quicktime™ and a - us epa · 2015-09-18 · contact: david alvarez. 1. fractionate into extracts...
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Biological Science at the USGS: Understanding the Effects
of CAFOs
Sarah Gerould Program CoordinatorContaminant Biology Programhttp://biology.usgs.gov/contaminant/
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USGS Science Disciplines
Hydrology Geography
Biology Geology
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Contaminant Biology ProgramProgram Goal Relevant Research
topics
Toxicology endocrine system effects
Chemistry methods of sampling and analysis
Contaminated habitats CAFOs
Multiple stressors veterinary pharmaceuticals, DO, UV
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Types of Studies
• Field bioconcentration and effects using Membrane Devices
• Analytical chemistry and technique development• Biomarkers and assays• Reproductive effects• Molecular biology• Histology
Male shovelnose sturgeon with eggs
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SPMDSemipermeableMembrane Device
Flat PE tube encasing a neutral lipid (triolein)Sequestershydrophobicchemicals from water and air Mimicsbioconcentration of organisms exposed to lipophilic chemicals
Tools and TechniquesMembrane Devices for Time-IntegratedSampling
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Concentrates waterborne polar organic chemicals
Microporous polyethersulfone membrane envelops solid phase sorbents and/or mixtures of sorbents.
Sorbent can be tailored to application (polar pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products).
Patented and commercially available
POCIS - Polar Organic Integrative Sampler
Contact: David Alvarez
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1. Fractionate into extracts2. Screen extracts for endocrine disruption
a) YES (yeast estrogen screen)b) YAS (Yeast Androgen Screen)
3. Screen extracts for Toxicity (TIE)4. Identify Compounds
Screening for Effects
Contact: David Alvarez
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–Runoff and applied litter from Delmarva Peninsula chickens
–SPMD and POCIS passive samplers were deployed at 3 locations in Prime Hook and Blackwater NWRs
Time-Integrated Sampling with SPMDs and POCIS
–17b-estradiol and tetracycline found at sites with poultry litter field application and runoff
–Pesticides (i.e., atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, diazinon, chlorpyrifos) associated with agriculture and human activities were also found
Contact: David Alvarez
Prime Hook NWR Photo FWS
Blackwater NWR Source USGS
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National EndocrineReconnaissance Report• ~2200 carp and 650 bass at
over 100 sites• Seasonal differences • Plasma steroid hormones,
gonadal stage, vitellogenin• Contact: Goodbred
Biomonitoring of Environmental Statusand Trends (BEST)• Large Rivers: Rio Grande,
Mississippi River, Yukon, Columbia, Colorado, SE rivers
• Intersex and other biomarkers• Contact: Hinck, Blazer, Tillitt
carp bass carp and bass
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Methods: Effects• Injection techniques for fish or bird eggs • Sex-linked color in Medaka• Exposure of cell culturesTillitt, Papoulias, Heinz, Rattner, Ingersoll, Blazer
Contaminant Biology Program: Patuxent and Columbia
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Premature Spawning of Native Freshwater mussels
Source http://unionid.missouristate.edu/gallery/L_cardium/card004.jpg
Prozac (fluoxetine) causes female freshwater mussels to prematurely release their larvae
Lampsilis cardio
Contact:Teresa Newton
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Effects of Estrogen on Brown Bullhead Leukocytes
• Estrogen exposure reduces phagocytic index – ability of phagocytic cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, to engulf infectious agents
• Estrogen reduces bactericidal activity – ability of these cells to destroy engulfed agents by influencing at least two killing mechanisms:– nitric oxide production– respiratory burst activity
Contact: Vicki Blazer
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Potomac Watershed Prevalence of Intersex
Contact: Vicki BlazerData from Fall 2005
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Exposure to Hormones in Ovo affects Sexual Differentiation in Medaka
0
20
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0 0.005 0.05 0.5 2.5 5
XY-maleXY-female
0
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60
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0 0.0008 0.008 0.08 0.8 8
XX-femaleXX-male
In Ovo Exposure to Ethinyl Estradiol Reverses Sex of Males
In Ovo Exposure to Methyl Testosterone Reverses Sex of Females
femalemale
Ng Ethinyl Estradiol / embryo Ng Methyl Testosterone / embryo
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Contact: Diana Papoulias
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Sarah Gerould, Ph.D.Program CoordinatorUSGS Contaminant Biology Program
[email protected]://biology.usgs.gov/contaminant/http://biology.usgs.gov/contaminant/