quoting sources nwu

8/17/2019 Quoting Sources NWU

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QUOTING SOURCES

Engela J. van der Walt

Edited by the Information Services of the Ferdinand Postma Libr ary

2006

Potchefstroom


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Quoting sources

© 2004 Ferdinand Postma Library

North-West University

Potchefstroom Campus

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication and package including all interior designs, cover designsand icons, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,without prior written permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN 1-86822-399-X

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Preface

The following changes were made to the fourth edtion :

According to international trends in the Harvard method of referencing thefollowing changes have been made:

1. Publication information of books: A colon, with a space , separates the place ofpublication and publisher, for example: New York: Wiley.

2. Provide the date at the end of a newspaper report or journal article referenceas day and month, for example 13 Aug.

3. The language of the source is used in the source list and not the language ofthe thesis or report. If the publication is available in both Afrikaans and English usethe language of the source. Exceptions can be made if the source is in a foreignlanguage, in such cases the study leader can decide which language should beused.

4.. The section Electronic Sources has been largely rewritten. This sectionincludes references to Internet sources.

This self-instructional guide consists of two sections :

1 A “theoretical” section discussing the purposes and functions of documentationin a scientific report.

2 Guidelines to different types of sources and how to quote them. Information ofsome of the sources were slightly modified to stress certain facts or rules.

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CONTENTS

1. DOCUMENTATION THEORY ....................................................... ................. 1 1.1 PURPOSE OF REFERENCES AND SOURCE LISTS .................................................................1 1.2 WHICH STYLE ?..............................................................................................................2 1.3 THE HARVARD STYLE ....................................................................................................2 1.4 WHAT SHOULD BE DOCUMENTED ? ................... ...................... ...................... .................. 3 1.5 USE THE MOST RECENT EDITION .....................................................................................4 1.6 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES .............................................................................4 1.7 PLAGIARISM ..................................................................................................................5 1.8 COPYRIGHT ...................................................................................................................6 2. TEXTUAL REFERENCES......................................................... ..................... 7 2.1 DIRECT CITATIONS ........................................................................................................7 2.2 I NDIRECT CITATIONS .....................................................................................................8 2.3 SECONDARY CITATIONS .................................................................................................8 2.4 TEXTUAL REFERENCE TO MORE THAN ONE SOURCE ........................................................9 2.5 MORE CITATIONS TO SAME AUTHOR IN SAME YEAR ........................................................9 3. BOOKS (MONOGRAPHS) .................................................... ...................... 10 3.1 AUTHOR (S) OR EDITOR (S)............................................................................................11

3.1.1 One author ....................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ............... 11 3.1.2 Two authors ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ............. 11 3.1.3 Three authors or more .................... ...................... ....................... ...................... 12 3.1.4 No author indicated (Anon.) .............................. ...................... ....................... ... 12 3.1.5 Two authors with same surname........................................................................13 3.1.6 Editor(s).... ...................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ............... 13 3.1.7 Institute/society as author ...................... ....................... ....................... .............. 13

3.2 DATE OF PUBLICATION ................................................................................................14 3.3 TITLE ..........................................................................................................................14 3.4 EDITION ......................................................................................................................14 3.5 PLACE OF PUBLICATION ...............................................................................................15 3.6 PUBLISHER ..................................................................................................................16 3.7 NUMBER OF PAGES OF A MONOGRAPH ..........................................................................17 3.8 SETS (MORE THAN ONE VOLUME ) ..................... ...................... ....................... .............. 17 3.9 SERIES ........................................................................................................................17 4. CHAPTER IN A COLLECTED WORK............................. ............................. 18

5. PAPER AT A CONFERENCE....................................................................... 19 5.1 EDITORS ......................................................................................................................19 5.2 A SOCIETY AS AUTHOR ................................................................................................19 6. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS................................................................ ..................... 20 6.1 A SIGNED ARTICLE ......................................................................................................20

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6.2 A N ANONYMOUS ARTICLE ............................................................................................20 6.3 ARTICLE FROM AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA ON CD.................................................................20 7. DICTIONARIES ................................................................ ............................ 21 7.1 O NE VOLUME DICTIONARY , WELL -KNOWN ...................................................................21 7.2 MULTI -VOLUME SETS : OXFORD E NGLISH DICTIONARY ................................................21 7.3 DICTIONARY ON CD....................................................................................................21 7.4 DICTIONARY WITH AN EDITOR .....................................................................................22 7.5 R EADER ’S DIGEST DICTIONARY ...................................................................................22

8. THE BIBLE ........................................................ ........................................... 22

9. STUDY GUIDES.......................................................... ................................. 23 9.1 AUTHOR INDICATED ....................................................................................................23 9.2 W ITHOUT AN INDICATION OF THE AUTHOR ...................................................................23 10. THESES AND DISSERTATIONS....................................................... .......... 23

11. SECONDARY SOURCES............................................................................. 24

12. TRANSLATIONS ....................................................... ................................... 24

13. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS........................................................ ......... 25 13.1 COMMISSIONS OF I NQUIRY : .....................................................................................25

13.1.1 Without known chairperson .................... ...................... ....................... .............. 25 13 .1.2 With a chairperson.............................................................................................25

13.2 DEPARTMENTS ........................................................................................................26 13.3 LAWS (ACTS )..........................................................................................................26

13.3.1 Acts .................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ...... 26 13.3.2 Constitution........................................................................................................27

13.4 PROVINCIAL ORDINANCES .......................................................................................27 13.5 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE ..........................................................................................27 13.6 PROVINCIAL GAZETTE .............................................................................................28 13.7 GREEN PAPERS ........................................................................................................28 13.8 WHITE PAPERS ........................................................................................................28

13.8.1 Published separately..........................................................................................28 13.8.2 White papers published in the Government gazette ...................... ..................... 29

13.9 SEMI -GOVERNMENT I NSTITUTIONS , COUNCILS , NATIONAL COMMISSIONS ................29 13.9.1 Council for Geoscience......................................................................................29 13.9.2 South African Reserve Bank...............................................................................29 13.9.3 National Commission for Higher Education... ........................ ........................ ... 30

14. REPORTS/LECTURES/PAPERS...................................................... ........... 30

15. INTERVIEWS, LETTERS, OTHER ORIGINAL SOURCES.......................... 31

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15.1 I NTERVIEWS ............................................................................................................31 15.2 LETTERS .................................................................................................................31 16. PATENTS .......................................................... ........................................... 32

17. NEWSPAPER REPORTS..................................................... ........................ 33

18. JOURNAL ARTICLES ........................................................... ....................... 33 18.1 AUTHOR (S) ..................... ...................... ....................... ...................... ..................... 33

18.1.1 Author known. ....................... ...................... ....................... ...................... .......... 33 18.1.2 Author unknown..................... ........................ ....................... ....................... ...... 33 18.2 DATE OF PUBLICATION (YEAR )................................................................................34 18.3 TITLE OF THE ARTICLE .............................................................................................34 18.4 TITLE OF THE JOURNAL ............................................................................................34 18.5 VOLUME , NUMBER , PAGES , MONTH ..........................................................................34 18.6 SEASON ...................................................................................................................35 18.7 JOURNAL WITHOUT VOLUME OR NUMBER .................................................................35 19. ELECTRONIC SOURCES..... ........................................................... ............ 36 19.1 ELECTRONIC BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATABASES : ABSTRACTS OF JOURNAL ARTICLES .....36 19.2 ELECTRONIC FULL TEXT DATABASES : JOURNAL ARTICLES ........................................38 19.3 ELECTRONIC FULL TEXT DATABASES : NEWSPAPER REPORTS .....................................39 19.4 ELECTRONIC FULL TEXT DATABASES : E-BOOKS ........................................................39 19.5 ELECTRONIC FULL TEXT DATABASES : GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS .........................40 19.6 I NTERNET (WORLD WIDE WEB).............................................................................40 19.7 I NTERNET : ELECTRONIC JOURNALS ..........................................................................40 19.8 I NTERNET : DOCUMENTS ...........................................................................................41 19.9 I NTERNET : NEWSPAPER REPORTS .............................................................................42 19.10 I NTERNET : E-BOOKS ................................................................................................43 19.11 I NTERNET : GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS ..................................................................43 19.12 ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL )....................................................................................44 19.13 DISCUSSION GROUPS ...............................................................................................44 19.14 NEWS GROUPS .........................................................................................................45 19.15 AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA ..............................................................................................45 20. THE SOURCE LIST ........................................................ .............................. 46

21. TYPING HINTS......................................................... .................................... 49 21.1 TEXTUAL REFERENCES ............................................................................................49 21.2 SOURCE LIST ...........................................................................................................49 22. EXAMPLE OF A SOURCE LIST ......................................................... ......... 50

23. OTHER STYLES.................................... ....................................................... 58 23.1 APA STYLE (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION )........................................ 58

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23.2 MLA STYLE (MODERN LANGUAGES ASSOCIATION ).................................................60 23.3 AMA STYLE (AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION )..................................................62 23.4 CHEMISTRY................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ................. 64 23.5 PHYSICS...............................................................................................................66 23.6 ENGINEERING ..................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .......... 69 23.7 LAW SCIENCES...................................................................................................71 24. INDEX...................................................... ..................................................... 73

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1. DOCUMENTATION THEORYIn The Chicago manual of style (University of Chicago, 1993:493) the followingexplanation of documentation is given:

Almost every work that is neither fiction nor an account based on personalexperience, relies in part on secondary sources (other publications on thesame or related subjects) or on primary sources (manuscript collections,archives, contemporary accounts, diaries, books, personal interviews, and soon). Ethics, as well as the laws of copyright, requires authors to identifytheir sources , particularly when quoting directly from them.

This previous quotation’s reference in a source list will be as follows:

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. 1993. The Chicago manual of style. 14th ed.Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 921 p.

A warning is given in the MLA style manual (Gibaldi, 1999:151) regarding quotingsources and plagiarism:

Scholarly authors generously acknowledge their debts to predecessors bycarefully giving credit to each source . Whenever you draw on another’swork , you must specify what you borrowed – whether facts, opinions, orquotations – and where you borrowed it from. Using another person’s ideasor expressions in your writing without acknowledging the source constitutesplagiarism .

(See also the section on PLAGIARISM in this booklet.)

This previous quotation’s reference in a source list will be as follows:

GIBALDI, J. 1999. MLA style manual and guide to scholarly publishing. 2nd ed.Large print. New York: The Modern Language Association of America. 343 p.

1.1 Purpose of references and source list sWhy should you give recognition to sources which you use for an assignment?What is the purpose or function of references in scientific documents?

1. References give recognition to the original author from whom the facts aretaken.

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2. The author provides proof of where he got his information - and shows whetherhe has consulted the most authoritative sources in the field.

3. The references to sources can confirm the completeness of the study

4. References to recognised sources lend authority to the writer’s views.

5. References render proof to the reader about the provenance of the author’sthoughts/ideas.

6. A source list provides information to the readers so that in turn they can consultthe sources and so verify whether the sources have been correctlyquoted/interpreted.

7. The source list serves as an additional source list about the topic - if thereader wishes to consult more sources about the topic. It is therefore clear thatthe information in the source list should be complete enough to allow anyone tofind the sources again.

1.2 Which style?

In scientific writings the reader will find a wide variety of bibliographical styles. Thestyle which is used in this guide, is the so-called Harvard method. This is subscribedto by the International Standards Organization and the HSRC and is widely acceptedas a good scholarly reference style.

• Various journals prefer to have their own house style which has to be followedby authors - this is usually a more compact style (with small figures in the text)aimed at saving space.

• An important test for any reference style is whether it will enable a reader to finda source. In other words, has enough information been given so that the readercould in turn find the source again?

There is not really a right or a wrong style. Find out from the lecturer in your specificsubject(s) which style is preferred. If you have mastered the Harvard style, however,you will find that you can quickly master other styles as well.

1.3 The Harvard styleThe Harvard style consists of a short reference in the text which is supplemented bya full reference in the source list or bibliography. For example:

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Text : Smith (1977:70) remarked that ...

Source list: SMITH, L. 1977. Crime and punishment. London: Batsford.97 p.

1.4 What should be documented?

When you are writing an assignment you will be handling a whole range of sources.The inexperienced writer of assignments will then come face to face with theproblem of what should be written down. Should one, for example, give a textualreference for each fact that is used?

Visser (1989:54) argues in th is regard:

"It is necessary to acknowledge, that is, to document, whatever is borrowed from other writers.It is not enough to acknowledge only direct quotations and paraphrases: all information, ideas,insights, conclusions, arguments and opinions derived from others must be clearly indicated."

"It is not necessary to give sources for matters of common knowledge (e.g. Freud was thefounder of modern psychoanalysis). Of course students who are just beginning to learn abouta subject will often be in doubt about just what is and what is not common knowledge. Thequestion that should be asked is this: 'Is the person marking the essay likely to wonder where Igot my information or ideas?' If the answer is 'Yes', then indicate the source."

You should try to find a balance between the one extreme of writing down literallyeverything and the other extreme of no documentation.

A practical guideline could be: Will the person marking the assignment wonderwhere I got this information? Should the answer be affirmative, it means that it

should be documented. A further guideline could be: document what i s essential . But what is essential?The following few examples give an indication of what can be regarded as essentialdocumentation:

• as soon as there is reference to a specific person’s viewpoint

• as soon as there is a measure of doubt linked to a specific issue

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• as soon as information, for example statistics, is used without having tested theaccuracy of it yourself.

Useful hi nts

1. Indicate clearly how you have used the material taken from sources. Do youagree with it, do you reject the material, or do you simply want to indicate thatthis source reflects the same view about the material as other sources?

2. References to more than two or three authors who have written about the sametopic are not necessary at undergraduate level, except if it is essential as part ofyour argument. One has to judge carefully whether each of the cited authorsreally wrote about the same issue from the same angle, otherwise they cannotbe used as scientific “witnesses” about the specific issue.

3. Citations/quotations from translated works are mostly not desirable and shouldbe limited the minimum, unless it is part of the purpose of the study to comparedifferent translations of the original work with each other.

4. If such citations from classical works are given in translation, it is good policy togive such translations in the language of the assignment.

5. Do not make a citation or reference simply because it “looks good”. It should tiein with the line of argumentation.

1.5 Use the most recent edition

Earlier editions of a work should not be used if a later edition is available, unlessthere is a good reason for it. Do check for indications like 2nd ed. , 3rd ed. on thetitle page.

1.6 Primary and secondary sources

In scientific literature study there is a clear distinction between primary and

secondary sources. Primary sources are sources which provide original information about a topic, while secondary sources provide second hand information. In scientific reports it is recommended to use primary sources and asfew secondary sources as possible.

For example: An author wants to write about Freud’s view of psychoanalysis.Instead of reading Freud’s own writings, he uses the works of other authors, such as

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Smith, Jones and White, who have also written about Freud’s view ofpsychoanalysis. These books are then secondary sources .

It is better for a scientific writer to use as few secondary sources as possible. If astudent wants to write about Freud’s view of psychoanalysis, he/she should readFreud’s books. It might well be that Smith, Jones or White understood Freudincorrectly, or that they evaluated his work one-sidedly.

If the student has read the primary sources, that is, Freud’s own books, and he/she

has given his/her own version of the facts, then he/she can, if still necessary, consultsome secondary sources with the purpose, for example, of indicating whether theirversion of his work is accurate or not. It is ill-advised for a student to representFreud’s work only by way of secondary sources and then to criticise or judge it. Thisis not only completely unscientific, but also unethical.

For undergraduate work the use of secondary sources is still acceptable. At thepostgraduate level, however, it is essential to use primary sources.

1.7 Plagiarism

Visser (1992:59) defines plagiarism as follows:

Plagiarism is the deliberate attempt to pass off as one's own another person'swork or ideas. Students who take information or ideas from books or articles,rewrite them in their own words, and then attempt to pass them off as theirown work, are guilty of plagiarism; and so, of course, are students who copyessays or parts of essays from other students. Plagiarism includes anyunacknowledged use of another person's phrasing, insights, general line ofargument, conclusions or opinions.

In preparing to write an essay, students are likely to read several books orarticles on the subject. Particularly at the early stages of learning about asubject, they are likely to find what they have read so persuasive that they willhave difficulty establishing an independent view of the subject. There isnothing wrong with being influenced, even strongly influenced, by what has

been read on an unfamiliar subject. Teachers will expect that to happen.What is wrong is attempting to conceal indebtedness to what has been read.When students find that what they write on a subject has been influenced bywhat they have read, they can simply write a note saying something along thelines of: 'My discussion of [whatever the topic is] is indebted at many pointsto ...

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Plagiarism is not considered a particularly serious crime in the broadersociety; in schools and universities however, it is one of the more seriousoffenses a person can commit. That is why schools and particularlyuniversities often impose stiff penalties on those who plagiarise. Studentsguilty of plagiarism are likely at the very least to fail an essay with a zero; theymay even be excluded from the course altogether.

Writers who are conscientious about acknowledging all summaries,paraphrases and quotations in their essays, as well as general indebtednessto someone else's work, will avoid risk of plagiarism.

1.8 Copyright

Copyright implies that an information source must not be copied - for instance it isforbidden to make photocopies of a published book in order not to buy the book.This law protects the authors of being robbed of royalties to be paid to them becauseof the user bypassing the selling procedures.

When an author writes a book, much time, effort and cost goes into it. He/she isthen entitled to some remuneration when a reader uses the book. A practicalexample of this is when a student does not buy a handbook but makes photocopiesof it with the aim of saving money. Although one has sympathy with students whohave to spend large amounts of money in buying handbooks, this copying is illegal.

Two interesting examples of copyright warnings in books:YOURS TO HAVE AND TO HOLD - BUT NOT TO COPY

The publication you are reading is protected by copyright law. This means that thepublisher could take you to court and claim heavy legal damages if you makeunauthorized photocopies from these pages.

Photocopying copyright material without permission is no different from stealing amagazine from a newsagent, only it doesn't seem like theft.

This book is copyrighted under the Berne Convention ... No part of this book may bereproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanicalincluding photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrievalsystem, without permission in writing from the publisher.

The information in a book can be considered as the intellectual property of theauthor.

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2. TEXTUAL REFERENCESIn the text of your report, acknowledge each author from whom you obtainedinformation. Just a BRIEF reference which refers to a full source list reference.

ONLY the author' s SURNAME, date (YEAR) as well as t he PAGE (on whi ch t heinformation appears) should be gi ven in the text.

Example: This view is rejected by Roberts (1972:10) because ...

The reference can also be given at the end of the sentence. Note the punctuation.

Men between 20 and 29 show a strong inclination to suicide (Kreitman, 1977:118).

2.1 Direct citationsDirect citations (that is, the author’s own words) should be used functionally. Do notmake too many direct quotes - your assignment should under no circumstancesbecome a mere stringing together of citations. You should only quote directly if the

original is so well stated that putting it in your own words would be detrimental to thefinal effect, or if the original words are needed for purposes of analysis anddiscussion of an author’s views. Examples of this might be a striking statement by apolitician or a definition. Never quote simply to avoid translation problems.

Punctuation

If the quotation forms part of a comprehensive argument, the punctuation ispart of th at argument and i s placed outside the bracket or inverted comma.

Visser (1983:12) contends that "there must be a conclusion for all sentences" .

They pass the remark that "few such cases exist" (compare De Beer, 1986:3) .

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When a sentence between brackets or inverted commas starts with a capitalletter, it indicates that this sentence is used independently and thereforerequires a full stop inside the bracket or inverted comma.

"It was anciently believed that a baby born with teeth already formed would 'bite theworld' and was made for villainy ." (Smith, 1977:70 .)

Visser (1983:12) asserts: "There must be a conclusion for all sentences ."

2.2 Indirect citationsWhen you give an author’s ideas in your own words, you have to take care that thespirit and the argumentation of the original are retained. Do not use and twist acitation to your own purposes. Also, vary the style of citation in your assignment.This gives a neat and well-finished appearance to the paper:

Comparing the view of Jones (1986:15) with that of Smith (1994:147), it ...This argument is supported by Cogan (1989:156).

According to King (1995:21) it is ...Mayer (1990:10) maintains that ...

2.3 Secondary citationsWhen secondary information is used, this has to be indicated as such in the text. Forexample, if Williams uses a statement made originally by Freud, it has to be done asfollows:

(In the source list there will be only the reference to Williams.)

Text : According to Freud (quoted by Williams, 1996:10), dreams are …

Source list: WILLIAMS, L. 1996. Freud’s theories about dreams.London: Batsford. 97 p.

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2.4 Textual reference to more than one source

Although it is usually unnecessary to refer to more than one source when astatement is made, it can be done as follows. Note the semicolon after eachreference. There is no convention about the order in which references are given. Itdepends on the author: is it important for the sake of the argument to put it inchronological order, or from important to less important, etc.?

A recession is expected (Vance, 1994:6 ; Crade, 1995:89 ; Leeds & Smith, 1996:8).

2.5 More citations to same author in same year

When you make use of more than one publication by the same author published inthe same year, you can distinguish it by putting an a, b or c after the date in the text

of your report, for example: According to Smith (1996 a :46), the information on the Internet ...

In the bibliography you also have to mark the references as a and b or c:

SMITH, H. 1996 a . Introduction to the Internet. Cape Town: Tafelberg. 215 p.

SMITH, H. 1996 b . Evaluation of information on the Internet. Journal forcomputer science , 2(4):14-18, Apr.

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3. BOOKS (MONOGRAPHS)The title page is the most important and the most reliable place to find the detailsabout a book. Follow the information on the title page carefully. Should theinformation not be complete, you can usually find what you need on the reverseside of the title page . DO NOT TRUST THE COVER - the information given thereis often changed for the sake of having a striking cover.

The important date of publication can usually be found on the reverse side of thetitle page . Note the copyright sign ( © ) and also the date of the different editions.(See 3.2 for more information.)

The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is also found here. It is normallynot necessary to provide it in the bibliography, but it remains a valuable source ofinformation about a book, and is used for purchases and orders.

The title page of the above mentioned book: Note the differences in punctuation,capital letters, title / subtitle, edition, place of publication, publisher, year and pages .

Second edition

Successful Time Management A Self-Teaching guide

Jack D. Ferner

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

New York * Chichester * Brisbane * Toronto

-----------------------------------------------------------

© 1993 1995 270 pages

A typi cal example o f a source li st reference (for the above mentioned book):

FERNER, J.D. 1995. Successful time management: a self-teaching guide.2nd ed. New York: Wiley. 270 p.

Title and subtitle

Author

Publisher

Places of publication

Edition

Year of publication and pages

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3.1 Author(s) or editor(s)• Definiti on: The author is the person (or institutio n) responsible for the

intellectual or artistic contents of the source.

The author(s) can be the person(s) who wrote the book. An author can also be aninstitution, for example, the yearbook of the University, of which the University is theauthor.

3.1.1 One author

Text : "It was anciently believed that a baby born with teeth alreadyformed would 'bite the world' and was made for villainy." (Smith,1977:70.)

or (note the difference in punctuation)

An ancient superstition was that when a baby was born with teeth, itwould become a villain (Smith, 1977:70).

Source list: SMITH, L. 1977. Crime and punishment. London: Batsford.97 p.

In the text, only the author’s surname is given and not the initial(s). Note thedifference in the source list where the author's surname and the initial(s) are given.

3.1.2 Two authors

Text : Gardner and Shelton (1967:40) refer to the problem ofcommunication with paralysed patients who also suffer ...

or

All procedures must be explained to the patient (Gardner & Shelton,1967:74).

Source list: GARDNER, E.K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The intensive therapyunit and the nurse. London: Faber and Faber. 162 p.

Note the difference between the two examples in the TEXT: the &-sign is usedin the brackets but in the full sentence the word and is used.

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3.1.3 Three authors or more

When there are three or more authors or editors and their contributions cannot bedistinguished, the abbreviation et al . is used in the text (and underlined OR typedin italics). The abbreviation refers to et alii - a full stop is thus not placed after et .

Al l t he co-workers are mentioned in t he sou rce li st .

Text: According to Meyer et al. (1973:74) photosynthesis is ...

Source list: MEYER, B.S., ANDERSON, D.P., BOHNING, R.H. & FRATANNA,D.G. 1973. Introduction to plant physiology. New York: VanNostrand. 565 p.

3.1.4 No author indicated (Anon.)

If no author can be identified, the abbreviation ANON . ( for anonymous ) is used.

But PLEASE try and establish an author – more often than not there is an institutionor some kind of organization which is responsible for the information.

Compare 3.1.7 Institute/society as author and also the guidelines for quotingsources from the Internet .

Text: Information on the Internet must be carefully evaluated (Anon.,1996:3).

Source list: ANON. 1996. Don't believe your eyes. Financial news , 45(3):3,21 Jan.

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3.1.5 Two authors with same surnameWhen referring to two authors with the same surname publishing in the same year,the initi als must be used in the text to distinguish between the two.

Text: Research shows that teenagers are ... ( Jones, T.,1990:9).

Adolescents tend to … ( Jones, S . 1990:215).

Source list: JONES, S. 1990. Adolescence. New York: Wiley. 305 p.

JONES, T . 1990. Sibling rivalry. Journal of child psychology ,5(2):12-16.

3.1.6 Editor(s)

The abbreviation ed. (for editor) or red. ( Afrikaans for redakteur ) is used for editor ,depending on the language of the source, and is preceded by a comma.

ed./eds. - editor(s); red./reds . - redakteur(s); Hrsg - Herausgeber.

3.1.7 Institute/society as author

An author can also be an institution , for example, the yearbook of th e University ,of which the University is the author.

An abbreviation may be used in the text, with the full name in the source list.

Text: "By virtue of the nature of library work, background knowledge of analmost encyclopaedic nature is the librarian's ideal." (UCT,1970:30.)

Source list: UCT (University of Cape Town). 1970. Where does universityeducation lead to? A practical manual for counseling teachers.Cape Town. 293 p.

• When the publisher and author (UCT) are one and the same, thepublisher is usually omitted .

An author can also be an institution, for example, the yearbook of the University, ofwhich the University is the author.

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3.2 Date of publicationThis is the date of the edition as it appears in the publication, usually on thereverse side of the title page. Only the most recent date must be furnished.When more than one date is given, it is usually an indication of a new edition . Itis compulsory to state it in the reference. However it is not necessary to mention a

reprint. An exception: if it is deemed necessary , a reprint of an “old” source canbe indicated as follows: 1985 [1903].

If you can't find a date in the book, a serious effort must be made to trace it. Ask alibrarian to assist you. If you still cannot determine a date, an approximate datemay be given:

1892 or 93 - when one or the other date is correct1892? - the probable dates.a. - year absolutely unknown (= sine anno)

(use only in highly exceptional cases)

3.3 TitleThe complete title is furnished as it appears on the title page of the publication.Only the first letter of the first word or names of persons, places or institutions andGerman nouns start with capital letters. Titles of books are not underlined.

A sub-title is separated by a colon:

MORRIS, C. 1988. Psychology : an introduction. New York: Wiley. 299 p.

3.4 EditionThe first edition is not mentioned; nor the subsequent reprints or impressions.Statements about editions can be abbreviated as follows (note punctuation):

2nd ed. (English)3rd ed.4th ed.

2de dr./uitg. (Afrikaans)2. Aufl. (German)

JOHNSON, R.C. & MEDINNUS, G.R. 1974. Child psychology: behavior anddevelopment. 3rd ed . New York: Wiley. 562 p.

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3.5 Place of publ icationGive the place of publication in the language of the source. Only mention the place ( city )NOT only the country or the state. If no place can be traced, s.l . (sine loco) may be used.

States of the United States of AmericaThe name of a state in the United States of America may be used in abbreviated form after

the city e.g. Boston, Mass. for Massachusetts - if stated on the title page of the book.

JONES, S. 1990. Sociology. Boston, Mass .: Houghton Mifflin. 250 p.

Boston = city; Mass . = state; Houghton Mifflin = publisher.

Homewood, Ill.: Irwin. Englewood Cliffs, N.J .: Prentice-Hall.Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.BUT: New York: Wiley . New York = city - usually the state (N.Y.) is not added in this instance.

Note the two ways to abbreviate states: the “traditional” way e.g. Calif. for California, andthe two letter abbreviation CA (postal code). Select one format and keep to it consistently.

Alabama ................................. Ala./AL Montana............................................Mont./MT Alaska..................................... Ak./AK Nebraska ..........................................Nebr./NE Arizona ................................... Ariz./AZ Nevada .............................................Nev./NV Arkansas ................................ Ark./AR New Hampshire ................................N.H./NHCalifornia ................................ Calif./CA New Jersey .......................................N.J./NJColorado................................. Colo./CO New Mexico ......................................N.Mex./NMConnecticut ............................ Conn./CT New York ..........................................N.Y./NYDelaware ................................ Del./DE North Carolina...................................N.C./NCDistr. of Columbia................... D.C./DC North Dakota.....................................N.D./NDFlorida .................................... Fla./FL Ohio ..................................................Oh./OHGeorgia................................... Ga./GA Oklahoma .........................................Okla./OKHawaii..................................... Hi./HI Oregon..............................................Oreg./ORIdaho ...................................... Id./ID Pennsylvania ....................................Pa./PAIllinois...........................................Ill./IL Rhode Island.....................................R.I./RIIndiana.................................... Ind./IN South Carolina ..................................S.C./SCIowa........................................ Ia./IA South Dakota ....................................S.D./SDKansas ................................... Kans./KS Tennessee ........................................Tenn./TNKentucky................................. Ky./KY Texas ................................................Tex./TXLouisiana ................................ La./LA Utah ..................................................Ut./UTMaine...................................... Me./ME Vermont ............................................Vt./VTMaryland................................. Md./MD Virginia..............................................Va./VAMassachusetts ....................... Mass./MA Washington.......................................Wash./WAMichigan ................................. Mich./MI West Virginia.....................................W.Va./WVMinnesota............................... Minn./MN Wisconsin .........................................Wis./WIMississippi .............................. Miss./MS Wyoming...........................................Wyo./WYMissouri .................................. Mo./MO

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3.6 Publisher• A colon, with a space , separates the place of publication and publisher, for

example: New York: Wiley .• If the author and publisher are one and the same person or institution, the

name of the publisher is omitted (see the section: An institution as author).• If no publisher is mentioned, the abbreviation s.n. (sine nomine) may be used.• Initials are usually omitted, for example, J.L. Van Schaik becomes Van

Schaik . Initials are sometimes included when it is necessary to distinguish,for example:

London: J.A . AllenLondon: W.H . Allen

• Words which are unnecessary for identification purposes may be omitted, forexample and Co., and Sons .

Examples of some well-known publishers:

Butterworth-Heineman ( Butterworth-Heineman Ltd.)Houghton Mifflin (for Houghton Mifflin Co)Irwin (for Richard D. Irwin)McGraw-Hill (for McGraw-Hill Book Company)

Penguin (for Penguin Books Ltd)Prentice-HallSage (for Sage Publications)Wiley (for John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)Wilson (for H.W. Wilson Company)

• However, it is sometimes necessary to add Company/Press:

ASPY, D.N. 1974. Towards a technology of humanizing education.Champaign, Ill .: Research Press . 217 p.

• More examples of publishers which cannot be shortened:

The Scientific Press; Academic Press; University of Cambridge Press.; OxfordUniversity Press; South Western Publishing Co.; Dryden Press; St. Martin's Press.

• Institution/department as publisher : Water Research Commission;Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs; Government Printer; NordicCouncil of Ministers; University of South Africa.

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3.7 Number of pages of a monographThe reference gives fuller information and creates a better impression if the totalnumber of pages are indicated. It must then be done consistently for everybook in th e source list. Insert a space between the numbers and the p.

Source list: GARDNER, E.K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The intensive therapyunit and the nurse. London: Faber and Faber. 162 p.

3.8 Sets (more than one volume)If a source consists of more than one volume, the number of volumes should bementioned.

Text: The OED (1934-1978) covers the English language ...

Source list: OED (Oxford English Dictionary) 1934-1978. 21 vols. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press.

3.9 SeriesIf the publication is part of a series, this will probably appear on the title page or onthe reverse side of the title page. A series is important if it gives an indication of theauthoritativeness of the source (for example, a publication in a series such as theScientific contributions of a university will have a different meaning and authorityfrom, for example, the Asterix -series).

Publishers’ series can usually be ignored, for example McGraw-Hill series inpsychology . When it is necessary for identification or authority purposes, theseries title and number can be placed between round brackets at the end of thereference.

NORDIC COUNCIL OF MINISTERS. 1992. Product life cycle assessments.Copenhagen. 288 p. (NORD ser ies, 1992:9.)

MEI, J. & LIAO, H., eds . 2003. Asset pricing. Singapore: World Scientific. 255 p.(Frontiers of real estate pricing, vol. 1.)

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4. CHAPTER IN A COLLECTED WORK A collected work comprises a number of chapters, each written by a differentauthor. An editor “collects and compiles” the different chapters, and put themtogether in a book, called a collected work . When a chapter in this type ofcollected work is quoted, the author of th e chapter must be used as the author ofthe quoted "source" - followed by the date of the collected work, the title of the

chapter and the " In reference".

Text: "Generally speaking, dedicated gymnasts are an interesting, if notodd lot of highly involved, somewhat self-centered, and at times,masochistic individuals, who would be a psychiatrist's delight!"(Massimo, 1970:31.)

Source list: MASSIMO, J.L. 1970. Psychology and the gymnast. ( In George,G., ed. The magic of gymnasts. Santa Monica, Calif.: SundbyPublications. p. 31-33.)

MASSIMO = the author of the CHAPTER.

Psychology and the gymnast = the title of the CHAPTER.

GEORGE = the EDITOR of the collection.

The magic of gymnasts = the title of the “book”.

p. 31-33 = the pages of the CHAPTER.

• The pages of the CHAPTER by Massimo mus t be supplied.

• The abbreviations ed. (eds.) are used for an editor or compiler, dependingon the language of the source .

• Ed. or eds. is preceded by a comma and is either underlined OR typed in italics .

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5. PAPER AT A CONFERENCERefer to a specific contribution at a conference or symposium (called “a paper readat ...”) by using the author's surname, initials, and title of his presentation. Thenmake use of an " In reference" to account for the book as a whole.

When reference is made to the book as a whole and it is possible, make use of the

name of the editor. When an editor is not mentioned, record it under the name ofthe organisation that arranged the conference/symposium, or the name of theconference. Follow the title page of the book as far as possible.

5.1 Editors

Text: Present-day physics is indeterministic (Putman, 1979:128).

Source list: PUTMAN, H.W. 1979. The place of facts in a world of values.(In Huff, D. & Prewett, O., eds . The nature of the physicaluniverse: 1976 Nobel Conference organised by GustavusCollege, St. Peter, Minnesota. New York: Wiley. p. 113-140 .)

In = italics OR underlined; p . 113-140 = the first and last page of the chapter.

Compare also the section on: Author(s) and editor(s).

5.2 A society as author

Text: Cronje (1961:73) contends that integration is the keystone to thewhole learning process.

Source list: CRONJE, F.J.C. 1961. A modern didactic view of the learningprocess. ( In South African Society for the Promotion of Education.

A few modern pedagogical principles for education: Papers read at

the Third Annual Congress of SASPE held in Pretoria on 29 and 30September 1961. Pretoria. p. 65-74 .)

In = italics , or written by hand, underlined; p . = first and last page of the chapter.

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6. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS

6.1 A signed article

Text: Hieroglyphics indicate a similarity to art forms (Brunner, 1984:853).

Source list: BRUNNER, H. 1984. Hieroglyphic writing. ( In World bookencyclopedia, 3:213-215.)

• Some encyclopaedias only display the author's initials. Usually a list ofcontributors (authors) can be found in the first or the last part of the set.

• It is unnecessary to give the place of publication or publisher's name of a well-known encyclopaedia.

• For Encyclopaedia Britannica add the section in brackets (e.g.: ( In The newEncyclopaedia Britannica (Macropaedia), 8:853-857.)

6.2 An anonymous article

First ascertain whether the author is not mentioned at the start or end of the article.If there is no indication of an author, it can be quoted as follows: ( ANON . = Anonymous, author unknown)

Text: The largest stalagmite in the Sudwala cave is ... (Anon., 1974:341).

Source list: ANON. 1974. Sudwala caves. ( In Standard encyclopaedia ofSouthern Africa, 10:340-341.)

6.3 Art icle from an encyclopaedia on CDNote that the author(s) are usually indicated at the end of an article in the

encyclopaedia.

Text: According to Stam and Stam (1994) libraries were ...

Source list: STAM, D.H. & STAM, D.C. 1994. Libraries of the Middle Ages.(In Microsoft Encarta ‘95.) [CD].

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7. DICTIONARIESWhen a dictionary is consulted purely to clarify unintelligible words or to translatewords, it does not have to be included in the source list. If, however, definitions orexplanations of words are quoted, the dictionary must be indicated. This alsoapplies where contradictory explanations of terms are involved.

7.1 One volume dict ionary, well-known

Text: The word "kaiings" was first recorded in 1905 (DSAE:350).

Source list: DSAE (Dictionary of South African English on historical principles.)1996. Oxford, N.Y.: Oxford University Press. 825 p.

7.2 Multi-volume sets: Oxford English DictionaryIn the case of a large, comprehensive dictionary (usually several volumes), the titlecan be used instead of the name of the editor because there is usually more thanone editor. For convenience, abbreviations can also be used in the text.

Text: According to the OED (1978, 1:125) the meaning of adorn is ...

Source list: OED (Oxford English Dictionary) 1978. “Adorn”. Oxford: At theClarendon Press.

7.3 Dictionary on CD

Source list: OED (Oxford English Dictionary.) 1987. “Literator”. [CD].

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7.4 Dictionary with an editor

Text: According to Beale (1989:52) a bootlace ...

Source list: BEALE, P., ed. 1989. A concise dictionary of slang andunconventional English. London: Routledge. 534 p.

7.5 Reader’s Digest dict ionary

Text: ‘Uitgooi’ and ‘uitsmyt’ are synonyms (Reader’s Digest, 1994:560).

Source list: READER’S DIGEST ASSOCIATION SOUTH AFRICA (PTY) LTD.1994. Reader’s Digest Afrikaans-Engelse woordeboek;English/Afrikaans dictionary. Cape Town. 1344 p.

8. THE BIBLEWhen it is considered essential for the Bible to be included in the source list (forexample when various translations are compared) it may be done as follows. Usethe wording as it appears on the title page.

Text: The words in Psalm 23:6 “... goodness and mercy shall follow me”(Bible, 1989) are translated in the New international version (Bible,1995) with: “... goodness and love will follow me”.

Source list: BIBLE. 1989. Life application Bible: King James version.Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale.

BIBLE. 1995. The Holy Bible: New international version. CapeTown: Bible Society of South Africa.

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9. STUDY GUIDESHow to quote from a study guide issued in a university or technikon course.

9.1 Author indicated

Text: Cilliers (1986:96) avers that users of psychedelic substances claimthat their motives are religious and self-analytical.

Source list: CILLIERS, S. 1986. Psychiatric nursing (VPE 420).Potchefstroom: PU vir CHO. 148 p. (Study guide S98/51.)

9.2 Without an indication of the author

Text: The history of South Africa is being rewritten today (Unisa, 1997:5).

Source list: UNISA (University of South Africa). 1997. Study guide History 3.Pretoria. 15 p. (S97/83.)

10. THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

Text: Du Plessis (1986:5) researched the ...

Source list: DU PLESSIS, J. 1986. Stability of emulsions in parentheticalnutritional mixtures. Johannesburg: RAU. (Dissertation - M.Sc.)150 p.

• Use the terms Mini-Dissertation, Thesis, Dissertation, et cetera as they arementioned in the publication .

• The following abbreviations may be used: M.A. or MA, LL.M. or LLM, D.B.A.or DBA, M.Sc. or MSc, D.Phil. or DPhil. According to the 2002 edition of the

Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls full-stops are optional in abbreviationsreferring to degrees.

• According to the Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls , recognised abbreviationsof South African universities, for example PU vir CHO, RAU and UPE can betyped with or without full-stops.

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11. SECONDARY SOURCESThe use of secondary sources is generally not seen as scientifically acceptableand must be limited to absolutely unobtainable sources.

Please not e : Only the source that has been used appears in the source list .

For an explanation of the use of secondary sources, see 1.6: Primary andsecondary sources.

Text: Butterfield (as quoted by Johnson, 1974:133) found ...

Source list: JOHNSON, R.C. 1974. Child psychology: behavior anddevelopment. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley. 562 p.

12. TRANSLATIONS

Text: According to Hitler (1961:15) the state "... ".

Source list: HITLER, A. 1961. Mein Kampff. Translated from the German byJohn Ayles. London: McGraw-Hill. 171 p.

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13. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONSFinding government publications poses a big problem and the details given musttherefore be complete and correct. Because the "authors" of Governmentpublications are often the lengthy titles of departments or commissions, preferenceis given to an abbreviated form that can be used in the text. Then a clear cross-reference (" see ") must be made to the "correct" and complete form in the source

list. Use the language of the source in the text and in the source list.

13.1 Commissions of Inquiry:13.1.1 Without known chairperson

Text: In its fourth interim report it appears that the Commission of Inquiryinto Certain Organisations (1974:56) is convinced ...

Source list: COMMISSION of Inquiry into Certain Organisations see SOUTH AFRICA. Commission of Inquiry into CertainOrganisations.

SOUTH AFRICA. Commission of Inquiry into CertainOrganisations. 1974. Fourth Interim Report. Pretoria:Government Printer. 641 p. (RP 33/1974.)

Note that it is very important to furnish the number (RP ...) of the Governmentpublication because that facilitates retrieval.

13.1.2 With a chairperson

Text: According to the commission (Katz, 1994:7) the tax system ...

Source list: KATZ, M.M., chair . 1994. Interim report of the Commission ofInquiry into Certain Aspects of the Tax Structure of South Africa.Pretoria: Government Printer. 294 p.

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13.2 Departments

Text: The production of the platinum group of metals remainedunchanged (Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, 1995:14).

Source list: DEPARTMENT of Mineral and Energy Affairs see SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs.

SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs.1995. Annual report. Pretoria: Government Printer. 64 p.

When annual reports are used for a number of successive years, they can be dealtwith as one item in the source list.

SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Agricultural Technical Services. 1974 - 1977. Annual Reports. Pretoria: Government Printer. 1 July 1974 - 30 June 1975 (RP43/1976); 1 July 1975 - 30 June 1976 (RP 48/1977); 1 July 1976 - 30 June 1977(RP 42/1978).

13.3 Laws (acts)If reference is made to several laws, use can be made of one " see " reference inthe source list (as shown in the following example), and then the full particulars arefurnished at "South Africa..."

13.3.1 Acts

Text: The Atomic Corporation was established in terms of the AtomicEnergy Act (92/1982).

Source list: ACTS see SOUTH AFRICA.

LAWS see SOUTH AFRICA.

SOUTH AFRICA. 1982. Atomic Energy Act 92 of 1982. Pretoria:Government Printer.

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13.3.2 Const itu tion

Text: In terms of Article 32(1) of the Constitution (1996) everyone has theright of access to government information.

Source list: CONSTITUTION see SOUTH AFRICA. 1996.

SOUTH AFRICA. 1996. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa as adopted by the Constitutional Assembly on 8 May 1996and as amended on 11 October 1996. (B34B-96.) (ISBN: 0-260-20716-7.)

The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is useful in this case because it isan indication of the specific edition of the constitution.

13.4 Provinc ial ordinances

Text: A Valuation Appeal Board was constituted (Gauteng, 1996).

Source list: GAUTENG (South Africa). 1996. Constitution of a Valuation Appeal Board. ( In Gauteng Province ordinances. Land andtownships. Local authorities rating. Doornfontein: Lex Patria.Premier’s notice, P.N. 9.)

13.5 Government gazette

Text: The requirement in this case is that the license be withdrawn (SA,1977:149).

Source list: SA see SOUTH AFRICA.

SOUTH AFRICA. 1977. The duty of the court to pass judgmenton the suspension or revocation of a driver's license.(Proclamation No. R. 327, 1977.) Government gazette , 5804:149,18 Nov. (Regulation gazette no. 2561.)

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13.6 Provincial gazette

Text: The boundaries of Pampierstad … (North-West, 1995:58).

Source list: NORTH-WEST (South-Africa). 1995. The determination of areasof transitional authorities: Pampierstad Local Council. North-Westprovincial gazette extraordinary , 5086:58-59, 1 Mar.

13.7 Green papers

Text: Technology can reduce the workload of women (SA, 1996:89).


SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Arts, Culture, Science andTechnology. 1996. South Africa’s Green Paper on Science andTechnology: preparing for the 21st century. Pretoria. 108 p.

13.8 White papers

13.8.1 Published separately

Text: In the White Paper on Tourism (SA, 1996:48) the government ...


SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism.1996. The development of tourism in South Africa. Pretoria:Government Printer. 108 p. (WPB-1996.)

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13.8.2 White papers publi shed in the Government gazette

Text: According to the White Paper (SA, 1995:21) higher education ...


SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Education. 1995. White paper

on education and training. (WPJ-1995.) Government gazette, 16312:1-80, 15 Mar.

13.9 Semi-government Institutions, Councils,National commissions

13.9.1 Council for Geoscience

Text: The Council for Geoscience (1994:3) is the successor of theGeological Survey of South Africa.

Source list: COUNCIL FOR GEOSCIENCE. 1994. Annual report,1 November 1993 to 31 March 1994. Pretoria. 30 p.

13.9.2 South African Reserve Bank

Text: According to the South African Reserve Bank (1994:24) theterm ...

Source list: SOUTH AFRICAN RESERVE BANK. Department of BankSupervision. 1994. Annual report. Pretoria. 82 p.

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13.9.3 National Commission for Higher Education

Text: The aim of the commission is to cover all aspects ... (NCHE, 1995).

Source list: NCHE (National Commission on Higher Education, South Africa).1995. The South African Commission on Higher Education homepage. http://star.hsrc.ac.za/nche.html Date of access: 16 Nov.1996.

More examples:

HSRC (Human Sciences Research Counc il). 1994. Annual report. Pretoria.67 p.

CSS (Central Statist ics Service). 1996. Population statistics. Pretoria. 88 p.

14. REPORTS/LECTURES/PAPERS

Text: Viljoen (1980:5) suggests that the lecturer should consider thelibrary and its professional personnel as colleagues in literaturetraining.

Source list: VILJOEN, A.J. 1980. Literature training as a component of thelecturing task. (Paper delivered as part of the course in TertiaryEducation for new lecturers at the PU for CHE on 12 May 1980.)Potchefstroom. 5 p. (Unpublished.)

This form is only used when the report/lecture/paper has not been published.When such a report/lecture/paper is included in a collected work , theinstructions in point 5 are followed: A paper at a con ference.

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15. INTERVIEWS , LETTERS , OTHERORIGINAL SOURCES

It sometimes happens that use is made of letters or personal communications that

have not been published in some form. (Reference is not made here to materialwhich is included in an organised archive collection. These have their own specialrules and uses.) Furnish the following details as far as possible:

• Author• Year• Title or nature of material• Place of origin• Notes on physical nature, scope (where applicable) or where the material is

available.

15.1 Interviews

Text: According to a communication by Mr. J.J. van der Merwe (1979),mampoer was already being distilled in the Marico area as early as1841.

Source list: VAN DER MERWE, J.J. 1979. Verbal communication with theauthor. Zeerust. (Cassette recording in possession of the author.)

15.2 Letters

Text: Viljoen (1953) expressed his utter dissatisfaction about ...

Source list: VILJOEN, C.S. 1953. Letter to the Town Clerk of Potchefstroom,1 June. Pretoria. (Original copy in records of Town Council ofPotchefstroom.)

See also the section on Electronic mail (E-mail).

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16. PATENTSFurnish the following details for patents:

AUTHOR(S). Date. Title. Patent: Issuing country (compare the list ofabbreviations): patent number. Total number of pages.

Source list:

HWANG, M., STARK, L.E., HEINEN, G. & RIMPILLO, L. 1998. Optical curingprocess for integrated circuit package assembly. Patent: US 5,846,476. 9 p.

Country codes fo r PATENTS (according to Chemical Abstracts)

AT – Austria HU – Hungary

AU – Australia IL – Israel

BE – Belgium IN – India

BR – Brazil JP – Japan

CA – Canada LT – Lithuania

CH – Switzerland LV – Latvia

CN – China, People’s Republic of NL – Netherlands

CS – Czechoslovakia NO – Norway

CZ – Czech Republic PL – Poland

DD – Germany (See list of country codesin Chemical Abstracts)

RO – Romania

DE – Germany RU – Russia

DK – Denmark SE – Sweden

EP – European Patent Organization SK – Slovakia

ES – Spain SU – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

FI – Finland US – United States of America

FR – France WO – World Intellectual PropertyOrganization

GB – United Kingdom ZA – South Africa

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17. NEWSPAPER REPORTS

Text: This special use of the word is described by Terblanche (1963:7) asan anglicism.

Source list: TERBLANCHE, H.J. 1963. Anglicisms. Die Vaderland : 7, 13 Aug.

• The article appeared on page 7 of Die Vaderland dated 13 August 1963.

• An indication of the page and the day on which the newspaper was published,is sufficient.

18. JOURNAL ARTICLESThe following bibliographical information is required in respect of journal articles:author(s), publication date, title of the article, name of the jo urnal in which thearticle was published, the volume , the number of the volume, the pages of thevolume in which the article appears, and the day, month or indication of the semester of the relevant journal.

18.1 Author(s)

18.1.1 Author known

Source list:

RABBI, J. 1995. Drinking among college students. Journal of alcohol and drug

education , 40(3):52-64, May.• Only the title of the journal is underlined or typed in italics .

18.1.2 Author unknown

Text: "Today the doctor still prescribes medicine, but the mortar andpestle of the pharmacist gathers dust." (Anon., 1978:3.)

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Source list: ANON. 1978. Must pharmacists only count tablets? South African medical journal , 53(1):3, 7 Jan.

18.2 Date of publ ication (Year)This is the year appearing on the particular volume of the journal .

18.3 Title of the article The full title of the article is supplied. Only the first word and names of persons,places or institutions as well as German nouns begin with capital letters. A sub-titleis separated from the title by means of a colon.

18.4 Title of the journalDo not use abbreviations as this can be confusing. Only the first letter of the firstword and names as well as German nouns are typed in capitals. Underline thename of the journal OR type it in italics.

Journal of industrial psychology / Journal of industrial psychology

Journal of the American Psychological Society / Journal of the AmericanPsychological Society (capital letters for the name of the society)

Journal of Australian history / Journal of Australian history

18.5 Volume, number, pages, month After the name of the journal and separated by a comma, the information inrespect of the specific edition of the journal in which the relevant article appears,follows in the sequence given below:

• Volume in Arab ic figures, the number of the edition in round brackets; thepages of the article preceded by a colon; the date (month).

The month can be abbreviated according to acknowledged abbreviations and mustappear in the language of the journal.

RABBI, J. 1995. Drinking among college students. Journal of alcohol and drugeducation , 40(3):52-64, May .

• In the case of a day and month , it is accounted for as follows:

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WALKER, J.A.S. 1995. The origins of the Cold War in United States historytextbooks. Journal of American history , 54(10):7-11, 12 Oct.

Abbreviations for months:

Jan. - Januarie/January Jul. - Julie/JulyFeb. - Februarie/February Aug. - Augustus/AugustMrt. - Maart Sep. - SeptemberMar. - March Okt. - Oktober

Apr. - April Oct. - October

Mei Nov. - NovemberMay Des. - DesemberJun. - Junie/June Dec. - December

18.6 Season In the case where a season is involved, it can be indicated as follows (in thelanguage of the journal and not abbreviated):

KEN, L. 1996. Functional analysis and intervention for breath holding. Journalof applied behavior analysis , 28(3):339-340, Summer .

Seasons: Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn.

18.7 Journal without volume or numberThis seldom occurs. If the volume or number is in any way available, it must befurnished.

Text: "The drinking problem in Scotland has always been relatively moreserious than in England." (Glatt, 1980:135.)

Source list: GLATT, M.M. 1980. Recent books on the abuse of alcohol andalcoholism. British book news :133-137, Mar.

A colon, not a comma, is placed after the title of the journal and this indicates thatthe page numbers follow.

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19. ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Electronic sources provide an entirely new approach to information, creating newproblems because of the difference in format and contents. The variety of sourcesmakes it impossible to cover all cases and therefore only general guidelines will begiven.

• Try to integrate references to this type of information into the framework of therecommended Harvard style. This applies specifically to the use of an author(person or institution) because it simplifies referencing in the text.

• One of the functions of a source list is to furnish the reader with the fullbibliographical detail of the sources used by the researcher. It is thereforeessential to present sufficient accurate information to trace the sources.That is the reason why both the SOURCE and the “ADDRESS” is essential.

• The language of the source is used when indicating the date when theinformation was accessed along with the name of the database or address ofthe source.

19.1 Electronic bibliographical databases:abstracts of journal articlesDatabases of this kind REFER to sources like journal articles or other material.Some databases contain summaries (abstracts) of journal articles, researchreports, theses etc. These summaries may contain useful reviews. In most casesit is acceptable to use this type of information in scientific documents, on conditionthat the false impression that the original source had been consulted, is notcreated. It remains secondary information, however, and if possible, the originalsource must be obtained. Students must get permission from their lecturer,supervisor or promoter to use this type of information.

AUTHOR. Year. Tit le. Other relevan t i nformation (for examp le the t it le andother detail of a journal). Abstract/reference in: sufficient information to findit in t he database.

Text: The most recent research on ... (Charleston, 1993).

Source list: CHARLESTON, H. 1993. Fibre can prevent arterial disease.Journal of dietary science, 19(3):56-69, Jul. Abstract in MEDLINE.

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Text: Dit blyk dat die nuutste navorsing ... (Theron & Papendorp, 1996).

Source list: THERON, J.J. & PAPENDORP, D.H. 1996. Siektes vanperoksisome: ‘n oorsig. Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 86(6):685-690, Jun. Opsomming in MEDLINE.

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19.3 Electronic full text databases: newspaperreportsWhen the page numbers are available it must be quoted in the text and the sourcelist. If the electronic version does not differ from the print version, you need notindicate the date of access, but if it does, the date of access must be quoted. Quotefull text newspaper reports from a Web database, eg. SA Media , as follows:

MATSENA, D. 2002. Jobs scam ads: newspapers to act. Pretoria news: 3, 10 Sep. Available: SA Media.

VAN REENEN, R. 1998. J.M. Coetzee … in die ban van Karoo-Afrikaans. Beeld: 8, 21 Apr. Beskikbaar: SA Media.

19.4 Electronic ful l text databases: e-booksNo address is needed, the name of the database is sufficient. If the electronicversion does not differ from the print version, you need not indicate the date ofaccess, but if it does the date of access must be quoted.

ROBERTSON, J., ROSS, A.M. & BURGOYNE, L.A. 2002. DNA in forensicscience: theory, techniques and applications. New York: Routledge. Available:NetLibrary.

Paging is omitted in the electronic version:

TOTIUS. 1915. Trekkerswee. Met tekeninge van J.H. Pierneef. Kaapstad:Tafelberg. Beskikbaar: Project Gutenberg. Datum van gebruik: 18 Nov. 2005.

Collected work:

GERING, L.J. & BECKERLING, T.W. 1997. Civil procedure: Magistrate’s court.Revised by L.T.C. Harms, I. van der Walt and D. Harms. ( In Law of South Africa,

3(2):200-201.) Available: Butterworths LexisNexis.

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19.5 Electronic full text databases: governmentpublicationsNo address is needed, the name of the database is sufficient. If the electronicversion does not differ from the print version, you need not indicate the date ofaccess, but if it does the date of access must be quoted.

SOUTH AFRICA. 2004. Income Tax Act 58 or 1962. Available: ButterworthsLexisNexis.

Page numbers are not available:

SOUTH AFRICA. 2005. Draft discussion document on agricultural biotechnology.(Notice no 1591 of 2005.) Government gazette , 27936: 26 Aug. Available: SabinetOnline. Government Gazette. Date of access: 24 Nov. 2005.

19.6 Internet (World Wide Web)If the information is retrieved from a document or journal article on the Internetprovide the URL or address and the date of access.

19.7 Internet: electronic journalsIf the article is not retrieved from an electronic database but on the Internet, give thereference just as in the case of referring to a printed journal PLUS an indication thatit is an electronic journal, by providing the URL or address and date of access. Thedate of access is of importance because the document can be moved or deleted.

AUTHOR. Year of pub li cation o f ar ti cle. Heading of the art ic le. Tit le o f t he journal , vol ume (number): pages. URL. Date of access.

Source listNUNES, J.M.B. & FOWELL, S.P. 1996. Hypermedia as anexperiential learning tool: a theoretical model. Information

research , 2(1). http://www.shef.ac.uk/~is/lecturer/ircont.html Dateof access: 14 Oct. 1998.

Source listDE KLERK, B.J. 2005. Liturgiek – nie meer die stiefkind van dieteologie nie. Kerkblad , 108(3179), Sep.http://www.gksa.org.za/kerkblad.htm Datum van gebruik: 12 Okt.2005.

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19.8 Internet: documentsIn scientific treatises, it is important to ascertain who is responsible for theintellectual or artistic contents of the information to which you are referring (i.e.authorship). Authorship is the researcher’s proof of reliability and authority and itsimplifies citation. The author may be a person or persons or groups of persons asis the case with societies or institutions. When authorship is not easily

ascertainable, the following clues may help to establish the responsible entity:1. Who created the home page? If it is an individual’s home page, which is asubdivision of an institution’s home page, was the former authorised by the motherinstitution? For example, some educational institutions allow their students tocompile their own home pages but disclaim any responsibility for it. If it is a homepage or web site of a person, society or institution without a title, omit the title.

2. If responsibility could not be ascertained, go back on the “address” (URL) andlook for clues.

3. If responsibility could still not be ascertained begin the reference with the title ofthe document.

AUTHOR. Year - when info rmation was created or revi sed . Tit le. Address/URL Date of access.

Do not use any punctuation after the address - it may be confusing. Put a full stopafter the date to end the reference.

Example 1

Text: In his inaugural speech Mandela (1994) used the following famouswords: “Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all.”

Source list: MANDELA, N. 1994. Statement of the president of the ANC,Nelson Mandela, at his inauguration as president of the Republic ofSouth Africa, Union Buildings, Pretoria, May 10 1994.http://www.anc.org.za:80/ancdocs/speeches/inaugta.html Date of

access: 10 Oct. 1996.

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Example 2

Text: Kannemeyer (2005) meen dat ….

Source list: KANNEMEYER, J.C. 2005. Bestekopname van die Afrikaansepoësie. http://www.litnet.co.za/seminaar/komrij/asp Datum vangebruik: 7 Okt. 2005.

Example 3

Text: When searching on the Internet, be on the lookout for the British or American spelling of words like labour or labor (Open TextCorporation, 1997).

Source list: OPEN TEXT CORPORATION. 1997. Hints for better results.http://index.opentext.net/main/tips.html Date of access: 2 Dec.1998.

Compare also National Commission on Higher Education (on Internet).

Example 4

Text: Edited directories on the web are …. (DMOZ Open DirectoryProject, 1998-2005).

Source list: DMOZ Open Directory Project. 1998-2005.http://dmoz.org/about.html Date of access: 17 Nov. 2005.

The author of the document is not identified therefore the title is used.

19.9 Internet: newspaper report sProvide the URL or Address and the date of access .

FERIS,M. 2005. Humans have a hand in disasters. City press: 27, 23 Oct.http://152.111.1.251/argief/berigte/citypress/2005/10/23/C1/27/01.html Date ofaccess: 21 Nov. 2005.

FERREIRA, B. 2005. Arbeidstekort in New Orleans. Die Beeld: 21, 10 Okt.http://152,111,1,251/argief/berigte/beeld/2005/10/10/BM/21/01.html Datum vangebruik: 24 Okt. 2005.

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According to legislation no act number is to be associated with the 1996 Constitutionof the Republic of South Africa:

SOUTH AFRICA. 1996. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/index.htm Date of access: 6 Sep.2005.

SOUTH AFRICA. 2005. National Ports Act 12 of 2005. (Notice No. 792.)Government gazette , 482(27863):8-74, 4 Aug.

http://info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2005/a12-05.pdf Date of access: 24 Oct. 2005.

19.12 Electronic mail (E-mail)

SENDER. (Sender’s e-mail address) Date. Title/heading/sub ject of themessage. E-mail to: Receiver. Receiver’s e-mail address.

Text: The statistics of the PU and RAU libraries ... (Swanepoel, 1996).

Source list: SWANEPOEL, C.B. ([email protected]) 30 Jul. 1996.Discussion of library statistics. E-mail to: Van der Walt, E.J.([email protected]).

19.13 Discuss ion groups

SENDER. (Sender’s e-mail address if available) Date. Title/heading/sub jectof message. E-mail address of the newsgroup.

Text: According to Drabenstott (1996) strategic planning …

Source list: DRABENSTOTT, K.M. ([email protected]) 9 Oct.1996. Strategic planning. Discussion group: [email protected]

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19.14 News groups

AUTHOR. Date of posti ng . Tit le/heading/subj ect of message. Newsgroup:address of the news group. Date of access.

Text: According to Wilber (2005) dramatherapy …

Source list: WILBER, K. 24 Feb. 2005. Dramatherapy, spiral dynamics.Newsgroup: http://alt.psychology.dramatherapy Date of access: 24Oct. 2005.

19.15 Audiovisual Media Audiovisual media include: Motion pictures, CD’s, Video’s, Cassette recordings,Television broadcasts, DVD’s, PowerPoint presentations, Music recordings

Specify the medium in brackets at the end of the reference.

Text: Maltin (1995) states that the special effects in the film Jurassic Parkare the best in the history of the film industry.

Source list: MALTIN, L. 1995. Leonard Maltin review: Jurassic Park. ( In Microsoft Cinemania ‘95.) [CD].

Compare also:• Article from an encyclopaedia on CD• Dictionary on CD

SINATRA, F. 2003. The best of Frank Sinatra. Directed by Alex Stordahl. NewYork: Legacy. [CD].

WISE, R., producer. 2002. The sound of music. Produced by Argyle EnterprisesInc. and released by Twentieth Century-Fox Corporation. Beverley Hills, Calif.:Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment. [DVD].

BLUESTEIN, J., presenter. 1998. Discipline and achievement. Jim ThompsonProductions. San Pedro, Calif.: Quality Educational Media Inc. [Video].

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McKINSEY & COMPANY . 2002. Configuring a world-class procurement function.Witbank. [PowerPoint presentation].

PowerPoint presentation on the internet:KUNKA, J.L . 2005. Understanding writing: the rhetorical situation. A workshopbrought to you by the Purdue University Writing Lab. [PowerPoint presentation].http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/2 Date of access: 23 Nov. 2005.

20. THE SOURCE LIST

What should b e included in the source list/bibliography?

► An important question which arises is: What sources should I include in thebibliography? Only the works to which I referred in the text, or other sourceswhich I consulted but did not refer to in the text?

► A serious warning should be sounded against the trend among students to try toimpress a lecturer with a very extended bibliography. In most cases it is quiteeasy for the lecturer to discover that the student is using tricks, and this willreflect negatively on the student.

► The rule is that your bibliography should consist of the materials that youused, PLUS other sources which really contributed to your insight. Inundergraduate work a source list which consists only of the materials thatyou used and referred to in the text, is adequate.

► If for some good reason you want to include more than these two categories (if,for example, it is part of your aim to establish a full bibliography about thetopic) then you have to motivate this clearly, and call it a bibliography.

The golden rule, however is: All sources referred to i n t he text have t o be included in t he sou rce li st .

Remarks• The difference between a source list and a bibliography : a source list

comprises of sources which were directly used for a treatise and abibliography is a more substantial list covering the subject.

• Complete bibliographical information for every source is essential so thatthe source may be easily traced.

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• To ensure swift and easy reference from the text to the source list, all sourcesmust be included in one integrated alphabetical list.

• If more than one publication of an author is used, his publications arearranged chronologically: from old to new.

• Type the surnames and initials of the authors in CAPITAL LETTERS. Thismakes them more noticeable and eases the search between text and sourcelist.

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What does the source list or bibliog raphy look like?

EXAMPLE OF A SOURCE LIST

1 Your textual references should besupported by a bibliography or sourcelist at the end of the assignment inwhich you provide full bibliographicaldetails with regard to the works towhich you refer.

2 The reader of the study should beable to trace the sources listed.Complete, correct and fullbibliographical details shouldtherefore be provided.

3 Your source list consists of onealphabetical li st (arrangedalphabetically according to theauthors' surnames) of all the books,

journals, newspaper reports andother material which you used . Donot number references.

4 Arrange the sources by the sameauthor as follows: (compare thereferences to JONESin the next column)• chronologically (from old to new)• first works by one author• then works involving a co-author

(Jones & Smith), etc.

5 Leave enough space (lines)between references so thatreferences can “stand out”.

6 In the case of two sources from thesame author in the same year, usean a or b after the year - compare thereferences to SMITH in the nextcolumn.

ANON. 1978. A bull market. Financial news ,53(1):3, 7 Jan.

BRUNNER, H. 1984. Hieroglyphic writing. ( In The new encyclopaedia Britannica(Macropaedia), 8:853-857.)

BURGER, W.D. 1995. An integrated financialmanagement information system in the chemicalindustry. Potchefstroom: PU vir CHO.(Dissertation - MBA.) 287 p.

CHARLESTON, H. 1993. Fiber can preventarterial disease. Journal of dietary science ,19(3):56-69, Jul. Abstract in MEDLINE.

GARDNER, E.K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. Theintensive therapy unit and the nurse. London:Faber and Faber. 162 p.

JONES, S. 1989. Handbook for parents. NewYork: Wiley. 213 p.

JONES, S. 1990. Adolescence. New York:Wiley. 305 p.

JONES, S. & SMITH, J. 1995. The teenager.New York: McGraw-Hill. 92 p.

JONES, S., FAURE, M. & SMITH, J. 1993. Drugabuse and teenagers. London: Wiley. 52 p.

SMITH, H. 1996a. Introduction to the Internet.Cape Town: Tafelberg. 61 p.

SMITH, H. 1996

quoting sources nwu

Documents