QUIZ 23 JULY 2010QUIZ 23 JULY 2010

1)1) What is the earth’s equatorial radius?What is the earth’s equatorial radius?

2)2) What is the layer beyond thermosphere?What is the layer beyond thermosphere?

3)3) Thickness of continental crust?Thickness of continental crust?

4)4) Composition of oceanic crust?Composition of oceanic crust?

5)5) What is the lithosphere?What is the lithosphere?

6)6) Is an underwater ridge mountain range Is an underwater ridge mountain range created at a divergent boundary in the created at a divergent boundary in the middle of Atlantic oceanmiddle of Atlantic ocean

7) What system is formed by oceanic-7) What system is formed by oceanic-oceanic convergence?oceanic convergence?

8) How is Marianas Trench formed?8) How is Marianas Trench formed?

9) Collision of Asia and India produced?9) Collision of Asia and India produced?

10) San Andreas Fault is found in?10) San Andreas Fault is found in?

11) Illustrate the Bowen’s reaction series 11) Illustrate the Bowen’s reaction series and indicate trend in temperature, and indicate trend in temperature, pressure.pressure.

METHODS of CORRELATIONMETHODS of CORRELATION

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC – lithologically LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC – lithologically similarsimilar

TIME-STRATIGRAPHIC – deposited during TIME-STRATIGRAPHIC – deposited during same time intervalsame time interval

BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC – rocks containing BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC – rocks containing same fossil assemblagessame fossil assemblages

ROCK UNITS - observable stratigraphic ROCK UNITS - observable stratigraphic bodies having a distinctive lithology and bodies having a distinctive lithology and recognizable physical boundaries.recognizable physical boundaries.

FORMATIONS – fundamental rock units, FORMATIONS – fundamental rock units, must be thick enough and sufficientl must be thick enough and sufficientl distinctive to be represented on a geologic distinctive to be represented on a geologic mapmap

MEMBER – lithologically distinct portion of a MEMBER – lithologically distinct portion of a formation (member of that formation)formation (member of that formation)

GROUP – related formations ma form a GROUP – related formations ma form a groupgroup

TYPE LOCALITY – site at which a rock unit TYPE LOCALITY – site at which a rock unit was first describedwas first described

TYPE SECTION – exposure of rock unit at TYPE SECTION – exposure of rock unit at type localitytype locality

ROCK UNITSROCK UNITS

CORRELATION by LATERAL CONTINUITY CORRELATION by LATERAL CONTINUITY

- physical continuity; in exposed areas, rock - physical continuity; in exposed areas, rock units can be followed on foot or traced units can be followed on foot or traced visually on aerial photographsvisually on aerial photographs

ROCK UNITSROCK UNITS

CORRELATION by LITHOLOGYCORRELATION by LITHOLOGY- reliable only on local basisreliable only on local basis- used in conjunction with fossil content and used in conjunction with fossil content and

character of adjacent strata character of adjacent strata

ROCK UNITSROCK UNITS

CORRELATION by GEOPHYSICAL CORRELATION by GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES

- drillingdrilling- electrical conductivityelectrical conductivity- seismic techniquesseismic techniques- natural radiationnatural radiation

TIME-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITSTIME-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS

Time Stratigraphic Unit – deposited during a Time Stratigraphic Unit – deposited during a specified time interval and may include a specified time interval and may include a variety of lithologies variety of lithologies

e.ge.g

Cambrian System – deposited during Cambrian System – deposited during Cambrian PeriodCambrian Period

(Time-Strat Unit vs. Geologic Time Unit)(Time-Strat Unit vs. Geologic Time Unit)

TIME-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITSTIME-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS

CORRELATION by FOSSILS CORRELATION by FOSSILS - unique succession of assemblages of unique succession of assemblages of

fossilsfossils

Index Fossils:Index Fossils:

i)i) Have short time rangeHave short time range

ii)ii) Have wide geographic distributionHave wide geographic distribution

iii)iii)Be abundantBe abundant

iv)iv)Be easily identifiableBe easily identifiable

INDEX FOSSIL e.gINDEX FOSSIL e.g

- trilobite - trilobite Olenellus – Olenellus – restricted to Early restricted to Early Cambrian deposits, found in many parts of Cambrian deposits, found in many parts of North America and Europe, is relatively North America and Europe, is relatively abundant, and has a distinctive abundant, and has a distinctive morphologymorphology

CORRELATION by RADIOMETRIC AGESCORRELATION by RADIOMETRIC AGES- Radiometric dating : Radiometric dating : i)i) K-Ar: date on mica from a metased rock K-Ar: date on mica from a metased rock

provides a minimum age for the deposition provides a minimum age for the deposition of original sedimentof original sediment

ii)ii) U-Pb: provides minimum age for U-Pb: provides minimum age for deposition of original seddeposition of original sed

iii)iii)Rb-Sr: date for basement rock on w/c sed Rb-Sr: date for basement rock on w/c sed was depositedwas deposited

CORRELATION by PALEOMAGNETISMCORRELATION by PALEOMAGNETISM- Measuring direction of magnetization of Measuring direction of magnetization of

drill cores taken on oceanic sedimentsdrill cores taken on oceanic sediments- Involves matching pattern of normally and Involves matching pattern of normally and

reversely magnetized as lavasreversely magnetized as lavas

BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITSBIOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS

ZONE – basic unit of biostratigraphy; bed or ZONE – basic unit of biostratigraphy; bed or group of beds characterized by presence group of beds characterized by presence of index fossil or assemblage of fossilsof index fossil or assemblage of fossils

Synchronous – beds were deposited Synchronous – beds were deposited contemporaneouslycontemporaneously

e.g Jurassic ammonite zonee.g Jurassic ammonite zone

Homotaxial – strata have the same fossil Homotaxial – strata have the same fossil assemblage but are of not the same ageassemblage but are of not the same age

RELATIONSHIP b/w ROCK UNITS RELATIONSHIP b/w ROCK UNITS AND TIME-STRAT UNITSAND TIME-STRAT UNITS

FACIES – introduced by Swiss geologist FACIES – introduced by Swiss geologist

Amanz Gressly in 1838Amanz Gressly in 1838

- distinctive rock unit that forms - distinctive rock unit that forms under certain conditions of sedimentation, under certain conditions of sedimentation, reflecting a particular process or reflecting a particular process or environment.environment.

LITHOFACIES – rock record of sedimentary LITHOFACIES – rock record of sedimentary environmentenvironment

e.g limestone lithofacies of the Onondaga e.g limestone lithofacies of the Onondaga Limestone in New York State represents a Limestone in New York State represents a shallow, clear-water environmentshallow, clear-water environment

BIOFACIES – assemblage of fossils BIOFACIES – assemblage of fossils representing a particular sedimentar representing a particular sedimentar environment environment

e.g. Onondaga Limestone contains a e.g. Onondaga Limestone contains a coralline biofacies representing a shallow, coralline biofacies representing a shallow, clear water marine environmentclear water marine environment

TRANSGRESSION – an event during which TRANSGRESSION – an event during which sea level rises relative to the land; sea level rises relative to the land; resulting in coastal floodingresulting in coastal flooding

REGRESSION – lowering of the seaREGRESSION – lowering of the sea

RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTSENVIRONMENTS

SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS:SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS: Transitional Environment:Transitional Environment:

i)i) Beaches Beaches

ii)ii) Tidal FlatsTidal Flats

iii)iii) LagoonsLagoons

iv)iv) EstuariesEstuaries

v)v) Coastal Marshes and SwampCoastal Marshes and Swamp

Marine EnvironmentsMarine Environments Continental EnvironmentsContinental Environments

i) streams and riversi) streams and rivers

ii) lakesii) lakes

iii) swamps, marshes, bogsiii) swamps, marshes, bogs

iv) glaciersiv) glaciers

Charles Darwin – 1859, Origin of SpeciesCharles Darwin – 1859, Origin of Species

Survival of the fittest.Survival of the fittest.

EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

Jean de Lamarck – French bilogist, 1809Jean de Lamarck – French bilogist, 1809

proposed that characteristics acquired proposed that characteristics acquired during the life of an organism could be during the life of an organism could be inherited by its offspring.inherited by its offspring.

i. e. GIRAFFEi. e. GIRAFFE

Charles Darwin – 1859, Origin of SpeciesCharles Darwin – 1859, Origin of Species

Survival of the fittest.Survival of the fittest.

EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTIONEVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

Similarity in Body Chemistry:Similarity in Body Chemistry:

- chemical compositions of the blood of - chemical compositions of the blood of many animal groups are strikingly similarmany animal groups are strikingly similar

- ions present in seawater are also present - ions present in seawater are also present in blood in approximately the same in blood in approximately the same abundances.abundances.

- chromosomes of living cells contain DNA - chromosomes of living cells contain DNA and RNA and RNA

Similarity in Body StructureSimilarity in Body Structure

skeletal strucutures of terrestrial and skeletal strucutures of terrestrial and marine vertebrates are remarkably similarmarine vertebrates are remarkably similar

Presence of Vestigial StructuresPresence of Vestigial Structures

vestigial structures are small, imperfectly vestigial structures are small, imperfectly developed parts of organs which were developed parts of organs which were more fully developed in earlier more fully developed in earlier generations. generations.

Stages in the Growth of an OrganismStages in the Growth of an Organism

in its development from the embryonic to in its development from the embryonic to the mature stage, an organism may the mature stage, an organism may undergo changes similar to the undergo changes similar to the evolutionary changes that have occurred evolutionary changes that have occurred during the development to as the during the development to as the biogenetic law.biogenetic law.