ! Di|{ C\eq 99# 92$<8 &9;65+? Cmregaech# U^ Cir Egam|nedegx Il|mih0 Xfe Nmg~xkxuxkmgigh Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir 6> I@KC 66: &9;6;+ igh 68 I@KC 888 &9;;:+? L|kcdi{e| igh Gm|nfk# Aehe|ic Evx|ixe||km|kickx{ igh Akaxf Ideghdegx Hue Z|mne~~# 9:5Fi|q C \eq 9<92 &9;;<+' Xfe x|egh kg xfe Ugkxeh ^xixe~ k~ xm evxegh xfe z|mxenxkmgma xfe Nmg~xkxuxkmg xm Ugkxeh ^xixe~ nkxkpeg~ il|mih &lux gmx# bege|icc{# ickeg~+rfm~e |kbfx~ i|e qkmcixeh l{ Ugkxeh ^xixe~ iuxfm|kxke~' Kx fi~ leeg ~ikh xfix –rfegxfe Bmqe|gdegx |einfe~ mux xm zugk~f i nkxkpeg rfm k~ il|mih# xfe ~fkech rfknf xfeLkcc ma \kbfx~ igh mxfe| zi|x~ ma xfe Nmg~xkxuxkmg z|mqkhe xm z|mxenx fk~ ckae igh



Zibe ;>

ckle|x{ ~fmuch gmx le ~x|kzzeh iri{ ù~x leniu~e fe fizzeg~ xm le kg igmxfe| cigh—0 \ekh q Nmqe|x # >58 U^ 9# 1 &9;52+# ze| Lcino @# am| i zcu|ickx{ ma amu| ù~xkne~&dkckxi|{ nmu|x x|keh igh nmgqknxeh xfe rkae ma i U^ ik| am|ne ~e|beigx am| xfedu|he| ma fe| fu~ligh ix ig ik| li~e kg Egbcigh0 egxkxceh xm i ù|{ x|kic i~ |eyuk|eh

l{ xfe ^kvxf Ideghdegx+' Xfu~ kg |ecixkmg xm xfe K|iy nmgacknx# Ugkxeh ^xixe~nkxkpeg~ fiqe leeg fech egxkxceh xm dioe nmg~xkxuxkmgic ncikd~ i|k~kgb mux ma hexegxkmg m| iccebeh xm|xu|e l{ U^ dkckxi|{ maaknkic~0 Oi| q \ud~aech # 56: A ûzz<h 6: &HHN <::6+? Qigne q \ud~aech # 5 Di|nf <:9:# RC 65:92> &GH Kcc <:9:+&–Ide|knig nkxkpeg~ hm gmx am|aekx xfek| nm|e nmg~xkxuxkmgic |kbfx~ rfeg xfe{ ceiqexfe Ugkxeh ^xixe~# eqeg rfeg xfek| he~xkgixkmg k~ i am|ekbg ri| pmge‡_XTfe |kbfxma Ide|knig nkxkpeg~ xm le a|ee a|md xm|xu|e k~ i recc$e~xilck~feh zi|x ma mu| nmg~xkxuxkmgic ail|kn'—+ Lux i~ xfe nmu|x ~ikh kg xfe cixxe| ni~e# xfe –ni~e~ e~xilck~fxfe kdzm|xigne ma nkxkpeg~fkz kg nk|nud~xigne~ kg rfknf aehe|ic ibegx~ mux~khe xfeUgkxeh ^xixe~ ni||{ mux nmg~xkxuxkmgic qkmcixkmg~— &ix 9>+' Xfe zm~kxkmg k~ hkaae|egxrfe|e gmg$nkxkpeg~ i|e kgqmcqeh' Kg Ugkxeh ^xixe~ q Qe|hubm$U|yukhep# 8;8 U^<5; &9;;:+ kx ri~ fech xfix xfe Amu|xf Ideghdegx hkh gmx izzc{ xm xfe `mkgx ~ei|nf

l{ Devknig igh Ugkxeh ^xixe~ iuxfm|kxke~ ma i Devknig ~u~zenx‛~ fmde kg Devknmrfkce fe ri~ kg nu~xmh{ kg xfe Ugkxeh ^xixe~' Xfk~ k~ leniu~e –xfe zemzce— deig~xfe Ide|knig zemzce' \efgyuk~x N@ ~ikh xfix ickeg~ ~fmuch gmx fiqe evx|i$xe||kxm|kicAmu|xf Ideghdegx |kbfx~# leniu~e b|iqe ugne|xikgxke~ rmuch le n|eixeh am| xfeU^ edzcm{degx ma i|deh am|ne~ il|mih0 ix <2>' êe ic~m \i~uc q D{e|~# 51> A >h5<2# 5>< &HN Nk| <::;+ &L|kxk~f nkxkpeg~ hexikgeh ix Buigxigidm Li{+? \e K|iyigh Iabfigk~xig Hexikgee~ Ckxkbixkmg# 82; A ûzz <h 65# 9:6 &HHN <::2+&iccebeh xm|xu|e ma Iabfigk igh K|iyk nkxkpeg~+? I|i| q I~fn|max # 565 A >h 55; &<hNk| <::;+ &gm inxkmg ibikg~x bmqe|gdegx maaknkic~ iccebehc{ |e~zmg~klce am| ickeg‛~evx|im|hkgi|{ |eghkxkmg xm ^{|ki+' Lux xfe izzcknixkmg ma nmg~xkxuxkmgic z|mxenxkmg xminxkqkxke~ il|mih hme~ gmx deig xfix xfe nmghunx ma dkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg~ k~

ù~xknkilce' Kg xfe Ugkxeh ^xixe~ xfe nmghunx ma dkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg~ k~ –~mevncu~kqec{ egx|u~xeh xm xfe zmckxknic l|ignfe~ ma bmqe|gdegx i~ xm le ci|bec{kdduge a|md ùhknkic kgyuk|{ m| kgxe|ae|egne—0 Fi|k~kihe~ q ^fiubfge~~{# >8< U^56:# 56; &9;5<+' êe I|i| q I~fn|max # 565 A >h 55;# 5;: &<h Nk| <::;+

<>2' Mg xfk~ izzeic xfe yue~xkmg i|k~e~ kg xfe nmgxevx ma xfe deigkgb ighizzcknixkmg ma xfe evz|e~~kmg –rkxfkg xfek| ù|k~hknxkmg'— Xfe evz|e~~kmg–ù|k~hknxkmg— k~ u~eh kg dig{ ~eg~e~ kg kgxe|gixkmgic cir' Xfe hmnx|kge ma

ù|k~hknxkmg kg kgxe|gixkmgic cir fi~ bkqeg |k~e xm ig egm|dmu~ ckxe|ixu|e# ma rfknfkx k~ u~eauc xm degxkmg# kg zi|xknuci|# Digg# Xfe Hmnx|kge ma @u|k~hknxkmg kg

Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir# kg ^xuhke~ kg Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir &9;2>+# z 9? Mzzegfekd# Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir# 6xf eh ^k| Fe|~nf Ciuxe|zinfx# 9;55# zz <>5 ex ~ey? Ioefu|~x# @u|k~hknxkmg kg Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir &9;2<$2>+ 81 L[KC 985? Dee~~eg# Evx|ixe||kxm|kic @u|k~hknxkmg kg Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir &9;;1+? Fkbbkg~# Xfede~ igh Xfem|ke~0 êcenxeh E~~i{~# ^zeenfe~ igh R|kxkgb~ kg Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir# <::;# Qmc<# zz 2;; ex ~ey'



Zibe ;1

ma igmxfe| ~xixe' Kg xfk~ ~eg~e ù|k~hknxkmg k~ ne|xikgc{ xe||kxm|kic? kxniggmx le eve|nk~eh l{ i ~xixe mux~khe kx~ xe||kxm|{ evnezx l{ qk|xue ma i ze|dk~~kqe |uce he|kqeh a|md kgxe|gixkmgic nu~xmd m| a|md inmgqegxkmg'—

<81' Xfix k~ i ~xixedegx ilmux egam|nedegx ù|k~hknxkmg# gidec{ xfe ckdkx~ ma xfe|kbfx ma i ~xixe xm inx mg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma igmxfe| ~xixe m| xm xioe dei~u|e~ mg kx~ mrgxe||kxm|{ rfknf |eyuk|e nmdzckigne kg igmxfe| ~xixe' Xfu~ i ~xixe niggmx# rkxfmuxxfe nmg~egx ma xfe xe||kxm|kic ~mqe|ekbg# ze|am|d maaknkic inx~ kg i am|ekbg ~xixe m| ni||{ mux maaknkic kgqe~xkbixkmg~ kg xfe am|ekbg ~xixe' Xfe kgilkckx{ ma i am|ekbg ~xixexm ncikd# hk|enxc{ m| kghk|enxc{# kx~ xive~ kg Egbcigh k~ ~mdexkde~ zux mg xfe li~k~xfix kx k~ ig kccebkxkdixe evxeg~kmg ma kx~ xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg0 ~ee Bmqe|gdegx ma

Kghki q Xi{cm| _9;55T IN 8;9'

Xfe k~~ue mg xfk~ zi|x ma xfe izzeic

<82' Mg xfk~ zi|x ma xfe izzeic xfe k~~ue k~ rfexfe| xfe ughmulxeh –ù|k~hknxkmg—rfknf ~xixe~ fi~ mqe| xfek| i|deh am|ne~ il|mih deig~ xfix xfek| ~mchke|~ i|e–rkxfkg xfek| ù|k~hknxkmg— am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Xfemlqkmu~ ~xi|xkgb zmkgx k~ xfix xfe mze|ixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg k~ xe||kxm|kic# igh xfixkx~ evx|i$xe||kxm|kic izzcknixkmg k~ evnezxkmgic' Xfe ^x|i~lmu|b nmu|x fi~ |enmbgk~ehaer evnezxkmg~# igh kx k~ gmx ei~{ xm evx|inx i nmddmg z|kgnkzceh li~k~ am| xfed'

Xfe dikg yue~xkmg~ rfknf i|k~e i|e &9+ rfexfe| i|deh am|ne~ nig le l|mubfxrkxfkg i|xknce 9 ~kdzc{ mg xfe li~k~ xfix kg kgxe|gixkmgic cir xfe{ i|e ~ulènx xm xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ~xixe rfknf xfe{ ~e|qe? m| &<+ rfexfe| xfe{ i|e rkxfkg i|xknce 9 leniu~e ma xfe iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc rfknf xfe ~xixe eve|nk~e~ mqe| xfed? &>+rfexfe| xfe{ i|e rkxfkg i|xknce 9 leniu~e xfe|e k~ i –ù|k~hknxkmgic ckgo— lexreegxfed igh xfe ~xixe' Kg m|he| xfix xfe~e yue~xkmg~ di{ le nmg~khe|eh kx k~ gene~~i|{xm nmg~khe| LigomqkĂ q Lecbkud &<::9+ 99 LF\N 8>5 igh kx~ igxenehegx~# igh~mde ma xfe ~ul~eyuegx ^x|i~lmu|b ni~e~ nmg~khe|eh kg Ic$ôekgk# igh akgicc{ ni~e~henkheh kg ^x|i~lmu|b iaxe| Ic$ôekgk'

Ei|c{ ni~e~

<86' Ix xfe |k~o ma |ezeixkgb ~mde ma rfix fi~ leeg ~ikh kg mxfe| ni~e~ ilmux xfeigxenehegx~ ma LigomqkĂ q Lecbkud &<::9+ 99 LF\N 8>5# kx k~ kdzm|xigx xmnmg~khe| rfix ri~ henkheh l{ xfe ^x|i~lmu|b nmu|x kg LigomqkĂ kg Henedle| <::9ibikg~x xfe linob|mugh ma henk~kmg~ ma xfe Nmddk~~kmg igh xfe Nmu|x mg xfe ~nmzema ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9 ~x|exnfkgb mqe| >5 {ei|~' Kg ^me|kgb q Ugkxeh

Okgbhmd &9;6;+ 99 EF\\ 8>;# ix _61T# xfe Nmu|x# kg zcegi|{ ~e~~kmg# fih |eae||ehxm xfe ckdkx mg xfe |einf ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9 i~ lekgb –gmxilc{xe||kxm|kic'—



Zibe ;2

<8;' Mge ckge ma henk~kmg~ ~ubbe~xeh xfix i ~xixe rmuch le |e~zmg~klce am| inx~ ma kx~ maaknkic~ &e~zenkicc{ hkzcmdixkn igh nmg~uci| maaknkic~+ ze|am|deh il|mih kg

ze|am|digne ma xfek| huxke~ xm gixkmgic~0 V q Be|dig{ &9;15+ 6 [l ENF\ 956&Nmddk~~kmg+' ^kdkci| ~xixedegx~ kg N{z|u~ q Xu|oe{ &9;25+ < H\ 9<5# ix _6T igh

Fe~~ q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &9;25+ < H\ 2< aicc rkxfkg xfk~ nixebm|{ ic~m# igh i|e gmx li~eh# i~ xfe{ nmuch fiqe leeg &igh# kg xfe ni~e ma N{z|u~# cixe| re|e+# mg nmgx|mcma xe||kxm|{ kg Gm|xfe|g N{z|u~ kg xfe am|de| henk~kmg# m| mg ^zighiu z|k~mg lekgbig evxeg~kmg ma xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfe mnnuz{kgb zmre|~' Kx k~ ckoec{ xfix xfe edzfi~k~mg hkzcmdix~ igh nmg~uc~ kg xfe ei|c{ henk~kmg~ |eacenxeh xfe aknxkmg ma xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kickx{ ma hkzcmdixkn z|edk~e~' Xfe|e k~# fmreqe|# gm inxuic henk~kmg &i~hk~xkgnx a|md hknxi+ ekxfe| ma xfe Nmddk~~kmg m| ma xfe Nmu|x rfknf i~~kdkcixe~hkzcmdixkn m| nmg~uci| z|edk~e~ xm xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfe ~eghkgb ~xixe' ^m ic~mN{z|u~ q Xu|oe{ &9;25+ < H\ 9<5# ix _6T i~~udeh ig evxegheh gmxkmg ma xe||kxm|kickx{ kg |ecixkmg xm ~fkz~ igh ik|n|iax |ebk~xe|eh kg i Nmgqegxkmg ~xixe'

<5:' Igmxfe| ckge ma Nmddk~~kmg henk~kmg~ evz|e~~eh xfe xfmubfx xfix xfeevz|e~~kmg –rkxfkg xfek| ù|k~hknxkmg— ri~ gmx eyukqicegx xm m| ckdkxeh xm xfegixkmgic xe||kxm|{ ma xfe nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe nmgne|geh# igh evxegheh –xm icc ze|~mg~ughe| xfek| inxuic iuxfm|kx{ igh |e~zmg~klkckx{# rfexfe| xfix iuxfm|kx{ k~ eve|nk~ehrkxfkg xfek| mrg xe||kxm|{ m| il|mih ‡—0 N{z|u~ q Xu|oe{ &9;25+ < H\ 9<5# ix _6T'êe ic~m V ! [ q ^rkxpe|cigh &9;22+ < H\ 52? D q Hegdi|o &9;;<+ 2> H\ 9;>'

<59' Xfe~e ~x|igh~# inx~ l{ maaknkic~ iaaenxkgb ze|~mg~# m| maaknkic~ eve|nk~kgb

iuxfm|kx{ mqe| ze|~mg~# re|e l|mubfx xmbexfe| kg V q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# &Izzcknixkmg Gm 2582-21+ &9;22+ 9< H\ 2>' Xfk~ ri~ i nfkch ilhunxkmg ni~e kg rfknf i@m|higkig di||keh xm i L|kxk~f rmdig xmmo xfek| hiubfxe| xm @m|hig' Xfe nmdzcikgxri~ xfix xfe L|kxk~f nmg~ucixe kg Iddig fih gmx hmge egmubf xm mlxikg xfenu~xmh{ ma fe| hiubfxe| amccmrkgb i nu~xmh{ m|he| l{ xfe Egbck~f nmu|x' XfeNmddk~~kmg ri~ ~ixk~akeh xfix xfe nmg~uci| iuxfm|kxke~ fih hmge icc xfix nmuch le|ei~mgilc{ evzenxeh ma xfed' Xfe Nmddk~~kmg ~ikh# mg ù|k~hknxkmg# xfix kx ri~ncei| a|md xfe nmg~xigx ù|k~z|uhegne ma xfe Nmddk~~kmg xfix iuxfm|k~eh ibegx~ ma i ~xixe# kgncuhkgb hkzcmdixkn m| nmg~uci| ibegx~# l|mubfx mxfe| ze|~mg~ m| z|mze|x{rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfix ~xixe xm xfe evxegx xfix xfe{ eve|nk~eh iuxfm|kx{ mqe|

~unf ze|~mg~ m| z|mze|x{' Kg~mai| i~ xfe{ iaaenxeh ~unf ze|~mg~ m| z|mze|x{ l{ xfek| inx~ m| mdk~~kmg~# xfe |e~zmg~klkckx{ ma xfe ~xixe ri~ egbibeh' Xfe|eam|e eqegxfmubf xfe iccebeh aikcu|e ma xfe nmg~uci| iuxfm|kxke~ xm hm icc kg xfek| zmre| xm feczxfe izzcknigx mnnu||eh mux~khe xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# kx ri~ ~xkcc–rkxfkg _xfeT ù|k~hknxkmg— rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 9' Kx ~fmuch le gmxeh xfixxfk~ am|ducixkmg l{ xfe Nmddk~~kmg k~ kgnmg~k~xegx rkxf xfe xevx ma i|xknce 9# rfknfk~ ilmux ze|~mg~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg# igh gmx ilmux inx~ m| mdk~~kmg~ rkxfkg xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg'

<5<' Xfe henk~kmg ma xfe Nmu|x kg zcegi|{ ~e~~kmg kg H|mph igh @igmu~eo q A|igne igh ^zikg &9;;<+ 98 EF\\ 285 du~x le |eih ibikg~x xfe linob|mugh ma



Zibe ;6

xfe z|eqkmu~ ni~e~' A|egnf igh ^zigk~f ùhbe~ inxeh i~ ùhbe~ kg Ighm||i rfknfri~ |uceh l{ xrm nm$z|kgne~# xfe Z|e~khegx ma xfe A|egnf \ezulckn igh xfe Lk~fmzma U|bec &kg ^zikg+' Xfe izzcknigx~ re|e ^zigk~f igh Npenf nkxkpeg~# rfm fih

leeg nmgqknxeh ma i|deh |mlle|{ igh nmdzcikgeh xfix xfe{ fih gmx fih i aik| x|kic'Xfe Nmu|x ib|eeh rkxf xfe |e~zmghegx ~xixe~ xfix xfe ùhbe~ hkh gmx ~kx kg xfek| nizinkx{ i~ A|egnf m| ^zigk~f ùhbe~# igh xfek| ùhbdegx~ re|e gmx ~ulènx xm~uze|qk~kmg l{ xfe iuxfm|kxke~ ma A|igne m| ^zikg' Kx hme~ gmx ~eed xm fiqe leeghk~zuxeh l{ A|igne igh ^zikg xfix# ka xfe ùhbe~ fih ~ix kg xfek| nizinkx{ i~ A|egnfm| ^zigk~f ùhbe~# xfe ù|k~hknxkmgic xe~x ma i|xknce 9 rmuch fiqe leeg ~ixk~akeh' Xferi{ kg rfknf xfe Nmu|x zux kx ri~ xfix A|igne igh ^zikg rmuch le |e~zmg~klce–leniu~e ma inx~ ma xfek| iuxfm|kxke~ z|mhunkgb eaaenx~ mux~khe xfek| mrgxe||kxm|{‡'— &ix _;9T# nkxkgb dm~x ma xfe ni~e~ degxkmgeh ilmqe+' êe ic~m Cmkpkhmuq Xu|oe{ &Z|eckdkgi|{ Mlènxkmg~+ &9;;5+ <: EF\\ ;;# ix _1<T'

<5>' Xfe akgic ~x|igh kg xfe iuxfm|kxke~ z|km| xm LigomqkĂ k~ |ez|e~egxeh l{ xfegmxkmg xfix eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma xe||kxm|{ il|mih k~ eyukqicegx xm ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| xfix xe||kxm|{' Kg Cmkpkhmu q Xu|oe{ &Z|eckdkgi|{ Mlènxkmg~+ &9;;5+ <: EF\\ ;;#xfe Nmu|x &|eacenxkgb N{z|u~ q Xu|oe{ &9;25+ < H\ 9<5# ix _6T+ fech &ix _1<T+ xfix

–‡ xfe |e~zmg~klkckx{ ma i Nmgx|inxkgb Zi|x{ di{ ic~m i|k~e rfeg i~i nmg~eyuegne ma dkckxi|{ inxkmg „ rfexfe| cirauc m| ugcirauc „ kxeve|nk~e~ eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma ig i|ei mux~khe kx~ gixkmgic xe||kxm|{'Xfe mlckbixkmg xm ~enu|e# kg ~unf ig i|ei# xfe |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~ ~ex

mux kg xfe Nmgqegxkmg# he|kqe~ a|md xfe ainx ma ~unf nmgx|mc rfexfe| kx le eve|nk~eh hk|enxc{# xf|mubf kx~ i|deh am|ne~# m| xf|mubf i~ulm|hkgixe cmnic ihdkgk~x|ixkmg—'

<58' Xfe nmgnezx ma nmgx|mc k~ ic~m xioeg uz kg mxfe| Gm|xfe|g N{z|u~ ni~e~0 e'b' Cmkpkhmu q Xu|oe{ &De|kx~+ &9;;1+ <> EF\\ 59># ix _5<T? N{z|u~ q Xu|oe{ &<::9+>5 EF\\ 2>9# ix _22T'

<55' Z|km| xm LigomqkĂ# xfe Nmu|x fih ic~m henci|eh ihdk~~klce nmdzcikgx~ibikg~x Xu|oe{ &i+ i|k~kgb mux ma mze|ixkmg~ ma kx~ i|deh am|ne~ kg Gm|xfe|g K|iyrfknf re|e iccebeh xm fiqe |e~ucxeh kg qkmcixkmg~ ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg# kgncuhkgb xfeheixf igh xm|xu|e ma ~mde qkccibe|~ & K~~i q Xu|oe{# Izzcknixkmg Gm >96<9-;1# >:Di{ <:::# ug|ezm|xeh+? igh &l+ i|k~kgb mux ma xfe i||e~x l{ Xu|ok~f ~enu|kx{maakne|~ ma xfe izzcknigx# xfe ceihe| ma xfe ZOO# ix Gik|mlk ik|zm|x rkxf xfe nmg~egxma xfe Oeg{ig iuxfm|kxke~# igh fk~ ~ul~eyuegx |edmqic xm# igh x|kic kg Xu|oe{&Śnicig q Xu|oe{# &Izzcknixkmg Gm 81<<9-;;+# 98 Henedle| <:::# ug|ezm|xeh+' Kggekxfe| ma xfe~e ihdk~~klkckx{ henk~kmg~ ri~ xfe|e ig{ hk~nu~~kmg ma ù|k~hknxkmgughe| i|xknce 9'



Zibe ;;

Ligomqk Ă q Lecbkud

Xfe nmgne~~kmg~ l{ xfe |e~zmghegx ~xixe~

<51' Xfe z|km| henk~kmg~ bm ~mde ri{ xm evzcikgkgb rf{ xfe |e~zmghegx ~xixe~dihe i gudle| ma nmgne~~kmg~ kg LigomqkĂ# gmx icc ma rfknf amugh xfek| ri{ kgxmxfe |ei~mgkgb ma xfe Nmu|x' Xfe{ innezxeh xfix &i+ xfe eve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmgkgqmcqeh xfe i~~e|xkmg m| eve|nk~e ma cebic iuxfm|kx{# inxuic m| zu|zm|xeh# mqe|

ze|~mg~ mrkgb ~mde am|d ma iccebkigne xm xfe ~xixe m| rfm fih leeg l|mubfxrkxfkg xfix ~xixe‛~ nmgx|mc# igh xfix xfe xe|d –ù|k~hknxkmg— bege|icc{ egxikceh ~mdeam|d ma ~x|unxu|eh |ecixkmg~fkz gm|dicc{ evk~xkgb mqe| i ze|kmh ma xkde &ùhbdegxma xfe Nmu|x ix _>1T+? &l+ xfe Nmu|x fih izzckeh xfix gmxkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg xmnmgak|d xfix kghkqkhuic~ iaaenxeh l{ inx~ ma i ~xixe mux~khe kx~ xe||kxm|{ nmuch le

nmg~khe|eh xm aicc rkxfkg kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg leniu~e xfe|e ri~ ig eve|nk~e ma ~mdeam|d ma cebic iuxfm|kx{ l{ xfe ~xixe mqe| xfed &ix _>2T+? &n+ xfe i||e~x igh hexegxkmgma xfe izzcknigx~ kg K~~i q Xu|oe{ igh Śnicig q Xu|oe{ nmg~xkxuxeh i nci~~kneve|nk~e ma ~unf cebic iuxfm|kx{ m| ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| xfm~e ze|~mg~ l{ dkckxi|{am|ne~ mg am|ekbg ~mkc &klkh+'

Xfe k~~ue

<52' Xfe k~~ue kg LigomqkĂ# ~xixeh kg zi|i _58T ma xfe henk~kmg ma xfe B|ighNfidle| l{ |eae|egne xm xfe henk~kmg~ kg H|mph igh xfe ni~e~ kgqmcqkgb Gm|xfe|gN{z|u~# ri~ rfexfe| xfe ainx xfix xfe inx~ ma xfe |e~zmghegx ~xixe~ re|e ze|am|dehm| fih eaaenx~ mux~khe xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfe nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~ deigx xfix xfeizzcknigx~ re|e nizilce ma aicckgb rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe |e~zmghegx ~xixe~'

Xfe nmgnezx ma ù|k~hknxkmg kg xfe Nmu|x‛~ henk~kmg

<56' Am| z|e~egx zu|zm~e~# xfe |eceqigx zmkgx~ rfknf ede|be a|md LigomqkĂ i|e

xfe~e0 &9+ xfe ù|k~hknxkmgic nmdzexegne ma i ~xixe k~ z|kdi|kc{ xe||kxm|kic? &<+kgxe|gixkmgic cir hme~ gmx evncuhe i ~xixe‛~ eve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg evx|i$xe||kxm|kicc{# lux xfe li~e~ ma ~unf ù|k~hknxkmg &kgncuhkgb gixkmgickx{# acib#hkzcmdixkn igh nmg~uci| |ecixkmg~# eaaenx# z|mxenxkmg# zi~~kqe ze|~mgickx{ ighugkqe|~ickx{+ i|e i~ i bege|ic |uce heakgeh igh ckdkxeh l{ xfe ~mqe|ekbg xe||kxm|kic|kbfx~ ma mxfe| ~xixe~? &>+ xfe nmdzexegne ma i ~xixe xm eve|nk~e ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~mrg gixkmgic~ il|mih k~ ~ulm|hkgixe xm xfe xe||kxm|kic nmdzexegne ma xfix ~xixe ighmxfe| ~xixe~? &8+ i ~xixe di{ gmx eve|nk~e ù|k~hknxkmg mg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma igmxfe| rkxfmux xfe nmg~egx ma xfe cixxe| ugce~~ kx k~ ig mnnuz{kgb ~xixe# kg rfknf ni~e kxdi{ eve|nk~e ù|k~hknxkmg kg ne|xikg |e~zenx~? &5+ i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg

|eacenx~ xfe m|hkgi|{ igh e~~egxkicc{ xe||kxm|kic gmxkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg? &1+ mxfe|



Zibe 9::

li~e~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg i|e evnezxkmgic igh |eyuk|e ~zenkic ù~xkaknixkmg kg xfe zi|xknuci| nk|nud~xigne~ ma einf ni~e? &2+ i|xknce 9 k~ gmx xm le x|eixeh i~ zi|x ma xfe–ckqkgb kg~x|udegx~— z|mqk~kmg~# igh xfe x|iqiuv nmgak|deh xfe m|hkgi|{ deigkgbma i|xknce 9'

<5;' Kx ~fmuch le gmxeh xfix xfe Nmu|x gmrfe|e evzcikg~ rfix kx ughe|~xigh~ l{xfe evz|e~~kmg –ù|k~hknxkmg— kg xfe nmgxevx ma i|xknce 9' Xfe |eae|egne kg zi|i _5;Txm evx|ixe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg i~ –kgncuhkgb gixkmgickx{# acib# hkzcmdixkn ighnmg~uci| |ecixkmg~# eaaenx# z|mxenxkmg# zi~~kqe ze|~mgickx{ igh ugkqe|~ickx{— k~ idkvxu|e ma xrm egxk|ec{ hkaae|egx nmgnezx~ ma evx|i$xe||kxm|kickx{'

<1:' Xfe ak|~x &–gixkmgickx{# acib# hkzcmdixkn igh nmg~uci| |ecixkmg~—+ |eacenx~ xfeaknxkmg ma xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kickx{ ma ~fkz~ igh ik|n|iax igh hkzcmdixkn igh nmg~uci|

z|edk~e~' Xfe ~enmgh &–eaaenx# z|mxenxkmg# zi~~kqe ze|~mgickx{ igh ugkqe|~ickx{—+|ez|e~egx~ xfe bege|icc{ innezxeh evnezxkmg~ xm xfe xe||kxm|kic gixu|e ma n|kdkgic ù|k~hknxkmg# xfix k~# xfe evnezxkmg~ xm xfe z|kgnkzce xfix i ~xixe niggmx u~e kx~n|kdkgic nmu|x~ xm zugk~f ze|~mg~ am| inx~ nmddkxxeh il|mih'

<19' Xfe ak|~x i~zenx nig le kccu~x|ixeh l{ xfe ri{ kx k~ zux kg xfe ci~x ehkxkmg ma Mzzegfekd ehkxeh l{ ^k| Fe|~nf Ciuxe|zinfx# 6xf eh &9;55+# zz 819# 2;>+0

–Kg nmgx|ihk~xkgnxkmg xm xfe~e |eic zi|x~ ma ^xixe xe||kxm|{ xfe|e i|e~mde xfkgb~ xfix i|e ekxfe| kg eqe|{ |e~zenx m| am| ~mde zu|zm~e~x|eixeh i~ xfmubf xfe{ re|e xe||kxm|kic zi|x~ ma i ^xixe' Xfe{ i|eaknxkmgic igh kg i ~eg~e mgc{ zi|x~ ma xfe xe||kxm|{' Xfu~ deg$ma$ri| igh mxfe| zulckn qe~~ec~ mg xfe fkbf ~ei~ i~ recc i~ kg am|ekbgxe||kxm|kic rixe|~ i|e e~~egxkicc{ kg eqe|{ zmkgx x|eixeh i~ xfmubf xfe{re|e acmixkgb zi|x~ ma xfek| fmde ^xixe' Xfe z|edk~e~ kg rfknfam|ekbg hkzcmdixkn egqm{~ fiqe xfek| maaknkic |e~khegne i|e kg dig{|e~zenx~ x|eixeh i~ xfmubf xfe{ re|e zi|x~ ma xfe fmde ^xixe~ ma xfeegqm{~ nmgne|geh' Ibikg de|nfigxdeg mg xfe fkbf ~ei~ i|e kgne|xikg |e~zenx~ x|eixeh i~ xfmubf xfe{ re|e acmixkgb zi|x~ ma xfexe||kxm|{ ma xfe ^xixe ughe| rfm~e acib xfe{ cebkxkdixec{ ~ikc'

‡

–Evx|ixe||kxm|kickx{# kg xfk~ i~ kg eqe|{ mxfe| ni~e# k~ i aknxkmg mgc{# am| hkzcmdixkn egqm{~ i|e kg |eickx{ gmx rkxfmux# lux rkxfkg# xfexe||kxm|ke~ ma xfe |enekqkgb ^xixe~' Xfe xe|d ‖evx|ixe||kxm|kickx{‛ k~geqe|xfece~~ qicuilce leniu~e kx hedmg~x|ixe~ ncei|c{ xfe ainx xfix

egqm{~ du~x# kg dm~x |e~zenx~# le x|eixeh i~ xfmubf xfe{ re|e gmx



Zibe 9:<

nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~ kg i yukxe hkaae|egx ~eg~e# gidec{ rfexfe| xfe ainx xfix xfe{ i|e~ulènx xm xfe dkckxi|{ cir igh hk~nkzckge ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# igh bege|icc{ gmx~ulènx xm xfe cmnic cir# |e~ucx~ kg xfek| lekgb –rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg— ma xfeUgkxeh Okgbhmd am| i|xknce 9 zu|zm~e~'

Xfe evnezxkmgic ni~e~

<15' Xfe Nmu|x regx mux ma kx~ ri{ kg LigomqkĂ xm edzfi~k~e xfe evnezxkmgicgixu|e ma xfe ni~e~ kg rfknf i ~xixe nmuch le |e~zmg~klce am| inx~ m| mdk~~kmg~mux~khe kx~ gixkmgic xe||kxm|{' Ak|~x# kx evz|e~~eh xfe qker xfix –i|xknce 9 ma xfeNmgqegxkmg du~x le nmg~khe|eh xm |eacenx _xfeT m|hkgi|{ igh e~~egxkicc{ xe||kxm|kicgmxkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg# mxfe| li~e~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg lekgb evnezxkmgic igh |eyuk|kgb~zenkic ù~xkaknixkmg kg xfe zi|xknuci| nk|nud~xigne~ ma einf ni~e— &ix _19T+' ênmgh#

kx ~ikh &ix _12T+0 –Kg oeezkgb rkxf xfe e~~egxkicc{ xe||kxm|kic gmxkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg#xfe Nmu|x fi~ innezxeh mgc{ kg evnezxkmgic ni~e~ xfix inx~ ma xfe nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~ ze|am|deh# m| z|mhunkgb eaaenx~# mux~khe xfek| xe||kxm|ke~ nig nmg~xkxuxe ig eve|nk~ema ù|k~hknxkmg l{ xfed rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg'— Xfk|h#kx edzfi~k~eh &ix _29T+0 –Kg ~ud# xfe ni~e cir ma xfe Nmu|x hedmg~x|ixe~ xfix kx~|enmbgkxkmg ma xfe eve|nk~e ma evx|i$xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg l{ i nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe k~evnezxkmgic ‡—

<11' Xfe Nmu|x‛~ x|eixdegx ma xfe evnezxkmgic ni~e~ rfe|e inx~ ma nmgx|inxkgb

~xixe~ ze|am|deh# m| z|mhunkgb eaaenx~# mux~khe xfek| xe||kxm|ke~ nmuch nmg~xkxuxe igeve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 9 di{ le ~uddi|k~eh kg xfk~ri{' Xfe ^me|kgb q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ckge ma ni~e~ k~ gmx nmgne|geh rkxf xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kic eve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg# leniu~e ckilkckx{ k~ kgnu||eh kg ~unf ni~e~ l{ xfeinxkmg ma i ~xixe nmgne|gkgb i ze|~mg rfkce fe m| ~fe ri~ mg kx~ xe||kxm|{ ighncei|c{ rkxfkg kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg0 _16T' Xfe evnezxkmg~ rfknf xfe Nmu|x |enmbgk~e~ i|exfe~e'

<12' Ak|~x# xfe |e~zmg~klkckx{ ma nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~ nmuch kg z|kgnkzce le egbibeh leniu~e ma inx~ ma xfek| iuxfm|kxke~ –rfknf z|mhuneh eaaenx~ m| re|e ze|am|dehmux~khe xfek| mrg xe||kxm|{—# ix _1;T# nkxkgb xfe H|mph ni~e'

<16' ênmgh# xfe |e~zmg~klkckx{ ma i nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe k~ nizilce ma lekgb egbibehrfeg i~ i nmg~eyuegne ma dkckxi|{ inxkmg &cirauc m| ugcirauc+ kx eve|nk~e~ eaaenxkqenmgx|mc ma ig i|ei mux~khe kx~ gixkmgic xe||kxm|{ i~ i nmg~eyuegne ma dkckxi|{mze|ixkmg m| xf|mubf xfe nmg~egx# kgqkxixkmg m| inyuke~negne ma xfe Bmqe|gdegx ma xfix xe||kxm|{# igh eve|nk~e~ icc m| ~mde ma xfe zulckn zmre|~ gm|dicc{ xm leeve|nk~eh l{ xfix Bmqe|gdegx0 ix _2:T# nkxkgb Cmkpkhmu q Xu|oe{ &Z|eckdkgi|{Mlènxkmg~+ igh N{z|u~ q Xu|oe{ &<::9+ >5 EF\\ 2>9' Xfe~e ni~e~ re|eevzcikgeh mg xfk~ li~k~ xfix –xfe |e~zmghegx ~xixe# xf|mubf xfe eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma



Zibe 9:>

xfe |eceqigx xe||kxm|{ igh kx~ kgfilkxigx~ il|mih i~ i nmg~eyuegne ma dkckxi|{mnnuzixkmg m| xf|mubf xfe nmg~egx# kgqkxixkmg m| inyuke~negne ma xfe Bmqe|gdegxma xfix xe||kxm|{# eve|nk~e~ icc m| ~mde ma xfe zulckn zmre|~ gm|dicc{ xm leeve|nk~eh l{ xfix Bmqe|gdegx— &ix _29T+'

<1;' Xfk|h &|eacenxkgb xfe aknxkmgic evx|i$xe||kxm|kickx{ ma hkzcmdixkn igh nmg~uci| z|edk~e~ igh ma ~fkz~ igh ik|n|iax+ –mxfe| |enmbgk~eh kg~xigne~ ma xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kic eve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg l{ i ~xixe kgncuhe ni~e~ kgqmcqkgb xfe inxkqkxke~ ma kx~ hkzcmdixkn m| nmg~uci| ibegx~ il|mih igh mg lmi|h n|iax igh qe~~ec~ |ebk~xe|ehkg# m| ac{kgb xfe acib ma# xfix ~xixe— igh –kg xfe~e ~zenkakn ~kxuixkmg~# nu~xmdi|{kgxe|gixkmgic cir igh x|eix{ z|mqk~kmg~ fiqe |enmbgk~eh xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kiceve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg l{ xfe |eceqigx ~xixe— &ix _2>T+'

<2:' Kg izzc{kgb xfe~e z|kgnkzce~ xm xfe ainx~ xfe Nmu|x |eènxeh xfe ~ubbe~xkmgxfix ig{mge ihqe|~ec{ iaaenxeh l{ ig inx kdzuxilce xm i nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe# rfe|eqe| kg xfe rm|ch xfix inx di{ fiqe leeg nmddkxxeh m| kx~ nmg~eyuegne~ aecx# ri~xfe|el{ l|mubfx rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfix ~xixe am| xfe zu|zm~e ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Xfe izzcknigx~ fih innezxeh xfix ù|k~hknxkmg# igh ig{ nmg~eyuegx~xixe Nmgqegxkmg |e~zmg~klkckx{# rmuch le ckdkxeh kg xfe nk|nud~xigne~ xm xfenmddk~~kmg igh nmg~eyuegne~ ma xfix zi|xknuci| inx' Lux xfe Nmu|x ri~ –ma xfeqker xfix xfe rm|hkgb ma i|xknce 9 _hkhT gmx z|mqkhe ig{ ~uzzm|x am| xfe izzcknigx~‛~ubbe~xkmg xfix xfe zm~kxkqe mlckbixkmg kg i|xknce 9 xm ~enu|e ‖xfe |kbfx~ igha|eehmd~ heakgeh kg ênxkmg K ma xfk~ Nmgqegxkmg‛ nig le hkqkheh igh xikcm|eh kg

innm|higne rkxf xfe zi|xknuci| nk|nud~xigne~ ma xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kic inx kg yue~xkmg‡— &ix _25T+'

<29' Kg ig~re| xm xfe i|budegx xfix aikcu|e xm |enmbgk~e xfe ncikd ma xfeizzcknigx~ rmuch ceiqe i qinuud kg xfe Nmgqegxkmg ~{~xed# xfe Nmu|x ~ikh &ix_6:T+0

–Xfe Nmu|x‛~ mlckbixkmg# kg xfk~ |e~zenx# k~ xm fiqe |ebi|h xm xfe~zenkic nfi|inxe| ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg i~ i nmg~xkxuxkmgic kg~x|udegx ma

Eu|mzeig zulckn m|he| am| xfe z|mxenxkmg ma kghkqkhuic fudig lekgb~igh kx~ |mce# i~ ~ex mux kg i|xknce 9; ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg# k~ xm eg~u|e xfeml~e|qigne ma xfe egbibedegx~ ughe|xioeg l{ xfe Nmgx|inxkgbZi|xke~ ‡ Kx k~ xfe|eam|e hkaaknucx xm nmgxegh xfix i aikcu|e xm innezxxfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe |e~zmghegx ^xixe~ rmuch aiccamuc ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg‛~ m|h|e zulckn mlènxkqe# rfknf kx~eca ughe|ckge~ xfe e~~egxkicc{ |ebkmgic qmnixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg~{~xed ‡ Kg ~fm|x# xfe Nmgqegxkmg k~ i ducxk$cixe|ic x|eix{ mze|ixkgb#~ulènx xm i|xknce 51 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg# kg ig e~~egxkicc{ |ebkmgic

nmgxevx igh gmxilc{ kg xfe cebic ~zine &e~zine ù|khkyue+ ma xfeNmgx|inxkgb ^xixe~' ‡ Xfe Nmgqegxkmg ri~ gmx he~kbgeh xm le



Zibe 9:8

izzckeh xf|mubfmux xfe rm|ch# eqeg kg |e~zenx ma xfe nmghunx ma Nmgx|inxkgb ^xixe~' Innm|hkgbc{# xfe he~k|ilkckx{ ma iqmkhkgb i biz m| qinuud kg fudig |kbfx~‛ z|mxenxkmg fi~ ~m ai| leeg |eckeh mg l{ xfeNmu|x kg aiqmu| ma e~xilck~fkgb ù|k~hknxkmg mgc{ rfeg xfe xe||kxm|{ kgyue~xkmg ri~ mge xfix# lux am| xfe ~zenkakn nk|nud~xigne~# rmuchgm|dicc{ le nmqe|eh l{ xfe Nmgqegxkmg'—_Edzfi~k~ kg m|kbkgic xevxT'

<2<' Xfe Nmu|x ~ikh &ix _6:T+ xfix N{z|u~ q Xu|oe{ &<::9+ >5 EF\\ 2>9 |ecixehxm ig egxk|ec{ hkaae|egx ~kxuixkmg0 xfe kgfilkxigx~ ma gm|xfe|g N{z|u~ rmuch fiqeamugh xfed~ecqe~ evncuheh a|md xfe legeakx~ ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg ~iaebui|h~ igh~{~xed rfknf xfe{ fih z|eqkmu~c{ eg`m{eh# l{ Xu|oe{‛~ –eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc— ma xfexe||kxm|{ igh l{ xfe innmdzig{kgb kgilkckx{ ma xfe N{z|kmx Bmqe|gdegx# i~ inmgx|inxkgb ~xixe# xm aucakc xfe mlckbixkmg~ kx fih ughe|xioeg ughe| xfe Nmgqegxkmg'

<2>' Xfe Nmu|x hkh gmx heic evz|e~~c{ rkxf xfe izzcknilkckx{ ma xfe evnezxkmg kxfih khegxkakeh l{ |eae|egne xm H|mph # gidec{ xfix xfe |e~zmg~klkckx{ ma nmgx|inxkgb~xixe~ nmuch kg z|kgnkzce le egbibeh leniu~e ma inx~ ma xfek| iuxfm|kxke~ rfknf

z|mhuneh eaaenx~ m| re|e ze|am|deh mux~khe xfek| mrg xe||kxm|{' Lux kx hkh heic rkxfxfe izzcknigx~‛ |eckigne mg xfe ihdk~~klkckx{ henk~kmg~ kg K~~i q Xu|oe{ igh Śnicigq Xu|oe{' Kg einf ma xfm~e ni~e~ xfe Nmu|x fih fech ihdk~~klce nmdzcikgx~ |ecixkgbxm Xu|oe{‛~ nmghunx kg gmg$nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~# K|iy kg xfe am|de| ni~e igh Oeg{i kgxfe cixxe| ni~e' Icc xfix xfe Nmu|x ~ikh ilmux xfm~e ni~e~ ri~ xfk~ &ix _69T+0

–Kx k~ x|ue xfix xfe Nmu|x fi~ henci|eh lmxf ma xfe~e ni~e~ ihdk~~klceigh xfix xfe{ kgncuhe ne|xikg nmdzcikgx~ ilmux iccebeh inxkmg~ l{Xu|ok~f ibegx~ mux~khe Xu|ok~f xe||kxm|{' Fmreqe|# kg gekxfe| ma xfm~e ni~e~ ri~ xfe k~~ue ma ù|k~hknxkmg |ik~eh l{ xfe |e~zmghegxBmqe|gdegx m| ihh|e~~eh kg xfe ihdk~~klkckx{ henk~kmg~ igh kg ig{eqegx xfe de|kx~ ma xfm~e ni~e~ |edikg xm le henkheh'—

<28' Xfe nmgncu~kmg ma xfe Nmu|x &ix _6<T+ ri~ xfix xfe|e ri~ gm –ù|k~hknxkmgicckgo— lexreeg xfe ze|~mg~ rfm re|e qknxkd~ ma xfe inx nmdzcikgeh ma igh xfe|e~zmghegx ~xixe~'

Xfe ~ul~eyuegx henk~kmg~

<25' Xfe evnezxkmgic gixu|e ma ig{ ckilkckx{ am| evx|i$xe||kxm|kic inx~ m| mdk~~kmg~i|xknucixeh kg LigomqkĂ fi~ leeg |ezeixehc{ yumxeh m| |e$~xixeh l{ xfe Nmu|x0Śnicig q Xu|oe{ &<::>+ >2 EF\\ <>6# ix _;>T? I~~igkhpe q Bem|bki &<::8+ >;EF\\ 15># ix _9>2T? Kci ŝnu q Dmchmqi igh \u~~ki &<::5+ 8: EF\\ 9:>:# ix

_>98T? K~~i q Xu|oe{ &<::8+ 89 EF\\ 512# ix _16T? Ic$îihmmg igh Duahfk q



Zibe 9:5

Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &ihdk~~klkckx{+ &<::;+ 8; EF\\ Ê ;5# ix _65T? ^xezfeg~ q Dicxi&Gm 9+&<::;+ 5: EF\\ 988# ix _8;T? Dehqeh{eq q A|igne# B|igh Nfidle|# <;Di|nf <:9:# ix _18T' Kg zi|xknuci| xfe nmgnezx ma ù|k~hknxkmg li~eh mg eaaenxkqenmgx|mc fi~ leeg izzckeh kg I~~igkhpe q Bem|bki igh Kci ŝnu q Dmchmqi igh \u~~ki#igxe'

<21' Xfe henk~kmg~ ~ul~eyuegx xm LigomqkĂ kg ^x|i~lmu|b uz xm xfe xkde ma Ic$ôekgk re|e aucc{ hk~nu~~eh l{ xfe Hkqk~kmgic Nmu|x# xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic# igh xfeFmu~e ma Cm|h~# igh kx k~ gmx gene~~i|{ xm bm mqe| xfe ~ide b|mugh' Kx k~ u~eaucmgc{ xm nmg~khe| xfe |eceqigne ma xfe henk~kmg~ kg Śnicig q Xu|oe{ &<::>+ >2EF\\ <>6? &<::5+ 89 EF\\ ;65 &B|igh Nfidle|+ igh K~~i q Xu|oe{ &<::8+ 89EF\\ 512# igh ma xfe henk~kmg~ ~ul~eyuegx xm Ic$ôekgk kg Di|omqkn q Kxic{ &<::1+88 EF\\ 9:85 &B|igh Nfidle|+? Ic$îihmmg igh Duahfk q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd&ihdk~~klkckx{+ &<::;+ 8; EF\\ Ê ;5? igh Dehqeh{eq q A|igne# B|igh Nfidle|#

<; Di|nf <:9:'

–Iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc— igh ^xixe ibegx~

<22' Xfe henk~kmg~ kg Śnicig q Xu|oe{ &<::>+ >2 EF\\ <>6? &<::5+ 89 EF\\ ;65 &B|igh Nfidle|+ igh K~~i q Xu|oe{ &<::8+ 89 EF\\ 512# lmxf ma rfknf re|eevxeg~kqec{ hk~nu~~eh kg Ic$ôekgk# i|e |eceqigx mg xfk~ izzeic leniu~e ma rfix k~~ikh xm le xfek| ~uzzm|x am| xfe i|budegx xfix i|deh am|ne~ il|mih i|e ~ulènx xm xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ~eghkgb ~xixe leniu~e xfe{ i|e ughe| xfe iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc ma xfe ~eghkgb ~xixe'

Śnicig q Xu|oe{

<26' Kg Śnicig q Xu|oe{ &<::>+ >2 EF\\ <>6? &<::5+ 89 EF\\ ;65 &B|ighNfidle|+ xfe izzcknigx ri~ i||e~xeh l{ dedle|~ ma xfe Xu|ok~f ~enu|kx{ am|ne~kg~khe i Xu|ok~f ik|n|iax kg xfe kgxe|gixkmgic pmge ma Gik|mlk ik|zm|x' Fk~ nmdzcikgx|ecixeh lmxf xm fk~ x|eixdegx kg Gik|mlk igh ~ul~eyuegxc{ kg Xu|oe{' I~ |ebi|h~ fk~

x|eixdegx kg Oeg{i# fe nmdzcikgeh ughe| i|xknce~ > igh 5 ilmux fighnuaakgb igh lckghamchkgb# iccebeh ~ehixkmg igh ugcirauc i||e~x' Xfe|e ri~ ic~m i nmdzcikgx xfixxfe ilhunxkmg mqe|~ei~ mg innmugx ma fk~ zmckxknic mzkgkmg~ nmg~xkxuxeh kgfudig m| heb|ihkgb x|eixdegx rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma i|xknce >' Kx ri~ fech xfix xfe nmdzcikgx~ilmux xfe i||e~x kg Oeg{i aecc rkxfkg i|xknce 9' Kg xfe ak|~x henk~kmg xfe Nmu|x ~ikh&ix _;>T+0

–‡ xfe izzcknigx ri~ i||e~xeh l{ dedle|~ ma xfe Xu|ok~f ~enu|kx{am|ne~ kg~khe ig ik|n|iax kg xfe kgxe|gixkmgic pmge ma Gik|mlk Ik|zm|x'

Hk|enxc{ iaxe| fe fih leeg figheh mqe| l{ xfe Oeg{ig maaknkic~ xm xfe



Zibe 9:1

Xu|ok~f maaknkic~ xfe izzcknigx ri~ ughe| eaaenxkqe Xu|ok~f iuxfm|kx{igh ri~ xfe|eam|e l|mubfx rkxfkg xfe ‖ù|k~hknxkmg‛ ma xfix ^xixe am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma I|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg# eqeg xfmubf kg xfk~kg~xigne Xu|oe{ eve|nk~eh kx~ iuxfm|kx{ mux~khe kx~ xe||kxm|{' XfeNmu|x nmg~khe|~ xfix xfe nk|nud~xigne~ ma xfe z|e~egx ni~e i|ehk~xkgbuk~filce a|md xfm~e kg xfe iam|edegxkmgeh LigomqkĂ ni~e#gmxilc{ kg xfix xfe izzcknigx ri~ zf{~knicc{ am|neh xm |exu|g xmXu|oe{ l{ Xu|ok~f maaknkic~ igh ri~ ~ulènx xm xfek| iuxfm|kx{ ighnmgx|mc amccmrkgb fk~ i||e~x igh |exu|g xm Xu|oe{ ‡ —

<2;' Xfe B|igh Nfidle| ~ikh &ix _;9T+0

–Xfe Nmu|x gmxe~ xfix xfe izzcknigx ri~ i||e~xeh l{ dedle|~ ma xfe

Xu|ok~f ~enu|kx{ am|ne~ kg~khe ig ik|n|iax |ebk~xe|eh kg Xu|oe{ kg xfekgxe|gixkmgic pmge ma Gik|mlk Ik|zm|x'

Kx k~ nmddmg b|mugh xfix# hk|enxc{ iaxe| lekgb figheh mqe| xm xfeXu|ok~f maaknkic~ l{ xfe Oeg{ig maaknkic~# xfe izzcknigx ri~ ughe| eaaenxkqe Xu|ok~f iuxfm|kx{ igh xfe|eam|e rkxfkg xfe ‖ù|k~hknxkmg‛ ma xfix ^xixe am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma I|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg# eqegxfmubf kg xfk~ kg~xigne Xu|oe{ eve|nk~eh kx~ iuxfm|kx{ mux~khe kx~xe||kxm|{' Kx k~ x|ue xfix xfe izzcknigx ri~ zf{~knicc{ am|neh xm |exu|g

xm Xu|oe{ l{ Xu|ok~f maaknkic~ igh ri~ ughe| xfek| iuxfm|kx{ ighnmgx|mc amccmrkgb fk~ i||e~x igh |exu|g xm Xu|oe{ &~ee# kg xfk~ |e~zenx#xfe iam|edegxkmgeh henk~kmg~ kg xfe ni~e~ ma Kccknf \idk|ep ^égnfepq A|igne igh A|ehi q Kxic{? igh# l{ nmgqe|~e kdzcknixkmg# xfe

LigomqkĂ q Lecbkud ‡'—

<6:' Xfe|e i|e amu| aeixu|e~ ilmux xfk~ henk~kmg rfknf ~fmuch le gmxeh' Ak|~x# xfeXu|ok~f Bmqe|gdegx nmgneheh xfix xfe ni~e aecc rkxfkg i|xknce 9' ênmgh# kxkgqmcqeh# ix cei~x kg zi|x# inx~ nmddkxxeh mg i Xu|ok~f ik|n|iax' Xfk|h# xfe Xu|ok~finxkqkxke~ re|e iuxfm|k~eh l{ Oeg{i' Amu|xf &i~ Cm|h L|mrg zmkgxeh mux kg Ic$ôekgk ix _996T$_99;T+# kx kgqmcqeh xfe am|nklce |edmqic l{ ~xixe I a|md ~xixe Lrkxf ~xixe L‛~ nmg~egx ma i ze|~mg rigxeh am| x|kic kg ~xixe I' Na Kccknf \idk|ep^égnfep q A|igne &Izzcknixkmg Gm <626:-;5+ &9;;1+ 61$I H\ 955 &Nmddk~~kmg+?~ee ic~m Cþzep Lu|bm~ q U|ubui{ &9;69+ 16 KC\ <; igh Neckle|xk he Ni~i|kebm qU|ubui{ &9;69+ 16 KC\ 89&UG Fudig \kbfx~ Nmddkxxee+' Kg ^xezfeg~ q Dicxi&Gm 9+ &<::;+ 5: EF\\ 988# ix _5<T# _58T# kg i ~enxkmg heickgb rkxf ù|k~hknxkmgughe| i|xknce 9# kx ri~ fech xfix xfe i||e~x ma i L|kxk~f nkxkpeg kg ^zikg zu|~uigx xmig ugcirauc |eyue~x am| evx|ihkxkmg l{ Dicxi ri~ ixx|kluxilce xm# igh egbibeh xfe|e~zmg~klkckx{ ma# Dicxi# lux xfe Nmu|x hkh gmx evzcikg rf{ xfe izzcknigx ri~

rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma Dicxi'



Zibe 9:2

<69' Kx k~ egxk|ec{ nmg~k~xegx rkxf nmddmg ~eg~e am| xfe Nmgqegxkmg xm izzc{&eqeg xm xfix zi|x ma xfe mze|ixkmg rfknf mnnu|~ il|mih+ rfeg ibegx~ ma i ~xixe bmil|mih igh am|nklc{ |edmqe mge ma kx~ nkxkpeg~ am| x|kic ix fmde' Xfe henk~kmg k~ gmxiuxfm|kx{ am| i bege|ick~eh li~k~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg li~eh mg –iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc— l{~xixe ibegx~'

K~~i q Xu|oe{

<6<' K~~i q Xu|oe{ &<::8+ 89 EF\\ 512 fi~ leeg ~ulènx xm ncm~e igic{~k~ ighn|kxknk~d ix icc ceqec~ kg Ic$ôekgk' Kx i|m~e mux ma ig kgnu|~kmg l{ Xu|ok~f x|mmz~kgxm Gm|xfe|g K|iy kg 9;;5 xm zu|~ue igh eckdkgixe Xu|ok~f xe||m|k~x~ rfm re|e~eeokgb ~fecxe| kg K|iy' Xfe izzcknigx~ re|e K|iyk qkccibe|~ rfm iccebeh xfix kgnmgx|iqegxkmg ma xfek| Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ igh xfm~e ma xfek| |ecixkqe~# Xu|ok~f x|mmz~

fih &idmgb mxfe| xfkgb~+ hexikgeh# xm|xu|eh# igh okcceh qkccibe|~ igh niu~ehhk~x|e~~ xm mxfe|~' Xfe Nmu|x henkheh xfix xfe izzcknigx~‛ |ecixkqe~ hkh gmx nmderkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma Xu|oe{ rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma i|xknce 9' Nkxkgb Cmkpkhmu qXu|oe{ &De|kx~+ &9;;1+ <> EF\\ 59># ix _5<T# xfe Nmu|x |e$~xixeh &lux am| xfe ak|~xxkde kg |ecixkmg xm xe||kxm|{ mux~khe xfe Nmgqegxkmg ~xixe~+ xfix xfe |e~zmg~klkckx{ ma i ~xixe nmuch le egbibeh rfe|e i~ i nmg~eyuegne ma dkckxi|{ inxkmg# rfexfe| ciraucm| ugcirauc# xfe ~xixe kg z|inxkne eve|nk~eh eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma ig i|ei ~kxuixehmux~khe kx~ gixkmgic xe||kxm|{0 _16T$_1;T' Xfix heic~ rkxf ù|k~hknxkmg li~eh mgnmgx|mc ma xe||kxm|{# igh gmx ù|k~hknxkmg li~eh mg iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc ma xfeqknxkd l{ ~xixe ibegx~ mux~khe xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfe ~xixe'

<6>' Kg i dunf$hk~nu~~eh zi~~ibe# xfe Nmu|x ~ikh &ix _29T+

–Dm|emqe|# i ^xixe di{ ic~m le fech innmugxilce am| qkmcixkmg ma xfeNmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~ ma ze|~mg~ rfm i|e kg xfe xe||kxm|{ma igmxfe| ^xixe lux rfm i|e amugh xm le ughe| xfe am|de| ^xixe‛~iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc xf|mubf kx~ ibegx~ mze|ixkgb „ rfexfe| ciraucc{m| ugciraucc{ $ kg xfe cixxe| ^xixe ‡ Innmugxilkckx{ kg ~unf ~kxuixkmg~

~xed~ a|md xfe ainx xfix I|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg niggmx lekgxe|z|exeh ~m i~ xm iccmr i ^xixe zi|x{ xm ze|zex|ixe qkmcixkmg~ ma xfeNmgqegxkmg mg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma igmxfe| ^xixe# rfknf kx nmuch gmx

ze|zex|ixe mg kx~ mrg xe||kxm|{ &klkh +'—

<68' Nmg~eyuegxc{# ù|k~hknxkmg nmuch fiqe leeg li~eh mg ekxfe| eaaenxkqe nmgx|mcma xfe i|ei m| &icxfmubf xfe am|ducixkmg k~ l{ gm deig~ ncei|+ mg xfe inxkqkxke~ ma ~xixe ibegx~ ibikg~x cmnic kgfilkxigx~' Lux xfe izzcknigx~ re|e gmx rkxfkg xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg ma Xu|oe{ leniu~e Xu|oe{ hkh gmx eve|nk~e eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc mqe| xfe

|eceqigx i|ei# igh ic~m leniu~e kx fih gmx leeg z|mqeh xfix Xu|ok~f am|ne~ fihnmghunxeh mze|ixkmg~ kg xfe i|ei kg yue~xkmg0 _25T# _69T'



Zibe 9:6

<65' Kx k~ kdzcknkx kg xfe |ei~mgkgb kg xfk~ henk~kmg xfix xfe|e rmuch fiqe leeg ù|k~hknxkmg ka xfe Xu|ok~f x|mmz~ fih leeg bukcx{ ma ix|mnkxke~ eqeg rkxfmux mqe|iccnmgx|mc ma xfe i|ei' Ka xfix k~ ~m# kx k~ kgnmg~k~xegx rkxf LigomqkĂ' Kx k~ kdzm~~klce xm~ee fmr ig ixxino mg qkccibe|~ kg i n|m~~$lm|he| kgnu|~kmg kgxm i gmg$nmgx|inxkgb~xixe nmuch dioe xfe qkccibe|~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma Xu|oe{# rfeg i lmdlkgb|ikh mg Lecb|ihe hkh gmx dioe xfe qknxkd~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe GIXM^xixe~ kgqmcqeh'

<61' Xfe gmxkmg ma –iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc— xf|mubf ^xixe ibegx~ mze|ixkgb il|mihhe|kqe~ a|md xfe |ezm|x ma xfe Kgxe|$Ide|knig Nmddk~~kmg ma Fudig \kbfx~ kgNmi|h q Ugkxeh ^xixe~ &\ezm|x Gm 9:;-;;# <; êzxedle| 9;;;+ &9;;;+ ; LF\N95:# rfknf ri~ nkxeh l{ xfe ^x|i~lmu|b nmu|x kg K~~i q Xu|oe{ ix _29T kg ~uzzm|x ma xfix gmxkmg' Xfe Nmddk~~kmg ri~ evidkgkgb nmdzcikgx~ ilmux xfe izzcknigx~‛hexegxkmg igh x|eixdegx l{ Ugkxeh ^xixe~‛ am|ne~ kg xfe dkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg kg

B|egihi' Xfe Ide|knig Henci|ixkmg mg xfe \kbfx~ igh Huxke~ ma Dig 9;86nmgxikg~ gm evz|e~~ z|mqk~kmg mg kx~ xe||kxm|kic ckdkx~' Xfe Nmddk~~kmg ~ikh0

–Rfkce xfe evx|ixe||kxm|kic izzcknixkmg ma xfe Henci|ixkmg fi~ gmx leeg zcineh ix k~~ue l{ xfe zi|xke~ ‡ Bkqeg xfix kghkqkhuic |kbfx~kgfe|e ~kdzc{ l{ qk|xue ma i ze|~mg‛~ fudigkx{# einf Ide|knig ~xixek~ mlckbeh xm uzfmch xfe z|mxenxeh |kbfx~ ma ig{ ze|~mg ~ulènx xm kx~

ù|k~hknxkmg' Rfkce xfk~ dm~x nmddmgc{ |eae|~ xm ze|~mg~ rkxfkg i~xixe‛~ xe||kxm|{# kx di{# ughe| bkqeg nk|nud~xigne~# |eae| xm nmghunx

rkxf ig evx|ixe||kxm|kic cmnu~ rfe|e xfe ze|~mg nmgne|geh k~ z|e~egxkg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma mge ~xixe# lux ~ulènx xm xfe nmgx|mc ma igmxfe| ~xixe

„ u~uicc{ xf|mubf xfe inx~ ma xfe cixxe|‛~ ibegx~ il|mih' Kg z|kgnkzce#xfe kgyuk|{ xu|g~ gmx mg xfe z|e~udeh qknxkd‛~ gixkmgickx{ m|

z|e~egne rkxfkg i zi|xknuci| bemb|izfkn i|ei# lux mg rfexfe|# ughe| xfe ~zenkakn nk|nud~xigne~# xfe ~xixe ml~e|qeh xfe |kbfx~ ma i ze|~mg~ulènx xm kx~ iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc'—

<62' Xfe Nmi|h |ezm|x ri~ |eae||eh xm kg LigomqkĂ ix _<>T igh _26T# lux xfe

B|igh Nfidle| &ix _26T+ ~zenkaknicc{ kghknixeh xfix kx he|kqeh gm i~~k~xigne a|md kx leniu~e xfe Ide|knig Henci|ixkmg mg xfe \kbfx~ igh Huxke~ ma Dig 9;86nmgxikgeh gm evzcknkx ckdkxixkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg'

<66' @u|k~hknxkmg mg xfe li~k~ ma –iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc— &e~zenkicc{ mux~khe xfeNmgqegxkmg ~xixe~+ i~ i ~ezi|ixe feih ri~ ak|dc{ |eènxeh l{ xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg

Ic$ôekgk0 ~ee e~zenkicc{ Cm|h L|mrg ix _991T$_9<2T# igh Cm|h \mhbe| ix _2>T$_22T?igh ~ee ic~m \kv C@ ~zeiokgb am| xfe Ihdkgk~x|ixkqe Nmu|x ix _<91T# igh L|mmoe C@kg xfe Nmu|x ma Izzeic ix _9:>T'



Zibe 9:;

<6;' Gmx mgc{ k~ xfe|e gm ak|d li~k~ kg iuxfm|kx{ am| xfe gmxkmg ma iuxfm|kx{ ighnmgx|mc i~ i li~k~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9# K~~i k~ ic~m kgnmg~k~xegx rkxf xfegmxkmg ma xfe |ebkmgic gixu|e ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' I~ Cm|h \mhbe| ~ikh kg Ic$ôekgk &ix _26T+0

–Xfe e~~egxkicc{ |ebkmgic gixu|e ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg k~ |eceqigx xm xferi{ xfix xfe nmu|x mze|ixe~' Kx fi~ ùhbe~ ecenxeh a|md icc xfenmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~# gmx a|md ig{rfe|e ec~e' Xfe ùhbe~ zu|zm|x xmkgxe|z|ex igh izzc{ xfe qi|kmu~ |kbfx~ kg xfe Nmgqegxkmg kginnm|higne rkxf rfix xfe{ nmgnekqe xm le heqecmzdegx~ kg

z|eqikckgb ixxkxuhe~ kg xfe nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~' Xfk~ k~ mlqkmu~ a|md xfenmu|x"~ ù|k~z|uhegne mg ~unf dixxe|~ i~ xfe heixf zegicx{# ~evhk~n|kdkgixkmg# fmdm~evuickx{ igh x|ig~~evuic~' Xfe |e~ucx k~ i lmh{ma cir rfknf di{ |eacenx xfe qicue~ ma xfe nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~# lux

rfknf dm~x ne|xikgc{ hme~ gmx |eacenx xfm~e kg dig{ mxfe| zi|x~ ma xferm|ch' ^m xfe khei xfix xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ri~ mlckbeh xm ~enu|eml~e|qigne ma icc xfe |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~ i~ kgxe|z|exeh l{ xfeEu|mzeig Nmu|x kg xfe uxxe|c{ hkaae|egx ~mnkex{ ma ~muxfe|g K|iy k~digkae~xc{ il~u|h' Fegne# i~ gmxeh kg LigomqkĂ# 99 LF\N 8>5# 85>$858# zi|i 6:# xfe nmu|x fih ‖~m ai|‛ |enmbgk~eh ù|k~hknxkmg li~eh mgeaaenxkqe nmgx|mc mgc{ kg xfe ni~e ma xe||kxm|{ rfknf rmuch gm|dicc{

le nmqe|eh l{ xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Ka kx regx au|xfe|# xfe nmu|x rmuch |ugxfe |k~o gmx mgc{ ma nmcckhkgb rkxf xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma mxfe| fudig|kbfx~ lmhke~ lux ma lekgb innu~eh ma fudig |kbfx~ kdze|kick~d'—

êe ic~m Dinxiqk~f @ kg xfe Aehe|ic Nmu|x ma Nigihi0 Idge~x{ Kgxe|gixkmgic Nigihi qNigihi &Nfkea ma Heaegne ^xiaa+# <::6 AN >>1# _<::6T AN\ 581# _<>5T'

Dehqeh{eq q A|igne

<;:' Kg Dehqeh{eq q A|igne# B|igh Nfidle|# <; Di|nf <:9:# xfe izzcknigx~

iccebeh xfix xfe{ fih leeg i|lkx|i|kc{ hez|kqeh ma xfek| ckle|x{ nmgx|i|{ xm i|xknce5&9+ amccmrkgb xfe lmi|hkgb ma xfe ~fkz mg rfknf xfe{ re|e n|erdeg l{ A|egnfiuxfm|kxke~ igh nmdzcikgeh xfix xfe{ fih gmx leeg l|mubfx z|mdzxc{ leam|e i ùhbem| mxfe| maakne| iuxfm|k~eh l{ cir xm eve|nk~e ùhknkic zmre|' Xfe ~fkz ri~|ebk~xe|eh kg Nidlmhki' Nidlmhki fih bkqeg A|igne iuxfm|k~ixkmg xm kgxe|nezx xfe~fkz' Xfe Nmu|x fech ugigkdmu~c{ &icxfmubf kx ri~ hkqkheh mg xfe de|kx~ ma xfencikd+ xfix leniu~e A|igne eve|nk~eh aucc igh evncu~kqe nmgx|mc mqe| xfe ~fkz ighkx~ n|er# ix cei~x he ainxm# a|md xfe xkde ma kx~ kgxe|nezxkmg# kg i nmgxkgumu~ ighugkgxe||uzxeh digge| ugxkc xfe{ re|e x|keh kg A|igne# xfe izzcknigx~ re|eeaaenxkqec{ rkxfkg A|igne‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 90 ix _12T'



Zibe 99:

<;9' Xfk~ ni~e lei|~ ~mde |e~edlcigne xm Śnicig q Xu|oe{ &<::>+ >2 EF\\ <>6# evnezx xfix xfe ik|n|iax kg Śnicig ri~ |ebk~xe|eh kg Xu|oe{# xfe |e~zmghegx~xixe# rfe|ei~ xfe ~fkz kg Dehqeh{eq q A|igne ri~ |ebk~xe|eh kg Nidlmhki# ighxfe izzcknigx kg Śnicig fih xfe gixkmgickx{ ma xfe |e~zmghegx ~xixe# rfe|ei~ xfeizzcknigx~ kg Dehqeh{eq fih i qi|kex{ ma gmg$A|egnf gixkmgickxke~# Uo|ikgkig#\mdigkig# B|eeo igh Nfkceig' Xfe hkaae|egne~ i|e gmx n|unkic# ~kgne icxfmubf igik|n|iax k~ am| ~mde zu|zm~e~ |ebi|heh i~ zi|x ma xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfe nmugx|{ ma |ebk~x|ixkmg# rfkce kx k~ kg ig ik|zm|x kx k~ gm ~eg~e evedzx a|md xfe n|kdkgic igh

zulckn cir ma xfe xe||kxm|kic ~xixe# igh gmg$gixkmgic~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg i|eeyuicc{ egxkxceh xm xfe z|mxenxkmg ma Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~'

Ic$îihmmg igh Duahfk q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &ihdk~~klkckx{+

<;<' Gm| k~ Ic$îihmmg igh Duahfk q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &ihdk~~klkckx{+ &<::;+ 8;EF\\ Ê ;5 iuxfm|kx{ am| ig{ nmgnezx ma evx|i$xe||kxm|kickx{ bmkgb le{mgh LigomqkĂ i~ |enmbgk~eh kg Ic$ôekgk' Xfe izzcknigx~ nmdzcikgeh xfix xfek| x|ig~ae| l{ L|kxk~f am|ne~ xm xfe nu~xmh{ ma xfe K|iyk Fkbf X|klugic evzm~eh xfed xm i |eic|k~o ma xfe heixf zegicx{ kg l|einf ma i|xknce~ < igh >' Xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd‛~i|budegx mg ù|k~hknxkmg ri~ xfix xfe x|ig~ae| ma xfe izzcknigx~ kgxm xfe nu~xmh{ ma xfe K|iyk iuxfm|kxke~ xmmo zcine kg nk|nud~xigne~ rfe|e xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am|ne~fih xfe zmre| xm hexikg K|iyk gixkmgic~ mgc{ ix xfe |eyue~x ma xfe K|iyk nmu|x~? xfeUgkxeh Okgbhmd am|ne~ re|e gmx xm |exikg ig{ zmre| xm hexikg K|iyk gixkmgic~iaxe| >9 Henedle| <::6 igh# rkxfkg fmu|~ ma xfe inxuic x|ig~ae|# xfe li~e rmuch

fiqe nei~eh xm le kgqkmcilce igh xfe K|iyk iuxfm|kxke~ rmuch fiqe fih xfe |kbfx xmnmde zf{~knicc{ xm xfe li~e rfe|e xfe izzcknigx~ re|e hexikgeh igh |edmqe xfed'Nmg~eyuegxc{# kx ri~ i|bueh# xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ri~ gmx eve|nk~kgb ig{ zulckn

zmre|~ xf|mubf xfe eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma ig{ zi|x ma xfe xe||kxm|{ m| xfe kgfilkxigx~ma K|iy#

<;>' Xfe Nmu|x |enmbgk~eh xfix# hu|kgb xfe ak|~x dmgxf~ ma xfe hexegxkmg ma xfeizzcknigx~# xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd ri~ ig mnnuz{kgb zmre| kg K|iy' Xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd eve|nk~eh nmgx|mc igh iuxfm|kx{ mqe| xfe kghkqkhuic~ hexikgeh kg xfe

L|kxk~f$|ug hexegxkmg ainkckxke~ kgkxkicc{ ~mcec{ i~ i |e~ucx ma xfe u~e ma dkckxi|{am|ne' ûl~eyuegxc{ kx~ he ainxm nmgx|mc mqe| xfe z|edk~e~ ri~ |eacenxeh l{ xfeNZI m|he| rfknf z|mqkheh xfix icc z|edk~e~ u~eh l{ xfe ducxk$gixkmgic am|ne~fmuch le kgqkmcilce igh ~ulènx xm xfe evncu~kqe nmgx|mc igh iuxfm|kx{ ma xfe ducxk$gixkmgic am|ne0 _62T' Bkqeg xfe xmxic igh evncu~kqe he ainxm igh ~ul~eyuegxc{ ic~mhe ù|e nmgx|mc eve|nk~eh l{ Ugkxeh Okgbhmd iuxfm|kxke~ mqe| xfe z|edk~e~# xfekghkqkhuic~ hexikgeh xfe|e# kgncuhkgb xfe izzcknigx~# re|e rkxfkg xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg0 Fe~~ q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd' Xfix nmgncu~kmg# xfe Nmu|x ~ikh&ix _66T+# ri~ nmg~k~xegx rkxf xfe henk~kmg ma xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg Ic$ôekgk ighxfe zm~kxkmg ihmzxeh l{ xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd kg xfix ni~e leam|e xfe Nmu|x ma

Izzeic igh xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ &rfe|e kx fih leeg nmgneheh xfix xfe ù|k~hknxkmgughe| i|xknce 9 evxegheh xm i dkckxi|{ z|k~mg mnnuzkeh igh nmgx|mcceh l{ xfe Ugkxeh



Zibe 99<

innezxeh xfix xfe izzcknigx~ fih l|mubfx xfed~ecqe~ rkxfkg xfe idlkx ma xfe ~xixe‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg l{ cmhbkgb i ncikd rkxf xfe iuxfm|kxke~0 ~ee _>6T' Xfe L|kxk~fBmqe|gdegx ~eedeh &~mderfix i|xkaknkicc{+ xm x|eix xfe l|kgbkgb ma xfe ncikd i~ igmxkmgic egx|{ kgxm xfe xe||kxm|{ kg m|he| xm l|kgb z|mneehkgb~0 ~ee _86T'

<;6' I~ |ebi|h~ ù|k~hknxkmg am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9# xfe Nmu|x xf|ee xkde~u~eh xfe evz|e~~kmg –ù|k~hknxkmgic ckgo— kg xfe~e zi~~ibe~0

–58' Eqeg xfmubf xfe evx|ixe||kxm|kic gixu|e ma xfe eqegx~ iccebeh xmfiqe leeg ix xfe m|kbkg ma ig inxkmg di{ fiqe ig eaaenx mg xfeizzcknilkckx{ ma I|xknce 1 igh xfe akgic muxnmde ma xfe z|mneehkgb~# kxniggmx ughe| ig{ nk|nud~xigne~ iaaenx xfe ù|k~hknxkmg |ixkmge cmnk igh |ixkmge ze|~mgie ma xfe ^xixe nmgne|geh' Ka nkqkc z|mneehkgb~ i|e

l|mubfx kg xfe hmde~xkn nmu|x~# xfe ^xixe k~ |eyuk|eh l{ I|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg xm ~enu|e kg xfm~e z|mneehkgb~ |e~zenx am| xfe |kbfx~ z|mxenxeh l{ I|xknce 1'

Xfe Nmu|x nmg~khe|~ xfix mgne i ze|~mg l|kgb~ i nkqkc inxkmg kg xfenmu|x~ m| x|klugic~ ma i ^xixe# xfe|e kghk~zuxilc{ evk~x~# rkxfmux

z|eùhkne xm xfe muxnmde ma xfe z|mneehkgb~# i ‖ù|k~hknxkmgic ckgo‛am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma I|xknce 9'

55' Xfe Nmu|x gmxe~ xfix xfe izzcknigx~ kg xfe kg~xigx ni~e l|mubfx iginxkmg kg xfe Kxickig nkqkc nmu|x~' Nmg~eyuegxc{# kx akgh~ xfix i‖ù|k~hknxkmgic ckgo‛ evk~xeh lexreeg xfed igh xfe Kxickig ^xixe'—

<;;' Xfe evz|e~~kmg –ù|k~hknxkmgic ckgo— kg xfe nmgncu~kmg kg LigomqkĂ &ix _6<T+k~ zcikgc{ gmx kgxegheh xm ~xixe m| |ez|e~egx i ~ezi|ixe igh kghezeghegx xe~x ma

ù|k~hknxkmg# igh xfe ~ide du~x le ~m ma xfe zi~~ibe~ kg Di|omqkn q Kxic{' Nmg~eyuegxc{# gekxfe| ma xfm~e henk~kmg~ ~ubbe~x~ xfix xfe|e k~ i ~ezi|ixe a|ee$~xighkgb feih ma ù|k~hknxkmg li~eh mg i ù|k~hknxkmgic ckgo# igh &nmgx|i|{ xm xfe

|e~zmghegx~‛ zm~kxkmg mg xfk~ izzeic+ xfe|e k~ gmxfkgb kg xfe mzkgkmg ma Cm|h\mhbe| kg Ic$ôekgk rfknf ~uzzm|x~ ~unf i ~ubbe~xkmg' Fe ~ikh &ix _18T+

–Kx k~ kdzm|xigx xfe|eam|e xm |enmbgk~e xfix# rfeg nmg~khe|kgb xfeyue~xkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| xfe Nmgqegxkmg# xfe amnu~ fi~ ~fkaxehxm xfe qknxkd m|# dm|e z|enk~ec{# xm xfe ckgo lexreeg xfe qknxkd ighxfe nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe ‡ _ATm| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma henkhkgb rfexfe| xfeNmgqegxkmg izzcke~ mux~khe xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# xfeoe{ yue~xkmg k~ rfexfe| xfe henei~eh re|e ckgoeh xm xfe Ugkxeh

Okgbhmd rfeg xfe{ re|e okcceh' Fmreqe| |ez|efeg~klce# fmreqe|



Zibe 99>

nmgx|i|{ xm ig{ nmddmg ughe|~xighkgb ma |e~zenx am| ‖fudig |kbfx~‛#xfe iccebeh nmghunx ma xfe L|kxk~f am|ne~ dkbfx fiqe leeg# kx fih gmcebic nmg~eyuegne~ ughe| xfe Nmgqegxkmg# ugce~~ xfe|e ri~ xfix ckgo igh xfe henei~eh re|e rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmdix xfe xkde' Am|# mgc{ xfeg rmuch xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd fiqe mrehxfed ig{ mlckbixkmg kg kgxe|gixkmgic cir xm ~enu|e xfek| |kbfx~ ughe| i|xknce < ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg igh mgc{ xfeg rmuch xfek| |ecixkqe~ fiqefih ig{ |kbfx~ ughe| xfe 9;;6 Inx—'

>::' Icc xfix Cm|h \mhbe| ri~ ~i{kgb ri~ xfix xfe|e du~x le i |eceqigx ckgo# gmxxfix i ckgo# m| ig{ ckgo# k~ i ~uaaknkegx li~k~ am| xfe evk~xegne ma ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9'

>:9' Kx ~fmuch le ihheh kg |ecixkmg xm Di|omqkn q Kxic{ xfix kx dioe~ nmdzcexe~eg~e am| xfe Nmgqegxkmg xm izzc{ xm zi|xke~ xm ckxkbixkmg kg nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~k||e~zenxkqe ma rfe|e xfe{ i|e' Kx nmuch gmx le ~e|kmu~c{ ~ubbe~xeh# am| evidzce#xfix i @izige~e heaeghigx kg Egbck~f z|mneehkgb~ rfm k~ ~e|qeh mux ma xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg k~ gmx egxkxceh xm i|xknce 1 |kbfx~' Kg Culle q Nize zcn _<:::T 9 RC\ 9585 xfe ^muxf Ia|knig i~le~xm~k~ qknxkd~ ~ukgb kg Egbcigh ~uldkxxeh xfix xm ~xi{xfe z|mneehkgb~ kg aiqmu| ma xfe ^muxf Ia|knig am|ud rmuch qkmcixe xfek| i|xknce 1|kbfx~' I ~xi{ ri~ |eau~eh mg xfe gmg$Nmgqegxkmg b|mugh xfix# leniu~e ma xfe cino ma aughkgb igh cebic |ez|e~egxixkmg kg ^muxf Ia|kni# xfe{ rmuch le hegkeh i aik| x|kic mg xe|d~ ma eyuickx{ rkxf xfe heaeghigx' Cm|h Lkgbfid ~ikh &ix z 9519+ xfix

i|xknce 1 hkh gmx ~uzzm|x ig{ nmgncu~kmg rfknf ri~ gmx ic|eih{ |einfeh mgizzcknixkmg ma xfe ~xi{ z|kgnkzce~ ^zkckihi Di|kxkde Nm|zg q Nig~ucev Cxh _9;62TIN 81:' Xfe|e ri~ gm ~ubbe~xkmg# gm| nmuch xfe|e fiqe leeg# xfix xfe ncikdigx~nmuch gmx |ec{ mg i|xknce 1 leniu~e xfe{ re|e ^muxf Ia|knig~ rkxfmux ig{nmggenxkmg rkxf xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd'

>:<' Kg LigomqkĂ xfe Nmu|x ~ikh _25T xfix xfe mlckbixkmg kg i|xknce 9 nmuch gmx le–hkqkheh igh xikcm|eh kg innm|higne rkxf xfe zi|xknuci| nk|nud~xigne~ ma xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kic inx kg yue~xkmg#— igh xfe Nmu|x fi~ ~ikh xfix kg xe||kxm|{ rfknf k~ ~ulènx

xm xfe eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma i nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe xfe mlckbixkmg ma xfe ^xixe k~ xm ~enu|e–xfe egxk|e |igbe ma ~ul~xigxkqe Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~— LigomqkĂ ix _2:T# nkxkgb N{z|u~q Xu|oe{ &<::9+ >5 EF\\ 2>9 ix _22T' Lux ni~e~ ~unf i~ Di|omqkn q Kxic{ ~ubbe~xxfix ~mde yuickaknixkmg k~ gene~~i|{ xm xfe z|kgnkzce ma kghkqk~klkckx{ ma Nmgqegxkmg|kbfx~# igh xfix xfe|e di{ le ni~e~ kg rfknf i ze|~mg di{ le rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmgma i nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe am| ckdkxeh zu|zm~e~ mgc{' Igmxfe| zm~~klce evidzce k~~ubbe~xeh l{ Ni|~mg q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# B|igh Nfidle|# 91 Di|nf <:9: &kgrfknf xfe|e ri~ gm k~~ue ughe| i|xknce 9+' Xfe izzcknigx~ re|e ze|~mg~ rfm fihrm|oeh kg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd igh zikh gixkmgic kg~u|igne nmgx|kluxkmg~ igh xfegedkb|ixeh xm ^muxf Ia|kni# Nigihi m| Iu~x|icki' ^xixe zeg~kmg~ xm ze|~mg~ il|mih

re|e gmx uz$|ixeh xm xioe innmugx ma kgacixkmg rkxf xfe |e~ucx xfix xfe{ |enekqeh ce~~&ai| ce~~ kg ~mde ni~e~+' Xfe{ aikceh kg xfek| ncikd ughe| i|xknce 98 ma xfe



Zibe 998

Nmgqegxkmg igh i|xknce 9 ma xfe Ak|~x Z|mxmnmc# lux |kbfxc{ kx ri~ geqe| ~ubbe~xehxfix leniu~e xfe{ re|e ze|digegxc{ il|mih xfe{ re|e gmx rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am| i|xknce 9 zu|zm~e~ kg |ecixkmg xm kgxe|ae|egne rkxf z|mze|x{~kxuixe kg xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &i~ xfe zeg~kmg |kbfx~ re|e+' Nmg~eyuegxc{ xfe|edi{ le ni~e~ kg rfknf ze|~mg~ il|mih di{ gmx le egxkxceh xm xfe –rfmce zinoibe—ma Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~'

Nmgncu~kmg~

>:>' LigomqkĂ dihe kx ncei| xfix i|xknce 9 ri~ gmx xm le kgxe|z|exeh i~ i –ckqkgbkg~x|udegx— kg innm|higne rkxf nfigbkgb nmghkxkmg~0 _18T$_15T' Kx k~ fi|hc{nmgnekqilce xfix kg 9;5: xfe a|ide|~ ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg rmuch fiqe kgxegheh xfeNmgqegxkmg xm izzc{ xm xfe i|deh am|ne~ ma Nmugnkc ma Eu|mze ~xixe~ egbibeh kg

mze|ixkmg~ kg xfe Dkhhce Ei~x m| ec~erfe|e mux~khe xfe nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~' Eqeg xfeckdkxeh evnezxkmg~ xm xe||kxm|kickx{ |enmbgk~eh l{ xfe ^x|i~lmu|b nmu|x re|e zcikgc{gmx nmgxedzcixeh kg xfe h|iaxkgb z|mne~~' Xfe m|kbkgic h|iax z|ezi|eh l{ xfeNmddkxxee ma xfe Nmg~ucxixkqe I~~edlc{ ma xfe Nmugnkc ma Eu|mze mg cebic ighihdkgk~x|ixkqe yue~xkmg~ |eae||eh xm –icc ze|~mg~ |e~khkgb rkxfkg xfek| xe||kxm|ke~—'Amccmrkgb i ~ubbe~xkmg xfix –|e~khkgb rkxfkg— le |ezcineh l{ –ckqkgb kg—# xfeEvze|x Kgxe|bmqe|gdegxic Nmddkxxee henkheh kg~xeih mg ze|~mg~ –rkxfkg xfek|

ù|k~hknxkmg—' Xfe |ei~mg ri~ xfix xfe xe|d –|e~khkgb— dkbfx le nmg~khe|eh xmm|e~x|knxkqe# igh xfe|e re|e bmmh b|mugh~ am| evxeghkgb xfe legeakx~ ma xfeNmgqegxkmg xm icc ze|~mg~ kg xfe xe||kxm|ke~ ma xfe ~kbgixm|{ ~xixe~# eqeg xfm~e rfm

nmuch gmx le nmg~khe|eh i~ |e~khkgb xfe|e kg xfe cebic ~eg~e ma xfe rm|h0 Nmccenxeh Ehkxkmg ma xfe X|iqiuv Z|ëzi|ixmk|e~ ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~# qmc KKK# z <1:' Izi|x a|md i nmddegx l{ D \mckg# xfe edkgegx Lecbkig|ez|e~egxixkqe xm xfe Nmg~ucxixkqe I~~edlc{# xfix xfe z|mxenxkmg~ rmuch evxegh xmicc kghkqkhuic~ ma rfixeqe| gixkmgickx{# rfm mg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma ig{ mge ma xfe~xixe~# dkbfx fiqe fih |ei~mg xm nmdzcikg xfix xfek| |kbfx~ re|e qkmcixeh# i|xknce 9hkh gmx bkqe |k~e xm ig{ au|xfe| hk~nu~~kmg mg xfk~ i~zenx igh xfix xevx ri~ ihmzxeh

l{ xfe Nmg~ucxixkqe I~~edlc{ mg <5 Iubu~x 9;5: rkxfmux au|xfe| ideghdegx0Nmccenxeh Ehkxkmg# qmc QK# zz 9><# 986' êe LigomqkĂ ix _9;T$_<9T igh ic~mCir~mg# Ckae Iaxe| Ligomqkn0 Mg xfe Evx|ixe||kxm|kic Izzcknixkmg ma xfe Eu|mzeig

Nmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~# kg Evx|ixe||kxm|kic Izzcknixkmg ma Fudig \kbfx~X|eixke~# eh Nmmdig~ igh Oiddkgbi# <::8# 6># ix 6;$;:' Xfe|e k~ gmxfkgb kg xfeh|iaxkgb fk~xm|{ xm bkqe xfe ~ckbfxe~x n|ehegne xm xfe z|mzm~kxkmg xfix xfeNmgqegxkmg ri~ xm izzc{ xm xfe |ecixkmg~ ma xfe ~xixe rkxf kx~ i|deh am|ne~ il|mih'

>:8' Kx k~ gmxerm|xf{ xfix# r|kxkgb kg xfe ~ide {ei|# Z|mae~~m| Fe|~nfCiuxe|zinfx &i~ fe xfeg ri~+ z|mhuneh i h|iax ma xfe Kgxe|gixkmgic Lkcc ma xfe\kbfx~ ma Dig rfknf z|mqkheh &i|xknce 96+0 –Xfe mlckbixkmg~ ma xfk~ Lkcc ma \kbfx~~ficc le lkghkgb uzmg ^xixe~ kg |ecixkmg lmxf xm xfek| dex|mzmckxig xe||kxm|{ igh xm

ig{ mxfe| xe||kxm|{ ughe| xfek| nmgx|mc igh ù|k~hknxkmg—' êe Ciuxe|zinfx# Kgxe|gixkmgic Cir igh Fudig \kbfx~# 9;5:# z >92'



Zibe 995

>:5' LigomqkĂ &i~ izzckeh kg Ic$ôekgk+ nmgak|d~ xfix i|xknce 9 |eacenx~ xfexe||kxm|kic gmxkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg# igh xfix mxfe| li~e~ ma ù|k~hknxkmg i|e evnezxkmgicigh |eyuk|e ~zenkic ù~xkaknixkmg' Kg z|inxkne xfe evnezxkmg~ |enmbgk~eh l{ xfe Nmu|xfiqe ekxfe| nmg~k~xeh ma &9+ xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg l{ i ~xixe mqe| xfe xe||kxm|{ ma igmxfe| nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe? &<+ evxeg~kmg~ ma xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg l{ igicmb{? igh&>+ nmddmg~eg~e evxeg~kmg~ ma xfe gmxkmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg xm akx ni~e~ rfknf zcikgc{~fmuch le rkxfkg xfe ~nmze ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg'

>:1' Xfe Gm|xfe|g N{z|u~ ni~e~ ~unf i~ Cmkpkhmu q Xu|oe{ &De|kx~+ igh N{z|u~q Xu|oe{# igh ic~m Kci ŝnu q Dmchmqi igh \u~~ki igh I~~igkhpe q Bem|bki i|e icckccu~x|ixkmg~ ma xfe evxeg~kmg m| izzcknixkmg ma xe||kxm|kickx{ xm ni~e~ ma eaaenxkqenmgx|mc &m| cino ma nmgx|mc+ l{ nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~ ma Nmugnkc ma Eu|mze xe||kxm|{'Xfe evxeg~kmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg xm dkckxi|{ li~e~ igh fm~zkxic~ &ucxkdixec{ li~ehmg nmgne~~kmg l{ xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe+ kg Ic$ôekgk igh Ic$îihmmg igh Duahfk q

Ugkxeh Okgbhmd &ihdk~~klkckx{+ k~ nmg~k~xegx rkxf xfe x|eixdegx kg hknxi ma xfeNmddk~~kmg igh xfe Nmu|x ma akveh z|edk~e~ il|mih i~ xe||kxm|kic evxeg~kmg~ ma xfe~xixe' Ka xfe ùhbe~ kg H|mph q A|igne igh ^zikg fih leeg inxkgb i~ A|egnf m| ^zigk~f ùhbe~ nmddmg~eg~e rmuch fiqe |enmbgk~eh xfed i~ evxeg~kmg~ ma xfe~xixe ùhknki|{ inxkgb il|mih' ^m ic~m kg ni~e~ ~unf i~ Śnicig q Xu|oe{ ighDehqeh{eq q A|igne# rfe|e i ~xixe‛~ maaknkic~ hexikg i ze|~mg il|mih am| x|kic kg kx~xe||kxm|{# kx rmuch le mhh ka xfe|e nmuch le gm nmdzcikgx ughe| xfe Nmgqegxkmg kg|e~zenx ma xfe inx~ rfknf xmmo zcine mux~khe xfe xe||kxm|{' ^kdkci|c{# xfe izzcknixkmgma i|xknce 1 |kbfx~ xm am|ekbg ncikdigx~ kg Di|omqkn q Kxic{ dioe~ nmdzcexe ~eg~e0 kxrmuch le i x|iqe~x{ ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg xm heg{ xfed xfe |kbfx xm inne~~ xm i nmu|x

leniu~e xfe{ re|e mux~khe xfe Nmgqegxkmg ~xixe~'

>:2' Xfk~ ni~e nmde~ rkxfkg gmge ma xfe evnezxkmg~ |enmbgk~eh l{ xfe ^x|i~lmu|bnmu|x# igh xfe|e k~ gm li~k~ kg kx~ ni~e$cir# m| kg z|kgnkzce# am| xfe z|mzm~kxkmg xfixxfe ù|k~hknxkmg rfknf ~xixe~ ughmulxehc{ fiqe mqe| xfek| i|deh am|ne~ il|mih lmxfkg gixkmgic cir igh kgxe|gixkmgic cir deig~ xfix xfe{ i|e rkxfkg xfek| ù|k~hknxkmgam| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9' Am| xfe |ei~mg~ bkqeg kg xfe z|enehkgb ~enxkmg~ ma xfk~

ùhbdegx# ù|k~hknxkmg niggmx le e~xilck~feh ~kdzc{ mg xfe li~k~ xfix xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd‛~ i|deh am|ne~ il|mih i|e ughe| xfe –iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc— ma xfe

Ugkxeh Okgbhmd# m| xfix xfe|e k~ i –ù|k~hknxkmgic ckgo— lexreeg xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd igh xfm~e i|deh am|ne~' Xm xfe evxegx xfix K~~i q Xu|oe{ ~xixe~ i

z|kgnkzce ma ù|k~hknxkmg li~eh ~mcec{ mg –iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc— l{ ~xixe ibegx~mqe| kghkqkhuic~ il|mih# kx k~ kgnmg~k~xegx rkxf LigomqkĂ# igh rkxf Ic$ôekgk# rfe|ekx ri~ nmdz|efeg~kqec{ n|kxknk~eh l{ xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~' Gm| k~ xfe|e ig{xfkgb kgDi|omqkn q Kxic{ m| kg Cm|h \mhbe|‛~ mzkgkmg kg Ic$ôekgk xm ~uzzm|x i–ù|k~hknxkmgic ckgo— i~ i a|ee$~xighkgb li~k~ am| ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9'

>:6' Gm| i|e xfe|e zmckn{ b|mugh~ am| evxeghkgb xfe ~nmze ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg xm

i|deh am|ne~ il|mih' Mg xfe nmgx|i|{# xm evxegh xfe Nmgqegxkmg kg xfk~ ri{ rmuch



Zibe 991

ucxkdixec{ kgqmcqe xfe nmu|x~ kg k~~ue~ |ecixkgb xm xfe nmghunx ma i|deh fm~xkckxke~rfknf i|e e~~egxkicc{ gmg$ù~xknkilce'

>:;' K rmuch xfe|eam|e iccmr xfe izzeic mg xfe ak|~x k~~ue' Mg xfe ~enmgh k~~ue# K

ib|ee rkxf xfe ùhbdegx ma Cm|h Zfkcckz~ igh rmuch hk~dk~~ xfe izzeic'

CM\H OE\\

>9:' I|xknce 9 ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg mg Fudig \kbfx~ igh AughidegxicA|eehmd~ z|mqkhe~ xfix –xfe Fkbf Nmgx|inxkgb Zi|xke~ ~ficc ~enu|e xm eqe|{mgerkxfkg xfek| ù|k~hknxkmg xfe |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~ heakgeh kg ênxkmg K ma xfk~

Nmgqegxkmg'— Xfe ak|~x k~~ue kg xfk~ izzeic k~ nmgne|geh rkxf xfe yue~xkmg ma rfixk~ deigx l{ xfe zf|i~e# –rkxfkg xfek| ù|k~hknxkmg—'

>99' K fiqe |eih xfe ùhbdegx ma Cm|h Digne igh id kg nmdzcexe ib|eedegxrkxf rfix fe fi~ ~ikh mg xfe ak|~x k~~ue' Am| xfe |ei~mg~ xfix fe fi~ bkqeg# K xmmrmuch hk~dk~~ xfe izzeic mg xfe ak|~x b|mugh'

Xfe ak|~x k~~ue

>9<' Kx fi~ leeg innezxeh kg i ~e|ke~ ma henk~kmg~# lmxf hmde~xkn igh Eu|mzeig#xfix xfe z|kdi|{ igh e~~egxkic li~k~ am| ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9 k~ xe||kxm|kic' Kxfi~ ic~m leeg innezxeh xfix xfk~ kdzm|xigx z|kgnkzce k~ ~ulènx xm evnezxkmg~' Inegx|ic k~~ue mg xfe ak|~x b|mugh ma izzeic k~ rfexfe| xfe ihdk~~klce evnezxkmg~ i|enmgakgeh xm xfm~e ~zenkakn evidzce~ xfix fiqe leeg evz|e~~c{ |enmbgk~eh l{ xfehenk~kmg~ kg xfk~ akech# zi|xknuci|c{ xfm~e |einfeh kg ^x|i~lmu|b# m| rfexfe| au|xfe| evnezxkmg~ di{ le |enmbgk~eh l{ xfe izzcknixkmg ma z|kgnkzce~ ic|eih{ e~xilck~feh

l{ xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx~'

>9>' Kg \ &Begxce+ q Z|kde Dkgk~xe| _<::6T UOFC <:? _<::6T IN 9>51# Cm|hLkgbfid ncei|c{ nmgxedzcixeh xfix ig{ evnezxkmg~ xm m| evxeg~kmg~ ma xfe z|kgnkzcema xe||kxm|kickx{ ~fmuch le ~zenkakn igh ckdkxeh „ ~ee zi|i 6&>+ ma fk~ mzkgkmg' Xfixni~e ma nmu|~e kgqmcqeh i ncikd xfix xfe ciraucge~~ ma xfe ri| kg K|iy ~fmuch lekgqe~xkbixeh kg m|he| xm xe~x rfexfe| xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd fih aucakcceh rfix re|e~ikh xm le kx~ i|xknce < mlckbixkmg~ xm ~mchke|~ rfm re|e evzm~eh xm xfe |k~o ma heixfkg xfix ri|' Kx ri~ gmx nmgne|geh rkxf xfe yue~xkmg xfix i|k~e~ fe|e „ rfexfe| i~mchke| rfm k~ rkxfkg xfe nmgx|mc ma xfe ~xixe# kg xfe am|d ma xfe i|d{ iuxfm|kxke~#|edikg~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ~xixe am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe

Nmgqegxkmg rfeg fe k~ mux~khe xfe ~xixe‛~ gixkmgic xe||kxm|{'



Zibe 992

>98' I~ Cm|h Digne fi~ zmkgxeh mux# Cm|h Lkgbfid muxckgeh xf|ee |ei~mg~ xfixi|xknce < fih geqe| leeg fech xm izzc{ xm xfe z|mne~~ ma henkhkgb mg xfe ciraucge~~ma i |e~m|x xm i|d~' Xfe ak|~x ri~ xfix xfe ciraucge~~ ma dkckxi|{ inxkmg fi~ gmkddehkixe lei|kgb mg xfe |k~o ma aixickxke~' Xfe ~enmgh ri~ xfix xfe h|iax~deg ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmgqegxkmg fih gmx egqk~ibeh xfix kx nmuch z|mqkhe i ~ukxilcea|iderm|o m| dinfkge|{ am| |e~mcqkgb yue~xkmg~ ilmux xfe |e~m|x xm ri|' Xfe akgic|ei~mg |ecixeh xm xfe xe||kxm|kickx{ k~~ue' Mg xfk~ zmkgx# Cm|h Lkgbfid ~ikh0

–ûlènx xm ckdkxeh evnezxkmg~ igh ~zenkakn evxeg~kmg~# xfeizzcknixkmg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg k~ xe||kxm|kic0 xfe |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~i|e m|hkgi|kc{ xm le ~enu|eh xm xfm~e rkxfkg xfe lm|he|~ ma xfe ~xixeigh gmx mux~khe' Fe|e# xfe heixf~ ma Au~kcke| Begxce igh X|mmze| Nci|oe mnnu||eh kg K|iy igh icxfmubf xfe{ re|e ~ulènx xm xfeiuxfm|kx{ ma xfe heaeghigx~ xfe{ re|e ncei|c{ gmx rkxfkg xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe UO i~ xfix evz|e~~kmg kg xfe Nmgqegxkmg fi~ leegkgxe|z|exeh0 \ &Ic$ôekgk+ q ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe am| Heaegne _<::6T IN95># zi|i~ 2;# 9<;'—

>95' Xfe Ic$ôekgk ni~e kgqmcqeh xfe heixf~ ma ~kv K|iyk nkqkckig~ ix xfe figh~ ma L|kxk~f x|mmz~' Akqe ma xfe henei~eh re|e ~fmx kg xfe nmu|~e ma ~enu|kx{ mze|ixkmg~?xfe ~kvxf# D| Dmu~i# hkeh amccmrkgb b|m~~ kcc$x|eixdegx rfkce kg nu~xmh{ kg i UO dkckxi|{ hexegxkmg ainkckx{' Xfe izzeccigx~# rfm re|e |ecixkqe~ ma xfe henei~eh#i~oeh xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe xm fmch i zulckn kgyuk|{ kgxm xfek| |ecixkqe~" heixf~' Xfe

ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe kghknixeh xfix fe rmuch gmx fmch ~unf ig kgyuk|{' Xfe izzeccigx~~mubfx ùhknkic |eqker ma xfix henk~kmg' Kg m|he| xm z|mdmxe xfix izzcknixkmg xfeizzeccigx~ fih xm e~xilck~f &idmgb mxfe| xfkgb~+ xfix xfek| nmdzcikgx aecc rkxfkg xfe~nmze ma ENF\ igh xfix i Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx fih leeg qkmcixeh' Xfe qkmcixkmgiccebeh l{ xfe izzeccigx~ nmg~k~xeh z|kdi|kc{ ma i aikcu|e xm kgqe~xkbixe# i~ |eyuk|eh

l{ i|xknce <# i qkmcegx heixf iccebeh xm fiqe leeg niu~eh l{ ibegx~ ma xfe ~xixe' XfeFmu~e ma Cm|h~ fech xfix xfe Nmgqegxkmg mze|ixeh kg ig e~~egxkicc{ |ebkmgicnmgxevx# dm~x gmxilc{ kg xfe cebic ~zine ma xfe nmgx|inxkgb ~xixe~ &ke rkxfkg xfe i|eima xfe Nmugnkc ma Eu|mze nmugx|ke~+' Xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9 ri~ z|kdi|kc{xe||kxm|kic' Xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ |enmbgk~eh# fmreqe|# xfix evnezxkmg~ xm xfix

z|kgnkzce evk~xeh' Xfe~e kgncuheh nk|nud~xigne~ rfe|e xfe ~xixe fih eaaenxkqenmgx|mc ma i am|ekbg xe||kxm|{ igh kx~ kgfilkxigx~ xf|mubf dkckxi|{ mnnuzixkmg m| l{xfe nmg~egx# kgqkxixkmg m| inyuke~negne ma xfe bmqe|gdegx ma xfix xe||kxm|{ igh kxeve|nk~eh icc m| ~mde ma xfe zulckn zmre|~ xfix rmuch gm|dicc{ fiqe leegeve|nk~eh l{ xfe cmnic bmqe|gdegx' Xfk~ ri~ xfe nmgxevx kg rfknf xfe ml~e|qixkmg~kg zi|i~ 2; igh 9<; ma Ic$ôekgk &mg rfknf Cm|h Lkgbfid |eckeh kg Begxce+ re|edihe'

>91' Xfe ~xixedegx~ ma Cm|h \mhbe| kg zi|i 2; ma Ic$ôekgk re|e li~eh ci|bec{

mg fk~ nmg~khe|ixkmg ma xfe henk~kmg ma xfe Eu|mzeig Nmu|x ma Fudig \kbfx~ kg Ligomqkn q Lecbkud &<::9+ 99 LF\N 8>5' Xfix ni~e fi~ leeg evxeg~kqec{



Zibe 99;

ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe UO# kg rfm~e ù|k~hknxkmg re|e xfe{= Xfe ig~re| xfix xfeizzeccigx kdzckehc{ bkqe~ xm xfk~ yue~xkmg k~ xfix xfe ~mchke|~ re|e rkxfkg xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe UO am| icc zu|zm~e~ evnezx am| xfm~e ma i|xknce 9 ma xfeNmgqegxkmg lux xfix |e~zmg~e de|ec{ z|mdzx~ xfe au|xfe| yue~xkmg# –rf{— igh# am| |ei~mg~ xfix K ~ficc xmunf mg lecmr# xm xfix ~enmgh yue|{ K nig akgh gm ~ixk~ainxm|{|ezc{'

>96' Zi|i 9<; ma Ic$ôekgk &xfe mxfe| zi~~ibe mg rfknf Cm|h Lkgbfid |eckeh kgBegxce+ k~ eyuicc{ nmgne|geh rkxf xfe yue~xkmg ma xe||kxm|kic nmgx|mc' Xfe|e Cm|hL|mrg ~ikh0

–‡ evnezx rfe|e i ~xixe |eicc{ hme~ fiqe eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma xe||kxm|{# kx niggmx fmze xm ~enu|e Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ rkxfkg xfix

xe||kxm|{ igh# ugce~~ kx k~ rkxfkg xfe i|ei ma xfe Nmugnkc ma Eu|mze# kxk~ ugckoec{ kg ig{ eqegx xm akgh ne|xikg ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ kx k~ lmugh xm ~enu|e |enmgnkcilce rkxf xfe nu~xmd~ ma xfe |e~khegx zmzucixkmg' Kgheeh kx bme~ au|xfe| xfig xfix' Hu|kgb xfe ze|kmh kgyue~xkmg fe|e kx k~ nmddmg b|mugh xfix xfe UO ri~ ig mnnuz{kgb

zmre| kg ~muxfe|g K|iy igh lmugh i~ ~unf l{ Begeqi KQ igh l{ xfeFibue \ebucixkmg~' I|xknce 8> ma xfe Fibue \ebucixkmg~ z|mqkhe~xfix xfe mnnuzigx ‖~ficc xioe icc xfe dei~u|e~ kg fk~ zmre| xm |e~xm|eigh eg~u|e# i~ ai| i~ zm~~klce# zulckn m|he| igh ~iaex{# rfkce|e~zenxkgb# ugce~~ il~mcuxec{ z|eqegxeh# xfe cir~ kg am|ne kg xfe

nmugx|{‛' Xfe izzeccigx~ i|bue xfix mnnuzixkmg rkxfkg xfe deigkgb ma xfe Fibue \ebucixkmg~ gene~~i|kc{ kgqmcqe~ xfe mnnuzigx fiqkgbeaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma xfe i|ei igh ~m lekgb |e~zmg~klce am| ~enu|kgbxfe|e icc Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~' ^m ai| i~ xfk~ lekgb xfeni~e# fmreqe|# xfe mnnuzigx~" mlckbixkmg k~ xm |e~zenx ‖xfe cir~ kgam|ne‛# gmx xm kgx|mhune cir~ igh xfe deig~ xm egam|ne xfed &am| evidzce# nmu|x~ igh i ù~xkne ~{~xed+ ~unf i~ xm ~ixk~a{ xfe|eyuk|edegx~ ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Maxeg &am| evidzce rfe|e ^fi|kicir k~ kg am|ne+ Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ rmuch ncei|c{ le kgnmdzixklcerkxf xfe cir~ ma xfe xe||kxm|{ mnnuzkeh'—

>9;' Kx k~ kddehkixec{ eqkhegx xfix Cm|h L|mrg ri~ hk~nu~~kgb xfe gixu|e ighheb|ee ma nmgx|mc xfix ri~ |eyuk|eh leam|e xfe xe||kxm|kic nmgx|mc evnezxkmg nmuchi|k~e' Xfe z|kgnkzic de~~ibe „ i~ kx ~eed~ xm de „ xm ede|be a|md xfk~ zi~~ibe k~xfix xfe evxegx ma xfe mnnuzigx~‛ inxuic nmgx|mc mqe| xfe xe||kxm|{ kg yue~xkmg ri~qe|{ ai| a|md nmdzcexe igh xfe|eam|e egxk|ec{ kgnmdzixklce rkxf i nizinkx{ xmegam|ne nmdzckigne rkxf xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Mg xfix innmugx# xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kicevnezxkmg nmuch gmx le fech xm izzc{' Rfeg mge izz|minfe~ xfe dixxe| a|md xfe

ze|~zenxkqe ma zmre| mqe| dkckxi|{ ze|~mggec# fmreqe|# xfe ceqec ma nmgx|mc ma xfe

UO mnnuz{kgb am|ne~ k~ ma ig icxmbexfe| hkaae|egx m|he| a|md xfix rfknf xfe{ nmucheve|x mqe| xfe xe||kxm|{' Xfe nmgx|mc xfix xfe UO fih mqe| Z|kqixe ^dkxf ri~ i~



Zibe 9<:

nmdzcexe i~ kx k~ zm~~klce kg xmhi{‛~ rm|ch xm le' Dm|emqe|# am| xfe |ei~mg~ bkqeg l{ Cm|h Digne kg zi|i~ 965$966 ma fk~ ùhbdegx# gm mxfe| ibegn{ m| ~xixe ri~egxkxceh xm m| nmuch eve|nk~e ig{ iuxfm|kx{ mqe| fkd' Kg zcikg xe|d~# fe hkh gmxnmde rkxfkg ig{ cebic m|he| m| ù|k~hknxkmg mxfe| xfig xfix ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd'

><:' K xfe|eam|e |e~zenxaucc{ ib|ee rkxf Cm|h Digne xfix Cm|h Lkgbfid‛~~xixedegx kg Begxce xfix xfe ~mchke|~# icxfmubf ~ulènx xm xfe iuxfm|kx{ ma xfe UgkxehOkgbhmd bmqe|gdegx# re|e –ncei|c{ gmx rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe UO— du~x

le x|eixeh rkxf ~mde |e~e|qixkmg' Gekxfe| Cm|h \mhbe| gm| Cm|h L|mrg &kg xfe zi|ib|izf~ ma xfek| mzkgkmg~ kg Ic$ôekgk xfix Cm|h Lkgbfid |eckeh mg+ fihihh|e~~eh xfe yue~xkmg rfexfe| ~e|qkgb ~mchke|~ nide rkxfkg xfe ~xixe‛~ ù|k~hknxkmgam| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Icxfmubf i gudle| ma mxfe| dedle|~ ma xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg Begxce ib|eeh kg bege|ic xe|d~ rkxf Cm|hLkgbfid# ckoe Cm|h Digne# K hmulx xfix fk~ ~xixedegx xfix xfe ~mchke|~ re|e gmx

rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe UO am|d~ zi|x ma xfe |ixkm henkheghk ma xfix ni~e'Eqeg ka kx hme~# kg ckbfx ma xfe dunf aucce| i|budegx xfix xfk~ nmu|x fi~ |enekqeh mgxfe xmzkn xfig ri~ z|e~egxeh xm xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg Begxce# kx k~ |kbfx xfix xfedixxe| ~fmuch le nmg~khe|eh ibikg'

><9' Cm|h L|mrg hk~nu~~eh kg Ic$ôekgk xfe evnezxkmg~ xfix fih leeg ic|eih{khegxkakeh xm xfe ~x|knx xe||kxm|kic li~k~ am| ù|k~hknxkmg igh Cm|h Digne fi~ igic{~ehxfe~e kg zi|i~ 92< xm 92; ma fk~ ùhbdegx' K ib|ee rkxf fk~ igic{~k~ igh rkxf fk~nmgncu~kmg xfix ughe|zkggkgb einf ma xfe evnezxkmg~ k~ xfe eve|nk~e l{ i ~xixe kg i

nmugx|{ mxfe| xfig kx~ gixkmgic xe||kxm|{ ma zmre| mqe| kghkqkhuic~ l{ xfe nmg~egx#kgqkxixkmg m| inyuke~negne ma xfe am|ekbg ~xixe' Xfe evncu~kmg ma evx|i$xe||kxm|kic

ù|k~hknxkmg ma mge ~xixe kg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma igmxfe| |e~x~ z|kdi|kc{ mg xfe ~mqe|ekbgxe||kxm|kic |kbfx~ ma xfe cixxe| ~xixe' I~ xfe nmu|x kg Ligomqkn ~ikh# –i ^xixe‛~nmdzexegne xm eve|nk~e ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~ mrg gixkmgic~ il|mih k~ ~ulm|hkgixe xmxfix ^xixe‛~ igh mxfe| ^xixe~‛ xe||kxm|kic nmdzexegne— „ zi|i 1:'

><<' Rfe|e# fmreqe|# i ~xixe {kech~ iuxfm|kx{ xm i am|ekbg ~xixe xm eve|nk~e zmre| kg kx~ ~mqe|ekbg xe||kxm|{# xfk~ z|kgnkzce hme~ gmx izzc{' Ckoerk~e# ka xfe ~mqe|ekbgx{

ma xfe m|kbkgic ~xixe k~ mu~xeh l{ ig mnnuz{kgb am|ne# xfe mnnuzke|~‛ ù|k~hknxkmg|ezcine~ xfix ma xfe m|kbkgic ~xixe' Kg xfe z|e~egx ni~e lmxf xfe~e ~kxuixkmg~ „ ~m ai| i~ xfe{ kgqmcqeh UO dkckxi|{ ze|~mggec $ xegh xm lcegh kgxm einf mxfe|' Xfe UO ri~ ne|xikgc{ ze|dkxxeh xm eve|nk~e zmre| mqe| kx~ ~mchke|~# icxfmubf xfk~ nmuch gmx

le ~ikh xm le i ze|dk~~kmg b|igxeh l{ xfe ~xixe fiqkgb m|kbkgic ~mqe|ekbgx{ mqe| K|iy ~kgne xfix ~xixe‛~ ~mqe|ekbgx{ fih leeg mu~xeh l{ xfe kgqihkgb am|ne~' Kg ~m ai| i~ xfe UO‛~ iuxfm|kx{ xm eve|nk~e zmre| mqe| kx~ mrg am|ne~ hezegheh mg xfe b|igxma ze|dk~~kmg# fmreqe|# xfix ri~ ne|xikgc{ nmg~xkxuxeh l{ NZI M|he| Gm 92 ighênu|kx{ Nmugnkc \e~mcuxkmg Gm 986>' Am| xfe |ei~mg~ bkqeg l{ Cm|h Digne kg

zi|i~ 968 xm 961 ma fk~ ùhbdegx# K ic~m nmg~khe| xfix xfe UO eve|nk~eh evncu~kqe

ù|k~hknxkmg mqe| kx~ am|ne~ l{ |ei~mg ma kx~ lekgb ig mnnuz{kgb zmre|' Xfe~kxuixkmg nig le he~n|kleh ~kdzc{ kg xfe amccmrkgb ri{0 xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd



Zibe 9<9

l|mubfx kx~ ~mchke|~ kgxm K|iy? kx gmx mgc{ i~~e|xeh nmdzcexe iuxfm|kx{ mqe| xfedrfkce xfe{ |edikgeh xfe|e# kx evzcknkxc{ evncuheh xfe eve|nk~e ma iuxfm|kx{ mqe| xfm~e ~mchke|~ l{ ig{ mxfe| ibegn{ m| ~xixe? igh kx fi~ icri{~ leeg ncei| xfix~mchke|~ |edikg ~ulènx xm xfe cir~ ma xfe UO hu|kgb xfek| ~e|qkne il|mih' Kg xfm~enk|nud~xigne~ kx rmuch le# xm d{ dkgh# rfmcc{ igmdicmu~ xm ~i{ xfix ~mchke|~ hkhgmx |edikg rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe UO rfkce ~e|qkgb kg K|iy e~zenkicc{ ~kgnekx fi~ leeg innezxeh kg Ic$ôekgk igh gmx hk~zuxeh l{ xfe izzeccigx kg xfe z|e~egxni~e xfix icc ze|~mg~ rfkce mg z|edk~e~ ughe| xfe nmgx|mc ma xfe i|d{ i|e rkxfkg xfeUO‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg'

><>' Kg Ligomqkn xfe|e re|e gm aere| xfig 92 |e~zmghegx ~xixe~0 Lecbkud# xfeNpenf \ezulckn# Hegdi|o# A|igne# Be|dig{# B|eene# Fugbi|{# Knecigh# Kxic{#Cuvedlmu|b# xfe Gexfe|cigh~# Gm|ri{# Zmcigh# Zm|xubic# ^zikg# Xu|oe{ igh xfeUgkxeh Okgbhmd' Kx k~ kgxe|e~xkgb igh ~kbgkaknigx xfix icc ~eqegxeeg ~ul~n|kleh xm

ig i|budegx he~n|kleh kg xfk~ ri{ kg zi|i >1 ma xfe nmu|x‛~ ùhbdegx0

–I~ xm xfe z|enk~e deigkgb ma "ù|k~hknxkmg"# _xfe |e~zmghegxbmqe|gdegx~T ~ubbe~x xfix kx ~fmuch le kgxe|z|exeh kg innm|hignerkxf xfe m|hkgi|{ igh recc$e~xilck~feh deigkgb ma xfix xe|d kg zulcknkgxe|gixkmgic cir' Xfe eve|nk~e ma "ù|k~hknxkmg" xfe|eam|e kgqmcqe~ xfei~~e|xkmg m| eve|nk~e ma cebic iuxfm|kx{# inxuic m| zu|zm|xeh# mqe|

ze|~mg~ mrkgb ~mde am|d ma iccebkigne xm xfix ~xixe m| rfm fiqe leeg l|mubfx rkxfkg xfix ~xixe"~ nmgx|mc' Xfe{ ic~m ~ubbe~x xfix xfe

xe|d "ù|k~hknxkmg" bege|icc{ egxikc~ ~mde am|d ma ~x|unxu|eh|ecixkmg~fkz gm|dicc{ evk~xkgb mqe| i ze|kmh ma xkde'—

><8' Ma nmu|~e# dm~x ~mchke|~ ~e|qkgb mg lefica ma i dedle| ~xixe kg i am|ekbgnmugx|{ rmuch nmde ncei|c{ rkxfkg xfe ak|~x ma xfe~e am|ducixkmg~ ~kgne xfe{ i|e~ulènx xm xfe cebic iuxfm|kx{ ma xfe bmqe|gdegx ma xfek| gixkqe nmugx|{ igh xfe{mre iccebkigne xm xfix ~xixe' Xfe nmu|x kg Ligomqkn hkh gmx nmddegx ihqe|~ec{ mgxfe i|budegx xfix i ~xixe‛~ eve|nk~e il|mih ma cebic iuxfm|kx{ mqe| ze|~mg~ mrkgbiccebkigne xm xfix ~xixe rmuch ~ixk~a{ xfe |eyuk|edegx~ ma i|xknce 9' Kgheeh# xfe

nmu|x‛~ x|eixdegx ma xfe i|budegx~ ma xfe zi|xke~ k~ gmx ix icc kgnmg~k~xegx rkxf xfix~uldk~~kmg'

><5' Kx k~ xm le gmxeh xfix xfe akgic nmgncu~kmg~ evz|e~~eh l{ xfe nmu|x kg zi|i~ 12xm 29 i|e z|eneheh l{ xfe n|m~~ feihkgb –Evx|i$xe||kxm|kic inx~ |enmbgk~eh i~nmg~xkxuxkgb ig eve|nk~e ma ù|k~hknxkmg— &edzfi~k~ ihheh+' L{ diokgb kx~ ~mchke|~~ulènx xm kx~ ~mce iuxfm|kx{ rfkce il|mih i ~xixe k~ gmx egbibkgb kg ig evx|i$xe||kxm|kic inx ~m dunf i~ n|eixkgb i ~xixe ma iaaik|~' Xfe|e di{ gmx le dunf kg xfk~

zmkgx lux kx k~# K xfkgo# rm|xf |edi|okgb xfix xfe amnu~ ma xfe nmu|x kg Ligomqkn ri~

rfexfe| xfe inxkmg~ ma xfe |e~zmghegx bmqe|gdegx~ dkbfx le i ~uaaknkegxamughixkmg am| nmgncuhkgb xfix xfe izzcknigx~ nide rkxfkg xfek| ù|k~hknxkmg



Zibe 9<<

rfe|ei~ fe|e xfe e~~egxkic k~~ue k~ rfexfe| ~mchke|~ rfm i|e ~ulènx xm xfeevncu~kqe cebic nmgx|mc ma xfe UO iuxfm|kxke~ |edikg rkxfkg kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg' Xfe|ek~ gmxfkgb kg Ligomqkn rfknf ~zeio~ hk|enxc{ xm xfe yue~xkmg rfexfe| i dedle| ~xixe xfix xioe~ kx~ ~mchke|~ il|mih# i~~e|x~ xfix kx fi~ ~mce iuxfm|kx{ mqe| xfed ighevz|e~~c{ evncuhe~ icc mxfe| zm~~klce am|d~ ma nmgx|mc mqe| xfed nig geqe|xfece~~ncikd xfix xfm~e ~mchke|~ i|e gmx rkxfkg kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Xm ~ubbe~x# i~ xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe du~x# xfix ~mchke|~ i|erkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd am| eqe|{ nmgnekqilce cebic zu|zm~emxfe| xfig i|xknce 9 ~eed~ xm de xm kgqmcqe xfe innezxigne ma mge igmdic{ xmmdig{'

><1' Kg xfk~ izzeic xfe ên|exi|{ ma ^xixe fi~ i|bueh xfix# leniu~e kx k~ kdzm~~klcexm ~enu|e xfe rfmce zinoibe ma Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ am| ~mchke|~ ~e|qkgb il|mih# kx~fmuch le nmgncuheh xfix xfe{ niggmx le rkxfkg xfe UO‛~ ù|k~hknxkmg am| i|xknce 9

zu|zm~e~' Evz|e~~eh kg xfk~ ugqi|gk~feh ri{# xfe i|budegx izzei|~ nk|nuci| m|# ixcei~x# kgxeg~ec{ z|ibdixkn' Lux i ~kdkci| i|budegx amugh aiqmu| rkxf ENxF\ kg

Ligomqkn igh rkxf xfe Fmu~e ma Cm|h~ kg Ic$ôekgk' Mge du~x nmg~khe|# xfe|eam|e#rfexfe| xfk~ k~ i ugkqe|~icc{ |eyuk|eh z|e|eyuk~kxe kg m|he| xm l|kgb ig izzcknigxrkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg'

><2' I~ Cm|h Zfkcckz~ fi~ zmkgxeh mux &kg zi|i 8> ma fk~ ùhbdegx+# xfe Eu|mzeigNmu|x kg H|mph igh @igmu~eo q A|igne igh ^zikg &9;;<+ 98 EF\\ 285 innezxehxfix ka xfe izzcknigx~ fih izzei|eh leam|e i A|egnf ùhbe ~kxxkgb kg xfix nizinkx{ kg

Ighm||i xfe{ rmuch fiqe leeg rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma A|igne am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 kg |ecixkmg xm xfek| i|xknce 1 |kbfx~' Xfe{ rmuch gmx fiqe leeg egxkxceh xmncikd ibikg~x A|igne xfe legeakx ma z|mxenxkmg ma xfe mxfe| Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~#fmreqe|' Kx k~ kdzcknkx kg xfix ùhbdegx xfix xfe|e i|e ne|xikg ~exxkgb~ kg rfknf xfe‖rfmce zinoibe‛ z|kgnkzce hme~ gmx izzc{' Kg mxfe| rm|h~# xfe|e k~ gmx ig kgqi|kilce

z|e$nmghkxkmg xfix mge du~x le ilce xm fiqe inne~~ xm xfe egxk|e zigmzc{ ma Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ kg m|he| xm le ilce xm ncikd xfix mge k~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe dedle| ~xixe am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9'

><6' Ckoerk~e kg Ni|~mg q Ugkxeh Okgbhmd & Izzcknixkmg Gm 8<968-:5+&ug|ezm|xeh+ 91 Di|nf <:9:# xfe henk~kmg ma xfe B|igh Nfidle| mg xfeihdk~~klkckx{ ma ncikd~ ibikg~x xfe Ugkxeh Okgbhmd l{ ze|~mg~ rfm re|e |e~khegxil|mih du~x fiqe z|mneeheh mg xfe li~k~ xfix xfe{ re|e rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma zu|~ukgb i ncikd ma qkmcixkmg ma i|xknce 98 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg kgnmdlkgixkmg rkxf i|xknce 9 ma xfe Ak|~x Z|mxmnmc' Xfe|e ri~ gm yue~xkmg ma xfeizzcknigx~ lekgb egxkxceh xm xfe legeakx ma mxfe| Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~' Kx amccmr~ xfixxfe rfmce zinoibe ma |kbfx~ z|kgnkzce k~ gmx ig kghk~zeg~ilce |eyuk|edegx kg eqe|{ni~e' Kx k~ gmx gene~~i|{ kg eqe|{ kg~xigne xfix kx le ~fmrg xfix ig izzcknigx# kgm|he| xm le egxkxceh xm ncikd xfix fe k~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg am| i|xknce 9 zu|zm~e~#

du~x ic~m ~fmr xfix fe k~ egxkxceh xm xfe legeakx ma icc xfe Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx~' Kxizzei|~ xm de xfix xfk~ z|kgnkzce k~ z|kdi|kc{ |eceqigx kg xfe xe||kxm|kic nmgx|mc



Zibe 9<>

nmgxevx' Mge nig ughe|~xigh xfix ig izzcknigx rfm ncikd~ xfix fe k~ egxkxceh xm le|ebi|heh i~ rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma i dedle| ~xixe mg xfe li~k~ xfix fe ri~# ixxfe dixe|kic xkde# rkxfkg xfe xe||kxm|{ nmgx|mcceh l{ xfix ~xixe ~fmuch le ilce xmhedmg~x|ixe xfix xfe ~xixe ri~ kg i zm~kxkmg xm heckqe| icc xfe z|mxenxkmg~ ~enu|eh l{xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Kg xfix kg~xigne xfe nizinkx{ ma xfe ~xixe &m| kx~ cino ma nizinkx{+ xmheckqe| xfix l|eihxf ma z|mxenxkmg nig le ~eeg i~ i dei~u|e ma xfe evxegx ma kx~nmgx|mc ma xfe xe||kxm|{'

><;' Fiqkgb evidkgeh xfe ni~e~ ma H|mph? V igh [ q ^rkxpe|cigh &9;22+ ; H\ 52? Begxkcfmdde# ^nfiaa$Legfih`k igh Pe|muok q A|igne &Izzcknixkmg Gm~86<:5-;;# 86<:2-;;# 86<:;-;;+ &ug|ezm|xeh+ 98 Di{ <::<# Cm|h Zfkcckz~ ~ubbe~x~xfix xfe{ dkbfx le xfmubfx xm ~uzzm|x i bege|ic z|kgnkzce xfix xfe|e rkcc le

ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9 rfegeqe| i ~xixe eve|nk~e~ cebk~cixkqe# ùhknkic m| evenuxkqe iuxfm|kx{ rfknf iaaenx~ i Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx ma i ze|~mg# rfexfe| m| gmx fe

k~ rkxfkg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfix ~xixe' Fe zmkgx~ mux# fmreqe|# xfix xfe ^x|i~lmu|bnmu|x fih gmx {ex z|mzmugheh ~unf i z|kgnkzce' K ib|ee xfix gm z|kgnkzce kg xfe~e

z|enk~e xe|d~ fi~ leeg i|xknucixeh l{ xfe ENxF\ lux rfe|e xfe eve|nk~e ma ~unfiuxfm|kx{ k~ nmdlkgeh rkxf nmgx|mc mqe| xfe kghkqkhuic iaaenxeh# kx izzei|~ xm dexfix xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kic evxeg~kmg ma ù|k~hknxkmg k~ ughegkilce' Xfe e~~egne ma xfehenk~kmg~ kg Ligomqkn igh Ic$ôekgk k~ xfix ig evnezxkmg xm xfe xe||kxm|kic li~k~ am|

ù|k~hknxkmg rkcc le |enmbgk~eh rfe|e xfe|e k~ eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma xfe |eceqigxxe||kxm|{ igh kx~ kgfilkxigx~ l{ ig mnnuz{kgb am|ne' Xfe |ixkmgice am| xfe henk~kmg k~~u|ec{ xfe ecedegx ma nmgx|mc' Rfe|e xfe mnnuz{kgb am|ne ~uzzcigx~ igh |ezcine~xfe zmre| rfknf fih leeg rkecheh l{ xfe gixkmgic iuxfm|kx{# kx z|mqkhe~# kgheeh

kdzm~e~# kx~ mrg ù|k~hknxkmg' Gm zi|xknuci| dibkn ixxinfe~ xm xfe bemb|izfknichkdeg~kmg ma xfk~ eve|nk~e ma zmre| „ kx k~ xfe nmdz|efeg~kqe gixu|e ma xfe zmre| |ixfe| xfig xfe i|ei rfe|e kx k~ eve|xeh xfix dixxe|~' Mlqkmu~c{# kg xfm~e i|ei~rfe|e xfe mnnuz{kgb am|ne k~ ugilce xm eve|x i dei~u|e ma zmre| xfix dkbfx le|ebi|heh i~ eaaenxkqe# kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg rkcc gmx le e~xilck~feh lux xfix k~ i |eacenxkmgma xfe |e~x|knxkmg mg xfe zmre| |ixfe| xfig ma bemb|izf{'

>>:' Igh ~m# rfe|e xfe nmgx|mc ma ig kghkqkhuic k~ ma i ~uaaknkegxc{nmdz|efeg~kqe gixu|e i~ xm yuicka{ am| xfe he~n|kzxkmg# –eaaenxkqe zmre|—# xfe|e k~

gm |ei~mg kg cmbkn m| z|kgnkzce xfix fe ~fmuch gmx le |ebi|heh i~ lekgb rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma xfe ~xixe rfknf rkech~ xfix zmre| mqe| fkd' Ka i ~xixe nig –evzm|x—kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg l{ xiokgb nmgx|mc ma ig i|ei il|mih# rf{ ~fmuch kx gmx eyuicc{ leilce xm evzm|x xfe ù|k~hknxkmg rfeg kx xioe~ nmgx|mc ma ig kghkqkhuic=

>>9' K ib|ee rkxf Cm|h Zfkcckz~ xfix# he~zkxe ~mde kghknixkmg~ xm xfe nmgx|i|{# xfeni~e cir ma ^x|i~lmu|b fi~ gmx {ex heqecmzeh xm xfe zmkgx ma |enmbgk~kgb i bege|ic

z|kgnkzce xfix xfe|e rkcc le ù|k~hknxkmg ughe| i|xknce 9 rfegeqe| i ^xixe eve|nk~e~cebk~cixkqe# ùhknkic m| evenuxkqe iuxfm|kx{ kg i ri{ xfix iaaenx~ ig kghkqkhuic‛~

Nmgqegxkmg |kbfx# rfexfe| xfix ze|~mg k~ rkxfkg xfe xe||kxm|{ ma xfix ^xixe m| gmx'Lux rfe|e ig kghkqkhuic k~ ughe| xfe nmdzcexe nmgx|mc ma fk~ gixkqe ~xixe rfkce kg



Zibe 9<8

am|ekbg xe||kxm|{# K niggmx ~ee ig{ |ei~mg xfix fe ~fmuch le |ebi|heh i~ lekgb ig{ce~~ rkxfkg kx~ ù|k~hknxkmg xfig kghkqkhuic~ rfm fizzeg xm akgh xfed~ecqe~ kg icmnixkmg kg xfix xe||kxm|{ rfknf k~ ughe| xfe eaaenxkqe nmgx|mc ma xfe ~ide ~xixe' Ighkx izzei|~ xm de xfix xfk~ zm~kxkmg fi~ ic|eih{ leeg |enmbgk~eh# iclekx ~mderfixmlckyuec{# l{ xfe ENxF\' Kg K~~i q Xu|oe{ &<::8+ 89 EF\\ 512 xfe nmu|x ~ikh ix

zi|i 290

–‡ i ^xixe di{ ic~m le fech innmugxilce am| qkmcixkmg ma xfeNmgqegxkmg |kbfx~ igh a|eehmd~ ma ze|~mg~ rfm i|e kg xfe xe||kxm|{ma igmxfe| ^xixe lux rfm i|e amugh xm le ughe| xfe am|de| ^xixe‛~iuxfm|kx{ igh nmgx|mc xf|mubf kx~ ibegx~ mze|ixkgb „ rfexfe| ciraucc{m| ugciraucc{ „ kg xfe cixxe| ^xixe'—

>><' Cm|h Zfkcckz~ ~ubbe~x~ xfix xfk~ zi~~ibe –ncei|c{ ihqigne~ ~xixe ibegxiuxfm|kx{ i~ ig icxe|gixkqe xm eaaenxkqe xe||kxm|kic nmgx|mc i~ i li~k~ ma i|xknce 9 ù|k~hknxkmg—' K ib|ee' Lux# dm|e ~kbgkaknigxc{# kx edzfi~k~e~ xfe kdzm|xigne ma nmgx|mc &rfexfe| ma xe||kxm|{ m| kghkqkhuic~+ i~ xfe e~~egxkic kgb|ehkegx kg evx|i$xe||kxm|kic ù|k~hknxkmg' Xfix xfede aeixu|eh ibikg kg xfe |enegx henk~kmg ma xfeB|igh Nfidle| kg Dehqeh{eq q A|igne &Izzcknixkmg Gm >>;8-:>+ ùhbdegxheckqe|eh mg <; Di|nf <:9:' Kg xfix ni~e i ~zenkic am|ne~ xeid a|md i A|egnfri|~fkz lmi|heh i de|nfigx qe~~ec rfknf# kx ri~ ~u~zenxeh# ri~ ni||{kgb h|ub~'Iaxe| lmi|hkgb xfe qe~~ec# xfe A|egnf nmddighm xeid oezx xfe n|er dedle|~ ma xfe de|nfigx ~fkz ughe| xfek| evncu~kqe bui|h igh nmgakgeh xfed xm xfek| nilkg~

hu|kgb xfe |e|muxkgb ma xfe ~fkz xm A|igne' Ix zi|i 12 xfe nmu|x ~ikh0

–‡ xfe nmu|x nmg~khe|~ xfix# i~ xfk~ ri~ i ni~e ma A|igne fiqkgb eve|nk~eh aucc igh evncu~kqe nmgx|mc &d{ edzfi~k~+ mqe| xfe_de|nfigx qe~~ecT igh kx~ n|er# ix cei~x he ainxm# a|md xfe xkde ma kx~kgxe|nezxkmg# kg i nmgxkgumu~ igh ugkgxe||uzxeh digge| ugxkc xfe{re|e x|keh kg A|igne# xfe izzcknigx~ re|e eaaenxkqec{ rkxfkg A|igne‛~

ù|k~hknxkmg am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg—'

>>>' Xfe eve|nk~e ma nmgx|mc ri~ mlqkmu~c{ zkqmxic xm xfe akghkgb xfix xfede|nfigx ~fkz‛~ n|er re|e rkxfkg xfe ù|k~hknxkmg ma A|igne' Xfix nmgx|mc fih gmbemb|izfknic hkdeg~kmg# ix cei~x gmx leam|e xfe qe~~ec ri~ |exu|geh xm A|igne' Luxxfe qe|{ ainx xfix xfe n|er dedle|~ re|e ughe| xfe nmgx|mc ma xfe A|egnfiuxfm|kxke~# eqeg leam|e xfe{ i||kqeh kg A|igne# ri~ ~uaaknkegx xm l|kgb xfed rkxfkgA|egnf ù|k~hknxkmg am| xfe zu|zm~e~ ma i|xknce 9 ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg' Ka xiokgb nmgx|mcma xfe n|er dedle|~ mg xfe fkbf ~ei~ k~ ~uaaknkegx xm l|kgb xfed rkxfkg xfe

ù|k~hknxkmg ma A|igne# kx izzei|~ xm de xfix rfe|e i ~xixe i~~e|x~ igh eve|nk~e~evncu~kqe nmgx|mc mqe| xfe dedle|~ ma kx~ mrg i|deh am|ne~ rfkce xfe{ i|e kg

am|ekbg xe||kxm|{# xfk~ du~x le ig i am|xkm|k kg~xigne ma xfe evx|i$xe||kxm|kic |einf ma xfe Nmgqegxkmg'



kg Nfenfg{i' Kx ri~ e~xilck~feh xfix feiq{ a|ee$aicckgb# fkbf evzcm~kqe lmdl~ ighmxfe| gmg$bukheh feiq{ nmdlix reizmg~ re|e u~eh kg xfe negx|e igh mg xfe ehbe~ma xfe izzcknigx~‛ qkccibe' Xfe iqmreh ù~xkaknixkmg am| xfk~ ri~ xfix xfe nkqkckig

zmzucixkmg ri~ lekgb fech fm~xibe l{ i ci|be b|muz ma Nfenfeg akbfxe|~' Gmixxedzx fih leeg dihe xm eqinuixe xfe qkccibe kg ihqigne igh gm ~xez~ fih leegxioeg xm dkgkdk~e xfe |k~o ma kgù|{ xm xfe nkqkckig zmzucixkmg' I l|einf ma i|xknce <ri~ amugh'

>>;' Xfe ainx~ ma xfe~e xf|ee ni~e~ i|e qe|{ ai| |edmqeh a|md xfe f{zmxfexknicevidzce bkqeg l{ Cm|h L|mrg ma nmu|x~ edli|okgb mg ~n|uxkg{ ma zciggkgb#nmgx|mc igh evenuxkmg ma dkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg~ xm henkhe rfexfe| i ~xixe‛~ mrg am|ne~fiqe leeg evzm~eh xm evne~~kqe |k~o' Cm|h L|mrg inogmrcehbe~ xfix ^x|i~lmu|b‛~nmgne|g kg xfe~e ni~e~ ri~ e~~egxkicc{ am| xfe ~iaex{ ma nkqkckig~ niubfx uz kgnmgacknx' Xfix k~ i qe|{ hkaae|egx dixxe| a|md xfe ~iaex{ ma nmdlixigx~ kg xfe nmu|~e

ma i ri|' I~ Cm|h \mhbe| fi~ ~ikh# heixf~ igh kgù|ke~ ma ~mchke|~ kg i nmdlix~kxuixkmg i|e kgeqkxilce' Xfe|e k~ gm |ei~mg# kg d{ qker# xm igxknkzixe xfix i ~kdkci| ceqec ma ~n|uxkg{ xm xfix ~ukxilce xm xfe heixf ma i nkqkckig rkcc le |eyuk|eh m| izz|mz|kixe rfe|e i ~mchke| fi~ leeg okcceh kg xfe nmu|~e ma dkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg~' Kgxfk~ nmgxevx# K ~fmuch ~i{ xfix K ib|ee egxk|ec{ rkxf Cm|h \mhbe|‛~ ml~e|qixkmg~ kg

zi|i 9<1 ma fk~ ùhbdegx' Kx rkcc maxeg le zm~~klce xm ~ubbe~x# iaxe| ig eqegx#dei~u|e~ xfix nmuch fiqe leeg xioeg xfix dkbfx fiqe |ehuneh xfe |k~o xm i

zi|xknuci| ~mchke| lux xfix x{ze ma |ex|m~zenxkqe igic{~k~ k~ ~u|ec{ kgizzm~kxe &ighrkcc le |enmbgk~eh l{ nmu|x~ i~ ~unf+ xm ihh|e~~ xfe yue~xkmg rfexfe| i ~xixe‛~mlckbixkmg~ xm kx~ ~mchke|~ ughe| i|xknce < fiqe leeg hk~nfi|beh' Xfe hux{ xm z|mxenx

~mchke|~ kg i ri| ~exxkgb k~ ma ig egxk|ec{ hkaae|egx gixu|e a|md xfe mlckbixkmg xmxioe z|mze| ~xez~ xm eg~u|e xfix nkqkckig~ i|e gmx evzm~eh xm uggene~~i|{ |k~o~ a|mddkckxi|{ mze|ixkmg~' K hm gmx leckeqe xfix xfe aei| ma xinxknic henk~kmg~ xioeg kg xfeakech l{ dkckxi|{ nmddighe|~ lekgb ~ulènx xm zikg~xiokgb hk~~enxkmg l{ xfe nmu|x~k~ ù~xkakeh m| xfix kx ~fmuch hexe| xfk~ nmu|x a|md henci|kgb xfix rfeg mu|

r on the application of smith v secretary of state for defence

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